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  • Articles  (14,776)
  • Springer Nature  (14,776)
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  • Scientific Reports  (7,189)
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  • Articles  (14,776)
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  • Springer Nature  (14,776)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Springer Science + Business Media
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: The magnetism of graphene has remained divergent and controversial due to absence of reliable experimental results. Here we show the intrinsic magnetism of graphene edge states revealed based on unidirectional aligned graphene sheets derived from completely carbonized SiC crystals. It is found that ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism and diamagnetism along with a probable superconductivity exist in the graphene with irregular zigzag edges. A phase diagram is constructed to show the evolution of the magnetism. The ferromagnetic ordering curie-temperature of the fundamental magnetic order unit (FMOU) is 820 ± 80 K. The antiferromagnetic ordering Neel temperature of the FMOUs belonging to different sublattices is about 54 ± 2 K. The diamagnetism is similar to that of graphite and can be well described by the Kotosonov's equation. Our experimental results provide new evidences to clarify the controversial experimental phenomena observed in graphene and contribute to a deeper insight into the nature of magnetism in graphene based system. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep02599
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: The detection, differentiation and visualization of compounds such as gases, liquids or ions are key challenges for the design of selective optical chemosensors. Optical chemical sensors employ a transduction mechanism that converts a specific analyte recognition event into an optical signal. Here we report a novel concept for fluoride ion sensing where a porous crystalline framework serves as a host for a fluorescent reporter molecule. The detection is based on the decomposition of the host scaffold which induces the release of the fluorescent dye molecule. Specifically, the hybrid composite of the metal-organic framework NH2-MIL-101(Al) and fluorescein acting as reporter shows an exceptional turn-on fluorescence in aqueous fluoride-containing solutions. Using this novel strategy, the optical detection of fluoride is extremely sensitive and highly selective in the presence of many other anions. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep02562
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Despite the pathological importance of fibrin clot formation, little is known about the structure of these clots because X-ray and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses are not applicable to insoluble proteins. In contrast to previously reported anti-fibrin monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), our anti-fibrin clot mAb (clone 102–10) recognises an uncovered region that is exposed only when a fibrin clot forms. The epitope of the 102–10 mAb was mapped to a hydrophobic region on the Bβ chain that interacted closely with a counterpart region on the γ chain in a soluble state. New anti-Bβ and anti-γ mAbs specific to peptides lining the discovered region appeared to bind exclusively to fibrin clots. Furthermore, the radiolabelled 102–10 mAb selectively accumulated in mouse spontaneous tumours, and immunohistochemistry using this mAb revealed greater fibrin deposition in World Health Organization (WHO) grade 4 glioma than in lower-grade gliomas. Because erosive tumours are apt to cause micro-haemorrhages, even early asymptomatic tumours detected with a radiolabelled 102-10 mAb may be aggressively malignant. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep02604
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: An electrical pumped microscopic active display with integration of plasmonic polarizer and light-emitting-diode is proposed. Thanks to the strong polarized emission through the rectangular nanoholes, well designed pixels with respect to different polarizations are engineered, which give rise to flexible and controllable active display. As results, polarization multiplexed letter encoding, single and double gray-scale images and animation movies are successfully realized. Our results demonstrate a new strategy in electro-optical integration and indicate potential applications in designing new type of microscopic electro-optical devices. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep02603
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: We compare the three most commonly used scanning probe techniques to obtain a reliable value of the work function in graphene domains of different thickness. The surface potential (SP) of graphene is directly measured in Hall bar geometry via a combination of electrical functional microscopy and spectroscopy techniques, which enables calibrated work function measurements of graphene domains in ambient conditions with values Φ1LG ~4.55 ± 0.02 eV and Φ2LG ~ 4.44 ± 0.02 eV for single- and bi-layer, respectively. We demonstrate that frequency-modulated Kelvin probe force microscopy (FM-KPFM) provides more accurate measurement of the SP than amplitude-modulated (AM)-KPFM. The discrepancy between experimental results obtained by different techniques is discussed. In addition, we use FM-KPFM for contactless measurements of the specific components of the device resistance. We show a strong non-Ohmic behavior of the electrode-graphene contact resistance and extract the graphene channel resistivity. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep02597
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: The non-canonical NF-κB pathway is crucial for the immune system. A critical event in activation of the non-canonical pathway is the attenuation of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) degradation, which is promoted by continuous polyubiquitination of NIK catalyzed by the NIK ubiquitin-ligase complex composed of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 and 2 (cIAP1/2), TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), and TRAF3. However, the molecular mechanism of stimulation-dependent NIK stabilization remains poorly understood. Here, we show that A20, a ubiquitin-editing enzyme, promotes efficient activation of the non-canonical pathway independent of its catalytic activity. A20 directly binds to cIAP1 through the seventh zinc finger of A20, resulting in dissociation of the TRAF2/TRAF3 interaction, thereby inactivating the ligase complex to stabilize NIK. Given that A20 negatively regulates the canonical pathway, A20 is likely involved in the molecular switch that promotes the transition from canonical to non-canonical activation for proper control of the immune system. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep02568
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: Insects face the challenge of integrating multi-sensory information to control their flight. Here we study a ‘streamlining’ response in honeybees, whereby honeybees raise their abdomen to reduce drag. We find that this response, which was recently reported to be mediated by optic flow, is also strongly modulated by the presence of air flow simulating a head wind. The Johnston's organs in the antennae were found to play a role in the measurement of the air speed that is used to control the streamlining response. The response to a combination of visual motion and wind is complex and can be explained by a model that incorporates a non-linear combination of the two stimuli. The use of visual and mechanosensory cues increases the strength of the streamlining response when the stimuli are present concurrently. We propose this multisensory integration will make the response more robust to transient disturbances in either modality. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep02614
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: A novel 3D hexadecanuclear heteropolyoxozincate organic framework, IFMC-200, has been successfully synthesized based on a late transition metal-oxygen cluster. IFMC-200 not only represents the first example of (3,4,24)-connected framework but also contains the first 24-connected single metal cluster in a crystal structure. It exhibits superior thermal stability, good water-stability, and even insensitivity to the existence of acid and base within a certain range of pH values. Furthermore, it performs as a heterogeneous crystalline Lewis acid catalyst with good activity for the conversion of long-chain fatty acids rather than short-chain ones, and high recycling efficiency for esterification reaction of fatty acids with alcohols to produce biodiesel. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep02616
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: Hybrid materials made from all inorganic components are intriguing in many fields, because they have shown in-depth potential use for electronic and optoelectronic applications including solar cells, gas sensors, photodetectors, and field effect transistors. Hybrid materials made from SnO2 nanoparticles on SnSe nanosheets have been synthesized via a facile, lost-cost and safe solution method, and have been demonstrated as promising multifunctional materials in various prototype devices, including gas sensors, photodetectors, and field effect transistors. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep02613
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: The simplification of current vaccine administration regimes is of crucial interest in order to further sustain and expand the high impact of vaccines for public health. Most vaccines including the vaccine against hepatitis B need several doses to achieve protective immunization. In order to reduce the amount of repetitive injections, depot-based approaches represent a promising strategy. We present the application of novobiocin-sensitive biohybrid hydrogels as a depot for the pharmacologically controlled release of a vaccine against hepatitis B. Upon subcutaneous implantation of the vaccine depot into mice, we were able to release the vaccine by the oral administration of the stimulus molecule novobiocin resulting in successful immunization of the mice. This material-based vaccination regime holds high promises to replace classical vaccine injections conducted by medical personnel by the simple oral uptake of the stimulus thereby solving a major obstacle in increasing hepatitis B vaccination coverage. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep02610
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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