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  • 1
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    Histological Alterations on the Structure of the Excretory Renal System in Tench ( Tinca tinca ) After Exposure to 17-Alpha-Ethynylestradiol (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: This study describes the effects of 17-alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE 2 ) on the structure of the excretory system of the kidney in tench. Adult male tench were exposed to sub-lethal doses of EE 2 (50, 100 and 500 μg/kg b.w.) under semistatic conditions for a period of 30 days. The nephrosomatic index and histology (including a morphometric analysis) of the kidney were examined. Histopathological lesions in the kidney of exposed tench were: dilation of glomerular capillaries and increase in the area of the renal corpuscle, hyaline degeneration in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules leading to necrotic changes, hemorrhages in the interstitial tissue and deposits of eosinophilic material. These lesions were observed with a greater degree of severity as the exposure doses were increased. These results indicate that long-term exposure to EE 2 could produce clear negative effects on the excretory system of the kidney in tench and consequently on their physiological functions.
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  • 2
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    Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity in Gill Erythrocyte Cells of Poecilia reticulata Exposed to a Glyphosate Formulation (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: Poecilia reticulata were exposed to herbicide Roundup Transorb ® for micronucleus test, nuclear abnormalities and comet assay. The exposure-concentrations were based on CL 50–96 h following 0, 1.41, 2.83, 4.24 and 5.65 μL L −1 for 24 h. Micronucleus and comets were significantly increased in the gill erythrocyte cells after herbicide exposure compared with the non-exposed group. Results showed a gradual increase in the number of damaged cells, indicating a concentration-dependent effect and that this herbicide was mutagenic and genotoxic to P. reticulata and this effect could be attributed to a combination of compounds contained in the formulation with the active ingredient glyphosate.
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  • 3
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    Effect of Cadmium on Biomass, Pigmentation, Malondialdehyde, and Proline of Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Effects of cadmium (Cd 2+ ) on biomass, pigmentation (chlorophyll a , b , and total carotene), malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline productions by Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina were investigated. Cadmium had inhibitory effect on the productions of biomass and pigmentation. Significant differences were found in pigment content among groups. On the other hand, Cd 2+ had a simulative effect on the production of MDA and proline by the alga. FTIR–ATR spectroscopy was used to examine active groups of algal biomass before and after Cd 2+ exposure. Results confirmed that amino, amide, and anionic groups had significant role on the biosorption of Cd 2+ by the alga. Increased accumulation of MDA and proline seemed to be an important strategy for alleviating metal-induced oxidative stress in S. quadricauda var. longispina .
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  • 4
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    Phytoremediation of Cu, Cr and Pb Mixtures by Lemna minor (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: The present study reports the capacity of the aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor to remediate combinations of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) from a simulated natural environment. The effect of these metal mixtures on the growth of L. minor was also investigated using growth rate and biomass inhibition calculations. L. minor was successful in removing Cr and Pb from the water, and it remained an effective remediation agent when both metals were present in the environment. However, a relatively low absorption capacity was observed for Cu, increasing concentrations of which were associated with significant decreases in growth rate. No statistically significant difference was found between the 24 h and 7 days absorption rates of Cu, Pb and Cr, suggesting that, at the concentrations tested, equilibrium occurs within 24 h of metal exposure.
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  • 5
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    Effect of Storage Method and Associated Holding Time on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in Surface Water Samples (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-12
    Description: Assessments were conducted to determine the effect of sample storage method and associated holding time on surface water nutrient concentrations from field sites. Six surface water sites and two nutrient spiked, laboratory water samples were evaluated for nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, filtered orthophosphorus, and total orthophosphorus concentrations on four separate days throughout the period of 1 year. Samples stored at ambient temperature (23°C) for 24 h prior to nutrient analyses resulted in 18 % ± 2 % of results being significantly different from controls (which were analyzed immediately upon collection). Samples placed in the cooler (4°C) for 7 days prior to nutrient analyses resulted in 30 % ± 1 % of values being significantly different from controls. Samples placed in the freezer (−20°C) for 7 days prior to analyses resulted in 34 % ± 12 %, 44 % ± 10 %, and 28 % ± 5.7 % of ammonium, filtered orthophosphate, and total orthophosphate, respectively, values being significantly different from controls. This study highlights the challenges facing researchers in efficient collection, storage and nutrient analysis of samples, especially when sites are remote and difficult to access .
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  • 6
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    Biological Fenton’s Oxidation of Pentachlorophenol by Aquatic Plants (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: This study proposes a new treatment method to decompose persistent chemicals such as pentachlorophenol (PCP) in water, utilizing hydrogen peroxide present in aquatic plants to proceed the biological Fenton reaction. PCP was not effectively removed by aquatic plants. However, by adding 2.8 mM of Fe 2+ , there was a rapid removal of PCP while at the same time consumption of endogenous hydrogen peroxide occurred. It was observed the increase of chloride ions formation in water—confirming the complete degradation of PCP. These results demonstrated that PCP was oxidized through a biological Fenton reaction, and hydrogen peroxide in aquatic plants was a key endogenous substance in treatment of refractory toxic pollutants.
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  • 7
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    Occurrence of Higher Chlorinated Benzenes in Livers of Grass Carp and Common Carp Collected from Markets of Xinxiang, China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: Five higher chlorinated benzenes (including hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) and three isomers of tetrachlorobenzens) were measured in the livers of grass carp and common carp collected from five markets in Xinxiang city, China. HCB and PeCB were detected in all samples. The major component of the higher CBs residue was HCB and significant correlations existed between HCB and PeCB in both grass carp and common carp livers. The ratio range of HCB/PeCB in grass carp and common carp were 3.4–6.2 and 4.9–7.7, respectively, which implied the sources of higher CBs originate mainly from the revolatilization of industrial HCB with a minor impact from PeCB.
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  • 8
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    Effects of Di- n -butyl Phthalate and Diethyl Phthalate on Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Neurotoxicity Related Gene Expression in Embryonic Zebrafish (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: In the present study, zebrafish embryos were used to assess the neurotoxicity of di- n -butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and their mixture. Four-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of DBP, DEP and their mixture (DBP–DEP) until 96 hpf. The transcriptions levels of selected neuron-related genes reported as neurotoxicity biomarkers were analyzed. The results showed that transcripts of growth associated protein 43 ( gap43 ), embryonic lethal abnormal vision - like 3 ( elavl3 ), glial fibrillary acidic protein ( gfap ), myelin basic protein ( mbp ), α1 - tubulin and n eurogenin1 ( ngn1 ) were significantly up-regulated after DBP, DEP and DBP–DEP mixture exposure. In addition, acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly inhibited in the embryos. These results indicate that DBP and DEP have the potential neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos.
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  • 9
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    The Impact of Candle Burning During All Saints’ Day Ceremonies on Ambient Alkyl-Substituted Benzene Concentrations (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: Research findings concerning benzene, toluene, ethylobenzene, meta-, para- and ortho-xylene as well as styrene (BTEXS) emission at public cemeteries during All Saints’ Day are presented here. Tests were carried out at town-located cemeteries in Opole and Grodków (southern Poland) and, as a benchmark, at the centres of those same towns. The purpose of the study was to estimate BTEXS emissions caused by the candle burning and, equally important to examine, whether emissions generated by the tested sources were similar to the BTEXS emissions generated by road transport. During the festive period, significant increases in benzene concentrations, by 200 % and 144 %, were noted at the cemeteries in Opole and Grodków, as well as in toluene, by 366 % and 342 %, respectively. Styrene concentrations also increased. It was demonstrated that the ratio of toluene to benzene concentrations from emissions caused by the burning candles are comparable to the ratio established for transportation emissions.
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  • 10
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    Tissue Distribution Kinetics of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl in Ringdoves After Oral Dosing (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Ring doves were provided contaminated food spiked with [ 13 C]-2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) over a period of 63 days. Animals were sacrificed after 0.33, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 18, 36 and 63 days following access to contaminated food. At each time point, chemical concentrations in blood, liver, brain, gonad, adipose and remaining whole carcass was determined. Whole body concentrations of PCB 153 increased linearly with time over the experiment indicating that the birds did not reach steady state with their food after 63 days. Tissue/plasma concentration ratios were plotted as a function of time to determine time to inter-tissue steady state for fast and slowly perfused tissues. Liver, brain and gonad achieved steady state concentrations with plasma in less than 3 days, whereas fat and carcass tissues required 9.7 and 11.5 days, respectively. The results indicate that inter-tissue distribution kinetics for PCBs in birds is relatively rapid and completed within a little over a week following exposure to a contaminated diet.
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  • 11
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    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Human Hair from the College Environment: Comparison with Indoor Dust (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Eight Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined to examine the hair burden at low concentrations, and the relationship between PBDE concentrations in human hair and indoor dust from a college environment (Shanghai University campus). Chemical analyses showed that the total concentrations of PBDEs in hair ranged from 4.04 to 99 ng/g dw, and were found to be fourfold higher in females than in males ( p  〈 0.05). The total PBDEs concentrations in indoor dust samples ranged from 170 to 1,360 ng/g dw. Significantly positive correlations were observed between human hair and indoor dust for BDE 47 (r = 0.44, p  = 0.048) and BDE 99 (r = 0.68, p  = 0.025). However, no significant association was noted between other PBDE congeners in human hair and indoor dust in the present study.
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  • 12
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    The Effects of Three Selected Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on the Fecundity of Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4- tert -octylphenol (4- tert -OP) are the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that has been shown to exert both toxic and biological effects on living organisms. The present study investigated effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA, 4-NP and 4- tert -OP (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L) on the fecundity of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . In the all exposure groups of BPA, 4-NP and 4- tert -OP, it was found a statistically significant decrease in mean fecundity as compared to the control groups ( p  〈 0.05).
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  • 13
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    Legacy Metals Within Urban Aquatic Environments and the Challenge They Pose to Rehabilitation (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Legacy metals, a result of previous environmentally unsound practices, pose a challenge to the rehabilitation of urban aquatic ecosystems. The current study focuses on a harbor in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, where use of antifouling paints for hull cleaning occurred for ca. 30 years. Sediment metal concentrations were mapped by depth and distance from where hulls were cleaned. By relating metal concentrations to the benthic invertebrate community and bivalve metal content, results indicate that cleaning activities severely impacted sediment quality. However, sewer outfalls, which integrate non-point sources of metals to the harbor, also contributed to poor sediment quality and high metal concentrations in bivalves. For the aquatic system to recover, non-point diffuse metal sources must be addressed, regardless of the challenge.
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  • 14
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    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in House Dust in Beijing, China (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Eleven house dust samples were collected in Beijing to quantify 42 different polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Total PBDEs concentrations ranged from 140 to 1,300 ng g −1 . The dominant PBDEs congener identified was BDE 209, which made up more than 70 % of all PBDEs congeners. Concentrations of PBDEs in Chinese house dust were lower than in other countries. The most polluted areas were electronics shops and households. It is likely that PBDEs exposure is a potential threat for Beijing residents, particularly toddlers.
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  • 15
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    Occurrence of Organochlorine Pesticides in Surface Soils from College School Yards of Xi’an, China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: In this study, surface soil samples from 14 representative college school yards in Xi’an, the capital city of Shaanxi province, China, were collected and analyzed for 21 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The total concentrations were in the ranges of 0.2–67.0 ng/g. HCHs and DDTs were the most dominant compounds among the 21 OCPs, and their concentrations ranged from 0.1–8.5 to 0.1–56.3 ng/g, respectively. Source identification analysis indicated that the residues of HCHs and DDTs were mostly due to historical use of these chemicals or from other source regions. The quality of all the Xi’an college school yard soils except sample XAUAT was classified as low pollution by OCPs according to the National Environmental Quality Standards for Soils of China (GB15618-1995).
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  • 16
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    Detrimental Effects of Metronidazole on the Liver of Freshwater Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: The widely used antibiotic metronidazole (MTZ) was investigated for its toxic effects on the liver of the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). The fish were exposed to 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg/L MTZ in water for 30 days, and parameters that are indicative of liver damage and oxidative stress were measured. MTZ increased liver ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione levels, and elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. These parameters usually showed significant differences in the 0.5 and 2.5 mg/L MTZ groups compared to the control group ( p  〈 0.05). These findings indicated that MTZ induced oxidative stress and caused liver damage in common carp, suggesting that measures should be taken to avoid contamination of surface waters with MTZ.
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  • 17
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    Determination of Mercury in Some Freshwater Fish Species from Chahrmahal va Bakhtyari Province, Iran and Potential Limits for Human Consumption (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-03
    Description: Concentrations of mercury in four freshwater fish species from Gandoman and Sooleghan Lagoons and Beheshtabad River were determined by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Concentrations of mercury in muscle of 90 fish ranged from 21 to 31 μg kg −1 (mean = 26 μg kg −1 ). Statistical analysis showed no statistical relationship between mean mercury concentration and fish species, although concentration of mercury in different seasons and habitats was statistically different ( p  〈 0.05). The results indicated that fish from Gandoman and Sooleghan Lagoons and Beheshtabad River have concentrations well below the maximum permissible levels of mercury according to international standards with no health risk for consumers.
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  • 18
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    Phytotoxicities of Inorganic Arsenic and Dimethylarsinic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana and Pteris vittata (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-03
    Description: The mechanisms by which Pteris vittata (L.) hyperaccumulates arsenic (As) have not been fully elucidated. To investigate how P. vittata tolerates high concentrations of arsenite, we compared the toxicities of various As compounds to P . vittata and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). The phytotoxicities of As species were found to be in the order of arsenite 〉 arsenate 〉 dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) in A. thaliana , and in the order of DMAA 〉 arsenate 〉 arsenite in P. vittata . P. vittata calli displayed a weaker ability to absorb arsenite than arsenate. These results demonstrate that P. vittata possesses mechanisms of As accumulation and detoxification.
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  • 19
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    Chlorpyrifos-Treated Crops in the Vicinity of Surface Water Contamination in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: Due to frequent contamination of streams in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA, with the insecticide chlorpyrifos, researchers are working to identify crop-specific management practices that will reduce the offsite movement of this compound into surface waters. To guide this effort, crops treated with chlorpyrifos in the vicinity of contaminated streams were identified; walnut, alfalfa, and almond were the primary crops identified. Use was higher on walnut and almond, but due to irrigation practices offsite movement in surface runoff may be more likely from alfalfa. Based on these findings, development of management practices to reduce off-site movement of chlorpyrifos in irrigation runoff from treated alfalfa fields is recommended.
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  • 20
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    Lead Accumulation in the Straw Mushroom, Volvariella volvacea, from Lead Contaminated Rice Straw and Stubble (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: Straw mushrooms were grown on lead contaminated rice straw and stubble. Study materials were dried, acid digested, and analyzed for lead using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed the highest lead concentration in substrate was 445.350 mg kg −1 in Treatment 3 (T3) and the lowest was BD (below detection) in Treatment 1 (T1). The maximum lead content in straw mushrooms was 5.072 mg kg −1  dw in pileus of T3 and the minimum lead content in straw mushrooms was BD in egg and mature (stalk and pileus) stage of T1. The lead concentration in straw mushrooms was affected by the age of the mycelium and the morphology of mushrooms. Mushrooms’ lead uptake produced the highest accumulation in the cell wall. Some lead concentrations in straw mushrooms exceeded the EU standard (〉3 mg kg −1  dw).
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  • 21
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    Identification of ABC Transporter Genes in Gonad Tissue of Two Mediterranean Sea Urchin Species: Black, Arbacia lixula L., and Rocky, Paracentrotus lividus L. (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: Multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) represents an important cellular detoxification mechanism in aquatic organisms as it provides them robustness toward natural and man-made contaminants. Several ABC transporters have major roles in the MXR phenotype – P-gp/ABCB1, MRP1–3/ABCC1–3 and BCRP/ABCG2. In this study, we identified the presence of ABC transporters involved in the MXR mechanism of Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus . Al ABCB1/P-gp, Al ABCC3/MRP3, Al ABCC9/SUR-like and Al ABCG-like transcripts were identified in A. lixula ; and Pl ABCC1/P-gp, Pl ABCC3/MRP3, Pl ABCC5/MRP5, and Pl ABCC9/SUR-like transcripts in P. lividus . For each of the new partial sequences, we performed detailed phylogenetic and identity analysis as a first step toward full characterization and understanding of the ecotoxicological role of these ABC transporters.
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  • 22
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    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDES) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) in Mussels and Two Fish Species from the Estuary of the Guanabara Bay, Southeastern Brazil (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: The present investigation aimed to analyze PBDE and PCB contamination in mussels ( Perna perna ) and two commercially important fish species, croaker ( Micropogonias furnieri ) and mullet ( Mugil liza ), in the Guanabara Bay, the most important Brazilian estuary, by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, in order to further knowledge regarding these compounds in the southern hemisphere. This is also the first report of PBDE in this mussel species in the Guanabara Bay. Fish were captured in September (dry season, winter) and March (wet season, summer) 2007 and September 2008. Mussels were collected in August (dry season, winter) 2006, in February (wet season, summer) 2007, and in August 2007 (winter). The results show that all samples showed higher PCB contamination when compared to other ecosystems around the world. On the other hand, PBDEs presented lower concentrations in 41 % of the samples. Croakers presented the highest PCB and PBDE levels, with mullet showing intermediary values and mussels, the lowest.
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  • 23
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    Occurrence of Pesticide Residues in Lebanon’s Water Resources (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Contamination of water sources by pesticides is one of the most critical environmental problems. The present work is designed to address the occurrence of 67 pesticides in the Lebanese waters. Chemical analysis was performed by a solid-phase extraction followed by a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using programmed temperature vaporization injection. In drinking water and groundwater samples, organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides were frequently detected with a maximal sum concentration of up to 31.8 ng L −1 . High pesticide ecotoxicological risk was noticed in many surface waters, while this risk was driven mainly by diazinon, chlorpyrifos, fenpropathrin and bifenthrin insecticides.
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  • 24
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    Concentration, Sources and Human Exposure of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Indoor Dust in Heilongjiang Province, China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Fourteen indoor dust samples were collected in 2010 winter from four cities in Heilongjiang Province, China. Fourteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were identified and quantified. Concentration of the total 14 PBDEs ranged from 240 to 9,270 ng/g, with the median of 2,520 ng/g. BDE209 was the dominant congener with concentrations ranged from 234 to 9,190 ng/g, accounting for 97.2 % of the total concentration. Positive correlations (r 〉 0.8, p  〈 0.005) were found between the group of BDE17, 28, 66, 47 and the group of BDE85, 99, 100, between BDE153 and BDE154, between BDE209 and BDE183, indicating the similar sources and/or pathways in indoor environment. Principal component analysis showed that the major sources of PBDEs were commercial Penta-BDEs and Deca-BDEs. Human exposure analysis showed that children of 1–5 years old had the highest exposure to PBDEs.
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    Seasonal Variation of Black Carbon in Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) at the Tropical Coastal City of Mumbai, India (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Black Carbon (BC) is a pollutant species primarily emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels. BC levels, associated with fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), were monitored from January 2009 to December 2010 at an urban industrial area in Mumbai to study the seasonal and temporal variations and its contribution to fine particulate matter. Air particulate samples were collected in two size fractions, fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and coarse particulate matter (PM 2.5−10 ), using a Gent air sampler. During the study period, arithmetic means of PM 2.5 and PM 2.5−10 were found to be 30.4 and 68.2 μg/m 3 , respectively. The average value of BC in fine particulate matter was 4.0 μg/m 3 , with a range of 1.0–9.4 μg/m 3 . Studies carried out using Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model indicated the contribution of BC from the northern and central part of India during days of high BC levels.
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    In Vitro Determination of 6PGD Enzyme Activity Purified from Lake Van Fish ( Chalcalburnus tarichii Pallas, 1811) Liver Exposed to Pesticides (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-23
    Description: In the present study, the effect of methidathion, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin pesticides on Lake Van fish ( Chalcalburnus tarichii Pallas, 1811) liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme activity was investigated due to the fact that these pesticides are extensively used to improve agricultural productivity in the Van region. 2′,5′-ADP Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography was used to purify 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme from fish liver and SDS-PAGE technique was used to control the purity of this enzyme. The in vitro effect of methidathion, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin pesticides on the enzyme activity was investigated. The enzyme was purified 1,050-fold with specific activity of 27.04 EU/mg protein. Moreover, K i constants of methidathion, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin were to be 3.294 ± 0.215, 0.718 ± 0.095, and 0.084 ± 0.009 mM respectively. The IC 50 value were estimated as 9.95 × 10 −5  ± 0.1844 × 10 −5  mM for methidathion, 1.01 × 10 −4  ± 0.01413 × 10 −4  mM for cypermethrin, and 4.43 × 10 −6  ± 0.05653 × 10 −6  mM for deltamethrin. In conclusion, deltamethrin inhibits the enzyme activity more than methidathion and cypermethrin.
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    The Study on Air Pollution with Nickel and Vanadium in Croatia by Using Moss Biomonitoring and ICP-AES (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Moss samples were collected from 121 sampling sites all over Croatia during the summer and autumn of 2010. They were totally digested by using microwave digestion system and analysed by using atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES). Descriptive statistics and maps of distribution were made. The data obtained in this study were compared with those from the study in 2006 and additionally with the data obtained in the similar studies in neighbouring countries and Norway as pristine area. The median value of nickel is 3.16 mg kg −1 and the content varies from 1.04 to 14.66 mg kg −1 . The content of vanadium ranges between 0.23 and 37.26 mg kg −1 with the median value of 2.55 mg kg −1 . High contents of these elements are found in the vicinity of Rijeka, Zagreb and Sisak as a result of their emission from oil refinery, thermal power plant and industrial processes.
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    Nutrient Concentrations in a Pampasic First Order Stream with Different Land Uses in the Surrounding Plots (Buenos Aires, Argentina) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of land use on nutrient concentrations in a Pampasic stream. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations in the stream were higher at a site surrounded by fertilized double-cropped wheat/soybeans than at unfertilized soybeans plots. Nitrate and SRP concentrations in the stream were lower at sites surrounded by soybeans than livestock. It is suggested that crop fertilization and cattle manure increased nutrients loads released to the stream. It is suggested that preservation and restoration of riparian habitats may benefit water quality by decreasing nutrient loads.
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    Effect of Heavy Metals on Soil Enzyme Activity at Different Field Conditions in Middle Spis Mining Area (Slovakia) (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-11
    Description: Heavy metals concentrations were measured in the former mining area located in Hornad river valley (Slovakia). Soil samples were taken in 2012 from 20 sites at two field types (grasslands, heaps of waste material) and two different areas. Total content of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg), urease (URE), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), soil reaction (pH) were changing depending on the field/area type. The tailing pond and processing plants have been found as the biggest sources of pollution. URE, ACP and ALP activities significantly decreased while the heavy metal contents increased. Significant differences were found among area types in the heavy metal contents and activity of URE. No statistical differences in the content of heavy metals but significant statistical differences for soil pH were found for field types (grassland and heaps). Significant negative correlation was found for URE–Pb, URE–Zn and also between soil reaction and ACP and ALP.
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    Pesticide Residues in Two Frog Species in a Paddy Agroecosystem in Palakkad District, Kerala, India (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-11
    Description: Pesticides residues were quantified in 109 frogs comprising two species ( Fejervarya limnocharis and Hoplobatrachus crassus ) from organic and conventional paddy farms in Kerala, India. Seven frogs from conventional but none from the organic farms revealed deformities. Levels of total Organochlorines (OCs) (33.22 ng/g) and Synthetic Pyrethroid, Fenvalerate-II (26.91/42.15 ng/g) in deformed F. limnocharis and H. crassus were significantly greater than in healthy frogs. Among OCs in healthy frogs, traces of γ (gamma)-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) (2.12 ng/g) were found only in F. limnocharis from organic farm. Among Organophosphates, Phorate (1.02 ng/g) and Quinalphos (2.62 ng/g) were present in traces in deformed F. limnocharis, while Parathion ethyl (1.02 ng/g) was detected in deformed H. crassus. The data indicate that the high level of pesticides may have contributed to the deformity of frogs. Therefore, an elaborative study will be essential to conserve amphibians in India.
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    Toxicity of the Dispersant Corexit 9500 to Early Life Stages of Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-11
    Description: The Deepwater Horizon well released 4.4 million barrels of light crude oil offshore of Louisiana into one of the world’s largest and most productive blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus ) fisheries. The objectives of this paper were to determine the toxicity of the dispersant Corexit ® 9500A used in the 2010 oil spill on juvenile and larval blue crabs, and the long-term effects of sublethal acute exposure. Only the highest treatment levels of dispersant significantly increased mortality in larval and juvenile blue crabs (100 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L, respectively). This correlated to concentrations well above levels found in the Gulf of Mexico following the spill. Smaller and younger crabs showed higher mortality than older and larger crabs. This research indicates direct application of dispersants on crab larvae could cause acute mortality, but dilution through diffusion and natural weathering processes would minimize long-term effects.
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    Effects of an Intensive Hog Farming Operation on Groundwater in East Mediterranean (II): A Study on K + , Na + , Cl − , PO 4 3− -P, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ and Ni 2+ (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-05
    Description: The application of treated animal wastewater generated in concentrated animal feeding operations on surface soil (within farm borders) leads to degradation of groundwater. Effects of an intensive hog farming operation, located at a Mediterranean limestone soil coastal area, on groundwater were investigated. Treated animal wastewater was discharged on a small plot (~10.8 ha) with a geologic fault. Samples were taken from seven groundwater monitoring wells close to the farm. A significant increase of K + , Na + , Cl − , PO 4 3− -P, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ concentrations was found in monitoring wells which are affected by the subsurface flow of groundwater. Concentrations of Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ and Ni 2+ in all groundwater monitoring wells were extremely low. During the winter, significant increases in concentrations of K + and PO 4 3− -P were noted and attributed to high precipitation, which assisted in the leaching of K and P to groundwater.
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    Assessment of Trace Metal Bioaccumulation by Avicennia marina (Forsk.) in the Last Remaining Mangrove Stands in Manila Bay, the Philippines (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-05
    Description: Concentrations of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) were evaluated in the sediments, roots and leaves of a mangrove species ( Avicennia marina ) in Las Piñas—Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA), Manila Bay. The concentrations showed a general pattern of Zn 〉 Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Cd in sediments, Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Zn 〉 Cd in roots and Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Pb 〉 Cd in leaves. The trace metal concentrations in both sediments and plant tissues were below contamination threshold levels. Based on computed bioaccumulation indices, A. marina could be used for the phytostabilization and phytoextraction of Cu and Cd. The LPPCHEA mangrove ecosystem is an ecologically important ecosystem that will limit the spread of trace metals to the surrounding environment.
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    Histopathological Alterations in the Kidney of Caspian Kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum , Larvae and Fingerlings Exposed to Sublethal Concentration of Atrazine (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-02
    Description: The use of chemical pesticides has increased environmental pollution and affected ichthyofauna as non target organisms. In the present study, the histopathological alterations in the larvae and fingerlings of the Caspian kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum , were used as a model to investigate the toxic effects of triazine herbicide, atrazine. To investigate toxic effects of atrazine, fish were exposed to sublethal concentration of ½ LC50 for 96 h. Histologically, the most significant alterations in kidney tissues were hyperplasia, necrosis, vacuolation, swelling, hypertrophy, aggregation of hyaline droplets, and disruption of the haematopitic tissue of the head kidney. The damage was more severe in larvae than the fingerlings. Results showed that alterations in kidney tissue caused by atrazine were not specific but it could be concluded that atrazine is excessively toxic for Caspian kutum even at sublethal concentration and acute exposure.
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    Surfactants in Runoff Water at Different Locations in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: A study has been conducted to determine the composition of surfactants in runoff water in the semi-urban area of Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Runoff samples were collected from five different locations with contrasting functional activities and the colorimetric method was used to analyze the concentrations of surfactants as methylene blue active substances (MBAS) for anionic surfactants and as disulphine blue active substances (DBAS) for cationic surfactants. The results showed that the highest surfactant concentrations of MBAS and DBAS in runoff water were recorded in the samples collected at the residential area, with the concentrations of 3.192 ± 0.727 and 0.170 ± 0.028 μmol/L, respectively. Anionic surfactants as MBAS were found to dominate the concentration of surfactants in both runoff and rainwater. The concentrations of both anionic and cationic surfactants in runoff water were recorded as being higher than in rainwater.
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    The Effects of Oil Well Drill Cuttings on Soil and Rice Plant Development ( Oryza sativa ) Under Two Redox Conditions (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-12
    Description: Few studies have focused on the release of toxic elements from oil well drill cuttings and their effect on soil. The present study evaluated these effects using rice growth as the endpoint. Drill cuttings were collected from a Brazilian well and added in doses of 300, 3,000 and 6,000 mg kg −1 soil, which was maintained at oxidized or reduced conditions. When the redox potential reached approximately −250 mV, barium concentrations were determined by geochemical fractionation. Overall, doses of 300 and 3,000 mg kg −1 promoted plant development, while a dose of 6,000 mg kg −1 inhibited it due to the associated increase in electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium concentration. In addition, the lower redox potential promoted solubilization of barite from the drill cuttings, which increased barium absorption by plants and translocation to grain, posing a risk to human health.
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    Propolis as an Indicator of Environmental Contamination by Metals (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-12
    Description: Concentrations of eleven representative metals (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb and Zn) in forty-two propolis samples were measured by electrothermal atomization and flame atomic absorption spectrometry after calcination in a muffle furnace. Samples were collected from different regions from Paraná State – Brazil where apiculture is an important economic activity. Results showed that the average content of Al, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn in propolis was 0.68, 1.66, 7.59, 1.27, 0.08, 0.58 and 0.02 mg g −1 , respectively. Levels of Al, Ca, and Mg were statistically different in some regions of Paraná and could be used to assign the geographical origin of the propolis. The average concentration of the Cd, Cr, and Pb in raw propolis was 0.13, 5.53 and 9.85 μg g −1 , respectively, and allowed for identification of specific areas with environmental contamination.
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    Relationships Between Metals Exposure and Epidemiological Parameters of Two Pathogens in Urban Pigeons (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: Human activities often generate or increase concentration of chemical compounds including pesticides, hydrocarbons and metals that can potentially affect ecological interactions. We found that elevated levels of zinc in pigeon feathers were associated with both low prevalence of Chlamydiaceae (ornithosis disease) and low intensity of blood pathogens (Haemosporidian parasites). In contrast, high levels of lead in pigeon feathers were associated with high blood pathogens intensities. Our results suggest that metals linked to human activities in cities such as zinc and lead may play a significant role in the ecology of host–parasite interactions and could potentially affect the epidemiology of diseases in the urban environment.
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    Selective Pressurized Liquid Extraction Technique Capable of Analyzing Dioxins, Furans, and PCBs in Clams and Crab Tissue (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-12
    Description: A selective pressurized liquid extraction technique (SPLE) was developed for the analysis of polychlorodibenzo- p -dioxins, polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (dl-PCBs) in clam and crab tissue. The SPLE incorporated multiple cleanup adsorbents (alumina, florisil, silica gel, celite, and carbopack) within the extraction cell. Tissue extracts were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. Mean recovery (n = 3) and percent relative standard deviation for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in clam and crabs was 89 ± 2.3 and 85 ± 4.0, respectively. The SPLE method was applied to clams and crabs collected from the San Jacinto River Waste Pits, a Superfund site in Houston, TX. The dl-PCBs concentrations in clams and crabs ranged from 50 to 2,450 and 5 to 800 ng/g ww, respectively. Sample preparation time and solvents were reduced by 92 % and 65 %, respectively, as compared to USEPA method 1613.
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    Nutritional Quality and Safety Related to Trace Element Content in Fish from Tyrrhenian Sea (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-13
    Description: This study analyzed for the detection of the following trace elements: As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn, in muscle of four widely traded and consumed marine fish species ( Mullus surmuletus L., Merluccius merluccius L., Micromesistius poutassou (Risso, 1827), Scomber scombrus L.) selected for their wide trade and consumption. Mean concentrations found in fish muscle, irrespective of species, ranged from 3.61 to 105.49 (As); 0.01–0.08 (Cd); 0.74–4.71 (Cu); 0.09–1.10 (Hg); 0.02–0.58 (Pb); 0.30–2.88 (Se); 11.56–73.37 (Zn) mg/kg wet weight. As, Hg, Cu and Se concentrations showed a significant difference ( p  〈 0.01) among the analyzed species in winter and in summer. Cd exhibited a significant difference ( p  〈 0.01) only in summer. The maximum levels set for Hg, Cd and Pb by European Regulation No 1881/2006 were exceeded by 5 (8.9 %), 1 (1.8 %) and 4 (7.1 %) samples, respectively. In particular the species exceeding the legal limits were red mullet for Cd and Pb, Atlantic mackerel and blue whiting for Hg and Pb.
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    Relationships of Metals Between Feathers and Diets of Black-Tailed Gull ( Larus crassirostris ) Chicks (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-12
    Description: In birds, metal contaminants in feathers are influenced by prey concentrations and environmental quality. In Black-tailed Gull chicks, Cd, Pb and Cu concentrations were strongly correlated between feathers and stomach contents. Between feathers and livers, Pb, Zn and Fe concentrations were significantly correlated. Cd concentrations were within the range of other seabirds and within the background level for bird feathers (〈2 μg/g dw). At the lighthouse, eight chicks exceeded the background for Pb level in feathers (〉4 μg/g dw). Elevated Pb concentrations might be attributed to ingestion of paint-based chips and natural (soil and rocks) sources. There is evidence that the analyzed birds suffered from acute toxicity, including high levels of pecking from conspecifics and increased mortality from elevated Pb levels. It seems likely that these birds might experience negative health effects from this increased Pb exposure. As a result, Black-tailed Gull chick feathers are a very useful monitoring tool for assessing Cd, Pb and Cu contamination. Essential elements such as Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu were all within the acceptable range of normal concentrations for seabird species including gulls and may be maintained by normal homeostatic mechanisms.
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    Assessment of Drift as a Recovery Endpoint in Aquatic Snails Exposed to Ammonia (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-12
    Description: Pollutants are an important factor that causes among others drift (i.e. downstream transport of aquatic organisms in the current) in aquatic invertebrates. However, drift response is taxon-specific, which necessitates the investigation of a wide variety of taxa. Additionally, no information on the effects of the common toxicant ammonia on this endpoint is available. Our study focuses on the effects of exposure and post-exposure to ammonia on the drift of the common aquatic mollusc: Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae, Mollusca). The effects of ammonia were tested using percentage of drift and stay time (i.e. time that animals stay without dislodging), which were monitored during 2 days of exposure and 2 days of post-exposure in a laboratory stream microcosm. Drift was observed at concentration 4.3 times lower than the LC 50 48 h to this species. Our results show that ammonia increases the percentage of drift and caused a reduction in stay time of the exposed animals, both endpoints recover to their normal values after 24 h of post-exposure to ammonia.
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    Effects of Repeated Applications of Chlorimuron-Ethyl on the Soil Microbial Biomass, Activity and Microbial Community in the Greenhouse (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-14
    Description: The impacts of repeated chlorimuron-ethyl applications on soil microbial community structure and function were studied under greenhouse conditions. Chlorimuron-ethyl was applied to soil samples at three different doses [1-,10-,100-fold of recommended field rate (T1, T10, T100)] for 3 years. The half-lives of chlorimuron-ethyl were 37.1–54.6 days. The soil microbial biomass (microbial biomass carbon and total phospholipid fatty acid), the microbial activity (basal respiration and average well color development), the ratio of Gram-negative/Gram-positive bacteria and Shannon index were stimulated by chlorimuron-ethyl during the initial period. Except for T100, the other treatments recovered to the untreated level. The ratio of fungi/bacteria decreased during the initial period and then recovered in the end. Principal component analysis of phospholipid fatty acid showed that chlorimuron-ethyl altered the microbial community structure. Except got T100, T1 and T10 were not different from the control at the end of experiment. These results suggested a dosage effect of chlorimuron-ethyl on the living microbial biomass and the microbial community.
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    Cylindrospermopsin Accumulation and Release by the Benthic Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506 under Different Light Conditions and Growth Phases (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-14
    Description: We have studied the dynamics of cylindrospermopsin concentration (CYN) of a benthic cyanobacterium of the genus Oscillatoria under various light conditions over the different growth phases. The present study is the first one reporting on the effect of abiotic factors on the CYN accumulation and release by a benthic species. In particular we have measured the concentrations of both intracellular and extracellular CYN. We found that the total CYN content is highest during the exponential growth phase at intermediate light level (10 μE m −2  s −1 ) and during the stationary growth phase at more extreme lower and higher light levels. Our results also indicate that the amount of the extracellular form varied between 56 % and 96 % of the total CYN concentrations. We found no relationship between CYN content and growth rates. These results suggest many similarities with planktonic species but also highlight some differences.
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    Determination and Method Validation of Metamitron in Soil by RP-HPLC (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-14
    Description: A simple, rapid and economical method was developed and validated for the determination of metamitron using UV detector with RP-HPLC. Study of metamitron in soil was carried out. The compound was extracted from soil by methanol and clean-up was done on C-18 SPE column. Recovery ranged from 90.75 % to 94.05 % within 0.1–2.0 μg g −1 and RSD 1.80 %. Retention time was 3.8 min and limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.001 and 0.008 μg g −1 . The results indicated that the reported method could meet the requirement for the analysis of metamitron in trace amounts.
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    Effects of Surfactants on the Photolysis of Chlorothalonil on Pepper ( Capsicum annuum var. grossum Sendt) (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-14
    Description: Chlorothalonil is a widely used fungicide on pepper and other vegetables in China. The present study was aimed to evaluate effects of three different surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), Span-20, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), on the photolysis of chlorothalonil on peppers under irradiation of either high-pressure mercury lamp (HPML) or sunlight inside and outside greenhouse. Results showed that both SDS and Span-20 at a low concentration exhibited a photosensitization effect on the photolysis of chlorothalonil under HPML. Such effect gradually decreased with increasing concentrations of either surfactant prior to photoquenching effects observed. In contrast, CTAB showed a photoquenching effect on chlorothalonil photolysis, which was gradually enhanced with an increasing CTAB concentration. SDS, Span-20, and CTAB had consistent effects on the photolysis of chlorothalonil under sunlight as those observed under HPML irradiation. The use of appropriate surfactants as pesticide additives at optimal concentrations could decrease the residue of pesticide in agricultural food and improve food safety.
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    Effect of Combined Application of Systemic Herbicides on Microbial Activities in North Bengal Alluvial Soil (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-14
    Description: An experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions to investigate the effect of combined application of three systemic herbicides, viz., fenoxaprop, pendimethalin and paraquat at 50 g, 1.0 kg and 1.0 kg a.i. ha −1 , respectively, on the changes of microbial biomass C, N and P in relation to transformations and availability of some plant nutrients in an alluvial soil (Typic Orchraqualf) of West Bengal, India. Application of the herbicides, in general, significantly increased microbial biomass C, N and P, resulting in greater availability of C, N and P in soil. The microbial biomass C was highly induced (28.4 %) when fenoxaprop was applied with pendimethalin, while fenoxaprop along with paraquat exerted maximum stimulation towards microbial biomass N (19.9 %) and biomass P (16.2 %). Application of fenoxaprop along with pendimethalin retained the highest amount of organic C (17.4 %), exchangeable NH 4 + (29 %) and available P (19.6 %), while fenoxaprop with paraquat augmented total N and soluble NO 3 − by 21.4 % and 25.2 %, respectively in soil.
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    Assessment of Toxicity and Potential Risk of Butene-fipronil Using Drosophila melanogaster , in Comparison to Nine Conventional Insecticides (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-14
    Description: The toxicities of butene-fipronil to Drosophila melanogaster were evaluated, in comparison to nine conventional insecticides. According to the mean LD 50 values of the larvae from CS, w 1118 and Oregan strains, butene-fipronil, abamectin, spinosad and chlorpyrifos exhibited high levels of toxicity. Imidacloprid, α-cypermethrin and clothianidin showed middle levels of toxicity. And acephate, methomyl and acetamiprid had low levels of toxicity. To the adults, butene-fipronil, α-cypermethrin, spinosad, and chlorpyrifos were relatively more toxic, whereas acephate, methomyl, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, clothianidin and abamectin were relatively less toxic. Butene-fipronil and abamectin were more toxic to larvae. In contrast, spinosad, α-cypermethrin, and clothianidin were more toxic to adults. Moreover, the toxic risk assessment using a risk quotient value revealed that butene-fipronil was safe to D. melanogaster adults. Thus, our results suggested that butene-fipronil is harmful to D. melanogaster larvae, but it is relatively safe to the adults.
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    Metal Discharges by Sinaloa Rivers to the Coastal Zone of NW Mexico (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-14
    Description: The aim of this work was to survey the discharges of dissolved and particulate Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn of the eight main rivers of Sinaloa State to the Mexican coastal environment. Zn was the most abundant dissolved metal and Fe was the most abundant particulate (8.02–16.90 and 51.8–1,140.3 μg/L, respectively). Only particulate Mn had significantly ( p  = 0.028) higher values in summer-fall (rainy season), whereas the significantly ( p  = 0.036) higher values of dissolved Zn were observed in winter and spring. The highest annual total discharges to Sinaloa coastal waters were those of the rivers San Lorenzo and Piaxtla (〉2 × 10 3 m.t.) and the lowest those of rivers Baluarte and El Fuerte (349 and 119 m.t., respectively). Pb concentrations may become of concern, because they are higher than the value recommended for the welfare of aquatic communities of natural waters.
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    Detrimental Effects of Metronidazole on Selected Innate Immunological Indicators in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-13
    Description: The widely used antibiotic metronidazole (MTZ) was investigated for its toxic effects on the innate immunity in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). The fish were exposed to MTZ at nominal concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg L −1 in water for 30 days, followed by a 5-days of cleanout period, after which certain innate immunity parameters were measured. The results showed that under the tested concentrations, MTZ-exposed fish exhibited decline in several humoral and cellular parameters, including complement activity, lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity, total serum protein levels, total WBC count, and the respiratory burst activity of kidney leukocytes. Except for total serum proteins, all of these parameters showed a significant difference in the 2.5 mg L −1 MTZ group compared to control group ( p  〈 0.05). The results clearly support the contention that MTZ suppresses the innate immunity of common carp.
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    Biodegradation of Endosulfan in Broth Medium and in Soil Microcosm by Klebsiella sp. M3 (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-13
    Description: Nine endosulfan degrading bacterial strains were isolated by soil enrichment with endosulfan. Bacterial strain M3 was the most efficient degrader. Endosulfan degradation was accompanied by a decrease in pH of the medium and an increase in chloride ion concentration. The bacterium was tested for its ability to degrade endosulfan at different concentrations in broth and soil. Maximum degradation occurred at concentrations of 50 μg/ml of broth and 100 μg/g of soil. Values of K s and V max were different for (α)- and (β)-endosulfan in broth. The kinetic indices (V max /K s ) for α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan were 0.051 and 0.048 day −1 respectively, indicating that (α)-endosulfan was more rapidly degraded. Bacterial strain M3 was identified as Klebsiella sp. M3 on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence similarity (GenBank accession number JX273762).
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    Organochlorine Compound Residues in Muscle of Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa L.) and Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus L.): Effects of Age and Sex (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-06
    Description: Twenty-six organochlorine pesticides and 7 polychlorinated biphenyls were measured in muscle of wild boar and red deer from the Czech Republic. The concentration of DDT and its metabolites was higher ( p  〈 0.01) in wild boar than in red deer, while PCBs and HCH were higher ( p  〈 0.01) in red deer than in wild boar. The concentrations of DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers were higher ( p  〈 0.05) in juvenile wild boar than in adults. PCB 153 and p,p′ -DDE were the most prominent pollutants in both red deer and wild boar.
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    Effect of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate on the Conformation of Wheat Germ Acid Phosphatase (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study the quenching mechanism, the type of force and the binding sites of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on wheat germ acid phosphatase (ACPase). The results showed that the quenching effect of PFOS on ACPase was mainly due to a static quenching mechanism that occurred via the formation of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The results from synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that PFOS interacts with ACPase close to the tryptophan residues. In addition, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy also showed that PFOS increases the hydrophobicity of the microenvironment of the tyrosine residues, hence decreasing the local polarity.
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    Breast Milk Lead Concentrations of Mothers Living Near Tin Smelters (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: We compared Pb concentration in human milk from 37 mothers living in a neighborhood of tin-ore smelters to that from 45 mothers living in a fishing community. The median breast-milk-Pb (BM-Pb) concentration was significantly ( p  = 0.0000001) higher (11.3 μg L −1 ; ≤0.96–29.4 μg L −1 ) in mothers living in the vicinity of smelters than that of rural mothers (1.9 μg L −1 ; ≤0.96–20.0 μg L −1 ). These mothers also showed a statistically significant correlation between length of residence and BM-Pb concentration (Spearman r  = 0.6864; p  〈 0.0001). The estimated median exposure (for infants 〈6 months) was 3.0 μg kg −1  b.w. for rural infants compared to 7.5 μg kg −1  b.w. for infants in the vicinity of metal smelters. Overall, most BM-Pb concentrations (79 %) in the metal smelter area were above the critical limit of 5.0 μg L −1 set by the WHO.
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    Ecotoxicity Assessment of Artificial Groundwater Recharge with Reclaimed Water: A Pilot-Scale Study (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: A demonstration of artificial groundwater recharge with tertiary effluent was evaluated using a set of bioassays (acute toxicity to Daphnia , genotoxicity, estrogenic and antiestrogenic toxicity). Around 95 % genotoxicity and 53 % antiestrogenicity were removed from the feed water by ozonation, whereas significant reduction of acute toxicity to Daphnia magna was achieved during a 3 days vadose soil treatment. The toxicity was further removed to the same level as the local groundwater during a 20 days aquifer soil treatment. The pilot study has shown that ozonation and soil treatments can improve the quality of municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents for possible groundwater recharge purposes.
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    Removal of Fluoride from Contaminated Ground Water Using Raw and Modified Bauxite (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: Endemic fluorosis affects millions of people worldwide. Fluorosis arises from the consumption of fluorine (F) contaminated water and was observed also in some parts of Turkey with volcanic rocks and geothermal resources. In the present study the removal of F from drinking water by raw and modified bauxite at the laboratory scale was investigated using a batch mode. Modified bauxite was prepared by using Na and Mg incorporated (B–Na, B–Mg) bauxite and calcination of Mg incorporated bauxite at 500°C (B–Mg-500). The equilibration time for F between bauxite and water was identified to be 3 h. Adsorption of F increased with increasing adsorbent dose. Moreover, F adsorption isotherms fitted well with the Freundlich model. Low F adsorption was obtained onto the raw and incorporated bauxite. In contrast, maximum F adsorption was found for B–Mg-500, with K f value of 0.247. This observation may be explained by the meaningfully stabilized and elevated number of positively charged sites in B–Mg-500.
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    Degradation of Clodinafop Propargyl by Pseudomonas sp. Strain B2 (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: Using clodinafop propargyl (CF) as a sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source, a CF-degrading bacterial strain was isolated from crop soil field. This strain was identified as Pseudomonas sp. strain B2 by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. 87.14 % CF was degraded out of initial provided 80 mg/L CF. Degradation of CF was accompanied by release of chloride ion. The optimal pH and temperature for the growth of B2 were 7.0 and 30°C, respectively in the mineral salts medium supplemented with CF. An actively growing culture of strain B2 degraded CF to clodinafop acid and 4-(4-Chloro-2-fluoro-phenoxy)-phenol within 9 h, as determined by GC–MS analysis. A metabolic pathway for the degradation of CF by B2 has been proposed.
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    Comparative Study of Organohalogen Contamination Between Two Populations of Eastern Atlantic Loggerhead Sea Turtles ( Caretta caretta ) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: We evaluated the presence of 37 organohalogen contaminants in plasma samples from 162 juvenile and 197 adult loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) from the archipelagos of the Canary Islands and Cape Verde, respectively, and compared the contamination profiles found. We detected five organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The concentrations of the two groups of contaminants were higher in turtles from the Canary Islands (OCPs, 1.04 vs. 0.37 ng/mL; PCBs, 1.92 vs. 0.08 ng/mL). We also observed a different profile of PCB contamination between the two populations. In addition, there was a negative correlation between body size and the total concentration of PCBs in the Canary Islands turtles, but not in turtles from Cape Verde. The present study presents the first data on the organochlorine contaminants (OCs) of live turtles from Canary Islands. In addition, we perform a comparison of the levels and profiles of OCs between these two different groups of loggerhead sea turtles from the Eastern Atlantic.
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    Effect of Copper, Irgarol and Atrazine on Epiphytes Attached to Artificial Devices for Coastal Ecotoxicology Bioassays (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: Toxic effects of copper, atrazine and irgarol were evaluated on epiphytes attached to mimes (artificial devices that mimic the morphology of seagrasses) in order to check sensitivity of this biological group. Tube-dwelling diatoms were the major component of the epiphyte community. Superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced by exposure to 25 and 50 μg L −1 of atrazine; the organism generates this antioxidant response to prevent cellular damage by removing reactive oxygen substances produced by oxidative stress. The measurement of antioxidant enzymatic activity in epiphytes could be a useful technique for ecotoxicology monitoring in marine coastal environments.
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    Genotoxicity Evaluation of 1,2 Dichlorobenzene in the Indian Major Carp, Catla catla L. Using Alkaline Comet Assay (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: The genotoxic effect of 1,2 dichlorobenzene (1,2 DCB), a volatile organic compound in the Indian Major Carp, Catla catla L. was assessed using the alkaline comet assay in the gills and blood. Fish were exposed to various sub-lethal concentrations of 1,2 DCB in vivo. At 24 h, DNA damage scores (expressed as arbitrary units) increased at 0.35 and 0.7 mg/L whereas at 28 days, there was a statistically significant increase in the DNA damage score at all the doses tested (0.175, 0.23, 0.35 and 0.7 mg/L). When the DNA damage scores were considered in the blood samples, the trend was similar to that observed in the gills – significant increase at 0.35 and 0.7 mg/L at 24 h and at all doses at 28 days. The results indicate that 1,2 DCB induces genotoxicity in the form of strand breaks in the DNA of fish as evidenced by the alkaline comet assay.
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    Arsenic Exposure Affects Embryo Development of Sea Urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: Toxicity tests were performed with embryos of Paracentrotus lividus to investigate the toxicological effect of two arsenic species: arsenate (As V ), expected to be more toxic, and dimethyl-arsinate (DMA) expected to be less toxic. Exposures to toxicants were performed at different developmental stages in order to identify the most sensitive phase of embryological development. Statistical analysis revealed a high significance of each factor (Molecule, Concentration and Time of exposure) and their interaction for the dependent variable “Percentage of normal-shaped plutei”. In particular, the 8 cell stage was the most sensitive to arsenic; at a concentration of 50 μg L −1 DMA proved to be more toxic than As V , resulting in nearly 50 % of normal-shaped plutei against the 74 % recorded for As V . Starting the administration of arsenic at the morula stage, arsenate proved to be significantly more toxic when compared to DMA.
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    Spatial-Based Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Agricultural Soils Surrounding a Non-ferrous Metal Smelting Zone (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: This work aimed to assess the degree of anthropogenic influence and severity of heavy metal from a non-ferrous metal smelting industrial zone. The results suggested that anthropogenic inputs played a dominant role in the enrichment of Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb and Cd. These metals showed similar spatial distribution patterns. Multivariate analysis showed strongly significant relationships between Cu–Zn,Cd–Zn, Cd–Sb, Sb, Sb, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Strong relationship was found between Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb and organic matter in soil. Risk evaluation results within the soil investigated profile was in the following order: Cd 〉 Sb 〉 Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Pb. Nemerow’s synthetical contamination index revealed that there is substantial ecotoxicological risk among the sampling sites with 8 of 9 of these locations exceeding the Nemerow criteria for seriously impacted sites and another site was close to moderately polluted domain.
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    Lead and Trace Element Levels in Milk and Blood of Buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ) from Hyderabad, India (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The presence of lead (Pb) in milk and its interaction with trace elements is a serious health concern. Present study is aimed at determining Pb and trace element (Fe, Zn and Mg) levels in milk and blood/serum samples of lactating buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ) living in a market-area (Group-A) and a dairy-experimental station (Group-B), Hyderabad, India. In addition, kidney and liver function tests were assessed. Fodder, milk and blood Pb levels were significantly ( p  〈 0.01) higher in Group-B. Elevated Pb levels correlated positively with reduced Fe and Zn levels in both serum and milk. A significant ( p  〈 0.01) positive correlation between blood Pb and milk Pb levels was observed. Kidney and liver function markers were significantly higher in Group-B buffaloes. The results suggest that contaminated fodder might be one of the responsible factors for elevated Pb levels. In addition, lower levels of Fe and Zn might have led to bioaccumulation of Pb in blood and milk.
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    Bee Algorithm and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System as Tools for QSAR Study Toxicity of Substituted Benzenes to Tetrahymena pyriformis (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) was developed to predict the toxicity of substituted benzenes to Tetrahymena pyriformis . A set of 1,497 zero- to three-dimensional descriptors were used for each molecule in the data set. A major problem of QSAR is the high dimensionality of the descriptor space; therefore, descriptor selection is one of the most important steps. In this paper, bee algorithm was used to select the best descriptors. Three descriptors were selected and used as inputs for adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Then the model was corrected for unstable compounds (the compounds that can be ionized in the aqueous solutions or can easily metabolize under some conditions). Finally squared correlation coefficients were obtained as 0.8769, 0.8649 and 0.8301 for training, test and validation sets, respectively. The results showed bee–ANFIS can be used as a powerful model for prediction of toxicity of substituted benzenes to T. pyriformis.
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    Assessment of Microcystin Concentration in Carp and Catfish: A Case Study from Lakshmikund Pond, Varanasi, India (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The present study was conducted to analyse microcystin concentrations in Lakshmikund pond, Varanasi, India, as well as in carp and catfish of the pond. The concentrations of microcystin were found well above the WHO guidelines (1 µg/L) both for the dissolved and particulate fractions of bloom samples. The microcystin concentrations in different organs of carp and catfish were in the following sequence; liver 〉 gut 〉 kidney 〉 gall bladder 〉 gills 〉 muscles and gut 〉 liver 〉 kidney 〉 gall bladder 〉 gills 〉 muscles, respectively. The bioaccumulation of microcystin in carp and catfish was negatively correlated with body weight, and showed species specificity. The higher bioaccumulation of microcystin in muscles of catfish (〉tenfold) over carp indicates a possible threat to human beings on consumption of catfish. Therefore, to avoid animal and human intoxication, routine analyses of microcystin in pond water as well as fishes are strongly recommended.
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    Uptake and Translocation of Metals in Different Parts of Crop Plants Irrigated with Contaminated Water from DEPZ Area of Bangladesh (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Metal contamination in arable soils and crops grown in and around an industrial area of Bangladesh were measured, and the transfer factor from soils to crops was calculated accordingly. The highest concentration was observed for Fe and the order of metal concentration was Fe 〉 Zn 〉 Cr 〉 Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Ni 〉 Cd in soils. Bioaccumulation and translocation of metals from roots to edible parts of the crop plants were varied for almost all elements studied. Absorption of metals was significantly more in the roots compared to other plant parts. Accumulation of all metals in the edible parts of the plants was compared with the recommended maximum tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Bioconcentration factors values based on dry weights were below one for all metals except Cu in the rice roots and decreased in the order of Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Fe 〉 Pb 〉 Ni 〉 Cd 〉 Cr.
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    Does the Clam Ensis siliqua Provide Useful Information About Contamination by Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides Beyond that of Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis ? (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Several polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) investigated in soft tissues of the frequently monitored Mytilus galloprovincialis were compared to those of Ensis siliqua , a highly dispersed and economically important bivalve species, though rarely investigated. Overall PCBs had higher concentrations than OCPs in both species with a prevalence of tri- tetra-and penta-chlorinated biphenyls in E. siliqua and a prevalence of hexa- hepta and octa-chlorinated biphenyls in M. galloprovincialis . E. siliqua emerges as a suitable complement to mussels for monitoring PCBs and OCPs pollution.
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    Elevated CO 2 Ameliorated the Adverse Effect of Elevated O 3 in Previous-Year and Current-Year Needles of Pinus tabulaeformis in Urban Area (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The effects of elevated CO 2 (700 ppm) and/or elevated O 3 (80 ppb) on different-age needles of Pinus tabulaeformis were studied in open top chambers. Elevated CO 2 increased needle dry weight, net photosynthetic rate, and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II in previous and current-year needles. Elevated O 3 significantly decreased dry weight, net photosynthetic rate, and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II only in previous-year needles. Elevated O 3 increased hydrogen and malondialdehyde content in previous-year needles, but did not significantly increase hydrogen peroxide content in current-year needles, which indicated that oxidative stress induced by elevated O 3 was more severe in previous-year needles than in current-year needles. Our results showed that the adverse effect of elevated O 3 in needles of P. tabulaeformis was ameliorated by elevated CO 2 .
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    Changes in Blood Metals, Hematology and Hepatic Enzyme Activities in Lactating Cows Reared in the Vicinity of a Lead–Zinc Smelter (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The present study examines blood metals levels and health parameters in dairy cows reared in areas around a Pb–Zn industrial complex located near the city of Zanjan-Iran. Blood samples (n = 27) were collected from cows reared around the smelter. Blood samples (n = 25) were also collected from cows reared in areas where chances of Pb contamination of soil, water and fodder do not exist, to serve as reference. The mean blood Pb level in cows around the smelter (1.09 ± 0.26 µg/mL) was higher than the cows from the reference area (0.72 ± 0.25 µg/mL). Hematocrit (PCV) levels decreased in cows reared in the near of smelter (24.37 % ± 2.22 %) compared to the reference site (27.54 % ± 2.87 %). Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and mean corpuscular Hb concentration value in cows from the area around the smelter were statistically lower than the cows reared in reference area. Activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase (IU/l) were significantly higher in cows around the smelter as compared to reference animals.
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    Determination and Maternal Transfer of Heavy Metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg) in the Hawksbill Sea Turtle ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) from a Nesting Colony of Qeshm Island, Iran (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: This study was conducted to determine trace metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg) in blood and three egg fractions from Eretmochelys imbricata nesting on Qeshm Island in Iran. The results showed detectable levels of all analytes in all fractions. Pb and Hg were detectable in the blood and eggs, reflecting a maternal transfer. With the exception of Cu and Pb, analyzed elements in eggs were concentrated in yolk. Only Zn in blood had a significant correlation with the body size and weight ( p  〈 0.01). It appears that Hawksbill sea turtles can regulate Zn concentrations through homeostatic processes to balance metabolic requirements. The relatively low concentrations of metals in blood support the knowledge that E. imbricata feed mainly on the low trophic levels. All essential and non-essential elements were detectable in blood and in eggs of the hawksbill, reflecting a maternal transfer. Consequently, movement patterns, home ranges of foraging grounds, and availability of food could explain variations in trace element concentrations among female turtles.
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    Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Emissions of Different Mosquito Coils (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Emission rates and emission factors of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the emissions of three prevalent mosquito coil brands available in the market in India, under controlled conditions in an environmental chamber. The emission rates varied between the brands and ranged between 2.0 ± 1.9 to 27.1 ± 1.5 μg h −1 for brand A, 3.4 ± 1.1 to 32.3 ± 1.2 μg h −1 for brand B and 3.1 ± 1.0 to 72.2 ± 1.1 μg h −1 for brand C for different compounds. Five and six ring PAHs were not detected, however four and three ring PAHs dominated. Three ring PAHs contributed 24 %, 42 % and 29 %, while four ring compounds contributed 53 %, 35 % and 61 % to total PAHs in the three brands. Carcinogenic PAH compounds were also present in the emissions, indicating the potential risks associated with the inhalation of coil smoke.
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    Cell Cycle and Mismatch Repair Genes as Potential Biomarkers in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings Exposed to Silver Nanoparticles (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The expression of cell cycle genes and DNA mismatch repair ( MMR ) genes were analyzed in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings exposed to 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/L of silver nanoparticles for 24, 48 and 72 h using real-time PCR. Significant up-regulation of AtPCNA1 was observed after 24 h exposure to 0.2 and 0.5 mg/L of silver nanoparticles. AtPCNA2 gene was up-regulated after 24, 48 and 72 h exposure to 0.5 and 1 mg/L of silver nanoparticles. AtMLH1 gene was up-regulated after 48 h exposure to 0.5 and 1 mg/L of silver nanoparticles and down-regulated after 72 h. Down-regulation of AtMSH2 , AtMSH3 , AtMSH6 and AtMSH7 mRNA was observed after exposure to all concentrations of silver nanoparticles for different time periods. Exposure to silver ions showed no significant change in the expression levels of AtPCNA and MMR genes. The results show that AtPCNA and MMR genes could be used as potential molecular biomarkers.
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    Dissipation Rate and Residue Distribution of Dufulin in Tomato and Soil Under Field Conditions (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Dissipation rate and residue distribution of dufulin in tomato and soil under field conditions were investigated in Guiyang, Tianjin, and Haikou during 2011–2012, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Average recoveries of dufulin in tomato and soil ranged from 91.03 % to 95.16 % and 94.35 % to 98.34 %, respectively, with relative standard deviations of 1.16 %–3.97 %. Dufulin dissipation followed first-order kinetics. Dufulin had half-lives of 2.8, 4.7, and 9.0 days in tomato and 6.1, 8.2, and 17.2 days in soil in Guiyang, Tianjin, and Haikou, respectively. At harvest, dufulin residues in tomato samples collected 5 days after the last application at 3 times recommended dosage applied every 5 days were below 1.0 mg kg −1 .
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    Major Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Wastewater Treatment Plant and Receiving Water in Beijing, China, and Associated Ecological Risks (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The occurrence of 15 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the influent and effluent from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and its receiving water in Beijing, China were determined. Results from the present study confirmed that caffeine, N , N -diethyl- m -toluamide and chloramphenicol were removed at a high rate (〉70 % efficiency). In contrast, removal efficiency of the other 12 compounds was quite poor (ranged from −40 % to 58 %). Some compounds in the receiving river were present at higher concentrations compared to those in the WWTP effluent, indicating that sources other than treated effluents are present. The risk to the aquatic environment was estimated by a ratio of measured environmental concentration and predicted no-effect concentration. For those compounds found in the effluent and surface water, mefenamic acid, trimethoprim and gemfibrozil may pose a medium risk to aquatic environment.
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    Accumulation and Localization of Cadmium in Potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) Under Different Soil Cd Levels (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Phytoavailability and uptake mechanism of Cd in edible plant tissues grown on metal polluted agricultural soils has become a growing concern worldwide. Uptake, transport, accumulation and localization of cadmium in potato organs under different soil Cd levels were investigated using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Results indicated that Cd contents in potato organs increased with increasing soil Cd concentrations, and the order of Cd contents in different organs was leaves 〉 stems/roots 〉 tubers. Root-to-stem Cd translocation coefficients ranged from 0.89 to 1.81. Cd localization in potato tissues suggested that leaves and stems should be the main compartment of Cd storage and uptake. Although low concentrations of Cd migrated from the root to tuber, Cd accumulation in the tuber exceeded the standard for food security. Therefore, the planting of potato plants in farmland containing Cd should be closely evaluated due to its potential to present health risks.
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    Effects of [C 2 mim][OAc] (1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate) on the Growth of Wheat Seedlings Under Cd 2+ Stress (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The joint effect on the growth of wheat seedlings under Cd 2+ stress (0, 0.5 mmol L −1 ) and [C 2 mim][OAc] with a series of concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mg L −1 ) was investigated. Physiological characteristics including superoxide dismutases, peroxidases, catalase and malondialdehyde were studied in hydroponic and soil cultures. Results indicated that, compared to samples treated under Cd 2+ stress alone, joint treatment groups showed Cd 2+ stress was mitigated by ionic liquid at appropriate concentrations (≤400 mg L −1 in hydroponic treatments and ≤300 mg L −1 in soil culture treatments). Use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy showed less Cd 2+ in organelles in the joint treatment group. This phenomenon could be due to [C 2 mim][OAc] forming metal complexes with Cd 2+ , thus reducing the amount of free Cd 2+ available for absorption by the seedlings.
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    Response of Antioxidant System of Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) Following Exposure to Chromium and Copper in Differing Hardness (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Tilapias ( Oreochromis niloticus ) were exposed to copper or chromium in soft water (SW) (~80 mg CaCO 3 /L, conductivity 1.77 mS/cm) or hard water (HW) (~320 mg CaCO 3 /L, conductivity 5.80 mS/cm) using 2 exposure protocols (20 μM for 48 h and 10 μM for 144 h). Following the exposures, antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT); glutathione peroxidase; glutathione reductase; and glutathione S -transferase (GST)] and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in the liver of fish. SOD and CAT activities of control fish kept in SW were significantly lower than control fish kept in HW. However, the other antioxidant indices (glutathione metabolism) of both control fish were unaffected from water hardness. Acute metal exposures did not alter the glutathione metabolism, whereas SOD activity in SW and CAT activity in both waters changed significantly. In subchronic duration, Cu exposure caused significant decreases in measured parameters, except for GST activity and GSH level. Similarly, GST activity and GSH level were unaffected from Cr exposure. This study showed that SOD and CAT were the most sensitive antioxidant indices, and that glutathione metabolism, in general, was not altered following metal exposures in different waters.
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    Physicochemical Characterization of Ambient Air Particulate Matter in Tabriz, Iran (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) was measured concurrently from September, 2012, to June, 2013, at two sites, urban and industrial suburban, in Tabriz, Iran. The annual average concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP), PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1 at the urban site were 142.2 ± 76.3, 85.3 ± 43.9, 39 ± 19.1, and 28.4 ± 14.9 µg/m 3 (mean ± SD), respectively. A total of 11 inorganic water-soluble ions in the TSP and PM 10 were identified by ion chromatography. In the urban site, concentrations of total water-soluble ions in TSP and PM 10 were 20.3 ± 20.8 and 16.0 ± 14.1 µg/m 3 , respectively. In this sampling site, secondary inorganic aerosols (i.e., Σ $ {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } $ , $ {\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } $ , and $ {\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + } $ concentrations) were the main measured water-soluble ions, which collectively accounted for 13.9 % of TSP mass and 17.7 % of PM 10 mass. Correlations between $ {\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + } $ with $ {\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } $ and $ {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } $ indicated that the main source of these ions in PM was the combustion processes. Results of elemental analysis in the industrial suburban site showed that natural sources were the dominant source of PM in this area.
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    Effects of Chlorpyrifos and Endosulfan on Different Life Stages of the Freshwater Burrowing Crab Z ilchiopsis collastinensis P.: Protective Role of Chorion (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-04
    Description: The lethality (LC 50 ) of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos is higher in adults (1990 and 156.78 μg/L respectively) than in embryos (95380 and 1242.54 μg/L respectively) of the crab Zilchiopsis collastinensis . The thickened embryonic coat of the freshwater species might isolate the embryo inside the egg, reducing the toxicity. Sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan caused an increase in hatching time and a decrease in effective hatching ( p  〈 0.05), and only the control crabs survived until the first molt cycle. The effects of long-term exposure should be evaluated in the offspring in addition to the acute toxicity.
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    Correlation of MT Levels in Livers and Gills with Heavy Metals in Wild Tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus ) from the Klang River, Malaysia (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-05
    Description: Metallothionein (MT) concentrations in gill and liver tissues of Oreochromis mossambicus were determined to assess biological response of fish to levels of some metals. Metal concentrations in gill and liver tissues of O. mossambicus ranged from 0.6 to 2.6 for Cd, 16 to 52 for Zn, 0.5 to 17 for Cu and 2 to 67 for T–Hg ( all in μg/g wet weight, except for T–Hg in ng/g wet weight). Accumulation of Cd, Zn, Cu and Hg (μg/g wet weight) in the liver and gills of O. mossambicus were in the order of liver 〉 gills. The concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu and Hg in fish tissues were correlated with MT content. The increases in MT levels from the reference area Puchong Tengah compared to the polluted area Kampung Seri Kenangan were 3.4- and 3.8-fold for gills and livers, respectively. The results indicate that MT concentrations were tissue-specific, with the highest levels in the liver. Therefore, the liver can act as a tissue indicator in O. mossambicus in the study area.
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    Effects of Glyphosate on Growth Rate, Metabolic Rate and Energy Reserves of Early Juvenile Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus M. (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-03
    Description: Early juveniles of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus were exposed for 60 days to 10 and 40 mg/L of pure glyphosate (acid form) in freshwater. Mortality was 33 % at the highest concentration, while no differences in molting were noted among treatments. After the first month of exposure, weight gain was significantly ( p  〈 0.05) reduced in the 40 mg/L group. At the end of the assay, lipid levels in muscle, as well as protein level in both hepatopancreas and muscle were significantly ( p  〈 0.05) reduced. These results suggest long-term utilization of both lipid and protein as main energetic reserves, likely in response to the chronic stress associated with herbicide exposure. Besides, the lower pyruvate kinase activity in muscle suggests a possible metabolic depression in this tissue. The hemolymphatic ASAT:ALAT ratio showed higher levels than the control at the highest glyphosate concentration, indicating possible damage to several tissues.
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    Effects of Cadmium, Copper and Zinc on Growth of Four Isolated Algae from a Highly Polluted Argentina River (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-03
    Description: Toxicity of cadmium, copper and zinc was tested on four green algal species ( Ankistrodesmus fusiformis , Chlorella ellipsoidea , Monoraphidium contortum and Scenedesmus acuminatus ) isolated from a highly polluted river (Matanza–Riachuelo River, Buenos Aires, Argentina). The relative abundance of these species in river waters showed that C. ellipsoidea was the most abundant species (mean 4,540 ind mL −1 ), whereas the less abundant species was S. acuminatus (mean 220 ind mL −1 ). The most sensitive species was A. fusiformis , which EC 50 were Cd = 141 μg L −1 , Cu = 72 μg L −1 , and Zn = 199 μg L −1 , whereas C. ellipsoidea was the most resistant species to copper (EC 50  = 489 μg L −1 ) and cadmium (EC 50  = 429 μg L −1 ), and M. contortum and S. acuminatus were the most resistant species to zinc (EC 50  = 381 and 394 μg L −1 , respectively).
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    Characteristics of a Microcystin-LR Biodegrading Bacterial Isolate: Ochrobactrum sp. FDT5 (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-10
    Description: Mass growth of blue-green algae in eutrophic water bodies leads to a large amount of toxins, e.g. microcystins (MCs). How to remove MCs from water bodies is an environmental problem. In this study, an algicidal bacterium Ochrobactrum sp. FDT5 was isolated and found to have microcystin-LR (MC-LR) degradation capacity, which could be enhanced by a domestication process. The FDT5 cell density, MC-LR initial concentration, temperature, and pH on the degradation of MC-LR were investigated. The results indicated that the initial cell density of FDT5 and the initial concentration of MC-LR could influence MC-LR degradation. The optimum conditions were under the temperature of 35°C with pH of 7.0. After FDT5 was exposed to MC-LR for 2 days, FDT5 cells produced active cellular components that degraded MC-LR. These cellular components were heat-inactivated and removed when FDT5 cells were removed by filtration.
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    Evaluation of the Interactive Effects of Lead, Zinc and Benzo( k )fluoranthene on Crucian Carp, Carassius carassius , Using a Multiple Biomarker Approach (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-07
    Description: The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactive effects of the metals lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo( k )fluoranthene (BkF) on crucian carp ( Carassius carassius ). To this end, various biomarkers in the fish [7-ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase (EROD); superoxide dismutase (SOD); malondialdehyde (MDA) and metallothioneins (MT)] were measured after 96 h of exposure. When compared to either treatment with Pb and Zn mixtures or BkF-only treatment, the treatment with BkF combined with Pb and Zn resulted in lower responses of EROD and MT synthesis activity, and higher SOD and MDA increases. These results indicated that the co-exposure of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may cause more severe oxidative stress on fish. However, the effect of these interactions on EROD and MT may lead to an underestimation of the actual exposure in the field and thereby should be carefully considered.
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    Phytotoxicity of Atrazine to Emergent Hydrophyte, Iris pseudacorus L. (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-11
    Description: The emergent hydrophyte Iris pseudacorus was constantly exposed over a 35-day period to atrazine in the laboratory. It could survive at an atrazine level up to 32 mg/L. Its relative growth rates were inhibited significantly when exposure dosage reached at or exceeded 2 mg/L ( p  〈 0.05). No observed effect concentration and lowest observed effect concentration for growth were 1 and 2 mg/L, respectively. Chlorophyll a and b contents of the plant in all treatment groups were affected significantly, and chlorophyll a / b ratios of all atrazine treatment levels were pronouncedly higher than those of the control within 5 days of exposure ( p  〈 0.05), but thereafter recovered to the level of the control. Differences of photosynthetic efficiency were significant between all atrazine treatments and the control; except for 1 mg/L on day 1 and 5, and 2 mg/L on day 1. I. pseudacorus did not show phytotoxicity symptoms after 35 days exposure to atrazine below 2 mg/L level, but photosynthetic efficiency had begun to decline.
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    Sediment Quality Evolution (2001–2011) in the Ebro River Basin (Spain) (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-11
    Description: Spatio-temporal variations in sediment quality (20 sample sites) of the Ebro River basin between 2001 and 2011 have been assessed. The self-organizing map classified the sediment samples according to similarities in their chemical compositions. Its powerful visualization tools helped establish the main pollution contribution on each sample. Most of the samples showed low values of the mean-probable effect concentration quotient through time. However, six samples presented several quality issues related to some trace elements or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Finally, geoaccumulation index values calculated using estimates of background trace element concentrations suggested anthropogenic influences in more than half of the samples.
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    Ionic Composition of Rainwater at Selected Sites of Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia: A Preliminary Study (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-11
    Description: A short-term investigation on the chemical composition of rainwater was carried out at five selected sampling stations in Kuantan district, Pahang, Malaysia. Sampling of rainwater was conducted by event basis between September and November 2011. Rainwater samples were collected using polyethylene containers and the parameters measured were cations (sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium and magnesium) and anions (chlorides, nitrates and sulphates). The average pH value for rainwater samples was 6.0 ± 0.57 in which most of the sampling sites exhibited pH values 〉5.6. Calcium and sulphate were the most abundant cation and anion, respectively, whilst the concentrations of other major ions varied according to sampling location.
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    Tinidazole Removal from Aqueous Solution by Sonolysis in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-11
    Description: Aqueous solutions of the tinidazole (TNZ) have been treated by applying the combination of ultrasound irradiation and H 2 O 2 . Based on the results, the maximum removal efficiency of 75 % was achieved under the optimum operating conditions (pH 3, 120 kHz frequency, 333 mM/L of H 2 O 2 and 150 min of operating time) while, under the same conditions the minimum removal efficiency was found to be 8.5 by ultrasound radiation in the absence of H 2 O 2 . The results also revealed that the degradation of TNZ was enhanced with decreasing both TNZ initial concentrations and pH. Furthermore, TNZ removal efficiency in the case of actual wastewater was less than of synthetic wastewater (75 % and 68 % of synthetic and actual, respectively). According to the chromatographic analyses, no harmful intermediate compounds were observed. The chemical oxygen demand analysis (65 % reduction) confirmed our findings.
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    Impact of a Long Term Fire Retardant (Fire Trol 931) on the Leaching of Na, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu and Si from a Mediterranean Forest Soil: A Short-Term, Lab-Scale Study (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-02
    Description: Long term fire retardant (LTR) application for forest fire prevention purposes as well as wildland fires can result in chemical leaching from forest soils. Large quantities of sodium (Na), aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and silicon (Si) in leachates, mainly due to ammonium (one of the major LTR components) soil deposition, could affect the groundwater quality. The leaching of Na, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu and Si due to nitrogen based LTR application (Fire Trol 931) was studied at laboratory scale. The concentrations of Na + , Al 3+ , Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ and Si 4+ were measured in the resulting leachates from pots with forest soil and pine trees alone and in combination with fire. The leaching of Na, Fe and Si from treated pots was significantly greater than that from control pots. The leaching of Al, Mn and Cu was extremely low.
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    Erratum to: Contamination of Selected Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) in Sediment from CauBay River, Hanoi (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-02
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    Haematological Alterations Induced by Oral Subacute Exposure to Fenvalerate, Nitrate and Their Combination in Domestic Buffalo, Bubalus bubalis (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-02
    Description: The present study investigated haematological alterations induced by oral subacute exposure to fenvalerate, nitrate and their combination in the domestic buffalo, Bubalus bubalis . Fenvalerate exposure produced significant declines in haemoglobin (Hb), total leukocyte count (TLC), total erythrocyte count (TEC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and a corresponding elevation in mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Following oral exposure to sodium nitrate, significant declines in blood Hb, TLC, TEC, MCH and MCHC, and a significant elevation in MCV occurred. Combined exposure to fenvalerate and sodium nitrate produced severe effects with an appreciably more prominent decline in Hb, TLC, TEC and MCHC and a significant elevation in MCV. The percentage of methaemoglobin was observed to follow an elevating trend in animals exposed to sodium nitrate alone (0.69 %–13.8 %) and in combination with fenvalerate (0.75 %–13.7 %).
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    Effect of 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride on Cell Replication and Membrane Permeability of Escherichia coli DH5α (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: Ionic liquids (ILs) have elicited attention due to their unique properties. ILs may pose environmental risks to aquatic ecosystems once released into water during generation and application. Therefore, the toxic and antimicrobial properties of ILs should be analysed. This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxicity of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C 8 mim] [Cl]) on Escherichia coli DH5α by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, and to determine the effect of [C 8 mim] [Cl] on the replication and membrane permeability of E. coli DH5α. The results showed that [C 8 mim] [Cl] decreased cell viability and inhibited bacterial cell replication. [C 8 mim] [Cl] increased protein and nucleic acid contents in the extracellular fluid, damaged the cell membrane, and increased membrane permeability. The increase of cell membrane permeability induced by [C 8 mim] [Cl] could be the cause of decreased cell viability and replication.
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    Reply to “Mercury Bioaccumulation and Bioaccumulation Factors for Everglades Mosquitofish as Related to Sulfate: A Re-Analysis of Julian II (2013)” (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
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    Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Ability Responses to Experimental Free-Air Ozone Exposure in Two Wheat Cultivars (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
    Description: Effects of elevated ozone concentrations [O 3 ] on two wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars [Yangmai16 (Y16) and Yannong19 (Y19)] were investigated to determine the different metabolic mechanisms of phenolic compounds under O 3 -FACE (free-air controlled enrichment) condition. This study specifically investigated changes of phenolic compounds content, secondary metabolism related enzymes activities, lipid peroxidation extent and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in the leaves of two wheat cultivars. Results indicated that elevated [O 3 ] (1.5 × ambient [O 3 ]) induced different regulation mechanisms of secondary metabolism in different wheat cultivars. Lipid peroxidation and ROS content increased under O 3 stress, and these results were more pronounced in the leaves of Y19 than in those of Y16, suggesting that Y19 is more sensitive to O 3 than Y16.
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    Low Concentrations of Contaminants in an Invasive Cyprinid, the Rudd, in a Great Lakes Area of Concern (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
    Description: The invasive, omnivorous rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus is abundant in the upper Niagara River, a Great Lakes Area of Concern. Invasive species can alter trophic and contaminant pathways, but complex ontogenetic and seasonal diet shifts by rudds make it difficult to predict their chemical burdens relative to other fishes. We quantified concentrations of chemical residues in rudds and compared them to six fish species from various trophic levels. Rudds contained low concentrations of total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (mean = 0.02 μg/g), Hg (mean = 0.03 μg/g), and polychlorinated biphenyls (mean = 0.06 μg/g); these concentrations were among the lowest for all species examined. Concentrations of aldrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, total hexachlorocyclohexanes, mirex, and total chlordanes were less than the method detection limit for all rudds examined. If reducing rudd biomass is determined to be beneficial, resource managers could consider targeted harvest, given the low concentrations of contaminant in rudds and their susceptibility to capture.
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    Occurrence, Distribution and Sources of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) in Surface Sediments from the Lijiang River, a Typical Karst River of Southwestern China (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
    Description: The Lijiang River is a typical karst river of southwestern China. Karst-aquifer systems are more vulnerable to contamination compared to other types of aquifers. The occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediments from the Lijiang River were investigated to evaluate their potential ecological risks. The total concentrations of them in sediments ranged from 0.80 to 18.73 ng/g dry weight (dw) (mean 6.83 ng/g dw). The residue levels of OCPs varied in the order of HCB 〉 HCHs 〉 DDTs. Compositional analyses of OCPs showed that HCHs and DDTs were mainly from historical usage. The ecological risk assessment suggested that HCHs and DDTs in Lijiang River sediments may cause adverse ecological risks, particularly at sites near agricultural areas.
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    Accumulation of Cadmium in and Its Effect on the Midgut Gland of Terrestrial Snail Helix pomatia L. from Urban Areas in Poland (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
    Description: The objectives of this study were (1) to determine cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the midgut gland of a land snail Helix pomatia L. inhabiting residential areas of the 14 largest cities in Poland, and (2) to examine whether the accumulated Cd exerted any toxic effects. The average accumulation of Cd in the midgut gland of snails, weighing 16–18 g, ranged from 7.00 to 87.3 µg/g dry weight (0.06–0.77 µmol/g) and differed significantly among animals from the various urban areas. This difference in Cd accumulation was not related to city population, but was associated with the topsoil Cd (R 2  = 0.868, p  〈 0.0001). The tissue Cd was not found to produce toxicity (histopathology, programmed cell death, lipofuscin formation or lipid peroxidation), probably due to the induction of sufficiently high quantities of metallothionein and glutathione, well-known protective molecules.
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    Trace Elements in Blood of Sea Turtles Lepidochelys olivacea in the Gulf of California, Mexico (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
    Description: This study determined the concentrations of heavy metals in blood collected from Pacific Ridley sea turtles ( Lepidochelys olivacea ) inhabiting the coast of Guasave, Mexico, in the Gulf of California. The highest reported metal concentration in blood was Zn, followed by Se. Of nonessential toxic metals, As was reported in higher percentage compared to Cd. The concentrations of metals detected were present as follows: Zn 〉 Se 〉 Mn 〉 As 〉 Ni 〉 Cd 〉 Cu. Cd concentration in blood is higher in our population in comparison with other populations of L. olivacea , and even higher in other species of sea turtles. Our study reinforces the usefulness of blood for the monitoring of the levels of contaminating elements, and is easily accessible and nonlethal for sea turtles.
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    Analysis of Fish DNA Biomarkers as a Molecular-Level Approach for Ecological Health Assessments in an Urban Stream (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
    Description: This study was performed to determine the ecosystem health of an urban stream using DNA damage biomarkers of sentinel fish species along with chemical analyses of water and sediments in the impacted and reference zones. The results based on single-cell gel electrophoresis showed that the extent of DNA damage was significantly elevated in the polluted zone. The severity of DNA damage in the impacted zone was largely attributed to high levels of heavy metals, such as As, Zn, Pb, and Ni. The DNA damage biomarker in benthic fish was sensitive to habitat change, which suggested that this fish species and biomarker are excellent tools for risk assessment. The acute toxicity tests demonstrated that SCGE was sufficient to reflect the different genotypes and pollution statuses and to propose the possibility of zebrafish erythrocytes as competitive materials.
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    A Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Fish and an Invertebrate from the Gulf of Antalya (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
    Description: This study was conducted to determine the levels of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb in the Red mullet (Mullus barbatus) , Grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) and Green tiger prawn (Panaeus semisulcatus) species caught in the Gulf of Antalya and to assess the health risks associated with their consumption. The average values (mg/kg d.w.) were calculated to be Pb (0.29 ± 0.14), Cd (0.02 ± 0.03), Zn (5.64 ± 1.58) and Cu (1.64 ± 1.02) in M. barbatus ; Pb (0.22 ± 0.12), Cd (0.02 ± 0.01), Zn (7.66 ± 2.29) and Cu (1.33 ± 0.82) in M. cephalus ; Pb (0.25 ± 0.16), Cd (0.04 ± 0.05), Zn (13.33 ± 3.34) and Cu (5.15 ± 2.09) in P. semisulcatus. The detected levels of the studied metals were below the legal and daily intake limits according to national and international standards, although the mean Pb level in M. barbatus was close to the legal limit (0.30 mg/kg). Target hazard quotient values were also all below 1, meaning that there is no health risk.
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