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  • 1
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    Degradation of Kresoxim-Methyl in Water: Impact of Varying pH, Temperature, Light and Atmospheric CO 2 Level (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-11
    Beschreibung: In the present investigation, persistence of kresoxim-methyl (a broad spectrum strobilurin fungicide) was studied in water. Results revealed that kresoxim-methyl readily form acid metabolite. Therefore, residues of kresoxim-methyl were quantified on the basis of parent molecule alone and sum total of kresoxim-methyl and its acid metabolite. In water, influence of various abiotic factors like pH, temperature, light and atmospheric carbon dioxide level on dissipation of kresoxim-methyl was studied. The half life value for kresoxim-methyl and total residue varied from 1 to 26.1 and 6.1 to 94.0 days under different conditions. Statistical analysis revealed the significant effect of abiotic factors on the dissipation of kresoxim-methyl from water.
    Print ISSN: 0007-4861
    Digitale ISSN: 1432-0800
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
    Publiziert von Springer
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  • 2
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    The Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Algae Can Be Reversed in the Presence of a Primary Consumer (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-14
    Beschreibung: The ecotoxicological effects of a mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons were tested on densities of two algae, Platymonas helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis and Isochrysis galbana , and of a rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis , by single-species and customized community experiments. Test concentrations ranged from 0 to 100 mg L −1 , while five to seven treatments were assessed in triplicate within 1 month. A significant decrease in densities during single-species toxicity tests were found when concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons were above 1.0 mg L −1 . However, equilibrium densities of algae in the customized community showed a different pattern, which increased with concentration and reached a peak at 20.0 mg L −1 . The community-based no observed effect concentration (NOEC; 1.0 mg L −1 ) was different from the NOEC derived by single-species toxic tests (0.25 mg L −1 ). This demonstrates that ecotoxicological effects on plankton as part of a community is significantly different from single-species toxicity tests owing to ecological interactions.
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    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
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  • 3
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    Trace Elements in Water, Sediments and the Elongate Tigerfish Hydrocynus forskahlii (Cuvier 1819) from Lake Turkana, Kenya Including a Comprehensive Health Risk Analysis (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-14
    Beschreibung: This study presents the distribution of 17 major and trace elements in surface water, sediments and fish tissues from Lake Turkana, Kenya. Eight sediment and ten water samples from the west bank of the lake, as well as 34 specimens of the elongate tigerfish Hydrocynus forskahlii caught in that region were examined. It is the first report for Li, Rb, Sr, Mo from the lake and the first report on most of the trace elements for this fish species. The concentrations of elements in the water and sediments showed no sign of pollution. In fish muscle, Li, Zn and Cd showed relatively high abundances, with mean concentrations of 206, 427 and 0.56 mg/kg dw, respectively. The calculated target hazard quotient values for Li, Zn, Sr and Cd were 138.7, 1.9, 4.1 and 0.76, respectively; therefore the consumption of these fish poses a health risk to humans in the area.
    Print ISSN: 0007-4861
    Digitale ISSN: 1432-0800
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
    Publiziert von Springer
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  • 4
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    Effects of Nano Silver Oxide and Silver Ions on Growth of Vigna radiata (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-14
    Beschreibung: Transformation of silver oxide nanoparticles (nano-Ag 2 O) to silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) and silver ions in environment is possible which might pose toxicity to plants and other species. The objective of this study was to study effects of nano-Ag 2 O and silver ions on growth of Mung bean ( Vigna radiata ) seedlings. V. radiata seeds were exposed to nano-Ag 2 O and silver ions (concentration range: 4.3 × 10 −7 , 4.3 × 10 −6 , 4.3 × 10 −5 , 4.3 × 10 −4 , and 4.3 × 10 −3  mol/L) for 6 days. Root length, shoot length and dry weight of seedlings were found to decrease due to exposure of nano-Ag 2 O and silver ions. These findings indicate silver ions to be more toxic to V. radiata seeds than nano-Ag 2 O. Silver content in seedlings was found to increase with increasing concentrations of nano-Ag 2 O and silver ions. Overall, findings of the present study add to the existing knowledge of phytotoxicity of silver-based nanoparticles of different chemical compositions to V. radiata seeds and need to be considered during use of nanoparticles-contaminated water for irrigation purposes.
    Print ISSN: 0007-4861
    Digitale ISSN: 1432-0800
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
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  • 5
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    Concentration of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticides in Different Molluscs from Tighra Reservoir, Gwalior, India (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-14
    Beschreibung: Concentration of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and their metabolites were determined in whole body homogenate of L. acuminata, I. exustus, V. dissimilis, V. bengalensis , from Tighra Reservoir during summer and post monsoon season using GC–MS technique. The different types of pesticides viz., HCB, heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan, dieldrin, p,p-DDT, choloropyrifos, methyl parathion, dicholorovos, ethion, malathion, parathion were found in resident molluscs studied. Concentration of these pesticides varied independently during the summer and the post monsoon season at monitored sites. The study concluded that presence of pesticides in Tighra Reservoir is a major concern on public and ecosystem health and use of biopesticides in the adjacent area of Reservoir is highly recommended.
    Print ISSN: 0007-4861
    Digitale ISSN: 1432-0800
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
    Publiziert von Springer
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  • 6
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    Removal of Anthracene and Fluoranthene by Waxy Corn, Long Bean and Okra in Lead-Contaminated Soil (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-14
    Beschreibung: The ability of waxy corn, long bean and okra to remove two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil containing 0.63 mg Pb kg −1 dry soil was assessed. The presence of Pb did not reduce the ability of these plants to remove the PAHs from soil. About 49 % of anthracene and 77 % of fluoranthene were removed from Pb-spiked or non-spiked soil, respectively, after 30 days. Among the plants, okra was the most efficient at removing anthracene and fluoranthene in the presence or absence of Pb in soil after 30 days. Pb did not affect fluoranthene removal, but stimulated the removal of anthracene, by long bean, waxy corn and okra. However, growth of long bean and waxy corn was poor in Pb-spiked soil and waxy corn plants died around 22 days after transplantation. The results show some promise in using plants to remove PAHs from soil which is also co-contaminated with Pb.
    Print ISSN: 0007-4861
    Digitale ISSN: 1432-0800
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
    Publiziert von Springer
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  • 7
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    Preliminary Assessment of Cyanobacteria Diversity and Toxic Potential in Ten Freshwater Lakes in Selangor, Malaysia (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-07
    Beschreibung: Toxic cyanobacteria blooms are increasing in magnitude and frequency worldwide. However, this issue has not been adequately addressed in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to better understand eutrophication levels, cyanobacteria diversity, and microcystin concentrations in ten Malaysian freshwater lakes. The results revealed that most lakes were eutrophic, with total phosphorus and total chlorophyll- a concentrations ranging from 15 to 4270 µg L −1 and 1.1 to 903.1 µg L −1 , respectively. Cyanobacteria were detected in all lakes, and identified as Microcystis spp., Planktothrix spp., Phormidium spp., Oscillatoria spp., and Lyngbya spp. Microcystis spp. was the most commonly observed and most abundant cyanobacteria recorded. Semi-quantitative microcystin analysis indicated the presence of microcystin in all lakes. These findings illustrate the potential health risk of cyanobacteria in Malaysia freshwater lakes, thus magnifying the importance of cyanobacteria monitoring and management in Malaysian waterways.
    Print ISSN: 0007-4861
    Digitale ISSN: 1432-0800
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
    Publiziert von Springer
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  • 8
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    Baseline Blood Pb Concentrations in Black-Necked Stilts on the Upper Texas Coast (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-08
    Beschreibung: There are no known biological requirements for lead (Pb), and elevated Pb levels in birds can cause a variety of sub-lethal effects and mortality. Historic and current levels of Pb in mottled ducks ( Anas fulvigula ) suggest that environmental sources of Pb remain available on the upper Texas coast. Because of potential risks of Pb exposure among coexisting marsh birds, black-necked stilt ( Himantopus mexicanus ) blood Pb concentrations were measured during the breeding season. Almost 80 % (n = 120) of 152 sampled stilts exceeded the background threshold (〉20 μg/dL) for Pb exposure. However, blood Pb concentrations did not vary by age or gender, and toxic or potentially lethal concentrations were rare (〈5 %). Consistent, low-level blood Pb concentrations of black-necked stilts in this study suggest the presence of readily bioavailable sources of Pb, although potential impacts on local stilt populations remain unclear.
    Print ISSN: 0007-4861
    Digitale ISSN: 1432-0800
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
    Publiziert von Springer
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  • 9
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    Can Artemia Hatching Assay Be a (Sensitive) Alternative Tool to Acute Toxicity Test? (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-06
    Beschreibung: Artemia sp. is extensively used in ecotoxicity testing, despite criticisms inherent to both acute and long-term tests. Alternative endpoints and procedures should be considered to support the use of this biological model. The hatching process comprises several developmental steps and the cyst hatchability seems acceptable as endpoint criterion. In this study, we assessed the reliability of the hatching assay on A. franciscana by comparing with acute and long-term mortality tests, using two chemicals: Diethylene Glycol (DEG), Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS). Both DEG and SDS tests demonstrated a dose dependent hatching inhibition. The hatching test resulted more sensitive than acute mortality test and less sensitive than the long-term one. Results demonstrate the reliability and high sensitivity of this hatching assay on a short time lag and support its useful application in first-tier risk assessment procedures.
    Print ISSN: 0007-4861
    Digitale ISSN: 1432-0800
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
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  • 10
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    Comparative Study of Lead Concentration in Feathers of Urban and Rural Passerines in Merida, Mexico (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-08
    Beschreibung: Lead is a commonly monitored heavy metal because of potential health effects on exposed organisms. We quantified lead in secondary feathers of two passerine bird species, clay-colored thrushes ( Turdus grayi ) and great-tailed grackles ( Quiscalus mexicanus ), from an urban and a rural site in the municipality of Merida, Yucatan. Urban lead concentration was significantly higher than its rural counterpart for both species ( p  〈 0.05). In the urban site, lead concentration was similar in both species ( p  = 0.14). However, data from the rural site showed that lead concentration was significantly higher in thrush feathers ( p  〈 0.05). Lead levels herein presented are among the lowest ever reported suggesting that either lead accumulation or absorption is limited. Finally, our data seem to support the hypothesis that species feeding ecology plays a major role in lead accumulation.
    Print ISSN: 0007-4861
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    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
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