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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-08-27
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-07-08
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-07-08
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-07-09
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-07-10
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-07-06
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Natural flood management (NFM) is increasingly promoted as a sustainable flood risk management (FRM) option, but significant barriers remain to its implementation. We assess the barriers to uptake and implementation of NFM using an approach in which we conceptualise a catchment as a social‐ecological system. We investigate the barriers relating to multiple stakeholders, biophysical and social components and the interactions between these different system elements. Semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with land managers and practitioners of FRM in the UK. Data were analysed using qualitative methods, including thematic coding and categorisation. Key barriers of 25 identified were: economic constraints for land managers, the current lack of scientific evidence to support NFM and current lack of governance over long‐term responsibility for NFM, which hinders future monitoring and maintenance. Practitioners within some sectors were less likely to recognise barriers noted by land managers, including cultural challenges, catchment planning concerns and lack of perceived control. For successful wider implementation of NFM, it is crucial that practitioners recognise the barriers that land managers experience, and that projects should build monitoring programmes into their funding bids, to assess impacts on flood risk and maintenance needs and to build the evidence base to guide future NFM implementation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Flood Risk Management, Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2019.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 10
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    Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Flood Risk Management, Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2019.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Before the solid waste is dumped in landfills, the collection process for large Spanish cities starts from a regular collection of household waste municipal service which is carried out through street containers. When an urban flood occurs those containers may lose their stability, thereby allowing debris (i.e., solid waste contained) and leachate to escape from the container and contaminate the flood water. Moreover, once a container loses its stability it can further constrict a narrow street and increase flooding, thereby creating a closed basin with no outlet for runoff and exacerbating the effects of flooding. Therefore, the waste containers stability when exposed to flooding is definitely an environmental, safety and health concern to be addressed. In this research stability functions for waste containers exposed to urban floods have been derived. These thresholds have been employed to analyse the containers' potential behaviour during floods in Barcelona. In order to validate the model a historical rainfall has been modelled and low‐return‐period design storms (i.e., 1, 5, and 10 years) have been used to assess the containers vulnerability against floods for frequent rainfall events. Once the number of potentially unstable containers has been estimated, an adaptation measure has been proposed in order to increase the resilience of waste sector against urban floods in Barcelona.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract A novel procedure for estimation of the vulnerability to seepage inducing piping processes in earthen levees affected by animal burrows is presented. The proposed methodology combines an available procedure of seepage vulnerability assessment for undamaged levees with the result of a finite element analysis software, which is used for identifying the seepage path and hydraulics head profile of both damaged and undamaged levees. The main steps of the procedure for estimating the impact of burrows in increasing the vulnerability of levees are presented. Twenty‐one levees along the Tanaro River (north‐western Italy) are used as a case study, and the results show that the critical conditions for the onset of inner erosion are achieved for shorter flood durations in damaged levees. If burrows occur, the probability of inner erosion (seepage probability) increases resulting in a potential increase of forming longer tunnels. This approach is a first attempt to quantify the seepage probability of extended levee systems affected by burrows and is applied for simplified geometrical and two‐dimensional representation of the cavities. This procedure can be applied by the hydraulic authorities to set the priorities in levees maintenance. Future research would focus on the analysis of more realistic burrows conditions.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Flood risk planning and emergency response at community levels rely on fast access to accurate inundation models that identify geographic areas, assets, and populations that may be flooded. However, limited flood modeling resources are available to support these events and activities. We present a computationally‐efficient flood model for facilitating rapid risk analysis across a wide range of scenarios and decision support to operational, crisis action, local flood‐fight, and community planning efforts. Our flood depth regression method converts publicly‐available river stage heights to flood depths, then downscales the depths from gage locations onto high resolution National Hydrography Dataset flowlines and estimates areas and depths of flooding by subtraction of the National Elevation Dataset from modeled water surface elevations. We demonstrate proof‐of‐principle analyses for historic 2009 Red River of the North flooding in the United States, achieving comprehensive mainstem flood estimation for the length of the river and depth accuracy of 1.4 ft (0.4 m) compared to gage observations, remote sensing, and higher‐resolution hydrologic models. We also demonstrate the utility of the method to inform planning and response decisions in preparation for flooding in a companion scenario for Yerington, Nevada, and call for further research and operationalization of riverine inundation mapping techniques. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Digital elevation models (DEM) are fundamental for hydrologic and hydraulic modelling. Many practitioners rely on open‐access global data sets due to the cost and sparse coverage of sources of higher resolution. In 2016, the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency released the ALOS World 3D‐30m (AW3D30), an open‐access global elevation model at an horizontal resolution of 30 m. So far no published study has done an assessment of the flood modelling capabilities of this new product. The purpose of this investigation is to (a) assess the utility of the AW3D30 for flood modelling purposes and (b) compare its performance with regards to computed water levels and flood extent maps calculated using other freely available 30m DEM (e.g., SRTM and ASTER). For this comparison, the reference to reality is given by the maps computed using a light detection and ranging (LiDAR)‐based digital terrain model. This study is carried out in two catchments with contrasting topographic gradients. Results show that AW3D30 performs better than the SRTM. In mountainous regions, the results derived with the AW3D30 are comparable in skill to those obtained with a LiDAR‐derived digital surface model. This encouraging performance paves the way to more accurate modelling for both data‐scarce regions and global flood models.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The lead time of operational flood forecasting is critical for the effectiveness of flood alert and flood risk reduction. It is impossible to extend the lead time of flood forecasting by solely using rain gauge observations. However, the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model has the potential to produce quantitative precipitation forecasts that can facilitate the flood risk management by increasing the flood forecasting lead time. This study investigates the flood prediction capabilities of the well‐tested Grid‐Xinanjiang model (GXM) in a flood‐prone area, located in the upper region of the Huaihe River Basin, when driven by gauge observations and WRF precipitation forecasts, respectively. The results indicate that GXM is capable of producing improved flood predictions by using the WRF precipitation forecasts. The incoming floods are difficult to be predicted in advance by using the gauge‐measured precipitation, especially when the lead time is larger than the flow concentration time. However, with the WRF forecasts, the occurrence of flood events can be predicted for longer lead times. This study also demonstrates that the temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation forecasts have an important impact on the prediction of both timing and magnitude of incoming floods.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 16
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    Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Flood Risk Management, Volume 12, Issue 2, June 2019.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 17
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    Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Flood Risk Management, Volume 12, Issue 2, June 2019.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Flood water can affect vehicles significantly, which in turn can increase the negative effects of floods as vehicles are washed away by the flow and become a form of debris. In cities, most fatalities during floods occur inside vehicles. Consequently, it is necessary to establish thresholds for vehicle stability during this type of event to provide information necessary for flood risk management. This article analyses the available stability models developed over recent years to determine such thresholds. The stability models were grouped according to the way in which they approached car watertightness and the stability thresholds proposed by each of them were compared. It was found that these thresholds vary over a relatively wide range. Additionally, the experimental data were compared with the results provided by these studies leading to the conclusion that several of the stability models analysed do not fit measured data well. New research is required to overcome the simplifications made by the state‐of‐the‐art models and to try to standardise the decision criteria which should be adopted to define stability thresholds for vehicles of different characteristics.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Reliable estimation of flood loss is crucial for flood management. Since this estimation relies on models that are prone to uncertainty, it is vital to clearly understand how the uncertainties affect the appraised flood loss. This paper presents a coupled probabilistic hydrologic and hydraulic modelling framework to estimate the uncertainty of anticipated loss. A hydrologic model performs rainfall‐runoff transformation and a two‐dimensional unsteady hydraulic model simulates flood inundation. The outputs of the latter are fed into a loss estimation tool. Two sources of uncertainty—rainfall depth and antecedent moisture condition—are used to illustrate the framework on the Swannanoa River watershed in North Carolina, United States. The impact of the uncertainty of these two sources is tracked over the hydrologic model, hydraulic model and loss estimation tool. Our case study results illustrate that the estimations on the percent affected people can be four times more uncertain than the rainfall depth and two times more than the flood extent, but its uncertainty is comparable to hydrograph attributes. The appraised structural damages are nearly two times more uncertain than the affected people. These findings, however, may only be valid for a case study with hilly topography and should be cautiously extrapolated to other areas.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract To obtain accurate flood analysis results, research using high‐resolution Digital Elevation Models is becoming important and studies to increase the calculation speed and accuracy are being performed. Numerous researchers have studied parallelisation techniques to improve the accuracy of urban flood analysis by grid resolution and by 1D/2D coupled models. However, there have been few studies on the effects of interacting discharge between the surface and sewerage system on urban flooding analysis using parallelisation techniques. Therefore, in this study, the efficiency of the OpenMP parallelisation technique was investigated according to grid size and type to analyse the influence of the distribution of storm drain boxes on the results of fully integrated 1D/2D urban inundation modelling focused on the interacting discharge between the surface and storm drain boxes.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Floods are one of the most common and harmful natural disasters worldwide, especially in cities, due to the high concentration of people and goods in these areas. This research aims to provide an accessible and accurate means to model risks associated with floods in urban spaces using open data about a series of susceptibility and impact contributing factors. Hence, a methodology combining geoprocessing tools, additive weighting, dependence measures, and optimisation was designed to generate spatial information, aggregating the factors according to their weights and optimising the modelling of their relationships to flood risk, respectively. The application of the proposed approach to the city of Santander (Spain) yielded a flood risk map providing an accurate assessment of the ranking of flood zones reported by its City Council. The results suggested that flood mitigation might focus on the implementation of permeable pavements, due to their ease of integration in urban environments.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Urban flood management is increasingly expected to be multifunctional to integrate with the existing functioning of cities. Locally, this led to the development of sustainable urban water drainage designs, while at larger scales, blue‐green or water‐sensitive cities are considered as examples for how cities should function. Upscaling local designs to city‐scale flood resilience is not straightforward, however, due to the complexity of physical infrastructure and socio‐economic interactions within urban systems and requires “system‐of‐systems” thinking. To this end, we introduce the concept “interoperability” to guide transition from local multifunctionality to city‐scale multisystem flood management, through actively managing connections between infrastructure systems to convey, divert, and store flood water. While flood management is already based on these connections, interoperability is about explicitly emphasising them to explore and create opportunities to facilitate the integration of systems for flood management. The main research need arising from this conceptualisation is to determine how spatial data on infrastructure, environment, and social characteristics in urban areas can serve as a basis to identify opportunities and barriers for interoperability. By introducing interoperability and the research needs arising from it, a framework is created to facilitate and encourage practical thinking and discussion about system integration in urban flood management.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract This work investigates the impact of high‐resolution digital terrain model (DTM) uncertainties on the estimation of urban flood losses. Starting from a Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR)‐derived DTM of an urban area, four digital terrain representations (raw data, building footprints filled, buildings as waterproof blocks, and different elevation data merged) are used to generate a computational mesh to run a 2D flood model for three inundation scenarios, differing in flood volumes. The most detailed DTM is obtained by merging the DTM with elevation points based on a two‐step optimal interpolation algorithm. A flood damage model based on stage‐damage curves is used to estimate monetary losses to structures at the building scale. Flood maps and flood losses are then compared for each terrain representation. The application of the method to an Italian urban district shows that (a) a significant mismatch between manually surveyed elevation points and DTM can be observed, (b) different sources of elevation data can be merged to obtain an optimal representation of the terrain, (c) in dense urban settlements, important differences in flood extent and losses (up to 180%) occur depending on terrain representation. Considerations on time effort required by the increasing detail of the DTM and on the transferability of the results are presented.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The reliability analysis of a flood protection dike depends on the probability of its failure. In this context, the surface lining covering the landside slope of the dike plays a considerable role, as it protects the dike against failure due to overtopping. A mathematical model describing the overtopping and erosion processes is proposed. The overtopping is simulated using simple surface hydraulics equations while the erosion initiation is linked to the lining resistance. For the modelling of erosion, a simple transport equation was used with erosion parameters. In order to obtain a probabilistic solution, the uncertainty in the involved parameters was taken into account and the Latin Hypercube Sampling method was used. Eight different types of lining material were tested for a chosen dike. Typical phases of the dike breaching due to overtopping were distinguished. The final results take the form of probabilities for those typical phases for each lining material.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Most alluvial plains in the world are protected by flood defences, for example, embankments, whose primary aim is to reduce the probability of flooding of the protected areas. At the same time, however, the presence of embankments at one area influences hydraulic conditions of downstream areas located on the same river. These hydraulic interactions are often neglected in current flood risk management. The aim of this study is to explicitly acknowledge hydraulic interactions and investigate their impact on establishing optimal embankment heights along a stretch of the IJssel River. We find that the current approach leads to a single solution, while taking into account hydraulic interactions substantially expands the number of promising solutions. Furthermore, under a reference scenario, the current approach is in fact suboptimal with respect to both downstream locations and the system as a whole. Under uncertainty, it performs adequately from a system viewpoint, but poorly for individual locations, mostly due to risk overestimation downstream. Overall, the current approach proves to be too short‐sighted, because spatial trade‐offs among locations are neglected and alternative solutions remain hidden. Acknowledging the effect of hydraulic interactions provides policy makers with a broader and more comprehensive spectrum of flood risk management strategies.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract In recent years, the acquisition of data from multiple sources, together with improvements in computational capabilities, has allowed to improve our understanding on natural hazard through new approaches based on machine learning and Big Data analytics. This has given new potential to flood risk mapping, allowing the automatic extraction of flood prone areas using digital elevation model (DEM) based geomorphic approaches. Most of the proposed geomorphic approaches are conceived mainly for the identification of flood extent. In this article, the DEM‐based method based on a geomorphic descriptor—the geomorphic flood index (GFI)—has been further exploited to predict inundation depth, which is useful for quantifying flood induced damages. The new procedure is applied on a case study located in southern Italy, obtaining satisfactory performances. In particular, the inundation depths are very similar to the ones obtained by hydraulic simulations, with a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) = 0.335 m, in the domain where 2D dynamics prevail. The reduced computational effort and the general availability of the required data make the method suitable for applications over large and data‐sparse areas, opening new horizons for flood risk assessment at national/continental/global scale.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Understanding the variation of water level extremes with their potential drivers can provide insights for flood risk management. In this study, temporal variability of water level extremes is investigated across the plain river network region of the Taihu Basin. The driving force analysis on water level extremes is mainly conducted for atmospheric (rainfall, climatic index, and tide) and anthropogenic forcing. The quantile perturbation method is employed to examine variability of extreme values and the Spearman correlation analysis to identify potential drivers of extreme water level variability. Considering water level extremes in all seasons, the 1990s have statistically significant positive anomalies, while the late 1960s to the 1970s and the 2000s have significant negative anomalies. The oscillation pattern of anomaly in summer has a higher variability than that in the other three seasons. Significant correlations are detected between the anomalies of water level extremes and rainfall (tide level) during summer and winter. Water level extremes in summer and winter have a strong connection to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation/Arctic Oscillation, respectively. Conversely, no consistent significant correlations between water level extremes and climatic indices are found in spring and autumn, which is mainly related to hydraulic structure construction and operation.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 28
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    Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Flood Risk Management, Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2019.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Flood risk reduction can be provided by interventions such as raising land or constructing flood defences. This paper introduces an approach to optimise the selection of risk reduction strategies. It expands existing economic optimization approaches for flood defences, by introducing (largely) analytical formulations to include the effects of approaches to mitigate flood consequences. The method considers the size of the protected area and associated damages, the costs and dimensioning of interventions and the likelihood of flooding. It is applied in several practical cases. Within the context of this economic model, we conclude that a system of flood defences is more economical than a landfill for larger areas. Fills are preferred for small areas and/or for low costs. A combination of strategies is preferred when the value protected by the flood defence is low compared to the value protected by the fill, or when the high value development is relatively small in size. The sensitivity of outcomes to the choice of the main input parameters is presented, as well as implications of the results and selection of strategies in developing and developed countries. Overall, this approach supports decision makers in developing effective strategies to manage and reduce flood risk.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Coastal flood risk assessment requires a reliable estimation of the frequency of inundation hazards, that is, characterizing the hazard magnitude and assigning a probability of occurrence. In this work we analyse the uncertainty introduced in the assessment associated to the method to assign the probability of occurrence to coastal flood hazards. To this end we have compared the use of two general methods, the response and the event approaches. Different procedures are used to characterize coastal inundation hazards depending on the analysis scale and data availability. Thus, a range of possibilities has been analysed, from simple estimators such as run‐up to modelled flood‐prone areas. The analysis has been performed for all wave and water level conditions around the Spanish coast. The results show that the differences between the methods are location‐dependent, and thus, determined by the exposure to wave and water level conditions. When using the event approach, the run‐up or total water level (with good correlation between waves and surge) distributions reasonably approximate those of the response approach with low associated uncertainty. When the assessment aims to output overtopping discharges or inundation maps, observed differences suggest that the event approach would produce misleading conclusions in inundation‐related coastal management and decision‐making. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Coastal cities provide a modelling challenge as surface flow is strongly affected by urban drainage networks and there is interaction between coastal and inland flooding. We present a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)‐based hydrodynamic model coupled to a hydraulic network that integrates adaptation analysis in the context of current and future flooding. The hydrodynamic model is based on a finite volume implementation of the shallow water equations formulated for overland flow. The hydraulic network is based on a pressure relaxation method, and uses a GPU‐based sparse matrix solver for computational speed. The integrated model is used for modelling potential combined coastal and catchment inundation and climate adaptation analysis for the City of Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia. The key outcome from the adaptation study was that resources spent towards adaptation infrastructure should be investigated in the context of sea level rise (SLR) at least for the next 50 years. The adaptation analysis identified “a tipping point” beyond a SLR of around 0.4 m (expected in the next 30 years) where conventional adaptation approaches will fail. This outcome has resulted in the City realising that significant changes in infrastructure for the region will be necessary rather than just incremental adaptation approaches to deal with future flooding. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: This study contributes to the literature by exploring the individual role and combination strategies of conventional pipe system and low impact development (LID) measures under different optimization schemes considering their physical and economic feasibility. Hydrodynamics of urban runoff are simulated using the one‐dimensional Storm Water Management Model. A genetic algorithm‐based multiobjective optimization technique is employed to derive the optimal trade‐off between physical performance and implementation costs under changing conditions. The results show that from a hydrological point of view, the dominant solution for flood mitigation is the pipe system due to its high efficiency in handling local overloading problems. However, if additional benefits of LID measures are taken into account, the optimal combination strategy shifts towards a higher share of LIDs. The relations revealed help to improve the planning and investment of alternative flood mitigation measures in an integrated system.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: When planning flood protection, agencies are confronted with uncertainty in the design flood magnitude. In particular, the required capacity may increase in the future and render the protection insufficient. This problem can be adressed by applying a safety factor to the design capacity. We propose a Bayesian quantitative sequential decision model that identifies a cost‐optimal safety factor in the face of uncertainty. It takes into account the flexibility of the protection system, that is, how costly it is to adjust. We focus on the description of the decision model and on the concept of flexibility, investigating only the effect of uncertainty from the historic flood record. Extension to other types of uncertainty is possible. The model is implemented for a catchment in Germany. Various degrees of uncertainty are investigated by using different lengths of historic records. The optimal safety factor decreases with decreasing uncertainty and with increasing system flexibility.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: The devastating effects of floods, combined with scarce data sets, have stimulated the development of hydrological regionalisation techniques. The present study proposed an evaluation of the L‐moments based index‐flood procedure, coupled with watershed grouping based on geographical convenience for regionalisation of maximum streamflows. A pioneer analysis for South America, addressing the geographical classification method adopted by National Water Agency of Brazil (ANA), was conducted considering over 100 watersheds in southern Brazil. Nonstationary and discordant maximum annual streamflow (MAS) series were removed with the aid of the Mann–Kendall test and discordancy measure, whereas the heterogeneity measure was used to check regional homogeneity. The best regional distribution was identified by the Z DIST goodness‐of‐fit measure. Finally, multiple nonlinear regressions, considering morphological and meteorological watershed characteristics, were performed to obtain better index‐flood estimates. It was concluded that: (a) the proposed methodological strategy provided satisfactory estimation of design floods; (b) area, mean slope, stream gradient, and flow length, were the most satisfactory explanatory variables; (c) the fitted equations stand out as a state‐of‐art alternative for the scarce hydrological monitoring in southern Brazil; and (d) the hydrological boundaries defined by ANA might not be the most adequate approach from a regional point of view.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Urban areas in Sahelian West Africa are highly vulnerable to extreme hydro‐meteorological events. In recent years, Burkina Faso has experienced several natural disasters with floods being the most frequent. This study investigates flood trends in Ouagadougou and their relationship to extreme rainfall events. Fourteen rainfall indices were analysed to characterise the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall. A frequency analysis of annual maximum daily rainfall series was performed using three statistical distributions. The results showed that few of the rainfall indices have significant trends at 5% level over the period 1961–2015. The generalised extreme value distribution satisfactorily fit the time‐series of annual maximum daily rainfall. An analysis of media flood reports revealed that Burkina Faso experienced approximately three flood events per year throughout the period 1986–2016. In the 2000s, the number of flood events increased to five per year. Most flood events are caused by rainfall events with return periods of less than or equal to 5 years. The results indicated that the significant increase in flood risk in Ouagadougou is not only related to heavy rainfall but also due to human and environmental factors.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Flood risk assessments often overlook benefits of floodplain use and the influence of coping capacity. Herein we present a classic flood risk analysis, but simultaneously evaluate benefits of flood‐prone land use in Candaba, Philippines. By combining simulated flood probabilities with both damage and benefit functions, we estimate agricultural damages and livelihood benefits over flood hazards of varying frequency. We find that concurrent evaluation of both damages and benefits provides more complete information on which flood risk reduction decisions may be based. In Candaba, although “risky” uses of flood‐prone land are associated with rice‐crop damages, livelihood benefits exceed risks by a large margin (US $58 million) across the range of investigated flood hazards. Even considering risk, net benefits of direct human floodplain use far exceed benefits provided when direct “risky” human uses are excluded (difference of $85–87 million). We also find that individual coping strategies (adapting crop cycles to the flood pulse or shifting from farming to seasonal fishing) may minimise flood losses while supporting livelihood benefits (net benefit of $125 million). Risk‐benefit analysis can support floodplain management by elucidating practices that yield maximum socio‐ecological benefits for the minimum flood risk.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: This study uses insurance claims as a proxy for property damage to analyse flood damage in Sweden between the years 1987 and 2013. The number of compensated insurance claims per year has risen rapidly during this period. As much as 70% of the claims are caused by flood damage occurring during the summer months June, July, and August, when intense rain with low predictability is common. To explore the damage trend a time series cross sectional analysis using four different fixed effect models was applied to the data set. Due to data scarcity, the time series had to be limited to 16 years and contain a total of 304 damage observations. The potentially explanatory climate related factor extreme rain, defined as 〉6 mm/15 min, and the socioeconomic factors gross regional product (GRP) per capita and housing stock were tested as explanatory factors. The GRP per capita and housing stock were found to be significant in two regression models. The estimated effect of extreme rainfall events exceeded the effects of GRP per capita and housing stock in the models. Extreme rain was robust to model specification and was found to have a highly significant impact on Swedish flood damage.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Here we examine whether a study conducted 25 years ago (1992) would have had different conclusions if concepts and analytical methods developed since then had been used. The 1992 problem was to identify a strategy for reducing flood risk in the Netherlands by, for example, strengthening the river dikes against the risk of flooding. Since then, conditions related to flooding have been recognised as increasingly uncertain. In response, a new paradigm for strategic planning has emerged: the “adaptive planning approach,” which aims to identify and assess strategies allowing for change, learning, and adaptation over time. We found that using the adaptive planning approach in 1992 would not have changed the main conclusions. But, it would have made explicit the need for the identification of vulnerabilities of the chosen strategy, a monitoring system to keep track of the uncertainties, and the possible actions to deal with the vulnerabilities that can be taken as the world evolves.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: This study presents a new analytical framework for combining historical flood data derived from sedimentological records with instrumental river flow data to increase the reliability of flood risk assessments. Historical flood records were established for two catchments through re‐analysis of sedimentological records; the Nant Cwm‐du, a small, steep upland catchment in the Cambrian Mountains of Wales, and a piedmont reach of the River Severn in mid Wales. The proposed framework is based on maximum likelihood and least‐square estimation methods in combination with a Generalised Logistic distribution; this enables the sedimentological data to be combined effectively with existing instrumental river flow data. The results from this study are compared to results obtained using existing industry standard methods based solely on instrumental data. The comparison shows that inclusion of sedimentological data can have an important impact on flood risk estimates, and that the methods are sensitive to assumptions made in the conversion of the sedimentological records into flood flow data. As current industry standard methods for flood risk analysis are known to be highly uncertain, the ability to include additional evidence of past flood events derived from sedimentological records as demonstrated in this study can have a significant impact on flood risk assessments.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Prolonged, heavy rain in Northern California led to the evacuation of over 180,000 residents on February 12, 2017 after the capacity of the Oroville Dam, which spills into the Feather River, came into question. This paper examines the development of the floodplain along the Yuba and Feather rivers and identifies changes in risk distribution resulting from increased urbanisation. The levee system in this area was extended, and additional embankments were erected between 2004 and 2011. Olivehurst has particularly experienced high population growth and increased housing values despite a history of flooding, partly due to failed mitigation structures. Increased development stemming from a false sense of security associated with mitigation projects, termed the levee effect, has been well documented. Analyses of census data, land cover change, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood zone designations, and county development plans indicate that several factors other than available land have precipitated expansion: (a) population pressure, (b) recertification of the levees that now confine the official floodplain, and (c) the fact that flood insurance is no longer a requirement for homeowners. Development trends from 1980 to 2015 put communities built in anticipation of the upgraded levee system that are completely reliant upon it for flood protection at risk.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: The multilevel adaptive governance of flood risk reduction has been emphasised in the last decades and supported by the requirements of European Flood Directive (EC, ), while assigning an increasingly important role to municipalities. By contrast, only fragmented efforts have addressed the personal (expert knowledge), financial, and institutional limits of municipalities to achieve the flood risk management (FRM) goals. Starting with thorough literature review, we emphasise the key gaps in current understanding of municipal FRM and note that scarce attention has been paid to small‐sized municipalities (both in area and population). Next, we present an empirical case study based on semi‐structured interviews with 17 mayors of small municipalities in a flood‐prone area of northern Czechia. The aggregation of the mayors' opinions about flood threat and current and planned FRM measures as well as the perceived barriers in their implementation enabled the classification of different FRM strategies at a municipal level (herein referred to as “self‐confidence,” “fatalism,” and “active scepticism”). These strategies are then discussed in terms of the mayors' leadership styles and the significant consequences on the effectiveness and efficiency of FRM at a municipal level.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Design flood estimates are often required for small, heavily urbanised catchments, which respond quickly to storm events. However, hydrological models are most frequently calibrated using daily or hourly data on larger, more rural catchments, which respond on much longer timescales. Here, we calibrate a lumped, conceptual rainfall‐runoff model (ReFH2) in three small (2–6 km2), heavily urbanised catchments in Swindon, UK, assessing the benefits of using high‐resolution temporal and spatial data. Modelling shows that heavy urbanisation does not by itself invalidate the applicability of a lumped, conceptual model. However, we find great dissimilarities between runoff behaviour in different heavily urbanised catchments, with some types behaving similarly to rural catchments. In other cases, response and contributing catchment area can depend more on underground topology than catchment topography. Calibrated runoff response is insensitive to the temporal resolution of the calibration events in all study catchments. Future research should aim to differentiate between different types of heavily urbanised catchment, potentially through landscape metrics to measure the connectivity and isolation of different land surface types.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Flood risk consists of complex and dynamic problems, whose management calls for innovative ways of engaging with a wide range of local stakeholders, many of whom lack the technical expertise to engage with traditional flood risk management practices. Participatory approaches offer potential for involving these stakeholders in decision‐making, yet limited advice is available to users in choosing which techniques to employ and what they might expect them to deliver. Assessing the effectiveness of participatory approaches in local flood risk management is a critical step towards better understanding how community resilience is built. This article presents a framework for evaluating participatory approaches to flood risk management that covers four evaluation elements (context, process, substantive, and social outcomes). Practical success criteria are provided for evaluation, with references indicating where further advice and guidance can be sought. Criteria are tailored to the requirements of flood risk management, and aim to be sufficiently flexible for the framework to be easily transferable.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: The application of risk‐based approaches for the design of flood infrastructure has become increasingly common in flood management. This approach, based on risk reduction and reliability, is used to assess the performance of conventional interventions (e.g., flood defences and dams) and to support decisions regarding their implementation. However, for more innovative solutions, performance has often not been quantified by means of these metrics and, therefore, end‐users are hesitant to implement them in existing flood risk reduction systems. To overcome the gap between innovators and end‐users, we present a framework based on four performance indicators, to ensure the required insights in risk and reliability are provided. The four indicators: effectiveness, durability, reliability and costs, allow end‐users to evaluate, select, and implement flood adaptation innovations, and provide innovators with insight into the performance of the technology and the criteria and information necessary for successful market uptake of their innovation. The practical application of the framework is demonstrated for a (hypothetical) case of a hospital complex built in an area that has subsided below the surrounding area, which is subject to tropical rain showers. The following innovations are considered: an early flood warning system, a green roof, and a temporary flood barrier.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Hurricanes cause great damage in the tropics and due to its geographical location, Mexico experiences the landfall of such storms along both coasts as it covers 2 different cyclogenesis areas: the Eastern Pacific and the North Atlantic basins. For two catchments in southern Mexico, a set of weather prediction, hydrological and hydraulic models were used in cascade to simulate precipitation, runoff and flood maps observed during the extreme flooding that occurred in September 2013. The flood resulted from the rare simultaneous occurrence of 2 tropical cyclones and the framework provided an adequate numerical reproduction. Results show the usefulness of this approach by considering uncertainty limits that can be used for urban planning and development purposes.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: This paper focuses on the spatial distribution of the dominant and relevant benefits of urban flood management based on context‐ and location‐specific evaluations. We explore the conceptual rationale and describe a detailed methodology for assessing the benefit profile, benefit intensity, and comment on benefit dependencies arising from urban flood management practices that utilise green infrastructure. A case study is described which demonstrates the application of the concepts in Portland, Oregon, USA. A Geographic Information System approach is developed to evaluate some of the multiple benefits of the East Lents Floodplain Restoration Project. Results are presented in the form of a comparative benefit profile, and a spatially distributed benefit intensity. The paper concludes with the implications of the methodology for future multiple benefit evaluation of urban drainage and flood management systems.
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) has become the predominant strategy for pre‐emptively countering the havoc threatened by natural hazards, complementing traditional disaster management, and recovery activities. An important component of DRR activities is community involvement, imbuing the community with a sense of ownership of the risk reduction process, and thus increasing resilience to deal with natural hazards. Though the desirability for community engagement is acknowledged, the differing hazards, environments and community contexts, all pose many obstacles to enabling meaningful participation. This paper describes a participative, community‐oriented initiative for DRR in a context of the most common hazard faced by communities worldwide, that of flooding. A novel platform is presented which embraces participatory science principles in facilitating active community engagement in all stages of the flooding lifecycle. It is demonstrated how observations contributed by a community can contribute both to the practical mitigation of the effects of flooding and the calibration of inundation models. The novelty of the platform lies in its emphasis on mitigation activities during the pre‐flood stage, as well as its innovative use of image capture for enabling the safe assessment of water levels by the community.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: The increase in floods and flash floods over the last decades has motivated researchers to develop improved methodologies for flood risk prevention and warning. Flood forecasting models available today have evolved technologically but are subject to limitations due to the lack of data and limited community participation. This paper presents the Hydrological Alert Model with Participatory Basis (HAMPB) model, an approach for integrating water level data reported by citizens, which has the advantage of being inexpensive and potentially highly available, with traditional data to improve flood forecasting. The model assimilates spatiotemporal water levels measured in the field when they are available through a real‐time estimator. We added random perturbations of up to |10| and |15| cm to those data using the Monte Carlo Method to mimic the uncertainty in citizen science data collection. Applying the HAMPB model for urban nested‐scale catchments (0.11 km2 ≤ Area ≤ 21.84 km2) in Brazil shows: (a) significant improvements in flood simulations when field data was assimilated even considering the volunteered data uncertainty; (b) capability to update simulations in more than one point in the semi‐distributed hydrological model by a regionalization method; and (c) flood hazard indexes and their uncertainties show better estimations using field data for updating.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Journal of Flood Risk Management, December 2018.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Urban floods can disrupt city services and cause significant damage. This study intends to contribute to the flood control discussion by proposing a design framework combining flood risk, resilience, and economic feasibility to support decision‐making among flood control alternatives. First, a hydrodynamic model (Urban Flood Cell Model‐MODCEL) simulates flood maps for different return periods. Then, a multicriteria flood risk index is used to introduce socioeconomic variables and an integrated flood resilience index indicates the best alternative for maintaining risks at an acceptable level under future pressures, that is, guaranteeing that future risks will not increase significantly. Finally, economic feasibility is assessed, adding a benefit–cost analysis, considering the expected avoided losses over a given time. To illustrate this discussion, two design alternatives are compared for a project lifetime of 50 years in the Dona Eugenia watershed, in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The proposed framework showed that the most complete (and initially preferred) alternative, which considered a whole set of distributed sustainable urban drainage and river restoration measures, was not economically feasible. A variant of this alternative focusing on fluvial floodable parks and river restoration, avoiding individual adaptations (like implementing green roofs in existing buildings), showed more sustainable results.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Flood Risk Management, Volume 12, Issue 1, March 2019.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Nonstationarities in both climate and socioeconomic systems play a role in flood risk. Based on a data‐driven case study in an urbanised watershed subjected to nonstationary factors in climate (rain, snow, and rain on snow) and socioeconomic conditions (e.g., built environment market changes), a multiscale, multimodel approach was adopted to develop local‐scale flood hazard predictions and an analytical framework was developed to quantify the associated flood risk. The case study shows that socioeconomic development can have a comparable contribution as climate variability when evaluating the expected annual damage. The relative contributions from socioeconomic development, in some cases, do not necessarily compound the risk, but can, in fact, act as a mitigating factor in annualised risk. Timelines of risk management planning are an important factor to consider. Socioeconomic factors such as market value can produce nonlinear and reversed trends in flood impact assessments within the 10‐year time frame. Furthermore, the nonstationarity of climate and development conditions together was shown to cause up to 43% of the variation in risk estimates and up to 70% of the variation in the benefit–cost effectiveness.
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Journal of Flood Risk Management, Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2018.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: While a major part of previous research in the field of flood damage has focused on water depth as the most important causal factor, little attention has been paid to the role of rainfall intensity. As a test, this paper used correlation and regression analyses to investigate rainfall intensity as a factor affecting flood damage. For a time period of 15 years, the relationship between insurance losses caused by floods and rainfall intensity data from rain gauges was examined in two Swedish cities. Another objective was to find an approach for damage functions based on rainfall intensity as explanatory variable. Using linear regression, two approaches with considerable high degrees of explanation were found–one based on an exponential function and one on a power function. Using a lower limit for rainfall intensity, the approaches reached degrees of explanation between 30 and 78%. From this study it was concluded that rainfall intensity during the summer months and the occurrence of insurance damages per day caused by floods were correlated and further that rainfall intensity has a great potential to explain urban flood damages. In the future, additional studies are needed to validate the proposed methods and integrate other flood damage affecting factors in the approach.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Within the drainage system of a city, the set of inlets is in charge of taking the runoff produced by local storms to the stormwater/sewer. In the drainage system design the selection of appropriate inlet models and their location is one of the fundamental aspects. The hydraulics of these inlets has received great attention within the last years; however, few inlet makers provide the hydraulic capacity of their products. In addition, these data usually consider clean water, while in reality, numerous inlets can be either totally or partially clogged. This aspect should be kept in mind within the design process. In this paper, a methodology to consider the hydraulic effects of clogging phenomena is presented. The work started from a visual inspection of the grated inlets throughout the urban catchment of Sant Martí, Barcelona, as a means of identifying clogging patterns, their repetitive forms and their associated frequency. After that, clogged patterns were reproduced in laboratory testing of typical inlets types, thereby obtaining the real quantity of water that could be captured by each of them. It was shown that the same expression employed to describe the efficiency of clean inlets can be used to assess the efficiency of those clogged. A reduction factor in terms of hydraulic capacity and related to each clogging pattern has been defined for use in hydraulic studies of runoff along streets. Finally, the paper compares the obtained results in terms of clogging coefficient with another experimental campaign carried out in other catchment of the city.
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: There is large uncertainty about the changing magnitude and occurrence of coastal flood events with sea‐level rise; which poses significant challenges to adaptation planning. Recent decision‐making employs flexible options that can be modified/adjusted over time to address uncertainty. This research analyses a real option based method for assessing adaptation investment timing under coastal flooding and sea‐level rise. This method recognises and values the flexibility of waiting as an additional adaptation option under an uncertain future, that is, the key question concerns when the option is best implemented? Real options are applied using a test‐case in Lymington (UK), a floodprone coastal town. Our findings show that the option value (i.e., the net value of the overall benefit minus cost) grows with rising sea level to a maximum, which is the optimal time for the adaptation investment. The optimum investment time tends to occur at the same magnitude of sea‐level rise (relative to 1990) across most sea‐level rise scenarios for the same socio‐economic scenario. Hence, monitoring sea‐level rise provides important information to plan adaptation. The analysis provides an analytical framework on how and when to implement the adaptation option given the various future scenarios which can be developed further.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: The provinces of northern Iran that border the Caspian Sea are forested and may be prone to increased risks of flooding due to deforestation and other land use changes, in addition to climate change effects. This research investigated changes in runoff from a small forested catchment in northern Iran for several land use change scenarios and the effects of higher rainfall and high antecedent soil moisture. Peak discharges and total runoff volumes from the catchment were estimated using the U.S. Soil Conservation Service “Curve Number” (SCS‐CN) method and the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph. This method was selected for reasons of data availability and operational simplicity for flood managers. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to manipulate spatial data for use in the catchment runoff modelling. The results show that runoff is predicted to increase as a result of deforestation, which is dependent on the proportion of the catchment area affected. However, climate change presents a significant flood hazard even in the absence of deforestation. Other land use changes may reduce the peak discharges of all return period floods. Therefore a future ban on timber extraction, combined with agricultural utilisation of rangeland, could prove effective as “nature‐based” flood reduction measures throughout northern Iran.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Impervious, “waterproofed” soil affects both large cities and small towns and causes several problems, with flooding being the most more evident. In the context of impermeability, the application of remote sensing techniques facilitates the identification of prime areas in urban centres that require intervention for flood control. The present work combined radiometric data from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and the Normalized Difference Water Index to identify impermeability models for urban centres and generated two impermeable surface analysis methods: the Surface Waterproofing Index (SWI) and the Urban Surface Waterproofing Index (USWI). The two methods were tested in Corumba and Ladario, urban centres with humid climates and located in the Brazilian Pantanal. Statistically, both methods were considerably successful (〉75%), with SWI obtaining better results. The USWI did not perform as well at measuring waterproofing levels, producing results that were more useful for indicating whether an area was impermeable or not.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: There have been numerous urban flood disasters in recent years, causing a considerable loss of human life. An improved criterion in the form of incipient velocity has been proposed for human stability in floodwaters, and it is specifically for deep waters where toppling instability generally occurs, and it can account for the posture of leaning forward of a human body in floodwater and the process of pivoting around heels at instability. Moreover, the previous equation of buoyancy force was modified using the parameters of human body structure for a typical American or European in ergonomics. Two parameters in the formula of incipient velocity were calibrated using existing experimental data based on real human subjects, with the improved stability criterion curves being presented for children and adults in floodwaters. Finally, the proposed formula was validated in detail against existing laboratory measurements, and the simple method was given to evaluate the flood hazard degrees for children and adults, based on the calculated incipient velocities at toppling instability and the corresponding incoming flow velocities.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Although Bangladesh has suffered from different types of floods which have caused enormous damage to properties and lives, managing floods still remains a challenging task. Flood management is a multisectoral activity due to its complexity, scale, and multidisciplinary nature. Sirajganj district can be regarded as one of the most vulnerable areas in Bangladesh and hence a study was carried out for Sirajganj district to provide guidelines to combat challenges to flood risk management. The flood frequency analyses at three river stations using water level data were carried out, the flood inundation map for different return periods and a flood depth versus damage curve are plotted to address the vulnerable areas and damages, and to help design flood mitigation structures. It can be inferred that damages will be proportional to return period since the risk is a function of hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. Both structural and non‐structural measures including rejuvenation of the Jamuna River and low‐cost flood resistant building approaches for flood affected char (island) people are suggested along with a few recommendations to mitigate floods in the study area. The government, Non governmental organization (NGO), funding agencies, and transboundary countries should come forward to mitigate flood hazards to improve the livelihood of the affected people.
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  • 61
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    Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Flood Risk Management, Volume 12, Issue 1, March 2019.
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Hydraulic models play an important role in determining flood inundation areas. When considering a wide array of one‐ (1D) and two‐dimensional (2D) hydraulic models, selecting an appropriate model and its calibration are crucial in an accurate prediction of flood inundation. This study compares the performance of four commonly used 1D and 2D hydraulic models, including HEC‐RAS 1D, HEC‐RAS 2D, LISFLOOD‐FP diffusive, and LISFLOOD‐FP subgrid, with respect to their model structure and their sensitivity to surface roughness characterisation. Application of these models to four study reaches with different river geometry and roughness characterisation shows that for a given set of roughness condition, the geometry, including the sinuosity, reach length and floodplain width, does not affect the performance of a 1D or 2D model. Overall, the performance of a 1D model is comparable to the 2D models used in the study, with the 2D models showing slightly better results. The performance of 2D models is affected by low channel roughness, and it improves with increasing channel roughness that enables more water to enter into the floodplain. On the contrary, the performance of 1D model is positively affected with increasing floodplain roughness. When the models are evaluated for uniform versus distributed roughness characterisation in the floodplain, the uniform surface characterisation provides the best results compared to the distributed roughness characterisation.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: One of the central tenets of the flood risk management (FRM) paradigm is that responsibility for flood mitigation and recovery must be shared with stakeholders other than governments, including property‐owners themselves. However, existing research suggests that this imperative is unlikely to be effective unless property‐owners demonstrate a sense of personal responsibility and are willing to undertake protective behaviours. In Canada, several recent policy changes have effectively transferred more responsibility to homeowners, but it is unclear whether Canadians are ready to accept this obligation. This article presents results from a national survey of Canadians living in high‐risk flood areas, which probed their attitudes concerning the division of responsibility for flood mitigation and recovery among governments, insurers and homeowners, as well as their willingness to adopt protective behaviours. The survey, which received 2,300 responses from all 10 provinces, indicates that Canadians are willing to accept some responsibility, but for most this perceived responsibility is insufficient to influence their decisions on mitigation and recovery. Governments in Canada could learn from jurisdictions that have addressed this disconnect through policies designed to improve awareness of FRM among property‐owners.
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  • 64
    facet.materialart.
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    Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Flood Risk Management, Volume 12, Issue 1, March 2019.
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Flood Risk Management, Volume 12, Issue 1, March 2019.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: In response to extreme flood events and an increasing awareness that traditional flood control measures alone are inadequate to deal with growing flood risks, spatial flood risk management strategies have been introduced. These strategies do not only aim to reduce the probability and consequences of floods, they also aim to improve local and regional spatial qualities. To date, however, research has been largely ignorant as to how spatial quality, as part of spatial flood risk management strategies, can be successfully achieved in practice. Therefore, this research aims to illuminate how spatial quality is achieved in planning practice. This is done by evaluating the configurations of policy instruments that have been applied in the Dutch Room for the River policy program to successfully achieve spatial quality. This policy program is well known for its dual objective of accommodating higher flood levels as well as improving the spatial quality of the riverine areas. Based on a qualitative comparative analysis, we identified three successful configurations of policy instruments. These constitute three distinct management strategies: the “program‐as‐guardian”, the “project‐as‐driver,” and “going all‐in” strategies. These strategies provide important leads in furthering the development and implementation of spatial flood risk management, both in the Netherlands and abroad.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The scientific literature has many methods for estimating uncertainty, however, there is a lack of information about the characteristics, merits, and limitations of the individual methods, particularly for making decisions in practice. This paper provides an overview of the different uncertainty methods for flood forecasting that are reported in literature, concentrating on two established approaches defined as the ensemble and the statistical approach. Owing to the variety of flood forecasting and warning systems in operation, the question “which uncertainty method is most suitable for which application” is difficult to answer readily. The paper aims to assist practitioners in understanding how to match an uncertainty quantification method to their particular application using two flood forecasting system case studies in Belgium and Canada. These two specific applications of uncertainty estimation from the literature are compared, illustrating statistical and ensemble methods, and indicating the information and output that these two types of methods offer. The advantages, disadvantages and application of the two different types of method are identified. Although there is no one “best” uncertainty method to fit all forecasting systems, this review helps to explain the current commonly used methods from the available literature for the non‐specialist.
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Despite significant consequences caused by recent events, surface water flooding has historically been of lower priority relative to fluvial and coastal risks in UK flood management. Legislation and research proposes a variety of innovative interventions to address this; however, widespread application of these remains a challenge due to a number of institutional, economic, and technical barriers. This research applies a framework capable of fast and high‐resolution assessment of intervention cost‐effectiveness as an opportunity to improve available evidence and encourage uptake of interventions through analysing permutations of type, scale, and distribution in urban catchments. Fast assessment of many scenarios is achieved using a cellular automata flood model and a simplified representation of interventions. Conventional and green strategies are examined across a range of design standard and high‐magnitude rainfall events in an urban catchment. Results indicate high‐volume rainwater capture interventions demonstrate a significant reduction in estimated annual damage costs, and localised surface water drainage interventions exhibit high cost‐effectiveness for damage reduction. Analysis of performance across a wide range of return periods enhances available evidence for option comparison decision support and provides a basis for future resilience assessment of interventions.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Flood hazard assessment is at the core of flood risk management. In order to develop an efficient flood hazard assessment, it is of primary importance to have a well‐defined flood scenario encompassing all processes that could occur during an event. Understanding and assessing these processes requires meteorological, topographical and land‐use data as well as historical observations. Nowadays, flood delineation is based upon hydrological and hydraulic modelling, ground data collection, and remote sensing. Despite the advantages of these tools, they also present some specific limitations, either intrinsic to the approaches or linked with constraints of the local context. With the rapid advancement of web 2.0 technologies (e.g., Flickr and Wikimapia) and the increase of the use of participatory research, citizen science has the potential to provide valuable and complementary information at all levels of flood risk management and in particular for flood hazard assessment. After reviewing the capabilities and limitations of the current tools used in flood hazard assessment, this paper demonstrates the role that citizen science can play in providing key information on factors leading to flooding and on flood hazard parameters.
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Hydrological modelling is a critical tool for preventing and mitigating severe flood disasters. This study aims to assess the applicability of a physically based distributed hydrological model, CASCade Two Dimensional SEDiment (CASC2D‐SED), for flood forecasting in four typical medium and small watersheds across three hydroclimatic zones (semi‐arid, semihumid, and humid) in China. CASC2D‐SED model has the best performance in Xianbeigou (semi‐arid), followed by Luanchuan (semihumid), and Shujia (humid), while has the relatively lowest performance in Chengcun (humid). It tends to underestimate a large portion of the discharges in the watersheds, indicating that the Green‐Ampt infiltration‐excess model, the only runoff generation scheme in CASC2D‐SED model, imposes restrictions on hydrological simulation without further accounting for subsurface and groundwater flows. This limitation is particularly obvious in the semihumid and humid regions. Our analysis suggests that combining infiltration‐excess and saturation‐excess runoff generation mechanisms and accounting for subsurface and groundwater flows in CASC2D‐SED will further enhance its capacity for flood forecasting and hydrological simulation for semihumid and humid hydroclimatic zones.
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: During flood control reservoir operation, uncertainties in inflow forecast, the reservoir discharge capacity curve, and the reservoir storage curve significantly impact the reservoir operation processes and cause flood risk. This article proposes an improved stochastic differential equation (SDE) method for flood‐risk analysis. The uncertainties mentioned above were quantified, and the mean and variance of the water level at each time step were calculated, then the flood risk was estimated and the impact of these uncertainties on flood control reservoir operation was evaluated. The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) was selected as a case study. Results show that the variance of the water level at each time step does not monotonically increase over time. Inflow forecast and flood hydrograph shape work together and have a great influence on the flood risk. The method provides a way for flood‐risk assessment for flood control reservoir operation.
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: This study is an assessment of flash flood risk in the downstream part of an intermittent stream which lost its natural bed due to intense human interventions, with the example of Hastane Brook in the province of Kirsehir (Turkey). The effects of flooding events with high, medium, and low probability of occurrence are investigated on a street‐by‐street basis with a two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model constructed in HEC‐RAS 5.0 software. Due to the lack of records of past flood events required for model calibration, it is aimed to utilise high‐quality data as much as possible in model development. Therefore, to more accurately simulate the movement of water and thereby to advise adequate measures for reducing the most likely flood effects, the required high‐resolution terrain and land use data are produced by processing the aerial images acquired by the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights over the flood risk zone. The estimation of flood hydrographs is only based on the synthetic unit hydrograph methods due to the absence of representative stream gauging stations inside or near the region. The resultant flood hazard maps are cautionary in terms of demonstrating the effects of possible floods that are unexpected to come from such an intermittent stream basin.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Safety through Organisational Learning methodology, as a proven tool for supporting organisational learning from safety relevant events, means that an organisation conducts systematic analyses of accidents, incidents or near misses and feeds the resulting experience back to its members using an appropriate reporting or management system. It was the first time that SOL‐methodology was used for Evaluating an International Disaster Management Field Exercise by European Project Partners. The general purpose of the project was testing SOL as a post‐evaluating procedure for this full‐scale field exercise. It was an important declared goal to provide the European Union with a comprehensive picture about the process of the field exercise. The particular purposes of the event analysis were to identify the main individual, group or organisational reasons for, and key technological factors of, the events that occurred. Analysing with SOL allows the identification of concrete alternative corrective actions/measures by which the probability that similar events occur in the future can radically be reduced. Furthermore, such measures help organisational learning, thereby contributing to the development and maintenance of a long‐term, safe organisational culture.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Abstract The standard approach to flood frequency analysis (FFA) fits mathematical functions to sequences of historic flood data and extrapolates the tails of the distribution to estimate the magnitude and likelihood of extreme floods. Here, we identify the most exceptional floods in the United States as compared against other major floods at the same location, and evaluate how the flood‐of‐record (Qmax) influences FFA estimates. On average, floods‐of‐record are 20% larger by discharge than their second‐place counterparts (Q2), and 212 gages (7.3%) have Qmax:Q2 ratios greater than two. There is no clear correspondence between the Qmax:Q2 ratio and median instantaneous discharge, and exceptional floods do not become less likely with time. Excluding Qmax from the FFA causes the median 100‐year flood to decline by −10.5%, the 200‐year flood by −11.8%, and the 500‐year flood by −13.4%. Even when floods are modelled using a heavy tail distribution, the removal of Qmax yields significantly “lighter” tails and underestimates the risk of large floods. Despite the temporal extension of systematic hydrological observations in the United States, FFA is still sensitive to the presence of extreme events within the sample used to calculate the frequency curve.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Flood risk analysis in the United States follows the guidelines recommended in Bulletin 17B, which inherently ties the probability of exceeding a selected peak flow to the historical record. However, insufficient streamflow data, land use change, or climate change can render these recommended techniques impractical, forcing alternative measures. One such alternative is hydrological models which use climate and landscape data to simulate streamflow. Daily time steps or finer, however, are required to extract the necessary peak flow series. Accurately simulating flows at a daily time step can be challenging, and bias in prediction of hydrological extremes can be large. In this analysis, we compare three types of statistical bias‐correction measures for peak flow series data extracted from simulations using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a widely used continuous, semi‐distributed hydrologic model. Results show that a correction method that only adjusts the mean of the peak flow series was the most robust. This efficacy is likely a result of persistent bias in watershed simulation due to uncertainty in calibration parameters and simplified watershed processes, suggesting that correcting for the mean of the peak flow series may be sufficient when applying bias corrections for flood risk analysis using hydrological models.
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  • 76
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    Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Journal of Flood Risk Management, Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2018.
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: In this work, a Rough Set Analysis‐based approach is proposed to quantify the damage susceptibility of check dams through specific indexes, which all require expert judgment to be quantified. The indexes are the Post‐Event Damage Condition (DamPost), the induced Condition Change (DamCh), the Residual Condition (RC), and the Post‐Event Functionality (FPost). Preliminarily, an existing data set, containing a quantification of the damage indexes, the associated characterisation of the flow process type of three torrential hazard events occurred in South Tyrol (Italy), the identification of construction material and the determination of age of the structure, was statistically analysed. To predict the damage indexes based on Rough Set Analysis, a general model, which considered all check dams regardless of their construction material, two specific models, for concrete and for masonry structures respectively, and a simplified version of the general model were set up. The derived rule bases exhibited satisfactory prediction accuracies only when the post‐event functionality, FPost, was chosen. Prediction accuracies were 68% for the general model, 79% for the material category concrete, 60% for the material category masonry, and 86% could be obtained by simplifying the decision attribute to a binary form (functionality given or not).
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Convective precipitation is intensifying in many regions, but potential implications of shifts in precipitation types on impacts have not been quantified. Furthermore, risk assessments often focus on rare extremes, but also more frequent hydro‐meteorological events burden private and public budgets. Here synoptic, hydrological, meteorological, and socio‐economic data are merged to analyse 25 years of damage claims in 480 Austrian municipalities. Exceedance probabilities of discharge and precipitation associated with damage reports are calculated and compared for convective and stratiform weather patterns. During April to November, 60% of claims are reported under convective conditions. Irrespective of the weather type, most of the accumulated cost links to minor hazard levels, not only indicating that frequent events are a highly relevant expense factor, but also pointing to deficiencies in observational data. High uncertainty in damage costs attributable to extreme events demonstrates the questionable reliability of calculating low‐frequency event return levels. Significant differences exist among weather types. Stratiform weather types are up to 10 times more often associated with damaging extreme discharge or precipitation, while convective weather shows the highest nuisance level contributions. The results show that changes in convective precipitation are pertinent to risk management as convective weather types have contributed significantly to damage in the past.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Modern urban flood and water management emphasises holistic strategies that reduce flood risk while providing cobenefits to urban economies, societies, and environments. The “Blue‐Green City” concept provides a viable framework for putting this into practice. Ningbo, is a coastal city with high flood risk, whose history as a Chinese “water town” demonstrates that approaches to water management implicit to the “Blue‐Green” concept were practiced in ancient times, and lessons can be learned from these applications. Furthermore, recent launch of the “Sponge City” campaign by China's National Government demonstrates the political will to implement sustainable flood and water management in ways consistent with the “Blue‐Green” ideals. Selection of Ningbo for a pilot project presents the opportunity to integrate new “Sponge city” approaches with ancient “Blue‐Green” principles, within the contexts of both new urban development and retrofit. Reinventing traditional approaches to urban water management and governance offers the possibility of maintaining flood risk at acceptable levels without constraining urban growth in China and other countries experiencing rapid urban development.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Empirical evaluations of flood damage from past events are key for identifying the most important factors influencing household vulnerability to floods. However, creating accurate assessments of flood risk with observed records is challenging because of issues associated with data quality, analytical approach, and the successful integration of different information and measurement schemes into one comprehensive model. This paper reviews these issues and proposes ways to overcome them using revised research protocols and spatial analytical methods and techniques. Recommendations are then applied to an empirical evaluation of residential property damages resulting from a major coastal storm in the Houston area, Texas. Results indicate that a parcel‐based, spatial approach to modelling flood risk yields a more detailed and accurate assessment of impacts with an explained variance 2 to 4 times greater than other observation‐based flood damage models available in the literature. Structural improvements to analytical approach and measurement also made it possible to derive direct measures of flood risk at neighbourhood scales and assess the influence of specific land development decisions with respect to major disaster events. Such improvements to flood risk modelling can help reduce the uncertainty of damage estimates and support effective decision‐making in insurance, risk management, and community planning.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: The recent shift to individualisation of flood risk calls for a stronger involvement of private actors. Bottom‐up citizen initiatives (BUIs) may bring together governmental bodies with people at risk. Drawing on a screening of existing BUIs in Europe, North America, and Australia and an in‐depth analysis of three study sites, this paper maps BUI activities to stages in the risk management cycle and discusses the institutional, relational and social proximity between BUIs and other stakeholders. Flood BUIs often take over roles that the authorities are not willing or able to fulfil. BUIs emerge out of frustration with current risk policies, after a catastrophic flood event, government‐initiated engagement projects or targeted funding opportunities. BUIs can take different forms, ranging from oppositional pressure groups, self‐help movements for disaster response and recovery, to initiatives formally installed by law. While self‐organised BUIs benefit from high proximity to their home communities, formalised BUIs are deeper embedded in existing institutional structures. In order to gain a stronger voice in the risk debate, BUIs need to expand from the local level to catchment areas and exchange expertise and resources in nationwide or cross‐border networks. However, BUIs may create parallel political structures that are not democratically legitimised.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Diurnal changes within communities can significantly alter the level of impacts during a flood, yet these essential daily variations are not currently catered for within flood risk assessments. This paper develops a flood vulnerability and risk model that captures crucial features of flood vulnerability; integrating physical and socio‐economic vulnerability data, combined with a flood hazard analysis, to give overall flood risk at neighbourhood scale, at two different times of day, for floods of different magnitudes. The flood vulnerability and risk model, the resulting diurnal coastal flood vulnerability and risk indexes, and corresponding maps for the ward of Hilsea (Portsmouth, United Kingdom), presented within this paper, highlight three previously unidentified neighbourhoods in particular in the northwest of the Hilsea ward, which have the highest levels of risk during both time zones and for flood events of different magnitude. Critically, these neighbourhoods lie further inland and not directly on the Hilsea coastline, yet by analysing at this resolution (including diurnal impacts), substantial levels of underlying vulnerability were identified within these areas.
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: This study presents a flood prediction framework that uses multiscale operational models representing meteorological, coastal, hydrologic, and hydraulic stormwater components. A dual‐drainage (street‐sewer) model forms the framework core and receives inputs from coastal and meteorological models. The framework was tested in a flood‐prone area within the City of Hoboken, New Jersey. Hoboken's aging combined sewer system is regularly overwhelmed by rainfall, storm surge, or their combination resulting in nuisance flooding. The utility of the framework was demonstrated by retrospectively forecasting (72‐hr horizon) two contrasting extreme flood events, a rainfall dominated event (Hurricane Irene) and a surge dominated event (Hurricane Sandy). The simulations showed that overland flow from storm surge and low‐lying topography were major factor in surcharging the sewer system resulting in flooding. This modelling approach captures multiscale interactions and demonstrates the importance of holistically representing short‐term stressors in urban‐coastal systems. The framework can be run in ensemble mode to account for uncertainty in atmospheric forcing and aid decision making but this option was not explored in this study. Despite the limitations in expanding the dual‐drainage domain to the entire city of Hoboken, the study offers interesting perspectives on leveraging existing models and predicting system response to different stressors.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Flood risk and associated impacts are major societal and policy concerns following widespread flooding in December 2015, which cost the UK economy an estimated £5 billion. Increasing advocacy for alternatives to conventional hard engineering solutions is accompanied by demands for evidence. This study provides a systematic review and meta‐analysis of direct evidence for the effect of tree cover on channel discharge. The results highlighted a deficiency in direct evidence. From 7 eligible studies of 156 papers reviewed, the results show that increasing tree cover has a small statistically significant effect on reducing channel discharge. Meta‐analysis reveals that tree cover reduces channel discharge (standardised mean difference −0.35, 95%CI, −0.71 to 0.00), but the effect was variable (I2 = 81.91%), the potential for confounding was high, and publication bias is strongly suspected (Egger Test z = 3.0568, p = .002). Due to the lack of direct evidence the overall strength of evidence is low, indicating high uncertainty. Further primary research is required to understand reasons for heterogeneity and reduce uncertainty. A Bayesian network parameterised with data from the meta‐analysis supports investment in integrated catchment management, particularly on infrastructure density and water storage (reservoirs), for effective responses to flood risk.
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: We critically examined the performance of probabilistic streamflow forecasting in the prediction of flood events in 19 subbasins of the Doce River in Brazil using the Eta (4 members, 5 km spatial resolution) and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF; 51 members, 32 km resolution) weather forecast models as inputs for the MHD‐INPE hydrological model. We observed that the shapes and orientations of subbasins influenced the predictability of floods due to the orientation of rainfall events. Streamflow forecasts that use the ECMWF data as input showed higher skill scores than those that used the Eta model for subbasins with drainage areas larger than 20,000 km2. Since the skill scores were similar for both models in smaller subbasins, we concluded that the grid size of the weather model could be important for smaller catchments, while the number of members was crucial for larger scales. We also evaluated the performance of probabilistic streamflow forecasting for the severe flood event of late 2013 through a comparison of observations and streamflow estimations derived from interpolated rainfall fields. In many cases, the mean of the ensemble outperformed the streamflow estimations from the interpolated rainfall because the spatial structure of a rainfall event is better captured by weather forecast models.
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: A study of floodplain sedimentation on a recently restored floodplain is presented. This study uses a two‐dimensional hydro‐morphodynamic model for predicting flow and suspended‐sediment dynamics in the downstream of Johnson Creek, the East Lents reach, where the bank of the river has been reconfigured to reconnect to a restored floodplain on a 0.26 km2 (26‐ha) site. The simulation scenarios include 10‐, 50‐, 100‐ and 500‐year event‐based deposition modelling of flood events and long‐term modelling using the 64 historical flood events between 1941 and 2014. Simulation results showed that the restored floodplain significantly attenuates the upstream flood peak by up to 25% at the downstream. Results also indicated that approximately 20%–30% of sediment from the upstream is deposited on the East Lents floodplain. Furthermore, deposited sediment over the simulated period (1941–2014) is approximately 0.1% of the basin's flood storage capacity; however, the reduction in the storage does not offset the overall flood resilience impact of the flood basin. The sediment conservation at the East Lents flood basin as predicted by the model reduces the annual sediment loading of the Johnson Creek by 1% at the confluence with Willamette River, providing both improved water quality and flood resilience further downstream.
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: In the Mediterranean environment, floods pose a significant threat to people, in spite of the noteworthy improvements in forecasting, emergency management, and defensive works. This paper examines flood mortality in the Mediterranean environment based on a 36‐year long database (1980–2015) that was built in five study areas using documentary sources. Information on fatal accidents was disaggregated in database fields describing victim's profile and the circumstances of the accidents. Data show an increasing trend of flood fatalities during the study period. Accidents mainly occurred outdoor: the majority of the 458 fatalities were males, mainly aged between 30 and 49 years, and residents in the area of the accident. In the majority of cases, people were dragged by water/mud when travelling by car. Some cases of hazardous behaviours, such as fording rivers or trying to save belongings, were also detected. The cause of death was drowning in the majority of cases, and heart attack in a few cases it was. The results of the research can be proficiently used in information campaigns aiming to increase people safety during future floods.
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: With climate change and intensification of human activities, the flood generation mechanism has been influenced which results in the nonstationarity of flood time series. In this study, in order to use historical flood data for flood frequency analysis, a nonlinear AutoRegressive exogenous (ARX) model was employed to complement missing flood data between the historical and recorded data. The key statistics of the complemented time series agreed well with those of the documented record. Using EWT (the expected waiting time until an exceedance) and ENE (the expected number of events in m year is one), nonstationary flood return periods were estimated by the complemented and recorded annual maximum flood peak series, respectively. The results showed that the return levels under nonstationarity are smaller than those under stationarity due to the construction of small hydraulic structures and many check dams after 1980s. This study implies that it is necessary to refine the flood return levels and the corresponding flood control measures for nonstationary flood series due to environmental change.
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Abstract Green Infrastructure (GI) is an increasingly popular means of dealing with flooding and water quality issues worldwide. This study examines public perceptions of, and behaviour around, bioswales, which are a popular GI facility in the United States. Bioswales are highly visible interventions requiring support from residents and policy‐makers to be implemented and maintained appropriately. To understand how the residents' perceptions and attitudes might develop over time, we interviewed residents of Portland, Oregon, living near bioswales installed 1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 years ago, to determine awareness, understanding, and opinions about the devices. We found no consistent patterns across time periods, but did find common issues affecting residents' appreciation and acceptance: environmental attitudes, awareness and understanding of purpose and function, plant choice and maintenance, and mess and littering. It was apparent that increased public engagement, localised maintenance strategies, and possibly even customising facilities to meet residents' needs where feasible, might improve acceptance.
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Coastal flood maps covering the whole European continent have become available in recent years. However, their ability to complement or replace high‐resolution local flood maps was not investigated so far. In this paper we compare pan‐European estimates of extreme sea levels and coastal flood extents at given return periods with observations and high‐resolution reference maps. The analysis is done for two pan‐European assessments and one global study. We find that whereas the models have good accuracy in estimating storm surge heights, large disparities exist between the large‐scale flood maps and four local maps of flood extents from England, the Netherlands, Poland, and France. Moreover, the accuracy of the underlying digital elevation model and assumptions about flood protection existing in a given area influence significantly the results. In addition, the first pan‐European projection of temporal trends in the size of flood zones is presented, with and without assuming flood protection levels.
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Abstract Blue‐Green Infrastructure (BGI) and Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) are increasingly recognised as vital components of urban flood risk management. However, uncertainty regarding their hydrologic performance and lack of confidence concerning their public acceptability create concerns and challenges that limit their widespread adoption. This paper investigates barriers to implementation of BGI in Portland, Oregon, using the Relevant Dominant Uncertainty (RDU) approach. Two types of RDU are identified: scientific RDUs related to physical processes that affect infrastructure performance and service provision, and socio‐political RDUs that reflect a lack of confidence in socio‐political structures and public preferences for BGI. We find that socio‐political RDUs currently exert the strongest negative influences on BGI decision making in Portland. We conclude that identification and management of both biophysical and socio‐political uncertainties are essential to broadening the implementation of BGI and sustainable urban flood risk management solutions that are practical, scientifically sound, and supported by local stakeholders.
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The Dupuy catchment (Laferrere, Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires) has suffered numerous floods in recent years. The frequency and magnitude of these events, coupled with the large number of people affected, has led to some community representatives organising themselves to collect flood records, increase awareness of the problem and push for solutions and mitigating actions. That campaign inspired the study of the flooding dynamics of the catchment, with the aim of developing simple tools for risk mitigation. To analyse the water dynamics in the catchment, a high‐resolution urban numerical model was implemented with the EPA‐SWMM software. Due to the lack of systematic observations of flow variables, the model was validated using data collected by the affected community itself. More than 500 simulations of different synthetic storms were run on a high‐performance computational cluster and analysed. These processed results, coupled with the observation of rainfall intensities during an event, may be used by the community and risk managers to reduce exposure and mitigate flood risk.
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: There is increasing interest in past occurrences of flooding from intense rainfall, commonly referred to as “flash flooding,” and the associated socioeconomic consequences. Historical information can help us to place recent events in context and to understand the effect of low frequency climate variability on changing flash flood frequencies. Previous studies have focussed on fluvial flooding to reconstruct the temporal and spatial patterns of past events. Here, we provide an online flood chronology for the north and south‐west of England for flash floods, including both surface water and fluvial flooding, with coverage from ~1700 to ~2013 (http://ceg-fepsys.ncl.ac.uk/fc). The primary source of documentary material is local newspaper reports, which often give detailed descriptions of impacts. This provides a new resource to inform communities and first responders of flood risks, especially those from rapid rise in water level whose severity may be greater than those of accompanying peak flow. Examples are provided of historical flash floods that exemplify how the chronologies can help to place recent floods in the context of the preinstrumental record for: (a) more robust estimates of event return period, (b) identification of catchment or settlement susceptibility to flash flood events, and (c) characterisation of events in ungauged catchments.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Two‐dimensional shallow water models are widely used tools for flood inundation mapping. However, even if High Performance Computing techniques have greatly decreased the computational time needed to run a 2D inundation model, this approach remains unsuitable for applications that require results in a very short time or a large number of model runs. In this paper we test a non‐parametric regression model based on least squares support vector machines as a computationally efficient surrogate of the 2D shallow water equations for flood inundation mapping. The methodology is initially applied to a synthetic case study consisting of a straight river reach flowing towards the sea. A coastal urban area is then used as a real test case. Discharge in three streams and tide levels are used as predictor variables to estimate the spatial distribution of maximum water depth and velocity in the study area. The suitability of this regression model for the spatial prediction of flood hazard is evaluated. The results show the potential of the proposed regression technique for fast and accurate computation of flood extent and hazard maps.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Studies aimed at reconstructing the chronology of historical floods in a region assume an important role in flood hazard assessment, especially for flood prone regions like the Kashmir Valley. This is usually done through the review of historical documents and/or palaeohydrological studies; the latter allows access far beyond historical records. While as, archival scribes offer particularly valuable insights into attributes of hydrological extremes in the recent past. The Kashmir Valley has contours of its own in the field of historical hydrology, hitherto scattered across multiple textual scribes, making them obscure. Nevertheless, information collated and analysed made these contours visible in a specific way. The critical evaluation of historical flood records revealed that the Kashmir Valley was beleaguered with a series of catastrophic inundations. In addition, calibration of historical records against instrumental data spanning for ~1400 years were linked to quantifiable attributes to simulate their discharge, water surface elevation, and spatial extent using the Hydrologic Engineering Center's (HEC) River Analysis System (RAS) program. The deliverables of this study are expected to be valuable for flood hazard mitigation in the Kashmir Valley and for further research in this direction.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: This study investigated the delivery of contaminated sediments to the channel network by urban drainage systems in Johnson Creek in Oregon, USA. Concentrations of five heavy metal concentrations measured in 136 samples collected from 37 stormwater outfalls and 99 bed sampling points were analysed. While concentrations of zinc, cadmium, and lead increased with distance downstream in Johnson Creek, this was not the case for chromium and copper. Zinc, copper, and cadmium concentrations in outfalls were significantly higher than those in the stream bed, indicating that stormwater runoff is responsible for delivering contaminated sediments to Johnson Creek. Zinc concentrations in outfalls were negatively associated with elevation and slope in the contributing subcatchment, and positively with impervious cover. However, no statistically significant relationships were found between the other heavy metal concentrations and subcatchment variables. These findings demonstrate that relationships between sediment‐related, heavy metal concentrations, and subcatchment characteristics in this heterogeneous, rural–urban catchment are more complex than those found in situations where land‐use is more segregated, questioning the applicability of commonly held assumptions regarding changes in the sources and delivery paths of flood‐related, sediment‐associated pollutants that accompany urbanisation.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: There is increasing attention for the robustness of systems, in view of more frequent and more extreme weather events. Calls to increase a system's robustness are usually motivated by the resulting reduced sensitivity to extreme events and uncertainties about their probability of occurrence. The concept has been elaborated for flood risk systems, but recently questions have arisen about whether subsystems, such as flood defences or rivers, should and could also be assessed on their robustness. Against the background of a recent debate in the Netherlands about whether to raise the embankments again or to make more room for the rivers in anticipation of increasing extreme river discharges into the future, we propose to define the robustness of embanked alluvial rivers by their sensitivity to uncertainties in flood discharge, expressed by the relationship between discharge and flood water level. We assess the Rhine River branches and Meuse River in the Netherlands and show how their planform, as defined by the location of the embankments and the presence of obstacles in the floodplains, causes remarkable differences in robustness per river and per river stretch. We finally discuss what this might entail for policy planning.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Continuing land subsidence can aggravate flood hazard and diminish the effectiveness of existing flood mitigation systems. This paper presents a study of groundwater‐ pumping management for mitigating flood hazard in a subsidence infested area in the southwest coast of Taiwan. An optimal groundwater‐pumping model is developed for preventing flood hazard from worsening and for satisfying the groundwater demand. In an area where the land is susceptible to pumping‐induced subsidence, the study shows that proper long‐term pumping strategy to manage spatial–temporal variation of future land subsidence should be an integral part of flood risk management as it can sustain the effectiveness of the flood mitigation measures.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Modern urban flood and water management emphasises holistic strategies that reduce flood risk while providing cobenefits to urban economies, societies, and environments. The “Blue‐Green City” concept provides a viable framework for putting this into practice. Ningbo, is a coastal city with high flood risk, whose history as a Chinese “water town” demonstrates that approaches to water management implicit to the “Blue‐Green” concept were practiced in ancient times, and lessons can be learned from these applications. Furthermore, recent launch of the “Sponge City” campaign by China's National Government demonstrates the political will to implement sustainable flood and water management in ways consistent with the “Blue‐Green” ideals. Selection of Ningbo for a pilot project presents the opportunity to integrate new “Sponge city” approaches with ancient “Blue‐Green” principles, within the contexts of both new urban development and retrofit. Reinventing traditional approaches to urban water management and governance offers the possibility of maintaining flood risk at acceptable levels without constraining urban growth in China and other countries experiencing rapid urban development.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Coastlines along the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf, Eastern Canada, are under increasing risk of flooding due to sea level rise and sea ice shrinking. Efficient and validated regional‐scale coastal flood mapping approaches that include storm surges and waves are hence required to better prepare for the increased hazard. This paper compares and validates two different flood mapping methods: numerical flood simulations using XBeach and bathtub mapping based on total water levels, forced with multihazard scenarios of compound wave and water level events. XBeach is validated with hydrodynamic measurements. Simulations of a historical storm event are performed and validated against observed flood data over a ~25 km long coastline using multiple fit metrics. XBeach and the bathtub method correctly predict flooded areas (66 and 78%, respectively), but the latter overpredicts the flood extent by 36%. XBeach is a slightly more robust flood mapping approach with a fit of 51% against 48% for the bathtub maps. Deeper floodwater by ~0.5 m is expected with the bathtub approach, and more buildings are vulnerable to a 100‐year flood level. For coastal management at regional‐scale, despite similar flood extents with both flood mapping approaches, results suggest that numerical simulation with XBeach outperforms bathtub flood mapping.
    Electronic ISSN: 1753-318X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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