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  • Springer  (640)
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  • 1
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    Histological Alterations on the Structure of the Excretory Renal System in Tench ( Tinca tinca ) After Exposure to 17-Alpha-Ethynylestradiol (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: This study describes the effects of 17-alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE 2 ) on the structure of the excretory system of the kidney in tench. Adult male tench were exposed to sub-lethal doses of EE 2 (50, 100 and 500 μg/kg b.w.) under semistatic conditions for a period of 30 days. The nephrosomatic index and histology (including a morphometric analysis) of the kidney were examined. Histopathological lesions in the kidney of exposed tench were: dilation of glomerular capillaries and increase in the area of the renal corpuscle, hyaline degeneration in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules leading to necrotic changes, hemorrhages in the interstitial tissue and deposits of eosinophilic material. These lesions were observed with a greater degree of severity as the exposure doses were increased. These results indicate that long-term exposure to EE 2 could produce clear negative effects on the excretory system of the kidney in tench and consequently on their physiological functions.
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  • 2
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    Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity in Gill Erythrocyte Cells of Poecilia reticulata Exposed to a Glyphosate Formulation (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: Poecilia reticulata were exposed to herbicide Roundup Transorb ® for micronucleus test, nuclear abnormalities and comet assay. The exposure-concentrations were based on CL 50–96 h following 0, 1.41, 2.83, 4.24 and 5.65 μL L −1 for 24 h. Micronucleus and comets were significantly increased in the gill erythrocyte cells after herbicide exposure compared with the non-exposed group. Results showed a gradual increase in the number of damaged cells, indicating a concentration-dependent effect and that this herbicide was mutagenic and genotoxic to P. reticulata and this effect could be attributed to a combination of compounds contained in the formulation with the active ingredient glyphosate.
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  • 3
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    Effect of Cadmium on Biomass, Pigmentation, Malondialdehyde, and Proline of Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Effects of cadmium (Cd 2+ ) on biomass, pigmentation (chlorophyll a , b , and total carotene), malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline productions by Scenedesmus quadricauda var. longispina were investigated. Cadmium had inhibitory effect on the productions of biomass and pigmentation. Significant differences were found in pigment content among groups. On the other hand, Cd 2+ had a simulative effect on the production of MDA and proline by the alga. FTIR–ATR spectroscopy was used to examine active groups of algal biomass before and after Cd 2+ exposure. Results confirmed that amino, amide, and anionic groups had significant role on the biosorption of Cd 2+ by the alga. Increased accumulation of MDA and proline seemed to be an important strategy for alleviating metal-induced oxidative stress in S. quadricauda var. longispina .
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  • 4
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    Phytoremediation of Cu, Cr and Pb Mixtures by Lemna minor (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: The present study reports the capacity of the aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor to remediate combinations of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) from a simulated natural environment. The effect of these metal mixtures on the growth of L. minor was also investigated using growth rate and biomass inhibition calculations. L. minor was successful in removing Cr and Pb from the water, and it remained an effective remediation agent when both metals were present in the environment. However, a relatively low absorption capacity was observed for Cu, increasing concentrations of which were associated with significant decreases in growth rate. No statistically significant difference was found between the 24 h and 7 days absorption rates of Cu, Pb and Cr, suggesting that, at the concentrations tested, equilibrium occurs within 24 h of metal exposure.
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  • 5
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    Effect of Storage Method and Associated Holding Time on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in Surface Water Samples (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-12
    Description: Assessments were conducted to determine the effect of sample storage method and associated holding time on surface water nutrient concentrations from field sites. Six surface water sites and two nutrient spiked, laboratory water samples were evaluated for nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, filtered orthophosphorus, and total orthophosphorus concentrations on four separate days throughout the period of 1 year. Samples stored at ambient temperature (23°C) for 24 h prior to nutrient analyses resulted in 18 % ± 2 % of results being significantly different from controls (which were analyzed immediately upon collection). Samples placed in the cooler (4°C) for 7 days prior to nutrient analyses resulted in 30 % ± 1 % of values being significantly different from controls. Samples placed in the freezer (−20°C) for 7 days prior to analyses resulted in 34 % ± 12 %, 44 % ± 10 %, and 28 % ± 5.7 % of ammonium, filtered orthophosphate, and total orthophosphate, respectively, values being significantly different from controls. This study highlights the challenges facing researchers in efficient collection, storage and nutrient analysis of samples, especially when sites are remote and difficult to access .
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  • 6
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    Biological Fenton’s Oxidation of Pentachlorophenol by Aquatic Plants (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: This study proposes a new treatment method to decompose persistent chemicals such as pentachlorophenol (PCP) in water, utilizing hydrogen peroxide present in aquatic plants to proceed the biological Fenton reaction. PCP was not effectively removed by aquatic plants. However, by adding 2.8 mM of Fe 2+ , there was a rapid removal of PCP while at the same time consumption of endogenous hydrogen peroxide occurred. It was observed the increase of chloride ions formation in water—confirming the complete degradation of PCP. These results demonstrated that PCP was oxidized through a biological Fenton reaction, and hydrogen peroxide in aquatic plants was a key endogenous substance in treatment of refractory toxic pollutants.
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  • 7
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    Occurrence of Higher Chlorinated Benzenes in Livers of Grass Carp and Common Carp Collected from Markets of Xinxiang, China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: Five higher chlorinated benzenes (including hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) and three isomers of tetrachlorobenzens) were measured in the livers of grass carp and common carp collected from five markets in Xinxiang city, China. HCB and PeCB were detected in all samples. The major component of the higher CBs residue was HCB and significant correlations existed between HCB and PeCB in both grass carp and common carp livers. The ratio range of HCB/PeCB in grass carp and common carp were 3.4–6.2 and 4.9–7.7, respectively, which implied the sources of higher CBs originate mainly from the revolatilization of industrial HCB with a minor impact from PeCB.
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  • 8
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    Effects of Di- n -butyl Phthalate and Diethyl Phthalate on Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Neurotoxicity Related Gene Expression in Embryonic Zebrafish (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: In the present study, zebrafish embryos were used to assess the neurotoxicity of di- n -butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and their mixture. Four-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of DBP, DEP and their mixture (DBP–DEP) until 96 hpf. The transcriptions levels of selected neuron-related genes reported as neurotoxicity biomarkers were analyzed. The results showed that transcripts of growth associated protein 43 ( gap43 ), embryonic lethal abnormal vision - like 3 ( elavl3 ), glial fibrillary acidic protein ( gfap ), myelin basic protein ( mbp ), α1 - tubulin and n eurogenin1 ( ngn1 ) were significantly up-regulated after DBP, DEP and DBP–DEP mixture exposure. In addition, acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly inhibited in the embryos. These results indicate that DBP and DEP have the potential neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos.
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  • 9
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    The Impact of Candle Burning During All Saints’ Day Ceremonies on Ambient Alkyl-Substituted Benzene Concentrations (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: Research findings concerning benzene, toluene, ethylobenzene, meta-, para- and ortho-xylene as well as styrene (BTEXS) emission at public cemeteries during All Saints’ Day are presented here. Tests were carried out at town-located cemeteries in Opole and Grodków (southern Poland) and, as a benchmark, at the centres of those same towns. The purpose of the study was to estimate BTEXS emissions caused by the candle burning and, equally important to examine, whether emissions generated by the tested sources were similar to the BTEXS emissions generated by road transport. During the festive period, significant increases in benzene concentrations, by 200 % and 144 %, were noted at the cemeteries in Opole and Grodków, as well as in toluene, by 366 % and 342 %, respectively. Styrene concentrations also increased. It was demonstrated that the ratio of toluene to benzene concentrations from emissions caused by the burning candles are comparable to the ratio established for transportation emissions.
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  • 10
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    Tissue Distribution Kinetics of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl in Ringdoves After Oral Dosing (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Ring doves were provided contaminated food spiked with [ 13 C]-2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) over a period of 63 days. Animals were sacrificed after 0.33, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 18, 36 and 63 days following access to contaminated food. At each time point, chemical concentrations in blood, liver, brain, gonad, adipose and remaining whole carcass was determined. Whole body concentrations of PCB 153 increased linearly with time over the experiment indicating that the birds did not reach steady state with their food after 63 days. Tissue/plasma concentration ratios were plotted as a function of time to determine time to inter-tissue steady state for fast and slowly perfused tissues. Liver, brain and gonad achieved steady state concentrations with plasma in less than 3 days, whereas fat and carcass tissues required 9.7 and 11.5 days, respectively. The results indicate that inter-tissue distribution kinetics for PCBs in birds is relatively rapid and completed within a little over a week following exposure to a contaminated diet.
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  • 11
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    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Human Hair from the College Environment: Comparison with Indoor Dust (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Eight Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined to examine the hair burden at low concentrations, and the relationship between PBDE concentrations in human hair and indoor dust from a college environment (Shanghai University campus). Chemical analyses showed that the total concentrations of PBDEs in hair ranged from 4.04 to 99 ng/g dw, and were found to be fourfold higher in females than in males ( p  〈 0.05). The total PBDEs concentrations in indoor dust samples ranged from 170 to 1,360 ng/g dw. Significantly positive correlations were observed between human hair and indoor dust for BDE 47 (r = 0.44, p  = 0.048) and BDE 99 (r = 0.68, p  = 0.025). However, no significant association was noted between other PBDE congeners in human hair and indoor dust in the present study.
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  • 12
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    The Effects of Three Selected Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on the Fecundity of Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4- tert -octylphenol (4- tert -OP) are the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that has been shown to exert both toxic and biological effects on living organisms. The present study investigated effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA, 4-NP and 4- tert -OP (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L) on the fecundity of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . In the all exposure groups of BPA, 4-NP and 4- tert -OP, it was found a statistically significant decrease in mean fecundity as compared to the control groups ( p  〈 0.05).
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  • 13
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    Legacy Metals Within Urban Aquatic Environments and the Challenge They Pose to Rehabilitation (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Legacy metals, a result of previous environmentally unsound practices, pose a challenge to the rehabilitation of urban aquatic ecosystems. The current study focuses on a harbor in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, where use of antifouling paints for hull cleaning occurred for ca. 30 years. Sediment metal concentrations were mapped by depth and distance from where hulls were cleaned. By relating metal concentrations to the benthic invertebrate community and bivalve metal content, results indicate that cleaning activities severely impacted sediment quality. However, sewer outfalls, which integrate non-point sources of metals to the harbor, also contributed to poor sediment quality and high metal concentrations in bivalves. For the aquatic system to recover, non-point diffuse metal sources must be addressed, regardless of the challenge.
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  • 14
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    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in House Dust in Beijing, China (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Eleven house dust samples were collected in Beijing to quantify 42 different polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Total PBDEs concentrations ranged from 140 to 1,300 ng g −1 . The dominant PBDEs congener identified was BDE 209, which made up more than 70 % of all PBDEs congeners. Concentrations of PBDEs in Chinese house dust were lower than in other countries. The most polluted areas were electronics shops and households. It is likely that PBDEs exposure is a potential threat for Beijing residents, particularly toddlers.
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  • 15
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    Occurrence of Organochlorine Pesticides in Surface Soils from College School Yards of Xi’an, China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: In this study, surface soil samples from 14 representative college school yards in Xi’an, the capital city of Shaanxi province, China, were collected and analyzed for 21 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The total concentrations were in the ranges of 0.2–67.0 ng/g. HCHs and DDTs were the most dominant compounds among the 21 OCPs, and their concentrations ranged from 0.1–8.5 to 0.1–56.3 ng/g, respectively. Source identification analysis indicated that the residues of HCHs and DDTs were mostly due to historical use of these chemicals or from other source regions. The quality of all the Xi’an college school yard soils except sample XAUAT was classified as low pollution by OCPs according to the National Environmental Quality Standards for Soils of China (GB15618-1995).
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  • 16
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    Detrimental Effects of Metronidazole on the Liver of Freshwater Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: The widely used antibiotic metronidazole (MTZ) was investigated for its toxic effects on the liver of the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). The fish were exposed to 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg/L MTZ in water for 30 days, and parameters that are indicative of liver damage and oxidative stress were measured. MTZ increased liver ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione levels, and elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. These parameters usually showed significant differences in the 0.5 and 2.5 mg/L MTZ groups compared to the control group ( p  〈 0.05). These findings indicated that MTZ induced oxidative stress and caused liver damage in common carp, suggesting that measures should be taken to avoid contamination of surface waters with MTZ.
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  • 17
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    Determination of Mercury in Some Freshwater Fish Species from Chahrmahal va Bakhtyari Province, Iran and Potential Limits for Human Consumption (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-03
    Description: Concentrations of mercury in four freshwater fish species from Gandoman and Sooleghan Lagoons and Beheshtabad River were determined by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Concentrations of mercury in muscle of 90 fish ranged from 21 to 31 μg kg −1 (mean = 26 μg kg −1 ). Statistical analysis showed no statistical relationship between mean mercury concentration and fish species, although concentration of mercury in different seasons and habitats was statistically different ( p  〈 0.05). The results indicated that fish from Gandoman and Sooleghan Lagoons and Beheshtabad River have concentrations well below the maximum permissible levels of mercury according to international standards with no health risk for consumers.
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  • 18
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    Phytotoxicities of Inorganic Arsenic and Dimethylarsinic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana and Pteris vittata (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-03
    Description: The mechanisms by which Pteris vittata (L.) hyperaccumulates arsenic (As) have not been fully elucidated. To investigate how P. vittata tolerates high concentrations of arsenite, we compared the toxicities of various As compounds to P . vittata and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). The phytotoxicities of As species were found to be in the order of arsenite 〉 arsenate 〉 dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) in A. thaliana , and in the order of DMAA 〉 arsenate 〉 arsenite in P. vittata . P. vittata calli displayed a weaker ability to absorb arsenite than arsenate. These results demonstrate that P. vittata possesses mechanisms of As accumulation and detoxification.
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  • 19
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    Chlorpyrifos-Treated Crops in the Vicinity of Surface Water Contamination in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: Due to frequent contamination of streams in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA, with the insecticide chlorpyrifos, researchers are working to identify crop-specific management practices that will reduce the offsite movement of this compound into surface waters. To guide this effort, crops treated with chlorpyrifos in the vicinity of contaminated streams were identified; walnut, alfalfa, and almond were the primary crops identified. Use was higher on walnut and almond, but due to irrigation practices offsite movement in surface runoff may be more likely from alfalfa. Based on these findings, development of management practices to reduce off-site movement of chlorpyrifos in irrigation runoff from treated alfalfa fields is recommended.
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  • 20
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    Lead Accumulation in the Straw Mushroom, Volvariella volvacea, from Lead Contaminated Rice Straw and Stubble (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: Straw mushrooms were grown on lead contaminated rice straw and stubble. Study materials were dried, acid digested, and analyzed for lead using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed the highest lead concentration in substrate was 445.350 mg kg −1 in Treatment 3 (T3) and the lowest was BD (below detection) in Treatment 1 (T1). The maximum lead content in straw mushrooms was 5.072 mg kg −1  dw in pileus of T3 and the minimum lead content in straw mushrooms was BD in egg and mature (stalk and pileus) stage of T1. The lead concentration in straw mushrooms was affected by the age of the mycelium and the morphology of mushrooms. Mushrooms’ lead uptake produced the highest accumulation in the cell wall. Some lead concentrations in straw mushrooms exceeded the EU standard (〉3 mg kg −1  dw).
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  • 21
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    Identification of ABC Transporter Genes in Gonad Tissue of Two Mediterranean Sea Urchin Species: Black, Arbacia lixula L., and Rocky, Paracentrotus lividus L. (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: Multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) represents an important cellular detoxification mechanism in aquatic organisms as it provides them robustness toward natural and man-made contaminants. Several ABC transporters have major roles in the MXR phenotype – P-gp/ABCB1, MRP1–3/ABCC1–3 and BCRP/ABCG2. In this study, we identified the presence of ABC transporters involved in the MXR mechanism of Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus . Al ABCB1/P-gp, Al ABCC3/MRP3, Al ABCC9/SUR-like and Al ABCG-like transcripts were identified in A. lixula ; and Pl ABCC1/P-gp, Pl ABCC3/MRP3, Pl ABCC5/MRP5, and Pl ABCC9/SUR-like transcripts in P. lividus . For each of the new partial sequences, we performed detailed phylogenetic and identity analysis as a first step toward full characterization and understanding of the ecotoxicological role of these ABC transporters.
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  • 22
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    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDES) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) in Mussels and Two Fish Species from the Estuary of the Guanabara Bay, Southeastern Brazil (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: The present investigation aimed to analyze PBDE and PCB contamination in mussels ( Perna perna ) and two commercially important fish species, croaker ( Micropogonias furnieri ) and mullet ( Mugil liza ), in the Guanabara Bay, the most important Brazilian estuary, by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, in order to further knowledge regarding these compounds in the southern hemisphere. This is also the first report of PBDE in this mussel species in the Guanabara Bay. Fish were captured in September (dry season, winter) and March (wet season, summer) 2007 and September 2008. Mussels were collected in August (dry season, winter) 2006, in February (wet season, summer) 2007, and in August 2007 (winter). The results show that all samples showed higher PCB contamination when compared to other ecosystems around the world. On the other hand, PBDEs presented lower concentrations in 41 % of the samples. Croakers presented the highest PCB and PBDE levels, with mullet showing intermediary values and mussels, the lowest.
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  • 23
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    Occurrence of Pesticide Residues in Lebanon’s Water Resources (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Contamination of water sources by pesticides is one of the most critical environmental problems. The present work is designed to address the occurrence of 67 pesticides in the Lebanese waters. Chemical analysis was performed by a solid-phase extraction followed by a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using programmed temperature vaporization injection. In drinking water and groundwater samples, organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides were frequently detected with a maximal sum concentration of up to 31.8 ng L −1 . High pesticide ecotoxicological risk was noticed in many surface waters, while this risk was driven mainly by diazinon, chlorpyrifos, fenpropathrin and bifenthrin insecticides.
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  • 24
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    Concentration, Sources and Human Exposure of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Indoor Dust in Heilongjiang Province, China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Fourteen indoor dust samples were collected in 2010 winter from four cities in Heilongjiang Province, China. Fourteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were identified and quantified. Concentration of the total 14 PBDEs ranged from 240 to 9,270 ng/g, with the median of 2,520 ng/g. BDE209 was the dominant congener with concentrations ranged from 234 to 9,190 ng/g, accounting for 97.2 % of the total concentration. Positive correlations (r 〉 0.8, p  〈 0.005) were found between the group of BDE17, 28, 66, 47 and the group of BDE85, 99, 100, between BDE153 and BDE154, between BDE209 and BDE183, indicating the similar sources and/or pathways in indoor environment. Principal component analysis showed that the major sources of PBDEs were commercial Penta-BDEs and Deca-BDEs. Human exposure analysis showed that children of 1–5 years old had the highest exposure to PBDEs.
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    Seasonal Variation of Black Carbon in Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) at the Tropical Coastal City of Mumbai, India (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Black Carbon (BC) is a pollutant species primarily emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels. BC levels, associated with fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), were monitored from January 2009 to December 2010 at an urban industrial area in Mumbai to study the seasonal and temporal variations and its contribution to fine particulate matter. Air particulate samples were collected in two size fractions, fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and coarse particulate matter (PM 2.5−10 ), using a Gent air sampler. During the study period, arithmetic means of PM 2.5 and PM 2.5−10 were found to be 30.4 and 68.2 μg/m 3 , respectively. The average value of BC in fine particulate matter was 4.0 μg/m 3 , with a range of 1.0–9.4 μg/m 3 . Studies carried out using Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model indicated the contribution of BC from the northern and central part of India during days of high BC levels.
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    In Vitro Determination of 6PGD Enzyme Activity Purified from Lake Van Fish ( Chalcalburnus tarichii Pallas, 1811) Liver Exposed to Pesticides (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-23
    Description: In the present study, the effect of methidathion, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin pesticides on Lake Van fish ( Chalcalburnus tarichii Pallas, 1811) liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme activity was investigated due to the fact that these pesticides are extensively used to improve agricultural productivity in the Van region. 2′,5′-ADP Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography was used to purify 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme from fish liver and SDS-PAGE technique was used to control the purity of this enzyme. The in vitro effect of methidathion, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin pesticides on the enzyme activity was investigated. The enzyme was purified 1,050-fold with specific activity of 27.04 EU/mg protein. Moreover, K i constants of methidathion, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin were to be 3.294 ± 0.215, 0.718 ± 0.095, and 0.084 ± 0.009 mM respectively. The IC 50 value were estimated as 9.95 × 10 −5  ± 0.1844 × 10 −5  mM for methidathion, 1.01 × 10 −4  ± 0.01413 × 10 −4  mM for cypermethrin, and 4.43 × 10 −6  ± 0.05653 × 10 −6  mM for deltamethrin. In conclusion, deltamethrin inhibits the enzyme activity more than methidathion and cypermethrin.
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    The Study on Air Pollution with Nickel and Vanadium in Croatia by Using Moss Biomonitoring and ICP-AES (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Moss samples were collected from 121 sampling sites all over Croatia during the summer and autumn of 2010. They were totally digested by using microwave digestion system and analysed by using atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES). Descriptive statistics and maps of distribution were made. The data obtained in this study were compared with those from the study in 2006 and additionally with the data obtained in the similar studies in neighbouring countries and Norway as pristine area. The median value of nickel is 3.16 mg kg −1 and the content varies from 1.04 to 14.66 mg kg −1 . The content of vanadium ranges between 0.23 and 37.26 mg kg −1 with the median value of 2.55 mg kg −1 . High contents of these elements are found in the vicinity of Rijeka, Zagreb and Sisak as a result of their emission from oil refinery, thermal power plant and industrial processes.
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    Nutrient Concentrations in a Pampasic First Order Stream with Different Land Uses in the Surrounding Plots (Buenos Aires, Argentina) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of land use on nutrient concentrations in a Pampasic stream. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations in the stream were higher at a site surrounded by fertilized double-cropped wheat/soybeans than at unfertilized soybeans plots. Nitrate and SRP concentrations in the stream were lower at sites surrounded by soybeans than livestock. It is suggested that crop fertilization and cattle manure increased nutrients loads released to the stream. It is suggested that preservation and restoration of riparian habitats may benefit water quality by decreasing nutrient loads.
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    Relationships Between Metals Exposure and Epidemiological Parameters of Two Pathogens in Urban Pigeons (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: Human activities often generate or increase concentration of chemical compounds including pesticides, hydrocarbons and metals that can potentially affect ecological interactions. We found that elevated levels of zinc in pigeon feathers were associated with both low prevalence of Chlamydiaceae (ornithosis disease) and low intensity of blood pathogens (Haemosporidian parasites). In contrast, high levels of lead in pigeon feathers were associated with high blood pathogens intensities. Our results suggest that metals linked to human activities in cities such as zinc and lead may play a significant role in the ecology of host–parasite interactions and could potentially affect the epidemiology of diseases in the urban environment.
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    Selective Pressurized Liquid Extraction Technique Capable of Analyzing Dioxins, Furans, and PCBs in Clams and Crab Tissue (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-12
    Description: A selective pressurized liquid extraction technique (SPLE) was developed for the analysis of polychlorodibenzo- p -dioxins, polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (dl-PCBs) in clam and crab tissue. The SPLE incorporated multiple cleanup adsorbents (alumina, florisil, silica gel, celite, and carbopack) within the extraction cell. Tissue extracts were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. Mean recovery (n = 3) and percent relative standard deviation for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in clam and crabs was 89 ± 2.3 and 85 ± 4.0, respectively. The SPLE method was applied to clams and crabs collected from the San Jacinto River Waste Pits, a Superfund site in Houston, TX. The dl-PCBs concentrations in clams and crabs ranged from 50 to 2,450 and 5 to 800 ng/g ww, respectively. Sample preparation time and solvents were reduced by 92 % and 65 %, respectively, as compared to USEPA method 1613.
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    Nutritional Quality and Safety Related to Trace Element Content in Fish from Tyrrhenian Sea (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-13
    Description: This study analyzed for the detection of the following trace elements: As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn, in muscle of four widely traded and consumed marine fish species ( Mullus surmuletus L., Merluccius merluccius L., Micromesistius poutassou (Risso, 1827), Scomber scombrus L.) selected for their wide trade and consumption. Mean concentrations found in fish muscle, irrespective of species, ranged from 3.61 to 105.49 (As); 0.01–0.08 (Cd); 0.74–4.71 (Cu); 0.09–1.10 (Hg); 0.02–0.58 (Pb); 0.30–2.88 (Se); 11.56–73.37 (Zn) mg/kg wet weight. As, Hg, Cu and Se concentrations showed a significant difference ( p  〈 0.01) among the analyzed species in winter and in summer. Cd exhibited a significant difference ( p  〈 0.01) only in summer. The maximum levels set for Hg, Cd and Pb by European Regulation No 1881/2006 were exceeded by 5 (8.9 %), 1 (1.8 %) and 4 (7.1 %) samples, respectively. In particular the species exceeding the legal limits were red mullet for Cd and Pb, Atlantic mackerel and blue whiting for Hg and Pb.
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    Detrimental Effects of Metronidazole on Selected Innate Immunological Indicators in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-13
    Description: The widely used antibiotic metronidazole (MTZ) was investigated for its toxic effects on the innate immunity in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). The fish were exposed to MTZ at nominal concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg L −1 in water for 30 days, followed by a 5-days of cleanout period, after which certain innate immunity parameters were measured. The results showed that under the tested concentrations, MTZ-exposed fish exhibited decline in several humoral and cellular parameters, including complement activity, lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity, total serum protein levels, total WBC count, and the respiratory burst activity of kidney leukocytes. Except for total serum proteins, all of these parameters showed a significant difference in the 2.5 mg L −1 MTZ group compared to control group ( p  〈 0.05). The results clearly support the contention that MTZ suppresses the innate immunity of common carp.
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    Biodegradation of Endosulfan in Broth Medium and in Soil Microcosm by Klebsiella sp. M3 (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-13
    Description: Nine endosulfan degrading bacterial strains were isolated by soil enrichment with endosulfan. Bacterial strain M3 was the most efficient degrader. Endosulfan degradation was accompanied by a decrease in pH of the medium and an increase in chloride ion concentration. The bacterium was tested for its ability to degrade endosulfan at different concentrations in broth and soil. Maximum degradation occurred at concentrations of 50 μg/ml of broth and 100 μg/g of soil. Values of K s and V max were different for (α)- and (β)-endosulfan in broth. The kinetic indices (V max /K s ) for α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan were 0.051 and 0.048 day −1 respectively, indicating that (α)-endosulfan was more rapidly degraded. Bacterial strain M3 was identified as Klebsiella sp. M3 on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence similarity (GenBank accession number JX273762).
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    Organochlorine Compound Residues in Muscle of Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa L.) and Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus L.): Effects of Age and Sex (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-06
    Description: Twenty-six organochlorine pesticides and 7 polychlorinated biphenyls were measured in muscle of wild boar and red deer from the Czech Republic. The concentration of DDT and its metabolites was higher ( p  〈 0.01) in wild boar than in red deer, while PCBs and HCH were higher ( p  〈 0.01) in red deer than in wild boar. The concentrations of DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers were higher ( p  〈 0.05) in juvenile wild boar than in adults. PCB 153 and p,p′ -DDE were the most prominent pollutants in both red deer and wild boar.
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    Effect of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate on the Conformation of Wheat Germ Acid Phosphatase (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study the quenching mechanism, the type of force and the binding sites of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on wheat germ acid phosphatase (ACPase). The results showed that the quenching effect of PFOS on ACPase was mainly due to a static quenching mechanism that occurred via the formation of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The results from synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that PFOS interacts with ACPase close to the tryptophan residues. In addition, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy also showed that PFOS increases the hydrophobicity of the microenvironment of the tyrosine residues, hence decreasing the local polarity.
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    Breast Milk Lead Concentrations of Mothers Living Near Tin Smelters (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: We compared Pb concentration in human milk from 37 mothers living in a neighborhood of tin-ore smelters to that from 45 mothers living in a fishing community. The median breast-milk-Pb (BM-Pb) concentration was significantly ( p  = 0.0000001) higher (11.3 μg L −1 ; ≤0.96–29.4 μg L −1 ) in mothers living in the vicinity of smelters than that of rural mothers (1.9 μg L −1 ; ≤0.96–20.0 μg L −1 ). These mothers also showed a statistically significant correlation between length of residence and BM-Pb concentration (Spearman r  = 0.6864; p  〈 0.0001). The estimated median exposure (for infants 〈6 months) was 3.0 μg kg −1  b.w. for rural infants compared to 7.5 μg kg −1  b.w. for infants in the vicinity of metal smelters. Overall, most BM-Pb concentrations (79 %) in the metal smelter area were above the critical limit of 5.0 μg L −1 set by the WHO.
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    Ecotoxicity Assessment of Artificial Groundwater Recharge with Reclaimed Water: A Pilot-Scale Study (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: A demonstration of artificial groundwater recharge with tertiary effluent was evaluated using a set of bioassays (acute toxicity to Daphnia , genotoxicity, estrogenic and antiestrogenic toxicity). Around 95 % genotoxicity and 53 % antiestrogenicity were removed from the feed water by ozonation, whereas significant reduction of acute toxicity to Daphnia magna was achieved during a 3 days vadose soil treatment. The toxicity was further removed to the same level as the local groundwater during a 20 days aquifer soil treatment. The pilot study has shown that ozonation and soil treatments can improve the quality of municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents for possible groundwater recharge purposes.
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    Removal of Fluoride from Contaminated Ground Water Using Raw and Modified Bauxite (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: Endemic fluorosis affects millions of people worldwide. Fluorosis arises from the consumption of fluorine (F) contaminated water and was observed also in some parts of Turkey with volcanic rocks and geothermal resources. In the present study the removal of F from drinking water by raw and modified bauxite at the laboratory scale was investigated using a batch mode. Modified bauxite was prepared by using Na and Mg incorporated (B–Na, B–Mg) bauxite and calcination of Mg incorporated bauxite at 500°C (B–Mg-500). The equilibration time for F between bauxite and water was identified to be 3 h. Adsorption of F increased with increasing adsorbent dose. Moreover, F adsorption isotherms fitted well with the Freundlich model. Low F adsorption was obtained onto the raw and incorporated bauxite. In contrast, maximum F adsorption was found for B–Mg-500, with K f value of 0.247. This observation may be explained by the meaningfully stabilized and elevated number of positively charged sites in B–Mg-500.
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    Degradation of Clodinafop Propargyl by Pseudomonas sp. Strain B2 (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: Using clodinafop propargyl (CF) as a sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source, a CF-degrading bacterial strain was isolated from crop soil field. This strain was identified as Pseudomonas sp. strain B2 by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. 87.14 % CF was degraded out of initial provided 80 mg/L CF. Degradation of CF was accompanied by release of chloride ion. The optimal pH and temperature for the growth of B2 were 7.0 and 30°C, respectively in the mineral salts medium supplemented with CF. An actively growing culture of strain B2 degraded CF to clodinafop acid and 4-(4-Chloro-2-fluoro-phenoxy)-phenol within 9 h, as determined by GC–MS analysis. A metabolic pathway for the degradation of CF by B2 has been proposed.
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    Comparative Study of Organohalogen Contamination Between Two Populations of Eastern Atlantic Loggerhead Sea Turtles ( Caretta caretta ) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: We evaluated the presence of 37 organohalogen contaminants in plasma samples from 162 juvenile and 197 adult loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) from the archipelagos of the Canary Islands and Cape Verde, respectively, and compared the contamination profiles found. We detected five organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The concentrations of the two groups of contaminants were higher in turtles from the Canary Islands (OCPs, 1.04 vs. 0.37 ng/mL; PCBs, 1.92 vs. 0.08 ng/mL). We also observed a different profile of PCB contamination between the two populations. In addition, there was a negative correlation between body size and the total concentration of PCBs in the Canary Islands turtles, but not in turtles from Cape Verde. The present study presents the first data on the organochlorine contaminants (OCs) of live turtles from Canary Islands. In addition, we perform a comparison of the levels and profiles of OCs between these two different groups of loggerhead sea turtles from the Eastern Atlantic.
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    Effect of Copper, Irgarol and Atrazine on Epiphytes Attached to Artificial Devices for Coastal Ecotoxicology Bioassays (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: Toxic effects of copper, atrazine and irgarol were evaluated on epiphytes attached to mimes (artificial devices that mimic the morphology of seagrasses) in order to check sensitivity of this biological group. Tube-dwelling diatoms were the major component of the epiphyte community. Superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced by exposure to 25 and 50 μg L −1 of atrazine; the organism generates this antioxidant response to prevent cellular damage by removing reactive oxygen substances produced by oxidative stress. The measurement of antioxidant enzymatic activity in epiphytes could be a useful technique for ecotoxicology monitoring in marine coastal environments.
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    Genotoxicity Evaluation of 1,2 Dichlorobenzene in the Indian Major Carp, Catla catla L. Using Alkaline Comet Assay (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: The genotoxic effect of 1,2 dichlorobenzene (1,2 DCB), a volatile organic compound in the Indian Major Carp, Catla catla L. was assessed using the alkaline comet assay in the gills and blood. Fish were exposed to various sub-lethal concentrations of 1,2 DCB in vivo. At 24 h, DNA damage scores (expressed as arbitrary units) increased at 0.35 and 0.7 mg/L whereas at 28 days, there was a statistically significant increase in the DNA damage score at all the doses tested (0.175, 0.23, 0.35 and 0.7 mg/L). When the DNA damage scores were considered in the blood samples, the trend was similar to that observed in the gills – significant increase at 0.35 and 0.7 mg/L at 24 h and at all doses at 28 days. The results indicate that 1,2 DCB induces genotoxicity in the form of strand breaks in the DNA of fish as evidenced by the alkaline comet assay.
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    Arsenic Exposure Affects Embryo Development of Sea Urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: Toxicity tests were performed with embryos of Paracentrotus lividus to investigate the toxicological effect of two arsenic species: arsenate (As V ), expected to be more toxic, and dimethyl-arsinate (DMA) expected to be less toxic. Exposures to toxicants were performed at different developmental stages in order to identify the most sensitive phase of embryological development. Statistical analysis revealed a high significance of each factor (Molecule, Concentration and Time of exposure) and their interaction for the dependent variable “Percentage of normal-shaped plutei”. In particular, the 8 cell stage was the most sensitive to arsenic; at a concentration of 50 μg L −1 DMA proved to be more toxic than As V , resulting in nearly 50 % of normal-shaped plutei against the 74 % recorded for As V . Starting the administration of arsenic at the morula stage, arsenate proved to be significantly more toxic when compared to DMA.
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    Spatial-Based Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Agricultural Soils Surrounding a Non-ferrous Metal Smelting Zone (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: This work aimed to assess the degree of anthropogenic influence and severity of heavy metal from a non-ferrous metal smelting industrial zone. The results suggested that anthropogenic inputs played a dominant role in the enrichment of Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb and Cd. These metals showed similar spatial distribution patterns. Multivariate analysis showed strongly significant relationships between Cu–Zn,Cd–Zn, Cd–Sb, Sb, Sb, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Strong relationship was found between Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb and organic matter in soil. Risk evaluation results within the soil investigated profile was in the following order: Cd 〉 Sb 〉 Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Pb. Nemerow’s synthetical contamination index revealed that there is substantial ecotoxicological risk among the sampling sites with 8 of 9 of these locations exceeding the Nemerow criteria for seriously impacted sites and another site was close to moderately polluted domain.
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    Effects of Cadmium, Copper and Zinc on Growth of Four Isolated Algae from a Highly Polluted Argentina River (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-03
    Description: Toxicity of cadmium, copper and zinc was tested on four green algal species ( Ankistrodesmus fusiformis , Chlorella ellipsoidea , Monoraphidium contortum and Scenedesmus acuminatus ) isolated from a highly polluted river (Matanza–Riachuelo River, Buenos Aires, Argentina). The relative abundance of these species in river waters showed that C. ellipsoidea was the most abundant species (mean 4,540 ind mL −1 ), whereas the less abundant species was S. acuminatus (mean 220 ind mL −1 ). The most sensitive species was A. fusiformis , which EC 50 were Cd = 141 μg L −1 , Cu = 72 μg L −1 , and Zn = 199 μg L −1 , whereas C. ellipsoidea was the most resistant species to copper (EC 50  = 489 μg L −1 ) and cadmium (EC 50  = 429 μg L −1 ), and M. contortum and S. acuminatus were the most resistant species to zinc (EC 50  = 381 and 394 μg L −1 , respectively).
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    Characteristics of a Microcystin-LR Biodegrading Bacterial Isolate: Ochrobactrum sp. FDT5 (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-10
    Description: Mass growth of blue-green algae in eutrophic water bodies leads to a large amount of toxins, e.g. microcystins (MCs). How to remove MCs from water bodies is an environmental problem. In this study, an algicidal bacterium Ochrobactrum sp. FDT5 was isolated and found to have microcystin-LR (MC-LR) degradation capacity, which could be enhanced by a domestication process. The FDT5 cell density, MC-LR initial concentration, temperature, and pH on the degradation of MC-LR were investigated. The results indicated that the initial cell density of FDT5 and the initial concentration of MC-LR could influence MC-LR degradation. The optimum conditions were under the temperature of 35°C with pH of 7.0. After FDT5 was exposed to MC-LR for 2 days, FDT5 cells produced active cellular components that degraded MC-LR. These cellular components were heat-inactivated and removed when FDT5 cells were removed by filtration.
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    Mercury Contamination of Fish and Shrimp Samples Available in Markets of Mashhad, Iran (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-01
    Description: Fish and shrimp are common healthy sources of protein to a large percentage of the world’s population. Hence, it is vital to evaluate the content of possible contamination of these marine-foods. Six species of fishes and two species of shrimps were collected from the local markets of Mashhad, Iran. The mercury (Hg) concentration of samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a mercuric hydride system (MHS 10). High concentration of total Hg was found in Clupeonella cultriventris caspia (0.93 ± 0.14 μg/g) while the lowest level was detected in Penaeus indicus (0.37 ± 0.03 μg/g). Mean Hg levels in fish and shrimp samples were 0.77 ± 0.08 μg/g and 0.51 ± 0.05 μg/g, respectively. Farmed species (except for P. indicus ) and all samples from Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea had mean mercury concentrations above 0.5 μg/g, which is the maximum standard level recommended by Joint FAO/WHO/Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). All samples had also mean Hg concentrations that exceeded EPA’s established safety level of 0.3 μg/g. A little more extensive analysis of data showed that weekly intake of mercury for the proportion of the Iranian population consuming Hg contaminated fish and shrimp is not predicted to exceed the respective provisional tolerable weekly intakes recommended by JECFA. However, the Iranian health and environmental authorities should monitor Hg contamination of the fishes and shrimps before marketing.
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    An Assessment of In Ovo Toxicity of the Flame Retardant 1,2-Dibromo-4-(1,2-Dibromoethyl) Cyclohexane (TBECH) in the Zebra Finch (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-01
    Description: Embryonic toxicity of a brominated flame retardant, TBECH (1,2-dibromo-4-(1, 2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane) was investigated using the zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata ) as our model. Using in ovo dosing procedures, we injected the technical TBECH compound, consisting of 50:50 α-/β-isomers, directly into the yolk of freshly laid eggs at concentrations of 2.3–94 ng/g egg. No significant effects were observed in terms of growth or survival for either pre-hatch embryos or post-hatch chicks. Analysis of tissue samples at various developmental stages suggests that α-/β-TBECH was metabolized rapidly, and thus is unlikely to cause any direct, long-term effects on the development of zebra finch embryos or offspring.
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    The Enchytraeid Reproduction Test (ERT): A Potentially Quick and Affordable Tool for the Assessment of Metal Contaminated Soils in Emerging Economies (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-05
    Description: The enchytraeid reproduction test (ERT) was used to assess the ecotoxicity of selected mine tailings and agricultural soils from South Africa. The mine tailings had higher cumulative metal concentrations than agricultural soils. The most contaminated mine tailings significantly reduced the survival of the oligochaete Enchytraeus doerjesi whose reproduction was suppressed in all mine waste substrates. Because it reliably singled out the most contaminated substrate and was found easy to perform, we suggest that the ERT could be a quick and affordable tool for assigning intervention values for soil remediation in emerging economies such as South Africa.
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    Temporal Trends of Some Trace Metals in Lithophaga lithophaga (L., 1758) from Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean Sea) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-11
    Description: This study compared the levels of the trace metals zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) in the bivalve Lithophaga lithophaga from Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea) between 2001 and 2011. Comparisons were made on the basis of season, as well as year. All values were measured by voltammetry. Median values of trace metals for all seasons in 2011 were 244.67 μg Zn g −1 , 1.09 μg Cd g −1 , 7.64 μg Pb g −1 and 56.03 μg Cu g −1 as dry weight. The results showed a general trend of decreasing Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations over time, but an increasing trend for Cd. Mean trace metal concentrations in individuals of L. lithophaga in 2011 exceeded the permissible limit published in the Turkish Food Codex for Pb, and closely approached the limit for Zn. The mean Cd concentration was within the permissible limit of the Turkish Food Codex, but exceeded the limit of the World Health Organization. Levels of Cu were within permissible limits of published regulations.
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    Mercury Concentrations in Commercial Fish Species of Lake Phewa, Nepal (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-11
    Description: Mercury (Hg) concentrations in four commercial fish species (Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus , Spiny Eel Mastacembelus armatus , African catfish Clarias gariepinus , and Sahar Tor putitora ), were investigated in Lake Phewa, Nepal. Mean values of total mercury (THg mg kg −1 , ww) in these fishes were 0.02, 0.07, 0.05, and 0.12 respectively. Methylmercury contributed 82 % of THg. The lowest value was detected in O. niloticus , an exclusive plant feeder. The biomagnification rate of Hg through the fish community was 0.041 per δ 15 N (‰). The present investigation produced an important baseline data of Hg pollution in the fish community in this region.
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    Molecular Characterization of 2-Chlorobiphenyl Degrading Stenotrophomonas maltophilia GS-103 (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-17
    Description: The catabolic potential of transformer oil contaminated soil bacteria in aerobic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were assessed. Transformer oil contaminated soil sample was subjected to microcosm enrichment experiments (PAS medium/biphenyl as sole carbon source). PCB-degrading activity of the enrichment cultures in PAS medium with the addition of 2-chlorobiphenyl were analysed by GC–MS indicated that, although the isolates differed in PCB-degrading capabilities, all of the enrichment cultures expressed activity toward at least some of the lower chlorinated congeners. Biphenyl-utilizing bacteria isolated from the most active PCB-degrading mixed cultures showed little taxonomic diversity and identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia GS-103.
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    Determination of Levels of Current Drugs in Hospital and Urban Wastewater (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-17
    Description: A rapid, sensitive and highly specific HPLC–MS/MS method with direct on-line preparation was applied for the determination of 20 common pharmaceuticals in hospital and urban wastewater. Median drug concentrations were quite similar in the majority of samples, cerca 1 μg L −1 ranging from 0.06 to 2.67 μg L −1 in both water. Pharmaceutical hospital contribution, below 1 %, was negligible, as compared to the huge amount in the municipal plant flow. Due to only partial elimination in the plant, hundreds of kilograms of harmful waste per year are discharged in the River Seine. Therefore, to reduce potential human and environmental exposure, a topic of major concern, an efficient drug treatment procedure should be used at the municipal plant stage in order to reduce urban wastewater pollution. The HPLC–MS/MS method could be a very useful tool to optimize the pharmaceutical wastewater treatment process.
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    Dissipation and Residue of Spinosad in Zucchini Under Field Conditions (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-17
    Description: The dissipation and residue of the insecticide spinosad in zucchini were investigated. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analytical method was developed for spinosad analysis. The half-lives of spinosad were 3.5–3.9 days in zucchini and 3.6–4.1 days in soil. The results showed that the dissipation rate of spinosad was fast, and it is suggested that a combination of rapid growth of zucchini, photodecomposition and the activity of soil microorganisms affected the dissipation rate of spinosad. The terminal residues of spinosad in zucchini were all below the quantification limit. No residue limit currently exists for spinosad in zucchini in China and other countries. Thus, the results can be useful in establishing a maximum residue limit.
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    Dissipation and Residue of Rotenone in Cabbage and Soil Under Field Conditions (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-17
    Description: Rotenone dissipation and terminal residue in cabbage and soil under field conditions were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The dissipation rates of rotenone were described using first-order kinetics. The half-lives ranged from 0.89 to 1.55 days in cabbage and 1.98 to 2.76 days in soil. Prolonged pre-harvest interval times ensure that the cabbage is safe for consumption. Temperature and the physico-chemical properties of the soil were identified as the key factors affecting rotenone degradation in cabbage and soil under field conditions.
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    Reproductive Recovery of a Common Eider Somateria mollissima Population Following Reductions in Discharges of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-17
    Description: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed toxic compounds in marine ecosystems, but the effects of such pollutants on populations of aquatic birds are poorly known. This study examined the reproductive biology of a marine duck, the common eider ( Somateria mollissima ), in a Norwegian fjord that received high input of PAHs over several decades. Numbers of breeding females and post-hatch duckling mortality were compared between the years before and after termination of PAH discharges (1989/1990). Moreover, 5 years after the pollution was terminated, reproductive parameters were compared between the polluted fjord and a nearby unpolluted area, to investigate long-term effects. The environmental impact of the pollution peaked in the 1980s, and during this time the number of breeding eiders was halved in the study colony. The duckling mortality was very high, peaking in 1991 when about 8 % of all hatched ducklings were found dead in or near the nest. Since 1993 the ratio of dead ducklings per breeding female stabilized at about one-third of the level before the termination of the PAH discharges. Moreover, between 1994 and 1999 the numbers of breeding females increased by 50 %, and in 1995 females in the polluted colony were in better condition, laid larger eggs and had shorter incubation periods than females in the unpolluted area. This study indicates that in the 1980s, PAH pollution affected the reproduction of the eiders in the polluted fjord, although other natural factors may also have influenced eider reproduction. A few years after the pollution level dropped, reproductive output improved strongly, but the number of ducklings dying in the nest was still relatively high compared to unpolluted areas.
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    Sub-acute Deltamethrin and Fluoride Toxicity Induced Hepatic Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Alterations in Rats (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-04
    Description: The current study investigated the effects of deltamethrin, fluoride (F − ) and their combination on the hepatic oxidative stress and consequent alterations in blood biochemical markers of hepatic damage in rats. Significant hepatic oxidative stress and hepatic damage were observed in the toxicant exposed groups. These changes were higher in the deltamethrin-F − co-exposure treatment group, depicting a positive interaction between the two chemicals.
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    Chromium Phytotoxicity in Radish ( Raphanus sativus ): Effects on Metabolism and Nutrient Uptake (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-04
    Description: In the present investigation, chromium (VI) induced toxicity on metabolic activity and translocations of nutrients in radish were evaluated under controlled glass house conditions. Chromium was found to induce toxicity and significantly affect plant growth and metabolic activity. Excess of chromium (0.4 mM) caused a decrease in the concentration of iron in leaves (from 134.3 to 71.9 μg g −1  dw) and significant translocation of sulphur, phosphorus and zinc. Translocation of manganese, copper and boron were less affected from root to stem. After 15 days of Cr exposure, maximum accumulation of Cr was found in roots (327.6 μg g −1  dw) followed by stems (186.8 μg g −1  dw) and leaves (116.7 μg g −1  dw) at 0.4 mM Cr concentration. Therefore, Cr may affect negatively not only production, but also the nutritive quality of the radish; likewise, higher Cr content may cause health hazards for humans.
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    Effects of Five Antifouling Biocides on Settlement and Growth of Zoospores from the Marine Macroalga Ulva lactuca L. (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-13
    Description: Antifouling biocides are found in the marine ecosystem were they can affect non-target organisms. In this study the effects of five antifouling biocides on the settlement and growth of Ulva lactuca zoospores were investigated. The biocides investigated were copper (Cu 2+ ), 4,5-dichloro-2- n -octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone (DCOIT), triphenylborane pyridine (TPBP), tolylfluanid and medetomidine. Full concentration–response curves where determined for each compound. EC 50 values were determined for copper, DCOIT, TPBP and tolylfluanid, all of which inhibited settlement and growth in a concentration dependent manner with the following toxicity ranking; tolylfluanid (EC 50 80 nmol L −1 ) ~ DCOIT (EC 50  83 nmol L −1 ) 〉 TPBP (EC 50 400 nmol L −1 ) 〉 Cu 2+ (EC 50 2,000 nmol L −1 ). Medetomidine inhibited settlement and growth only at the extreme concentration of 100,000 nmol L −1 (93 % effect). The low toxicity is possibly a consequence of a lack of receptors that medetomidine can bind to in the U. lactuca zoospores.
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    An Assessment of Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Asian Swamp Eel, Monopterus albus , During Plowing Stages of a Paddy Cycle (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-15
    Description: Livers and muscles of swamp eels ( Monopterus albus ) were analyzed for bioaccumulation of heavy metals during the plowing stage of a paddy cycle. Results showed heavy metals were bioaccumulated more highly in liver than muscle. Zinc (Zn) was the highest bioaccumulated metal in liver (98.5 ± 8.95 μg/g) and in muscle (48.8 ± 7.17 μg/g). The lowest bioaccumulated metals were cadmium (Cd) in liver (3.44 ± 2.42 μg/g) and copper (Cu) in muscle (0.65 ± 0.20 μg/g). In sediments, Zn was present at the highest mean concentration (52.7 ± 2.85 μg/g), while Cd had the lowest mean concentration (1.04 ± 0.24 μg/g). The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) for Cu, Zn, Cd and nickel (Ni) in liver tissue was greater than the corresponding BSAF for muscle tissue. For the three plowing stages, metal concentrations were significantly correlated between liver and muscle tissues in all cases, and between sediment and either liver or muscle in most cases. Mean measured metal concentrations in muscle tissue were below the maximum permissible limits established by Malaysian and U.S. governmental agencies, and were therefore regarded as safe for human consumption.
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    Contamination of Metals in Different Tissues of Rohu ( Labeo rohita , Cyprinidae) Collected from the Indian River Ganga (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-15
    Description: In the present paper, accumulation of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) was determined in different tissues (skin, muscles, liver, gills, kidney and brain) of rohu ( Labeo rohita ) collected from the River Ganga in Varanasi, India. Concentrations of Cu (except gills), Fe and Cr (except brain for Cr) in most of the tissues were above the permissible safe limits for human consumption suggested by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO 1983 ). Concentrations of all metals were higher in River Ganga fish than those from the University fish farm. With the exception of Zn in skin, muscle and brain tissue, the studied metals were bioaccumulated in all tissues. The total metal accumulation or metal pollution index was highest in liver (20.8 ± 0.50) followed by kidney (16.8 ± 0.44), gills (15.2 ± 0.15), muscles (12.1 ± 0.08), skin (10.5 ± 0.53) and brain (7.0 ± 0.02).
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    Potentiation Effect of Metolachlor on Toxicity of Organochlorine and Organophosphate Insecticides in Earthworm Eisenia andrei (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-15
    Description: Acetylcholinesterase, glutathione- S -transferase and catalase activities were determined in earthworms Eisenia andrei exposed to insecticides (endosulfan, temephos, malathion, pirimiphos-methyl) alone and in a binary combination with the herbicide metolachlor. Metolachlor individually was not acutely toxic, even at high concentrations applied; however, in the treated earthworms metolachlor enhanced the toxicity of endosulfan and temephos by significantly reducing the acetylcholinesterase activity. In binary combination with malathion and pirimiphos-methyl, metolachlor did not increase toxicity. The potentiation character of metolachlor is specific rather than general, and probably depends on the chemical structure of pesticides in the mixture.
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    Toxicity of Trimethyltin and Dimethyltin in Rats and Mice (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: Extensive uses of methyltin compounds in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production have led to a dramatic increase of occupational-related methyltin poisoning accidents and the widespread contamination of methyltins in various environmental media. Here, we conducted studies to compare the acute toxicity induced by trimethyltin (TMT) and dimethyltin (DMT), and investigated the cumulative toxic effects of TMT in rats and mice. Neurobehavioral changes were observed in rats and mice treated with either DMT or TMT, but we also observed that both TMT and DMT exposure in rats significantly lowered the blood potassium level. Moreover, the cumulative toxic coefficient factor of TMT was 1.7 in rats versus 3.8 in mice, suggesting a high cumulative risk for rats and a moderate risk for mice. In summary, we demonstrated that acute and chronic exposure to methyltin compounds induced neurotoxicity and hypokalemia. Moreover, our study suggests that TMT can accumulate in the body and pose a risk for workers chronically exposed to a low dose of TMT.
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    Interference of Xenoestrogen o , p ′-DDT on the Action of Endogenous Estrogens at Environmentally Realistic Concentrations (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: Estrogenic effects of individual chemicals and mixtures of 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) and o , p ′-DDT were examined using pS2 and PR gene expressions in MCF-7 cells. Interactions between E 2 and o , p ′-DDT were evaluated by a statistical method based on factorial design. At levels close to environmentally realistic concentrations, no significant interactions between E 2 and o , p ′-DDT were observed, suggesting that the xenoestrogen ( o , p ′-DDT) could act in an additive way with the endogenous estrogen (E 2 ). These results demonstrated the utility of this statistical method in a mixture study, and highlight the potential interference and health risk of low-level xenoestrogens, such as o , p ′-DDT.
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    Occurrence of Endocrine Disruption Chemicals (Bisphenol A, 4-Nonylphenol, and Octylphenol) in Muscle and Liver of, Cyprinus Carpino Common, from Anzali Wetland, Iran (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: Phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals are environmental pollutants with xenostrogen effects in wildlife and humans. The aim of this study was to determine 4-nonylphenol, Octylphenol, and Bisphenol A residues in various tissues of carp fish samples from Anzali wetland, Iran. 4-NP, OP, and BPA were detected with GC–MS in the muscle of fish from sampling location with maximal concentrations of 8.17, 9.67 and 5.87 μg/gdw, respectively. The highest concentrations of these compounds were found in the liver by HPLC. Since many endocrine disrupting substances were significantly lipophilic, distributing of these compounds into fish tissue has been correlated with lipid content.
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    RAPD Assessment of In Vivo Induced Genotoxicity of Raw and Treated Wastewater to Albino Rat (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was applied to assess the potential genotoxicity of wastewater to albino rats. Cluster analysis using the Euclidean distance resulted in two clusters; one includes the control rats and the treated wastewater-injected rats (join at a distance of 0.57). The other one includes the rats injected with the raw wastewater (joins the first cluster at a distance of 0.6). Results confirm the ability of both raw and treated wastewater to in vivo induce genotoxic effects to rats. This demonstrates that the treatment process does not remove all mutagens found in raw wastewater completely. Consequently, the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation poses health and environmental hazard. Therefore, we recommend genotoxicity testing be used to monitor the quality of wastewater effluents, in addition to the traditional tests used. Besides, hazardous chemicals from laboratories should be separated and treated differently. Finally, RAPD test is a reliable one that can be applied to evaluate in vivo genotoxic effects of chemicals.
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    Mercury Distribution in a Mangrove Tidal Creek Affected by Intensive Shrimp Farming (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: In this study, the Hg distributions in water and sediments from a mangrove creek that receives intensive shrimp farming effluents were determined. The average dissolved and particulate Hg concentrations in the water varied from 3.1 to 9.2 ng L −1 and from 4.4 to 9.4 ng L −1 , respectively. However, the Hg concentrations in the suspended particulate matter and the bottom sediments varied from 95.4 to 115.7 ng g −1 and from 1.6 to 10.3 ng g −1 , respectively. A Ward quadratic distance cluster analysis based on the Hg concentrations and hydro- and geochemical parameters (oxygen, salinity, temperature, pH, and organic matter and aluminum content) showed the effects of shrimp farming effluents on the Hg distribution pattern. Furthermore, these results were supported by the Hg distribution in the sediment cores. This study emphasizes the necessity of including Hg as a potential pollutant when monitoring the environmental impacts of intensive shrimp farming.
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    Cerebellar Abnormalities Typical of Methylmercury Poisoning in a Fledged Saltmarsh Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: A fledged, 12–15 day-old saltmarsh sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus , was collected from an accidental kill on Cinder Island, Long Island, NY, USA. The sparrow was assessed for feather mercury levels and the brain analyzed for cerebellar abnormalities by microscopic examination. In humans, fetal Minamata disease is caused by maternal ingestion of mercury. It is characterized by disrupted and disordered cerebellar neuronal migration in the fetus or infant. Results from this sparrow show cerebellar abnormalities typical of Minamata disease. It is the first known avian or mammalian specimen taken from the wild to show the abnormalities typical of the human fetal syndrome.
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    Coverage Methods for Early Groundwater Contamination Detection (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: A method based on space-filling coverage designs to optimize groundwater monitoring networks for plume detection and quantification is proposed. Space-filling objective functions are then compared with more classical functions. The method was applied to a hypothetical case-study with 160 candidate locations, resulting in final optimal design monitoring networks with 40 locations. Results show that the method is superior to those based strictly on the probability of contamination detection for quantifying maximum and mean values. In the light of these results fractal properties of space-filling coverage methods and of simulated annealing are also discussed.
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    Hepatic Enzymes Activity in the Fish Prochilodus Lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) After Sublethal Cypermethrin Exposure (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: Prochilodus lineatus, a fish, was exposed to sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin: 0.075, 0.150, and 0.300 μg L −1 and a control group (without cypermethrin) for 96 h. Five specimens were exposed in each concentration for triplicate (n = 60). Hepatic biochemical values and behavioral changes were studied. The results revealed a significantly higher level of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in hepatic tissue at different concentrations of cypermethrin tested compared to control ( p  〈 0.05). A decrease in total protein was observed in exposed groups but not significantly ( p  〉 0.05). This study provides information to know toxic mechanisms of cypermethrin on hepatic enzymes of P. lineatus that are poorly understood.
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    Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Mollusca Species and Assessment of Potential Risks to Human Health (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: Along the Alexandria coast of the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea, five edible species of bivalve molluscs and one gastropoda species ( Mactra coralline, Ruditapes decussates, Paphia undulate, Venerupis rhomboids, Crista pectinata and Coralliophila meyendorffi ) were analyzed for content of metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Cobalt and Nickel) in the muscle and in the sediments where they live. The potential health risks of metals to humans via consumption of seafood were assessed by estimated daily intake and target hazard quotient. Significant positive correlations ( p  〈 0.05) were obtained between tissue concentrations for all pairs of metals, with the exception of Cadmium. Significant positive correlations were also obtained for the concentrations of Cd and Ni in tissues of all studied species relative to their concentrations in surface sediments. However, correlations between tissue and sediment concentrations for Chromium, Lead and Cobalt were negative. Ruditapes decussates and C. meyendorffi had the highest values for the summed target hazard quotient and may pose a potential risk to local inhabitants through their consumption in the diet. The potential risk would arise from exposure to high tissue concentrations of Cd and Pb, which exceeded published guidelines for safety of seafood products in some cases. Chromium contributed a considerable fraction of the total target hazard quotient for all metals combined, but did not exceed the published guidelines. Cobalt and Ni did not contribute greatly overall to the target hazard quotient, except in the case of Ni in V. rhomboids .
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    Monitoring Programme on Toxic Metal in Bluefish ( Pomatomus saltatrix ), Anchovy ( Engraulis encrasicolus ) and Sardine ( Sardina pilchardus ) from Istanbul, Turkey: Lev (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: Toxic metal (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) concentrations of small-medium bluefish, anchovy and sardine in Istanbul, Turkey, were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) throughout 1 year. The concentrations of pollutants were found to vary according to season and species. Estimates of weekly intake levels of the metals were calculated and compared to recommended safe limits for fish consumption by humans. The levels of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the fillets of all species resulted in estimates of weekly intake levels that were lower than the recommended safe limits. The concentrations of Hg of small bluefish in September, of medium bluefish in June and September, of anchovy in March, and of sardine in August and September resulted in estimates of weekly intake levels that were higher than the recommended safe limits for human consumption.
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    Study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination of Major Rivers in the Czech Republic Using Biliary Metabolite in Chub, Leuciscus cephalus L. (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: The aim of the present study was to evaluate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of the major rivers in the Czech Republic using 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) content in chub bile as a biomarker. The highest concentration of 1-OHP was found in the Otava River at Topělec (80.5 ng mg protein −1 ); the lowest content of 1-OHP was found in the Vltava at Zelčín (9.6 ng mg protein −1 ). At all sites, bottom sediment samples were collected and analyzed for PAH content. The PAH content ranged between 1.2 and 15.2 mg kg dry mass −1 at all sites. Statistically significant positive correlations ( p  〈 0.05) between biliary 1-OHP and sediment PAH content were found. Correlation coefficients for total and individual priority PAHs ranged from 0.63 to 0.77.
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    A Testosterone Specific Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay for Monitoring Water Quality (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: Testosterone, an androgen and a primary male sex hormone, migrates through the environment in ways which could pose a threat to water quality and, subsequently, environmental and human health. This paper describes the development of a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that is capable of measuring testosterone with high specificity. The testosterone ELISA displayed the IC 20 (as the limit of detection) and IC 50 values of 0.05 ± 0.01 μg L −1 and 0.33 ± 0.18 μg L −1 , respectively. In addition, the assay showed 〈0.1 % cross-reactivity against structurally related steroidal compounds. However, this assay was found to be sensitive to environmental matrices such as certain metal ions, pH, and high humic acids, and sample clean-up to remove such interference was necessary before analysis. The analyses of 50 surface water samples collected in rural and urban areas in New South Wales, Australia showed that ELISA results correlated well with the androgenic activity measured by the recombinant yeast-based androgen screen assay.
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    Assessment of Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Dispersion in the Near Shore Environment of Mumbai, India After a Large Scale Oil Spill (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: This study was carried out to generate data pertaining to spatial distribution of PAHs immediately after an oil spill event in a near shore environment. The physico-chemical characteristics of the sea water after the oil spill event indicated pH variation between 7.69 and 8.06, temperature varied between 27.0 and 29.5°C, turbidity ranged from 1.1 to 7.6 NTU and salinity ranged from 17 to 26 mg/L. Highest PAH concentration of 84 ± 3.0 ng/L was recorded for benzo (a) pyrene, followed by fluorine, which was 77 ± 2.0 ng/L. However, the lowest concentration of 7.0 ± 2.0 ng/L was recorded for pyrene. The concentration of PAHs was significantly ( p  〈 0.05) different at different sampling locations. Furthermore, the PAHs with less than three rings were present at all the studied locations, while those with more than four rings were recorded from six or less sampling location. Hence, it may be concluded on the basis of these results that the nature and distribution of PAHs is an important aspect, which needs to be assessed prior to delineating the oil spill management strategy.
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    Bioaccumulation of Mercury and Its Effects on Survival, Development and Web-weaving in the Funnel-Web Spider Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae: Agelenidae) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: This study investigated the bioaccumulation and effects of mercury (Hg) in funnel-web spiders, Agelena labyrinthica , following exposure to sublethal concentrations of Hg(NO 3 ) 2 in their drinking water. The results showed that the Hg content in adult A. labyrinthica increased rapidly with the number of days exposed to the Hg(NO 3 ) 2 solution, and the mortality of adult spiders within 30 days increased with increased concentrations of Hg(NO 3 ) 2 in the drinking water. The total developmental duration of A. labyrinthica exposed to Hg(NO 3 ) 2 was significantly longer than in the control spiders, but there were no significant differences in the total developmental duration of spiders among the three treatment groups (exposed to 10, 20 and 50 mg/L Hg(NO 3 ) 2 solution). We also compared the web-weaving of the control and treated spiders, and found no significant differences in shape, structure, color, or size of the webs between the control and treated spiders; however, there was a significant difference in web placement between the treatment and control groups. The spiders in the control group appeared to have an episodic-like memory, choosing to weave their five webs in the same corner in the five time periods allowed.
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    Sediment Contact Assay Using the Carpet Shell Clam, Ruditapes decussatus L., Embryos and Larvae for Assessing Contamination Levels of Four Sites in Tunisian Coast (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: This study assessed sediment pollution along the Tunisian coast using the sediment contact assay with embryo and larval life-stages of the clam Ruditapes decussatus . Sediment was collected from four sites for testing: Mahres, Monastir lagoon, Zarat and Chebba. Embryo development was significantly ( p  〈 0.05) inhibited in sediment at concentrations ≥5 g L −1 from the Mahres and Monastir sites, and ≥25 g L −1 with sediment from the Zarat site. Sediment from the Chebba site had no effect at concentrations up to 125 g L −1 . Compared to the control, the percentages of larval mortality were significantly higher in sediment from Monastir, Mahres and Zarat at sediment concentrations ≥25 g L −1 ; mortality increased with increasing sediment concentration to 50.1 %, 39.5 % and 31.2 % respectively at 125 g L −1 . Chebba sediment did not affect the survival of larvae.
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    Determination of Selected Polychlorinated Dibenzo- p -dioxins/Furans in Marine Sediments by the Application of Gas-Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: Selected polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were detected by gas-chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) in marine sediments collected in central Italy. Total PCDD/Fs concentrations ranged from 11.58 to 193.29 pg/g d.w., with PCDFs as the major contributors in most cases. The congener profiles were characterized by high OCDD (70.7 %–91.4 %). The PCDD/Fs values are within or close to the Environmental Canada sediment reference values (0.85 pg TEQ/g d.w.). GC-QqQ-MS/MS can be a suitable alternative to standard methods for PCDD/Fs determination in environmental samples. The measured PCDD/Fs amounts could be considered as a basis for future monitoring programs.
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    The Accumulation and Distribution of Metals in Water, Sediment, Aquatic Macrophytes and Fishes of the Gruža Reservoir, Serbia (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: The concentrations of iron, lead, cadmium, copper, manganese, mercury and arsenic were measured in water, sediment, five macrophytes ( Typha angustifolia , Iris pseudacorus , Polygonum amphybium , Myriophyllum spicatum and Lemna gibba ) and five fish species ( Sander lucioperca , Abramis brama , Carassius gibelio , Silurus glanis and Arystichtys nobilis ) in the Gruža Reservoir, used for water supply and recreational fishing. The concentrations of all examined elements were higher in sediment than in water. The values of the ratio between element concentrations in the sediment and those in the water were the highest for Fe and As. Among the five plant species, the highest concentrations of Pb and Mn were observed in T. angustifolia , while the highest concentrations of Fe, Cu and Hg were in L. gibba . I. pseudacorus and P . amphybium had the highest concentrations of Cd and As, respectively. Among the fish species, C . gibelio showed the highest tendency of element accumulation (Fe, Cd, Cu), followed by S. lucioperca (Pb, Hg), A. brama (Mn) and A. nobilis (As). The average concentrations of elements in fish muscle, except for As in A. nobilis (2.635 ± 0.241 mg kg −1 ww), were below the limits that are considered safe for human consumption in accordance with the European Commission Regulation and Official Gazette of Serbia.
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    Haematotoxicity of Integrated Textile Mill Effluent to an Air-Breathing Fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: ABSTRACT The effect of integrated textile mill effluent on the haematological characteristic of the fish Heteropneustes fossilis was studied. LC 50 values were found to be 34 %–38 % on 96–24 h duration. Four sub-lethal concentrations were selected for this study. Exposure to effluent caused an increase in large lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and basiphil granulocytes and decrease in small lymphocytes in H.fossilis .
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    Effects of Chemically Enhanced Water-Accommodated Fraction of Iranian Heavy Crude Oil on Periphytic Microbial Communities in Microcosm Experiment (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: Exposure experiments were conducted to determine the effects of an oil spill on a periphytic microbial community with the chemically enhanced water-accommodated fraction (CEWAF) of Iranian Heavy Crude oil in a microcosm containing artificial benthic substrates. Bacteria and heterotrophic nano-flagellates (HNF) grew well in all the treatments, except for the 100 % CEWAF exposure. However, periphyton did not adapt to concentrations of CEWAF ≥ 20 %. Among the periphyton, Cylindrotheca spp. dominated under treatment conditions, and the response of Cylindrotheca spp. to CEWAF (i.e., particularly 10 %) closely followed the changes in chlorophyll a concentration. The concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons from 10 % and 20 % CEWAF seemed to have a negative effect on periphyton and a growth-promoting effect on bacteria and HNF, respectively.
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    Differences in the Accumulation and Distribution Profile of Heavy Metals and Metalloid between Male and Female Crayfish ( Astacus leptodactylus ) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: Concentrations of selected heavy metals and a metalloid were measured by ICP-MS in crayfish ( Astacus leptodactylus ) collected from Lake Hirfanli, Turkey. Aluminum (Al), chromium ( 52 Cr, 53 Cr), copper ( 63 Cu, 65 Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As) were measured in the exoskeleton, gills, hepatopancreas and abdominal muscle tissues of 60 crayfish of both genders. With the exception of Al, differences were determined between male and female cohorts for the accumulation trends of the above-mentioned elements in the four tissues. It was also noted that the accumulation rates of Ni and As were significantly lower in gill tissue of females compared to males and no significant difference was observed for Cu isotopes in female crayfish. Cluster Analysis (CA) recovered similar results for both genders, with links between accumulations of Ni and As being notable. Accumulation models were described separately for male and female crayfish using regression analysis, and are presented for models where R 2  〉 0.85.
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    Cnesterodon decemmaculatus Juveniles as Test Organisms in Toxicity Assessment: Cadmium Case (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-03
    Description: The poeciliid Cnesterodon decemmaculatus is one of the native species of southern South America recently recommended for use as a test species in biomonitoring. Therefore, it is important to characterize its responses to stress conditions caused by pollution. The aim of this work was to determine the toxicity of the reference toxicant cadmium (Cd) and to evaluate the lethality response of juveniles of C. decemmaculatus exposed to an environmental sample with a high degree of pollution (Luján River, Buenos Aires, Argentina). The LC 50 values at 24 and 96 h were 6.00 and 2.27 mg Cd/L, respectively. The uptake of Cd was significantly greater in the first 24 h in relation to the total time of exposure in the bioassay. The toxicity of the water was in agreement with the level of contamination. A Cd contaminant pulse exerted an important additive effect on the toxicity of the environmental sample. The results provide information regarding the sensitivity of a native species to be used as a test organism in environmental monitoring.
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    Residues of Legacy Organochlorine Contaminants in the Milk of Alpine and Saanen Goats from the Central Region of Mexico (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-22
    Description: This study investigated a suite of legacy organochlorine contaminants in the milk of two breeds of goats raised in the central region of Mexico, where this agricultural production is of national (Mexican) economic importance. Forty milk samples from Alpine and Saanen goats were assessed. It was found that the concentrations of the majority of organochlorine pesticides in milk samples were lower than those stipulated in Mexican and international regulation. The values in both breeds of goat exceeded the upper permissible limits of Codex Alimentarius for delta hexachloro cyclohexane (HCH) (17.3 of samples of Saanen) and heptachlor plus heptachlor epoxide (50 % and 13 % of samples). It may be concluded that milk from these goat breeds from central Mexico showed some risks of contamination in certain times of the year (dry season). However, under further assessment and use of pesticides the goat’s milk will likely be safe for human consumption and for use in products such as cheeses, regional candies and desserts (cajeta). In recent years, goat milk production has increased in the central regions and it is an economic alternative to milk from livestock. It is necessary to continue the monitoring of goat’s milk to assess the presence and control of HCHs through best management practices.
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    Tissue Distribution of Metals in White-fronted Geese and Spot-Billed Ducks from Korea (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-22
    Description: This study presents concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd in livers, kidneys, muscles and bones of white-fronted geese Anser albifrons (geese) and spot-billed ducks Anas poecilorhyncha (ducks). Iron in livers, kidneys and muscles, Zn in muscles, Mn and Cd in every tissue, Cu in livers, muscles and bones and Pb in bones differed between species, and there were significant differences among tissues in both species. Essential elements such as Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations were within the background levels. Lead concentrations in livers of 7 of 14 geese and 7 of 19 ducks and in bones of 4 of 19 ducks exceeded background concentrations for waterfowl (5 μg/g dw for the liver, 10 μg/g dw for the bone). Almost all samples of both species had the background Cd concentrations in the liver (33 of 33 geese and ducks) and kidney (14 geese and 18 ducks). Tissue concentrations of Cd were greater in geese than ducks. In contrast, tissue concentrations of Pb in bones were greater in ducks than in geese. These different trends for Cd and Pb reflect a short and/or long term difference in exposure and degree of accumulation of these metals.
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    Degradation Dynamics of Emamectin Benzoate on Cabbage Under Subtropical Conditions of Punjab, India (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-17
    Description: Emamectin benzoate (Proclaim 5 SG) was applied to cabbage at 8.5 and 17 g a.i. ha −1 , during the head initiation stage. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical method, for the determination of emamectin benzoate in cabbage, was developed. Average recoveries of emamectin benzoate ranged from 92 % to 96 % at different fortification levels (0.05, 0.25 and 0.50 mg kg −1 ). The initial deposits, 0.11 and 0.21 mg kg −1 of emamectin benzoate at 8.5 and 17 g a.i. ha −1 , dissipated below the determination limit of 0.05 mg kg −1 in 3 and 5 days, respectively.
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    Impacts of Changing Atmospheric Deposition Chemistry on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loading to Ganga River (India) (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-25
    Description: Investigations on atmospheric deposition (AD) and water chemistry along a 35 km stretch of Ganga River indicated that although N:P stoichiometry of AD did not change, there were over 1.4–2.0 fold increase in AD-NO 3 − , AD-NH 4 + and AD-PO 4 3− overtime. Concentration of dissolved inorganic-N (DIN) in river showed significant positive correlations with AD-NO 3 − and runoff DIN. Similarly, dissolved reactive-P (DRP) in river showed significant positive correlation with AD-PO 4 3− and runoff DRP. The study shows that AD has become an important source of N and P input to Ganga River.
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    Monitoring of Pesticide Residue in Bovine Milk from Nadia District, West Bengal (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-27
    Description: Monitoring of 210 bovine milk samples collected from local markets in the Nadia district of West Bengal during 2011 was performed. Samples were collected in summer and winter seasons. Analysis of pesticides was performed by using a multiresidue method validated in the laboratory. The quantification was performed using GC–ECD. Analysis revealed the presence of lindane in less than 1 % of milk samples. Endosulfan I and II were also detected and were found to exceed MRL recommended by Codex. Overall 1.90 % of the analyzed samples showed trace to measurable amount of pesticide residues. The monitored area provided pesticide residues data of milk, assisting in future scientific assessment on pesticide usage.
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    Toxicity of Silver and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Suspensions to the Aquatic Invertebrate, Daphnia magna (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-27
    Description: The purpose of this study was to investigate the 48 h acute toxicity of capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and capped and uncapped titanium dioxide (nTiO 2 ) to Daphnia magna neonates. In addition, a 24 days chronic toxicity study was performed for D. magna exposed to uncapped nTiO 2 to evaluate effects on growth, reproduction and survival. The 48 h median lethal concentrations (LC 50 ) for carboxy-functionalized capped AgNPs and uncapped nTiO 2 were 2.75 μg/L and 7.75 mg/L, respectively. In contrast, no mortalities were observed for Daphnia exposed to carboxy-functionalized capped nTiO 2 at concentrations up to 30 mg/L. In the chronic toxicity experiment with uncapped nTiO 2 , the growth, reproduction and survival of D. magna were significantly ( p  〈 0.05) reduced at concentrations ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 mg/L. Growth and reproduction were reduced by 35 % and 93 %, respectively in the treatments at the highest uncapped nTiO 2 concentration (7.5 mg/L). Time to first reproduction was delayed by 2–3 days in D. magna and the test organisms produced only 1–2 broods over 24 days exposure to the highest concentration of uncapped nTiO 2 . Overall, the results from the present study indicate that exposures of aquatic invertebrates to nanoparticles could have important ecological effects on lower trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems.
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    Multidrug and Heavy Metal-Resistant Raoultella planticola Isolated from Surface Water (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-14
    Description: A surface water isolate of Raoultella sp. having both multidrug- and multimetal-resistant ability was isolated and identified as Raoultella planticola . R. planticola displayed resistance to 15 drugs like ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, aztreonam, erythromycin, imipenem, oxacillin, pefloxacin, penicillin, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, rifampin, sulbactam/cefoperazone, ticarsillin, ticarsillin/clavulanic acid, vancomycin, and to 11 heavy metals like aluminum, barium, copper, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, nickel, silver, strontium, and tin. The multidrug and multi-metal-resistant R. planticola may remain present in the environment for a long time. Due to a possible health risk of these pathogenic bacteria, a need exists for an accurate assessment of their acquired resistance to multiple drugs and metals.
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    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Contamination in Marine Organisms of Yantai Coast, Northern Yellow Sea of China (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-14
    Description: To evaluate the contamination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine organisms of the northern Yellow Sea of China, mollusks, wild shrimps and crabs were collected from the Yantai coast and ten PBDE congeners levels in the samples were analyzed and compared. The results indicate all the samples have been contaminated by PBDEs and PBDEs concentrations varied in individual species and in sampling sites. The concentration range of ∑PBDEs in the samples was 0.23–10.56 ng/g d.w. below the national edible criteria 40 ng/g d.w.. Congener compositions were mainly dominated by BDE 209.
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    Identification of Optimal Concentrations and Incubation Times for the Study of In Vitro Effects of Pb in Ram Spermatozoa (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-14
    Description: In vitro effects of lead (Pb) on ram ( Ovis aries ) spermatozoa were studied to establish a threshold level that affects sperm function. Spermatozoa were incubated between 15 and 180 min with Pb concentrations ranging from 0 to 5,000 ng/mL. Sperm motility, acrosome integrity, membrane functionality and sperm viability were all negatively affected by Pb and incubation time. Acrosome integrity was linearly affected by Pb levels at an incubation time of 30 min, and 50 ng/mL was the lowest Pb level producing such effect. These experimental conditions can be appropriate for in vitro studies of the mechanisms of action of Pb on spermatozoa.
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    Mercury Concentrations in South Atlantic Swordfish, Xiphias gladius , Caught off the Coast of Brazil (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-14
    Description: This study evaluated the concentrations of mercury in fillets (anterior, middle, and end regions) from the swordfish, Xiphias gladius , and the relationships between mercury concentration and fish weight, as well as the region of collection. Of a total of 697 swordfish analyzed, 11 had mercury concentrations above 1 mg/kg, 421 were between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, and 265 were below 0.5 mg/kg. The anterior and posterior regions had greater concentrations of mercury than the middle region, and fish caught off the northern coast of Brazil had a higher concentration than those caught off the southern coast.
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    Arsenic Toxicity on Ludwigia octovalvis in Spiked Sand (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-14
    Description: Wilting, especially of the leaves, was observed as an initial symptom of arsenate [As(V)] to Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven. The plants tolerated As(V) levels of 39 mg kg −1 for as long as 35 days of exposure. After 91 days, the maximum concentration of As uptake in the plant occurred at As(V) concentration of 65 mg kg −1 while As concentration in the stems, roots and leaves were 6139.9 ± 829.5, 1284.5 ± 242.9 and 1126.1 ± 117.2 mg kg −1 , respectively. In conclusion, As(V) could cause toxic effects in L. octovalvis and the plants could uptake and accumulate As in plant tissues.
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    Biochemical Changes of Fresh Water Cyanobacteria Dolichospermum flos - aquae NTMS07 to Chromium-Induced Stress with Special Reference to Antioxidant Enzymes and Cellular Fatty Acids (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-14
    Description: This investigation examined the efficiency of Dolichospermum flos - aquae NTMS07 in the removal of Cr(VI) from exposure water at various concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 mg/L) over different time intervals of contact (1–5 days). Chromium removal was maximum at 2.5 mg/L, and decreased with increased concentration. The responses of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured, and the composition of fatty acids was evaluated at a concentration of 5 mg Cr/L. Significant increases in the activity levels of SOD and CAT were obtained. The level of total unsaturated fatty acids decreased with exposure to Cr. It is proposed that the observed decrease in total unsaturated fatty acid level is a defense mechanism against Cr-induced oxidative stress and cell membrane damage.
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  • 96
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    Removal and Accumulation of As, Cd and Cr by Typha latifolia (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-14
    Description: The removal from the solution and the accumulation of As, Cd and Cr by Typha latifolia was studied. Small plants of T. latifolia, collected from a non-contaminated site, were exposed to individual concentrations of As, Cd and Cr for 10 days. The ability of T. latifolia for the removal of toxic elements ranged from 23 % to 54 % for As, 43 %–55 % for Cd and 28 %–73 % for Cr. The accumulation of toxic elements in T. latifolia occurred mainly in the roots. The results suggest that T. latifolia can be considered as an interesting alternative for treating aquatic effluents polluted with toxic trace elements.
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    Outline of Occupational Chromium Poisoning in China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-14
    Description: The present study analyzed the feature of occupational chromium poisoning in China since the 1980s. The collected data were acquired from 18 previous surveys of chromium poisoning in 14 cities of China. The method of risk assessment was applied to calculate the relative risk and 95 % CI, p  〈 0.05 was considered as a significant risk. The results showed that nasal disease was the most common sign of occupational chromium poisoning, and the prevalence rate of nasal disease was 17.83 % in total population of 6,998. Further, the risk analysis showed that occupational chromium poisoning led to an increased risk of lung or liver cancer in male workers due to the definite carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium. Significantly, an increased risk of spontaneous or threatened abortion was also found in female workers. In conclusion, these studies suggest that early detection of impaired reproductive function or impaired lung or liver function in female or male workers is essential for controlling occupational chromium poisoning in China.
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    Toluene Biofiltration Enhanced by Ryegrass (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-14
    Description: Toluene biofiltration by microorganisms (an unplanted treatment) and by the combination of ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) and microorganisms (a planted treatment) was investigated in this study. The results showed that toluene was completely removed by the unplanted and the planted biofilters in less than 0.2 g m −3 inlet toluene concentration. Toluene removal capacity for the planted biofilter was significantly higher than that for the unplanted biofilter in the range of 0.2–0.5 g m −3 inlet toluene concentration. This study revealed a significant ( p  〈 0.01) increase in the microbial activity in the planted biofilter in comparison with the unplanted biofilter, indicating that ryegrass growing in a biofilter would significantly ( p  〈 0.05) enhance toluene biodegradation.
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    Calibration and Field Application of Chemcatcher ® Passive Samplers for Detecting Amitrole Residues in Agricultural Drain Waters (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-14
    Description: A passive sampler device suitable for monitoring of residues of the hydrophilic ionic herbicide amitrole in irrigation waterways was developed. Uptake of amitrole on styrenedivinylbenzene-reverse phase sulfonated Empore™ disks was linear and proportional to its water concentration over the range of 1–10 μg/L with a sampling rate of 23.1 mL/day under laboratory flow-through conditions. Performance of the sampler was evaluated by deployment in an agricultural irrigation drain for 10 days. The amount of amitrole adsorbed by the passive samplers compared well with the cumulative mean water concentrations calculated from daily spot samplings of the drain water.
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    Residues of 14 C-Ethion Along the Extraction and Refining Process of Maize Oil, and the Bioavailability of Bound Residues in the Cake for Experimental Animals (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-15
    Description: Maize seeds obtained from 14 C-ethion treated plants contained about 0.01 % of the originally applied radioactivity 1 month following the last pesticide application. Hexane and methanol extracts of the seeds accounted for 35 % and 22.5 % of the radioactive residues, respectively, with 40 % remaining in the seed cake. Commercial processing procedures resulted in a gradual decrease in the total amount of 14 C-residues in oils with aged residues. The refined oil contained 14 C-residues that amounted to about 30 % of the amount that was originally present. The major residues in processed oil are ethion monooxon, O , O -diethyl phosphorothioate and O , O -diethyl S -hydroxymethyl phosphorodithioate, in addition to one unknown compound. After feeding rats with the cake containing ethion bound residues, a substantial amount (71 %) of 14 C-residues was eliminated in the urine, while about 12 % was excreted in the feces. About 5 % of the radioactive residues were distributed among various organs. The bound residue was quite readily bioavailable to the rats.
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