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  • Articles  (861)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  (861)
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  • IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems  (861)
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  • Articles  (861)
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  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  (861)
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  • 1
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    Bias analysis of maximum likelihood target location estimator (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper investigates the bias of the maximum likelihood target location estimate resulting from the Gaussian data measurement noise and sensor position errors. The bias components from them are interrelated, except when they are independent and identically distributed. The bias behaviors of time of arrival, time difference of arrival, and angle of arrival positionings are contrasted, and geometric conditions under which the location bias becomes zero are elaborated.We illustrate the developed results for bias compensation in improving the performance of target tracking.
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  • 2
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    Target tracking in a collaborative sensor network (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In a collaborative sensor network (CSN), the conventional target tracking algorithms employed are Kalman filtering (KF) or extended Kalman filtering (EKF). However, these techniques have a presumed probability distribution of the system noise and prediction noise. They also need some a priori information that may be unavailable in some circumstances. Therefore, the system is not flexible for a complicated scenario. With the help of a machine learning technique called expert prediction (EP), a novel target tracking approach for CSNs is developed. This scheme makes use of the aforementioned EP in parameter estimation course for the target of interest, instead of exploiting the filtering method as typically found in available literature. This idea is further unfolded with comparisons regarding the CSN using Kalman filters, extended Kalman filters, and decentralized sigma-point information filters (DSPIFs). The new tracking algorithm is investigated with both linear and nonlinear prediction methods. Simulation results demonstrate that this proposed measure will deliver forecasting output with more precision because of the built-in multimodel mode among different experts, the learning ability, and the self-perfection characteristic. Not only does this performance occur in a more robust way than those of the existing approaches – particularly in the presence of heavy clutter, highly maneuvering targets, and/or multiple targets – but it simultaneously requires the least a priori information and imposes the least limitation on the observation model.
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  • 3
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    Aerial-terrestrial communications: terrestrial cooperation and energy-efficient transmissions to aerial base stations (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Hybrid aerial-terrestrial communication networks based on low-altitude platforms are expected to meet optimally the urgent communication needs of emergency relief and recovery operations for tackling large-scale natural disasters. The energy-efficient operation of such networks is important given that the entire network infrastructure, including the battery-operated ground terminals, exhibits requirements to operate under power-constrained situations. In this paper, we discuss the design and evaluation of an adaptive cooperative scheme intended to extend the survivability of the battery-operated aerial-terrestrial communication links. We propose and evaluate a real-time adaptive cooperative transmission strategy for dynamic selection between direct and cooperative links based on the channel conditions for improved energy efficiency. We show that the cooperation between mobile terrestrial terminals on the ground could improve energy efficiency in the uplink, depending on the temporal behavior of the terrestrial and aerial uplink channels. The corresponding delay in having cooperative (relay-based) communications with relay selection is also addressed. The simulation analysis corroborates that the adaptive transmission technique improves overall energy efficiency of the network whilst maintaining low latency, enabling real-time applications.
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  • 4
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    Direction finding algorithms based on joint iterative subspace optimization (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In this paper, a reduced-rank scheme with joint iterative optimization is presented for direction of arrival estimation. A rank-reduction matrix and an auxiliary reduced-rank parameter vector are jointly optimized to calculate the output power with respect to each scanning angle. Subspace algorithms to estimate the rank-reduction matrix and the auxiliary vector are proposed. Simulations are performed to show that the proposed algorithms achieve enhanced performance over existing algorithms in the studied scenarios.
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  • 5
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    Formation flying with nonlinear partial integrated guidance and control (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Using the dynamic inversion philosophy, a nonlinear partial integrated guidance and control approach is presented in this paper for formation flying. It is based on the evolving philosophy of integrated guidance and control. However, it also retains the advantages of the conventional guidance then control philosophy by retaining the timescale separation between translational and rotational dynamics explicitly. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed technique is effective in bringing the vehicles into formation quickly and maintaining the formation.
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  • 6
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    Near-far interference mitigation for pseudolites using double transmission (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The use of ground-based transmitters (so-called pseudolites) for outdoor and indoor navigation has been under consideration since the origin of the Global Positioning System (GPS). However, one significant limitation of the use of code division multiple access (CDMA) was immediately obvious: one CDMA transmitter signal interferes with another CDMA transmitter signal. This is called the ""near-far problem."" Different methods have been studied in order to mitigate such jamming. This paper presents a new mitigation method based on a principle that can be summed up as follows: the signal and a delayed replica of the signal are broadcast by a ground transmitter antenna. At the receiver stage, the replica signal is used to eliminate the interference caused by the direct signal. This is called the double transmission technique (DTT), and it presents interesting performance features regarding interference mitigation. A signal processing technique corresponding to this method is presented in this paper, considering a GPS L1 C/A-code pseudolite. Performance simulations are also presented.
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  • 7
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    Relative pose estimation for cylinder-shaped spacecrafts using single image (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper describes a novel framework to determine the relative pose and range of a solid-of-revolution-shaped spacecraft from a single image without any artificial beacons. The translation and the symmetry axis of the spacecraft can be estimated from the imaged cross sections of the spacecraft body. Then the pose and range of the spacecraft are fully determined by means of the images of its solar panels and asymmetric feature. Our method has been validated by both synthetic and real images.
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  • 8
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    Approximate evaluation of marginal association probabilities with belief propagation (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Data association, the problem of reasoning over correspondence between targets and measurements, is a fundamental problem in tracking. This paper presents a graphical model formulation of data association and applies an approximate inference method, belief propagation (BP), to obtain estimates of marginal association probabilities. We prove that BP is guaranteed to converge, and bound the number of iterations necessary. Experiments reveal a favourable comparison to prior methods in terms of accuracy and computational complexity.
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  • 9
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    Demonstration of cognitive radar for target localization under interference (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: An ultrawideband (UWB) multiple input/multiple output (MIMO) cognitive radar has been developed and demonstrated for the first time. Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is used for waveform-level computing, while waveform optimization is accomplished in CPU. Working as a closed loop, convex optimization is applied to jointly design (arbitrary) transmitted waveforms and the receiving filters in response to the varying wireless environment. Multiple targets localization in the presence of interference is demonstrated. Shown in the experiment, performance improvement is obvious in all interference patterns.
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  • 10
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    Extreme-value analysis for ML-PMHT, Part 1: threshold determination (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The Maximum Likelihood Probabilistic Multi-Hypothesis Tracker (ML-PMHT) can be used as a powerful multisensor, low-observable, multitarget active sonar tracker. It is a non-Bayesian algorithm that uses a generalized likelihood ratio test to differentiate between clutter and targets. Prior to this paper, the detection threshold used for target discrimination was determined either through trial and error or with lengthy Monte Carlo simulations.We present a new method for determining this threshold by assuming that clutter is uniformly distributed in the search space (which is one of the basic assumptions of the ML-PMHT algorithm) and then treating the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) as a random variable transformation. In this manner we can obtain an expression for the value of any random point on the likelihood surface caused by clutter. We then use extreme value theory to obtain an expression for the probability density function (PDF) of the peak point of the LLR surface due to clutter. From this peak PDF, we can then calculate a threshold based on some desired (small) false track acceptance probability.
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  • 11
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    Extreme-value analysis for mlML-PMHT, Part 2: target trackability (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The Maximum Likelihood Probabilistic Multi-Hypothesis Tracker (ML-PMHT) can be used as a powerful multisensor, low-observable, multitarget active tracker. It is a non-Bayesian algorithm that uses a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) to differentiate between clutter and targets. We use a new method, initially developed to obtain the probability density function (pdf) of the maximum point in theML-PMHT log-likelihood ratio (LLR) due to clutter, to now develop a pdf for the maximum value of the ML-PMHT LLR caused by a target. With expressions for the pdfs of the maximum points caused by both clutter (developed in a companion article) and a target, we can, for a given set of tracking parameters (signal-to-noise ratio, search volume, target measurement probability of detection, etc.), develop ML-PMHT "tracker operating characteristic" curves, similar to receiver operating characteristic curves for a detector. Since ML-PMHT can be thought of as an optimal algorithm in the sense that, as long as the target and the environment match the algorithm???s assumptions, all the information from all the available measurements can be used, and no approximations are necessary to get the algorithm to function, the analysis presented in this paper offers for the first time part of the answer to the fundamental question: Can a particular target be tracked?
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  • 12
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    Efficient target detection using an adaptive compressive imager (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The goal of a target detection system is to determine the location of potential targets in the field of view of the sensor. Traditionally, this is done using high-quality images from a conventional imager. For wide-field-of-view scenarios, this can pose a challenge for both data acquisition and system bandwidth. In this paper, we discuss a compressive sensing technique for target detection that dramatically reduces the number of measurements that is required to perform the task, as compared with the number of pixels in conventional images. This, in turn, can reduce the data rate from the sensor electronics, and along with it, the cost, complexity, and the bandwidth requirements of the system. Specifically, we discuss a two-stage approach that, first, adaptively searches a large area using shift-invariant masks to determine the locations of potential targets (i.e., the regions of interest) and then revisits each location to discriminate between target and clutter using a different set of specialized masks.We show that the overall process is not only highly efficient (i.e., dramatically reduces the number of measurements as compared with the number of pixels) but does so without appreciable loss in target detection performance.
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  • 13
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    Singular perturbationlike approach to compensation of actuator dynamics effect in missile control (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Our recently developed nonlinear autopilot controller can make the input???output (I/O) dynamic characteristics of the nonlinear bank-to-turn (BTT) missile system linear and independent of flight conditions. However, relatively slow actuator dynamics can degrade its performance significantly. The proposed compensation method can nearly eliminate the effect of slow actuator dynamics while maintaining the desired linear I/O dynamic characteristics. It considers fully the nonminimum-phase nonlinear BTT missile dynamics but requires no differentiations of noisy variables, unlike other existing control methods.
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  • 14
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    GPS-based attitude determination for a spinning rocket (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: An algorithm is developed for determining the attitude of a spinning sounding rocket. This algorithm is able to track global positioning system (GPS) signals with intermittent availability but with enough accuracy to yield phase observables for the precise, three-axis attitude determination of a nutating rocket. Raw, single-frequency GPS RF front-end data are processed by several filters to accomplish this task. First, a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LMA) estimates GPS observables for multiple satellites by performing a least-squares fit to the accumulation outputs of a bank of correlators. These observables are then used as measurements in a Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother that optimizes estimates of carrier phase, Doppler shift, and code phase. Finally, attitude determination is carried out by another batch filter that uses the single-differenced optimized carrier phase estimates between two antennas and an Euler dynamics model for the torque-free attitude motion of the spinning rocket. This second batch filter implements a combination of a substantially modified form of the LMA and the least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment (LAMBDA) method. This design enables it to deal with integer ambiguities that change over long data gaps between times of carrier phase availability. The algorithm presented in this paper is applied to recorded RF data from a spinning sounding rocket mission to produce attitude quaternion and spin-rate estimates using a pair of antennas separated by a 0.3-m baseline. These results are confirmed by another set of quaternions and spin-rate vectors independently estimated from magnetometer and horizon crossing indicator data. Attitude precision on the order of several degrees has been demonstrated.
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  • 15
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    Modal estimation by FBG for flexible structures attitude control (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This work investigates an online mode shape estimation method to estimate the time-varying modal properties and correct IMU readings in real time using distributed strain measurements of FBG sensor arrays. Compared to the notch filter approach, the proposed method removes structural vibration information without adding phase lag or transient dynamics. Numerical simulations on a flexible rocket attitude control and the experiments on a vertical test beam with configurable mass distribution are used for demonstration.
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  • 16
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    Sensor selection for nonlinear systems in large sensor networks (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In this paper, we consider multistage look-ahead sensor selection problems for nonlinear dynamic systems such as radar target tracking systems. We investigate the problem for large sensor networks for both independent and dependent Gaussian measurement noises in the presence of temporally separable as well as inseparable constraints, e.g., energy constraints. First, when the measurement noises are uncorrelated between sensors, we derive the optimal solution for sensor selection when the constraints are temporally separable. When constraints are temporally inseparable, we can obtain near-optimal solutions by relaxing the nonconvex problem formulation to a linear programming problem so that the sensor selection problem for a large sensor network can be solved in a computationally efficient manner. For illustration, a radar target tracking problem is considered where it is shown that the new method presented for nonlinear dynamic systems performs better than the method based on linearizing the nonlinear equations and using previous sensor selection methods for large sensor networks. Finally, when the measurement noises are correlated between the sensors, the sensor selection problem with temporally inseparable constraints can be relaxed to a Boolean quadratic programming problem problem,,which can be efficiently solved by a Gaussian randomization procedure along with solving a semidefinite programming problem. Numerical examples show that the proposed method that includes consideration of dependence performs much better than the method that ignores dependence of noises.
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  • 17
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    Pylon line spatial correlation assisted transmission line detection (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A transmission line is one of the most hazardous objects to low altitude flying aircraft. Due to its extremely tiny size and unsalient visual features, transmission line detection (TLD) is a well-recognized problem. In this paper, a novel TLD method is proposed with the assistance of the spatial correlation between pylon and line for TLD. First, a unidirectional spatial mapping is built up to describe the pylon line spatial correlation. Then, the proposed pylon line spatial correlation and other line features are integrated into a Bayesian framework, which is trained in advance and used to estimate the probability of one line segment belonging to a transmission line. Compared with three other line-based TLD methods, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can obtain better detection performance with higher detection rates and much lower false alarm rates.
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  • 18
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    Modeling of extended objects based on support functions and extended Gaussian images for target tracking (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper considers tracking of extended objects using the measurements of down-range and cross-range extent. This type of measurement can be naturally and intuitively expressed in terms of support functions. Based on support functions, we propose a general approach to model smooth shapes of objects. Another approach based on extended Gaussian image is proposed to model nonsmooth shapes such as polygons. Compared with existing approaches, a larger range of object shapes can be modeled by the proposed approaches, which have concise mathematical forms and favorable properties. Specifically for elliptical and rectangular objects, our approaches can be implemented easily utilizing simple parametric representations without the need to assume that the major axis of the object is parallel to its velocity vector. Based on these models, a Bayesian algorithm for extended object tracking is easily obtained, where the kinematic state and object extension can be jointly estimated effectively. The benefits of the proposed modeling approaches are illustrated by simulation results.
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  • 19
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    Omega-K Imaging Algorithm for One-Stationary Bistatic SAR (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: In bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BSAR) with one-stationary station, azimuth variation is a major problem. In this paper, based on the two-dimensional (2D) spatial linearization of the accurate analytical point target reference spectrum, an Omega-K imaging algorithm to deal with this problem is proposed. Different from the traditional Omega-K algorithms for monostatic SAR and translational invariant BSAR, the approach uses a 2D Stolt frequency transformation. In addition, a compensation method for the phase error caused by the linearization and the related geometry registration are also discussed. Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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  • 20
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    Doppler Mitigation in OFDM-Based Aeronautical Communications (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Doppler spectrum in an aeronautical channel is modeled with dual-Doppler shift instead of classical Jakes model. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based systems are sensitive to Doppler shifts/spread, since the time variation of the channel causes inter-carrier interference (ICI). ICI analysis is provided here for OFDM-based systems in the aeronautical channel. The effect of ICI on the received signal is presented and its power is derived. As compared with terrestrial channels, where ICI is generally overcome by increasing the subcarrier spacing and bounding the normalized Doppler frequency (NDF), we propose to mitigate the effect of Doppler shifts in aeronautical channels, as follows. First, we use parametric spectrum estimation methods to extract the Doppler shifts by exploiting the predictable number of paths. Then, a beamforming-based method is introduced to resolve the incoming rays by separating them individually. Finally, paths are Doppler-compensated and combined using diversity combining techniques. Computer simulations are performed to provide numerical results. It is shown that a mean square error (MSE) performance ofis achieved with the parametric estimation methods, and bit error rate (BER) performance approaching the no-Doppler scenario is obtained with the beamforming-based mitigation method.
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  • 21
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    Fuel Cell System Optimization Using Bypass Converters (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The reduction of COemissions, and therefore the increase of ecoefficiency, is one of the most important challenges for the aircraft industry. An approach could be the more electric aircraft concept. Within this concept, the traditional auxiliary power unit could be replaced by a multifunctional fuel cell system. For integration into the ±270 Vgrid, it is necessary to convert the load-dependent fuel cell output voltage using a direct current-to-direct current converter. The converter usually is designed for the maximum available fuel cell power. This paper deals with an adaption of the fuel cell output voltage to achieve downsizing of the converter. The proposed converter structure with an additional bypass has weight-saving effects and improves overall system efficiency.
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  • 22
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    2D Close-Range Navigation Sensor for Miniature Cooperative Spacecraft (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: This paper presents the 2D close-range navigation sensor for cooperative spacecraft developed in the framework of the experiment ARCADE. The sensor exploits an infrared LED transmitter mounted on the target, and two photodiode receivers mounted on the chaser. Laboratory tests were performed to assess the sensor performance and range of application. The accuracies of estimates were, on average, 1.9 mm for distance and 1.0 deg for yaw angle, in ranges of [0.20, 0.42] m and [-40, 40] deg, respectively.
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  • 23
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    Performances of Marcum's (S+N)-N Integration Scheme with Fluctuating Targets (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The performances of Marcum's (signal + noise) - noise ((S+N)-N) integration scheme are analyzed for SW1 and SW2 fluctuating targets. This lesser known integration concept was not treated by Swerling when he extended Marcum's main signal + noise integration to four cases of fluctuating targets. We present closed-form probability density (pdfs) functions confirmed and extended by simulations. We show typical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss of 1 dB for both SW1 and SW2, agreeing with Marcum's result for SW0. (S+N)-N integration is inherent in our work on noncoherent pulse compression, hence the renewed interest.
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    Recursive Decimation/Interpolation for ML Chirp Parameter Estimation (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: We present a fast implementation of the optimal linear processor for “chirp” signals with O() computational load for data length. The method is technically an approximation since it has an interpolation step but we show that the errors are negligible. In simulations it performs up to 20 times faster than the existing method using radix-2 fast Fourier transform (FFT) and has significantly lower threshold signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) against noise and interference compared with a leading fast method.
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    Tracking Vehicles Through Shadows and Occlusions in Wide-Area Aerial Video (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: We present a new approach for simultaneous tracking and segmentation of multiple targets in low frame rate aerial video. We focus on building an accurate background model that accounts for both global camera motion and moving objects in the scene. We then apply a probabilistic framework for simultaneous tracking and segmentation that incorporates this background model. By using a background model, we are able to track the object through dramatic appearance changes caused by shadows and lighting changes. Furthermore, the incorporation of segmentation into the tracking algorithm reduces the impact of common tracking problems, such as drift and partial occlusion. Results are shown for the Columbus Large Image Format (CLIF) 2007 data set, demonstrating successful tracking under significant occlusions, target appearance changes, and near similar moving objects.
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    Track Estimation with Binary Derivative Observations (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: We focus in the work presented here on in the estimation of a target trajectory defined by whether a time constant parameter is a simple stochastic process or a random walk with binary observations. The binary observations come from binary derivative sensors, that is, the target is getting closer or moving away. Such a binary observation has a time property that will be used to ensure the quality of the velocity estimation, through single index model or classification for the constant velocity movement. In the second part of this work we present a new algorithm for target tracking within a binary sensor network when the target trajectory is assumed to be modelled by a random walk. For a given target this algorithm provides an estimation of its velocity and its position. The greatest improvements are made through a position correction and velocity analysis.
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    Tracking the Tracker from its Passive Sonar ML-PDA Estimates (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Target motion analysis (TMA) with wideband passive sonar has received much attention. Maximum likelihood probabilistic data association (ML-PDA) represents an asymptotically efficient estimator for deterministic target motion, and is especially well suited for low-observable targets; the results presented here apply to situations with higher signal-to-noise ratio as well, including of course the situation of a deterministic target observed via “clean” measurements without false alarms or missed detections. Here we study the inverse problem, namely, how to identify the observing platform (following a “two-leg” motion model) from the results of the target estimation process, i.e., the estimated target state and the Fisher information matrix (FIM), quantities we assume an eavesdropper might intercept. We tackle the problem and we present observability properties, with supporting simulation results.
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    Maneuver-Aided Active Satellite Tracking Using Six-DOF Optimal Dynamic Inversion Control (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: A generalized inter-satellite tracking problem, maneuver-aided active satellite tracking, is addressed here. An active satellite has uncooperative maneuver, which shortens the tracking window and worsens the tracking precision. For tracking an active target satellite, a spacecraft maneuver-aided tracking strategy (SMATS) is proposed. Consisting of a robust tracking algorithm, an osculating-orbit-based coordinate matching scheme, a six-degree-of-freedom (six-DOF) maneuver control law and a transfer function of tracking attitude, the proposed approach can not only achieve precise tracking, but also keep a chaser satellite autonomously staying with the desired position and attitude to guarantee the tracking continuity. Based on sufficient stability conditions derived from system error analysis, a six-DOF optimal dynamic inversion control (ODIC) law is developed. As a precise nonlinear optimal solution, it provides the most adequate control performance with minimum impact to the tracking result. Both formation and hovering keeping of active satellites are simulated to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed SMATS and the advantages of the ODIC law.
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    Waveform Transmission Scheme for MIMO Radar Imaging Based on Space-Time Block Codes (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The purpose of the work presented have is to employ space-time block codes (STBC) to eliminate the cross-correlation effects among parallelly transmitted probing signals of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar imaging system. By exploiting the diversity offered by the transmission scheme, the hardware requirement can be substantially reduced compared with conventional technology.
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    Detecting Anomalies from a Multitarget Tracking Output (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Surveillance systems typically incorporate multitarget tracking algorithms for sequential estimation of kinematic states (e.g. positions, velocities) of moving objects in the surveillance domain of interest. This letter proposes an algorithm for online detection of anomalies in the motion and the count of objects, using the output of a multiobject tracking algorithm. The surveillance area is partitioned by a square grid and the kinematic states that fall inside each cell of the grid are modelled by a Poisson point process. During the unsupervised learning phase, the parameters of the Poisson point process are estimated for each cell. The testing phase is performed sequentially by threshold detection at a specified level of significance. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated using the Automatic Identification System (AIS) dataset in the context of maritime surveillance.
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    Editors (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Provides a listing of current committee members and society officers.
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    Design of a General Pseudolite Pulsing Scheme (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Pseudolites, or pseudosatellites, are ground-based transmitters of global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-like signals. Pseudolite signal modulations often include a pulsing scheme that is adopted to reduce interference with nonparticipating GNSS receivers, mitigate the near-far problem, and allow time division multiple access. For these reasons, an effective pulsing scheme design is crucial for the proper functioning of a pseudolite based system. In this paper, the requirements that a pseudolite pulsing scheme has to satisfy are first identified, and a general pulsing scheme based on random permutations is proposed. The spectral and temporal characteristics of the proposed scheme are determined and thoroughly analyzed. From the analysis, it emerges that the proposed scheme meets all identified requirements, making the suggested solution an effective tool for pseudolite signal design. Finally, the proposed approach is compared with a number of existing pulsing schemes from the literature and found to provide significant benefits with respect to most existing schemes.
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    Extended Object Tracking with Random Hypersurface Models (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The random hypersurface model (RHM) is introduced for estimating a shape approximation of an extended object in addition to its kinematic state. An RHM represents the spatial extent by means of randomly scaled versions of the shape boundary. In doing so, the shape parameters and the measurements are related via a measurement equation that serves as the basis for a Gaussian state estimator. Specific estimators are derived for elliptic and star-convex shapes.
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    An Efficient MHT Implementation Using GRASP (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT) approach has been proven to be successful in multiple target tracking applications, however, its computational complexity remains a major hurdle to its practical implementation. This paper presents an efficient MHT implementation, referred to as “GRASP-MHT”, which integrates a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) within a track-oriented MHT framework. The hypothesis generating problem arising in the MHT framework is formulated as a maximum weighted independent set problem, and a GRASP module is designed to generate multiple high-quality hypotheses. An extensive simulation study was carried out to compare the performance of the proposed GRASP-MHT against several well-known multitarget tracking algorithms, and multiple metrics were considered in order to make the performance evaluation more comprehensive. Experimental results indicate that, by efficiently generating and fusing multiple high-quality global hypotheses in the data association process, GRASP-MHT is able to achieve better overall tracking performance than other algorithms, especially in a closely-spaced multitarget scenario.
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    Noncoherent Approach for Through-the-Wall Moving Target Indication (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: A moving target indication, noncoherent change detection algorithm is introduced to detect moving targets inside buildings. The proposed algorithm is designed to attenuate image artifacts observed in coherent change detection images by utilizing noncoherent change detection, a positive threshold operation, and sidelobe minimization. The proposed algorithm is compared with coherent change detection for three moving target scenarios. It is shown that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces imaging artifacts while preserving the moving target signature.
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    Neighborhood Geometric Center Scaling Embedding for SAR ATR (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Feature extraction from high-dimensional synthetic aperture radar images is one of the key steps for SAR automatic target recognition. In this paper, we propose a new approach to SAR image feature extraction that is named neighborhood geometric center scaling embedding, which is based on manifold learning theory. In our framework, neighborhood geometric center scaling is introduced to construct neighborhood relationships. The samples are endowed with clear clustering directions in dimensionality reduction, and the classification is better conducted in the feature space than in the original space. Moreover, by introducing neighborhood geometric center scaling, the influence of neighbor parameters on recognition performance is reduced effectively. The experiment based on the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition database shows that the proposed method has better recognition performance and higher stability than other methods.
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    Statically Fused Converted Position and Doppler Measurement Kalman Filters (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The work presented in this paper makes two contributions for exploiting Doppler (range rate) measurements in tracking systems. First, a new linear filter, the converted Doppler measurement Kalman filter (CDMKF), is presented to extract nonlinear pseudostates from converted Doppler measurements (i.e., the product of the range measurements and Doppler measurements). The pseudostates are constructed from the converted Doppler and its derivatives. The linearly evolving equations of the pseudostates are derived for common target motion models. The second contribution of this paper is using the CDMKF along with the converted position measurement Kalman filter (CPMKF), in which only the position measurements are used, to establish a new filtering structure, statically fused converted measurement Kalman filters (SF-CMKF). The resulting states of CPMKF and CDMKF are combined by a static minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimator, where the nonlinearity and correlation between the pseudostates and the Cartesian states are handled simultaneously, to yield the final state estimates. The dynamic nonlinear estimation problem is converted into dynamic linear estimation followed by static nonlinear fusion. The estimation accuracy can be enhanced by incorporating the Doppler measurements via the linear CDMKF, while the filtering stability can be improved by dealing with nonlinearity outside the filtering recursions. Monte Carlo simulations and comparison with the posterior Cramer-Rao bound demonstrate the effectiveness of the CDMKF and SF-CMKF.
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    Coordinated Standoff Tracking Using Path Shaping for Multiple UAVs (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: A coordinated standoff target tracking strategy using path shaping for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is presented. In performing a tracking mission of a ground target of interest, UAVs are to approach a target and to keep a standoff distance from it with a prescribed inter-vehicle angular separation around the target in order to track it while acquiring accurate target information. Since fixed-wing UAVs without hovering capability fly efficiently at a nominal airspeed, it is desirable that they can keep angular separation between vehicles while holding a constant velocity in a mission duration point of view. The work presented here introduces a new path shaping technique using two constant curvature segments satisfying the turn radius constraint and having more flexibility and fewer discontinuous points on a curvature command compared with the Dubins path at the expense of the path length. Moreover, a simultaneous arrival concept is introduced as a coordinated tracking strategy for multiple UAVs, which initialises UAVs on a standoff orbit with a desired angular separation. In order to address arrival time delay or failure of the UAV, a two-orbit approach is proposed in which UAVs first arrive at the outer orbit and subsequently shrink to the desired inner orbit at different times, while adjusting the angular separation between constant-speed UAVs. The feasibility and benefits of the proposed approach are evaluated via numerical simulations for a ground target using two cooperative UAVs.
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    Automatic Target Recognition for Passive Radar (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Air-traffic controllers cannot identify air vehicles flying with a defective or nonexistent transponder. Primary radar does not help, because it cannot classify air vehicles from echoes. Passive radar offers a potential solution, the main difficulty lying in the analysis of the data. We present a novel, automatic object-target recognition system capable of classifying air vehicles observed with passive radar. We describe the testbed we deployed near Orly Airport, and the data it provided over 10 days. A preliminary experiment involving three broad classes, and using a grid of parallel classifiers, gives a promising correct recognition rate of 71%.
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    Characterization of High Grazing Angle X-Band Sea-Clutter Doppler Spectra (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Collection of radar sea-clutter is typically performed from the top of a cliff looking out to sea, as it is relatively simple and inexpensive. This constrains the radar look direction with respect to the wind and limits the grazing angle. To improve our understanding at high grazing angles in the range 15° to 45°, the Defence Science and Technology Organisation's Ingara airborne X-band fully polarimetric radar has been used to collect 12 days worth of sea-clutter data. It has previously been shown that Walker's mean Doppler spectrum model is not suitable at these grazing angles; hence, a new two-component model is proposed that captures both the slow Bragg component and the fast non-Bragg component of the radar backscatter. A temporal decorrelation model is then presented that can be used to provide realistic performance prediction modeling.
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    Silent-Watch and Energy Management Strategy in Combat Vehicles (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: This paper proposes novel models of silent-watch of a combat vehicle (CV) and their application for a mission-aware energy management strategy (MAEMS). The MAEMS minimizes unnecessary battery discharge of a CV by controlling the power states of systems according to the mission needs and available battery capacity. Initial experiments show that the MAEMS consumes 3% less energy than the baseline energy management strategy (EMS) for one scenario and 1.8% less for the second scenario.
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    Deconfliction Algorithms for a Pair of Constant Speed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: This paper provides an approach for the deconfliction problem for a pair of constant altitude, constant speed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) modeled as unicycles in the presence of static constraints. We use a combination of navigation and swirling functions to direct the unicycle vehicles along the planned trajectories while avoiding intervehicle collisions. The main feature of our contribution is proposing means of designing a deconfliction algorithm for unicycle vehicles that more closely capture the dynamics of constant speed UAVs as opposed to double integrator models. Specifically, we consider the issue of UAV turn-rate constraints and proceed to explore the selection of key algorithmic parameters in order to minimize undesirable trajectories and overshoots induced by the avoidance algorithm. The avoidance and convergence analysis of the proposed algorithm is then performed for two cooperative UAVs and simulation results are provided to support the viability of the proposed framework for more general mission scenarios.
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    Rank-Constrained Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Structured Covariance Matrices (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: This paper develops and analyzes the performance of a structured covariance matrix estimate for the important practical problem of radar space-time adaptive processing in the face of severely limited training data. Traditional maximum likelihood (ML) estimators are effective when training data are abundant, but they lead to poor estimates, degraded false alarm rates, and detection loss in the realistic regime of limited training. The problem is exacerbated by recent advances, which have led to high-dimensionalof the observations arising from increased antenna elements, as well as higher temporal resolution (time epochs and finally=). This work addresses the problem by incorporating constraints in the ML estimation problem obtained from the geometry and physics of the airborne phased array radar scenario. In particular, we exploit the structure of the disturbance covariance and, importantly, knowledge of the clutter rank to derive a new rank-constrained maximum likelihood (RCML) estimator of clutter and disturbance covariance. We demonstrate that despite the presence of the challenging rank constraint, the estimation can be transformed to a convex problem and derive closed-form expressions for the estimated covariance matrix. Performance analysis using the knowledge-aided sensor signal processing and expert reasoning data set (where ground truth covariance is made available) shows that the proposed estimator outperforms state-of-the-art alternatives in the sense of a higher normalized signal-to-interference and noise ratio. Crucially, the RCML estimator excels for low training, including the notoriously difficult regime of K≤N training samples.
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    Approaches to Cartesian Data Association Passive Radar Tracking in a DAB/DVB Network (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: We present a target tracking system for passive radar suitable for a digital audio/video broadcast (DAB/DVB) network with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) illuminators of opportunity. In this system bistatic range and range-rate are available as a measurement while angular information is assumed unavailable or of very poor quality. There is also a novel association ambiguity between the signals and illuminators, this in addition to the usual one between the signals and targets, and hence an interesting data association problem. Our intention is to provide tracks directly in the geographic space (3-D Cartesian domain). Here, four filters are suggested. The first two are the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF) based on a joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) modified to incorporate the additional assignment complexity. The other two filters are a bootstrap particle filter (BPF) and an auxiliary particle filter (APF) based on the data association under the probabilistic multi-hypothesis tracker (PMHT) measurement model, which means that each measurement's assignment is independent of all others. Simulation results show that these four filters can work properly, albeit naturally with different performance characteristics and complexity.
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    Space Debris Measurement Using Joint Mid-Latitude and Equatorial Optical Observations (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: A system for orbital object monitoring is analyzed, based on a mid-latitude and an equatorial observatory. The enhancements with respect to the use of a single telescope located at mid-latitude, for space debris detection and tracking are highlighted in terms of surveying volume, object identification, and orbital determination accuracy. The need to improve observation capabilities in monitoring and cataloguing such kinds of objects is constantly growing, due to the constant increase of operative satellites and space debris in both geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) and low Earth orbit (LEO) regions. After the considerations on the feasibility of the whole system, an overview of the observatories’ design is sketched, on the basis of previous Italian experience in space debris observation, and taking into account constraints imposed by the instrumentation. In particular the main characteristics of components, software for image analysis and observation methodologies are analyzed and a possible configuration is given, based on the ALMASCOPE observatory realized by the Space Robotics Group at the University of Bologna. This observatory was used for the 2010 test campaign carried out from the Broglio Space Center in Kenya.
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    A low complexity parameter estimation technique for LFMCW signals (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Linear frequency modulated continuous waveform (LFMCW) is a modulation technique commonly used in bistatic radar systems due to its constant power and excellent range resolution. In this paper, we propose a method for estimating the parameters of an unknown LFMCW signal embedded in noise. The parameters to be estimated include sweep length, time offset, bandwidth, and center frequency. Unlike existing LFMCW parameter estimation techniques, which estimate the parameters jointly, the proposed method estimates the unknown parameters in a sequential order. As a result, it has a very low computational complexity. In addition, it does not require any prior information about the unknown parameters. This property together with its low complexity makes it a suitable candidate for real-time applications.
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    Adaptive beamforming for low-angle target tracking under multipath interference (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Angle of arrival estimation of a low-altitude target over the sea surface is a difficult problem due to the multipath coherent interference from the image target. We present a new monopulse technique utilizing an iterative interference cancellation algorithm based on the array antenna structure to overcome performance degradation. Our algorithm is compared with the maximum likelihood estimator, as well as with the existing algorithm employing the specular reflected error finding function.
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    Distributed computation for direct position determination emitter location (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Classical geolocation based on time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) and frequency-difference-of-arrival (FDOA) uses a two-stage estimation approach. The single-stage approach direct position determination (DPD) has been proposed to improve accuracy. However, unlike the classical two-stage method, the proposed DPD method does all processing at a single node. That is not desirable when computational capabilities are limited and makes the approach nonrobust to loss of the central sensor. We develop and assess several DPD variants that address these issues.
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    Distributed ionosphere monitoring by collaborating mobile receivers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper presents a novel ionospheric anomaly monitoring method for ground-based augmentation systems, based on a network of collaborative airborne dual-frequency receivers. The method allows aircraft to navigate safely using a single frequency or divergence-free position solution, methods that are more accurate than the ionosphere-free position solution. Each receiver measures ionospheric delays; measurements are shared among collaborators to estimate the local ionospheric gradient, which may be different for each satellite during a storm.
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    New chirp sequence radar waveform (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The general requirement in the automotive radar application is to measure the target range R and radial velocity v r simultaneously and unambiguously with high accuracy and resolution even in multitarget situations, which is a matter of the appropriate waveform design. Based on a single continuous wave chirp transmit signal, target range R and radial velocity v r cannot be measured in an unambiguous way. Therefore a so-called multiple frequency shift keying (MFSK) transmit signal was developed, which is applied to measure target range and radial velocity separately and simultaneously. In this case the radar measurement is based on a frequency and additionally on a phase measurement, which suffers from a lower estimation accuracy compared with a pure frequency measurement. This MFSK waveform can therefore be improved and outperformed by a chirp sequences waveform. Each chirp signal has in this case very short time duration T chirp . Therefore the measured beat frequency f B is dominated by target range R and is less influenced by the radial velocity v r . The range and radial velocity estimation is based on two separate frequency measurements with high accuracy in both cases. Classical chirp sequence waveforms suffer from possible ambiguities in the velocity measurement. It is the objective of this paper to modify the classical chirp sequence to get an unambiguous velocity measurement even in multitarget situations.
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    PMHT with timing uncertainty (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper considers the problem of tracking a target using measurements where the temporal information is noisy or unreliable. The measurements are modelled as being received with a known stochastic time delay and also with time error parameters that are to be estimated. By treating the true measurement time as missing data and using expectation maximisation, a modified version of the probabilistic multihypothesis tracker (PMHT) is derived for the uncertain-timing problem. This modified PMHT thus associates each measurement to the targets and to time instants. The method is validated using simulations, and the improvement over the standard PMHT is quantified. Further simulations compare the algorithm with existing alternatives dealing with timing uncertainty.
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    Modeling cratered surfaces with real and synthetic terrain for testing planetary landers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The autonomous guidance of a spacecraft lander requires extensive testing to develop and prove the technology. Methods such as machine vision for navigation and both vision and LIDAR for hazard avoidance are being studied and developed to provide precise, robust lander guidance systems. A virtual test environment that can simulate these instruments is a vital tool to aid this work. When available, terrain elevation models can provide a base for simulation but they frequently contain artifacts, gaps, or may not have the required resolution. We propose novel techniques to model heavily cratered surfaces for testing planetary landers by combining crater models and fractal terrain to create a multiresolution mesh for simulating a spacecraft descent and landing. The synthetically enhanced models are evaluated by comparing enhanced terrain based on Clementine/RADAR data with higher resolution terrain models from the Selene and the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) to show that the artificial models are suitable for testing planetary lander systems.
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    Robust H∞ autopilot design for agile missile with time-varying parameters (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper considers two autopilot designs using H∞ loop shaping for an agile missile that experiences high angle of attack, highly nonlinear and rapidly changing dynamics, and aerodynamic variation after launch. The main autopilot design is started with two H∞ control designs intended to cover the low-speed and high-speed regions of the flight envelope. Then, the two control designs are combined (via Mach variation) to construct a global controller that covers the entire flight envelope. The proposed autopilots have a simple structure and require no time-consuming gain scheduling for many flight conditions, while providing satisfactory tracking and robustness over the entire flight envelope. The performance of the designed autopilots is checked via a comparison study and a challenging intercept scenario. These performance test results clearly demonstrate the merit of the proposed designs.
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    Guidance for scatter-regather maneuvers of disaggregated satellites (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Disaggregated satellites distribute the functionalities of a single monolithic satellite among multiple wirelessly linked heterogenous modules. One of the challenges of designing a disaggregated satellite cluster is the development of a guidance system that is suited to the diverse cluster operational requirements. This paper presents the development of a guidance approach for cluster deployment and scatter-regather maneuvering in the case of a space debris collision threat. Intermodule collision avoidance is included through the use of artificial potential functions to ensure safe operational distances. As opposed to previous studies, the artificial potential formulation directly addresses the issue of moving obstacles and includes the complete J 2 -perturbed nonlinear dynamical model through a backstepping approach. Numerical simulations that include the effects of the zonal harmonics J 2 to J 5 are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed guidance law.
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    3D interferometric ISAR imaging of noncooperative targets (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images are frequently used in target classification and recognition applications. Nevertheless, the interpretation of ISAR images remains problematic for several reasons. One of these is the fact that the image plane cannot be defined by the user but instead depends on the target's own motions and on its relative position with respect to the radar. In order to overcome the problem of interpreting two-dimensional (2D) ISAR images, a method for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of moving targets is presented. This method is based on the use of a dual interferometric ISAR system. The interferometric phases measured from two orthogonal baselines are used to jointly estimate the target's effective rotation vector and the heights of the scattering centers with respect to the image plane. The scattering center extraction from the ISAR image is performed by applying a multichannel CLEAN technique. Finally, a 3D image of the moving target is reconstructed from the 3D spatial coordinates of the scattering centers. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm is first proven theoretically and then tested against several radar-target scenarios as well as in the presence of noise.
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    Carrier phase null space monitor for ionospheric gradient detection (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A new carrier phase-based monitor is developed to instantaneously detect two-dimensional ionospheric gradients. In order to detect gradients at satellite acquisition, it is necessary for ground-based fault detection to rely directly on instantaneous ground facility measurements. The paper proposes a new monitor (termed the null space monitor) by combining measurements from multiple, spatially separated ground antennas through a null space transformation. In addition, comparison results with previously published monitors show that the null space monitor covers the largest possible range of detectable ionospheric gradients.
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    Detection performance of spatial-frequency diversity MIMO radar (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: For spatial-frequency diversity radar, diversity channels may receive partially correlated target returns and channel signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) may be different. For six typical scenarios of diversity radar, we design detection algorithms and analyze their detection performances in theory and via numerical results. It is shown that the detectors considering target correlation and channel SNR distribution can improve the detection performance of diversity radar. Whether certain channel SNRs can achieve a higher optimal detection probability than another depends on total channel SNR and false alarm rate.
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    In-orbit estimation of time-varying residual magnetic moment (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A method for in-orbit estimation of time-varying residual magnetic moment (RMM) is presented. By use of a simple approach, the covariance of the Kalman filter is adapted to get better tracking in case of unexpected abrupt changes in the RMM without sacrificing estimation accuracy. The proposed method does not need a priori information about the magnitude of the change and assures both accurate estimation and good tracking performance for changes with different magnitudes.
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    How are we doing? October 2014 (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This is the last issue of the year, and the Transactions is making great strides to improve the publication timelines. We are in the process of upgrading the web review system to incorporate processing manuscripts post acceptance. This will provide a convenient portal for Rita Janssen, our industrious adminstrative editor, and authors to remain in communication through the entire process up to publication. Furthermore, the system should enable rapid posting of the manuscripts onto Xplore, which is an enhancement that many students and junior faculty will appreciate. The rapid post will be considered a "publication" even though all the editing and typesetting is not complete. For the researcher, this will mean that credit for your work will be given earlier. And for the editorial board, this will mean that our time from manuscript submission to publication should be reduced by about 6 months. This enhanced web review system will also allow us to perpetually archive all files related to a published paper in one location. We hope that this upgrade goes live by February 2015.
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    Adaptive single-frame superresolution for detecting closely spaced IR targets in clutter (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper addresses the problem of individually resolving very closely spaced infrared (IR) point targets in clutter, an important requirement in a variety of applications including air defense, where groups of targets may be operating in close formations, and astronomy, where stars can be closely spaced in angle as seen from the sensor's perspective. Novel linear and nonlinear (order statistic) adaptive noncoherent superresolution spatial-processing methods are introduced and employed to solve this problem using a single frame of IR data.
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    Full- and reduced-order distributed Bayesian estimation analytical performance bounds (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Motivated by the resource management problem in nonlinear multisensor tracking networks, the paper derives online, distributed estimation algorithms for computing the posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound (PCRLB) for full-order and reduced-order distributed Bayesian estimators without requiring a fusion center and with nodal communications limited to local neighborhoods. For both cases, Riccati-type recursions are derived that sequentially determine the global Fisher information matrix (FIM) from localized FIMs of the distributed estimators. We use particle filter realizations for these bounds and quantify their performance for data fusion problems through Monte Carlo simulations.
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    Analysis of code phase estimation error from resolved first arrival path (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In multipath environments, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver can obtain the most correct code phase estimate from the resolved first arrival path, which is expected to have the smallest excess delay (ED). However, because of the limited performance of the code phase discriminator, multipath interference (MI), and noise, the code phase estimate can be different from that of the true first arrival path. In this paper, we derive the statistical ED distribution and power delay spectrum of GNSS multipath components based on exponential scatterer distribution model (ESDM). In parallel, we investigate the ED distributions of the first arrival path, MI, and noise to develop mathematical expressions for the code phase estimation error (CPEE) distribution for wide, narrow, and strobe correlators in various multipath channels. The mathematical models of CPEE distributions have good match with the ESDM-based CPEE distributions and the CPEE distributions obtained from Monte Carlo simulations using the International Telecommunications Union Recommendations Section recommendation P.681-7 channel model. This paper introduces one of the first theoretical analyses and models of the GNSS CPEE distributions, which can provide insights into the CPEE in multipath environments and are essential to develop algorithms against multipath distortion.
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    Feedback control for spacecraft reorientation under attitude constraints via convex potentials (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A novel guidance algorithm is proposed for the attitude reorientation of a rigid body spacecraft in the presence of multiple types of attitude-constrained zones. In this direction, two types of attitude-constrained zones are first developed using unit quaternions, namely, the attitude-forbidden and -mandatory zones. The paper then utilizes a convex parameterization of forbidden and mandatory zones for constructing a strictly convex logarithmic barrier potential that is subsequently used for the synthesis of feedback attitude control laws while the inevitable unwinding phenomenon is given a simple and effective remedy. Model-independent and model-dependent control laws are then implemented by using the Lyapunov direct method and the modified integrator backstepping method. The paper concludes with a set of simulation results to evaluate the effectiveness and demonstrate the viability of the proposed methodology.
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    Performance prediction of feature-aided track-to-track association (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper describes analytic and semianalytic methods for predicting performance of track-to-track association, in terms of correct association probability, by an optimal assignment algorithm. The focus of this paper is to quantify how much feature or attribute information may improve association performance over the standard kinematic-only track-to-track association. Our goal is to obtain an analytical formula to predict the association performance as a function of a set of key parameters that quantify the quality of feature information. The result extends our previous development of an exponential law for predicting association performance, by including the effects of the additional generally non-Gaussian feature or attribute information.
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    MIMO adaptive beamforming for nonseparable multipath clutter mitigation (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The performance of ground-moving target indicator radars is often degraded in complex terrain by multipath spread-Doppler clutter. Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) beamforming with limited training data has been previously proposed with separable transmit and receive weights appropriate for discrete multipath scenarios. In this paper, partially adaptive MIMO beamforming is presented for suppression of a nonseparable continuum of multipath clutter with limited training data. Simulation results for a forward-looking vehicle-mounted radar in a simplified urban environment are described.
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    IM-filter for INS/GPS-integrated navigation system containing low-cost gyros (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper proposes a new interacting multiple (IM) filter containing simplified unscented Kalman filter (UKF) ???based subfilters with different heading initializations for a low-performance inertial sensors-based inertial navigation system (INS)/global positioning system (GPS) -integrated navigation system tolerant toward large initial heading error. Since each individual subfilter of the IM filter is updated adaptively using the combined information of the estimates from the subfilters, it can converge into a true steady state irrespective of the initial heading of a vehicle containing the navigation system. Thereby the IM filter can provide a stable navigation solution. For the subfilters of the IM filter, a simplified UKF is presented. This has a mixed structure of the extended Kalman filter and UKF and has a lighter computational load than the UKF in the multirate INS/GPS integration. Also, simplified UKF-based subfilters for the INS/GPS-integrated navigation system are designed. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to validate the performance of the proposed IM filter, and an experiment is carried out to confirm the simulation results.
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    Improved reliability-based decision support methodology applicable in system-level failure diagnosis and prognosis (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Reliability modeling and troubleshooting reasoning involving complex component interactions in complex systems are an active research topic and a critical challenge to be overcome in decision support. In this paper, we propose an innovative concept of decision support methodology for system failure diagnosis and prognosis in complex systems. Advanced causal structure, incorporating domain and engineering knowledge, and a new Bayesian network (BN) representation of system structure and component interaction are proposed. Based on the BN representation, a Bayesian framework is developed to analyze and fuse the multisource information from different hierarchical levels of a system. This capability supports higher-fidelity modeling and assessing of the reliability of the components, the subsystems, and the system as a whole. The feasibility of our advanced causal structure approach has been proven with implementation using test data acquired from electromechanical actuator systems. A case study is successfully conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The proposed decision support process in integrated system health management will enable enhancements in flight safety and condition-based maintenance by increasing availability and mission effectiveness while reducing maintenance costs.
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    Radar code design for detection of moving targets (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In this paper, we study the problem of pulsed-radar transmit code design for detection of moving targets in the presence of signal-dependent clutter. For unknown target Doppler shift, the optimal detector does not lead to a closed-form expression. Therefore, we resort to average and worst case performance metrics of the optimal detector for code design. We propose several algorithms under two novel frameworks to solve highly nonconvex design problems.We also consider low peak-to-average-power ratio (PAR) code design.
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    Prediction and retrodiction algorithms for path-constrained targets (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper presents algorithms for prediction and retrodiction of targets whose motion is constrained by external conditions (e.g., shipping lanes, roads). The targets are moving along paths defined by waypoints and segments. Measurements are obtained by sensors (e.g., spaceborne) at low revisit rates. Existing tracking algorithms assume that the targets follow the same motion model between successive measurements, but in a low revisit rate scenario targets may change the motion model between successive measurements. The proposed prediction algorithm addresses this issue by considering the possible changes in the motion model whenever targets move to a different segment. Further, when a target approaches an intersection, it has the possibility to travel into one of the multiple segments beyond that intersection. To predict the probable locations, multiple hypotheses for segments are introduced and a probability is calculated for each segment hypothesis. When measurements become available later, segment hypothesis probabilities are updated based on a combined mode likelihood and a sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) is carried out to reject the unlikely hypotheses. Retrodiction for path-constrained targets is also considered, because in some scenarios it is desirable to find out a target???s location at some previous time (e.g., at the time of an accident) given all subsequent measurements. A retrodiction algorithm is also developed for path-constrained targets so as to facilitate motion forensic analysis. Simulation results and a performance measure for path-constrained target tracking are presented to validate the proposed algorithms.
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    Condition monitoring of helicopter drive shafts using quadratic-nonlinearity metric based on cross-bispectrum (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Based on cross-bispectrum, quadratic-nonlinearity coupling between two vibration signals is proposed and used to assess health conditions of rotating shafts in an AH-64D helicopter tail rotor drive train. Vibration data are gathered from two bearings supporting the shaft in an experimental helicopter drive train simulating different shaft conditions, namely, baseline, misalignment, imbalance, and combination of misalignment and imbalance. The proposed metric shows better capabilities in distinguishing different shaft settings than the conventional linear coupling based on cross-power spectrum.
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    Algorithms for accurate LEO geomagnetic measurements with satellite-mounted magnetometers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Geomagnetic measurements are important in space weather and engineering applications of earth-orbiting satellites. This research presents an innovative algorithm that enables high-quality magnetic field measurements on spacecraft without booms. The algorithm estimates the background field using multiple magnetometers and current telemetry on board a spacecraft. Results of a hardware-in-the-loop simulation showed an order of magnitude reduction in the magnetic effects of spacecraft onboard time-varying currents—from 300 nT to an average residual of 15 nT.
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    Verification of a CubeSat via hardware-in-the-loop simulation (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper describes the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation methodology used for the verification of functional requirements of e-st @r-I CubeSat. The satellite's behavior is investigated via HIL simulation, and the results obtained are consistent with the expected values in any operative conditions. It is proven that HIL simulation is a valuable means for supporting the verification process of small satellites and may help reduce the time and cost of the development phase and increase mission reliability.
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    Spaceborne SIMO-SAR for three-dimensional ionospheric irregularity sounding (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Ionospheric irregularity sounding is of significant importance in compensating for ionospheric scintillation effects on satellite communication, navigation, and remote sensing systems at lower frequencies, i.e., L band, P band, etc. A novel spaceborne nadir-looking single input and multiple outputs synthetic aperture radar (SAR) scheme is proposed for three-dimensional (3D) sounding of ionospheric irregularities. The 3D radar echo signal model is developed by examining the ionospheric effects on electromagnetic radar waveforms. These echoes can be used to produce 3D global maps of the distribution of ionospheric irregularities by means of a novel 3D SAR image formation algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed SAR system was verified by means of computer simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed system has the capability to generate a 3D high-precision image of ionospheric irregularities with an altitude resolution as high as 0.9 km, an along-track resolution as high as 0.4 km, and an across-track angular resolution of 0.25.
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    Integrity monitoring with vector GNSS receivers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) algorithm for vector tracking loop receivers is developed. It is shown that vector RAIM is not a simple remapping of ideas from scalar loop RAIM. Notably, it is shown that pseudorange residuals are not ideal for generating the test statistic in a vector receiver. Also, since vector receivers with integrity monitoring may use a recursive, multirate filter to generate the navigation solution, the associated vector RAIM algorithm has to accommodate multirate estimators. Simulation results are used to show that the designed vector RAIM algorithm provides comparable performance as that of its scalar counterpart.
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    New decision variables for GNSS acquisition in the presence of CW interference (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper investigates the problem of Global Navigation Satellite System signal acquisition using a consumer-grade receiver in the presence of continuous wave interference. By examining in detail the impact of interference on the acquisition search space, a set decision variables are developed. These decision variables leverage the systematic properties of the interference observed in the search space, manipulating or differencing portions of it to achieve improved detection performance. Strategies based on these variables are examined under a selection of operating scenarios including acquisition in the presence of interference when the receiver has some, or has no, a priori information regarding the interference. It is shown that a receiver employing these new schemes can tolerate up to 10 dB more interference power than a traditional receiver.
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    Differential games missile guidance with bearings-only measurements (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The implementation of missile guidance laws on collision course trajectories with bearings-only measurements may result in bad range observability. This in turn may result in poor engagement performance for those guidance algorithms that exploit range information in their steering law. Maneuvering away from the collision course trajectory improves range observability. To propose a sizing criterion for this maneuver, this work presents a new guidance strategy that exploits the information from the error covariance matrix of the homing loop integrated Kalman filter in the framework of a pursuit–evasion game. The new strategy has been tested in several scenarios against other guidance laws, such as the classical formulation of the pursuit–evasion game and proportional navigation. Numerical simulations on a set of Monte Carlo samples show that the proposed solution is able to improve engagement performance in terms of both miss distance and range observability.
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    Bearings-only constant velocity target maneuver detection via expected likelihood (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This work addresses the problem of target maneuver detection using passive bearing measurements when the target motion dynamics can be described by a discrete constant velocity (CV) model. The proposed expected likelihood (EL) maneuver detector (ELMD) extends the EL approach from a direction of arrival estimation framework to maneuver detection of targets governed by a CV model. As a result of its array signal processing nature, and in contrast to measurement residual-based maneuver detectors, ELMD does not require statistical assumptions of the bearing measurements, and its maneuver detection performance improves with increasing signal-to-noise ratio and sample support. Maneuver detection performance of ELMD and two conventional maneuver detectors for the passive bearings-only target tracking problem are evaluated in this work via simulations using mean detection delay, detection delay standard deviation, and probability of false alarm criteria. ELMD is shown to outperform the other two evaluated algorithms in all tested practical scenarios.
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    Random set theoretic soft/hard data fusion framework (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Relying on the random set theory, a new data fusion framework is proposed to enable fusion of both soft and hard data. First, soft and hard data are modeled in a unified approach. Next, a novel method for soft data trustworthiness estimation is developed. The experimental results demonstrate significant performance improvement achieved through systematic incorporation of soft data into the data fusion process.
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    Adaptive moving target indication in a windblown clutter environment (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The statistical properties of windblown grass and forest clutter, obtained using high-resolution microwave Doppler radar, are analyzed and shown to be nonstationary. In particular, we show that the bandwidth of the Doppler signal depends linearly on the total power of the signal for both types of vegetation. Also, variations in the mean power and spectrum bandwidth of the clutter are similar to the analysis time of existing radars. The model of an adaptive moving target indication (MTI) notch filter is presented and evaluated. It is shown that adaptive filtering significantly improves the efficiency of an MTI system.
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    Subarray-based frequency diverse array radar for target range-angle estimation (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Phased-array is widely used in communication, radar, and navigation systems, but the beam steering is fixed in an angle for all range cells. Frequency diverse array (FDA) provides a range-dependent beamforming, but it cannot estimate directly both the range and angle of a target. This paper proposes a subarray-based FDA radar, with an aim to localize the target in the range-angle domain.We divide the whole FDA array into two subarrays, which employ two different frequency increments. In doing so, the target's range and angle are estimated directly from the transmit-receive beamforming output peak. The estimation performance is examined by analyzing the minimum mean variance square error (MMSE) and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The corresponding transmit-receive beampattern and signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) are also formalized. Moreover, the CRLB can be used to optimally design the frequency increments. The effectiveness is verified by simulation results.
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    Unified turbo/LDPC code decoder architecture for deep-space communications (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Deep-space communications are characterized by extremely critical conditions; current standards foresee the usage of both turbo and low-density-parity-check (LDPC) codes to ensure recovery from received errors, but each of them displays consistent drawbacks. Code concatenation is widely used in all kinds of communication to boost the error correction capabilities of single codes; serial concatenation of turbo and LDPC codes has been recently proven effective enough for deep space communications, being able to overcome the shortcomings of both code types. This work extends the performance analysis of this scheme and proposes a novel hardware decoder architecture for concatenated turbo and LDPC codes based on the same decoding algorithm. This choice leads to a high degree of datapath and memory sharing; postlayout implementation results obtained with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) 90 nm technology show small area occupation (0.98 mm 2 ) and very low power consumption (2.1 mW).
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    Expectation maximization-based detection in range-heterogeneous weibull clutter (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The problem of radar target detection in Weibull and range-heterogeneous clutter is considered. The clutter component in each range cell is modeled as an instance of a random variable belonging to one of severalWeibull distributions. We use the expectation-maximization algorithm to estimate parameters of the distribution and set the threshold accordingly. The performance of the proposed receiver is investigated through computer simulations and observed to be superior compared with numerous well-known methods.
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    Active power management system for an unmanned aerial vehicle powered by solar cells, a fuel cell, and batteries (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: 200W class, low-speed, long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that employs solar cells, a fuel cell, and a battery pack as its power sources is considered. This study applies an active power management method that directs each individual source to generate the appropriate power, depending on the power supply and demand, instead of the passive method in which the power sources irresponsibly generate power, depending on their characteristics. The power management system (PMS) under active management determines the power output from each source. The flight test of the UAV with a PMS onboard is conducted for 3.8 h. The active PMS verifies its own feasibility as it successfully keeps the power sources within their proper operational bounds and maintains a target state-of-charge of 45%, while responding to the various conditions associated with the power required. In addition, through a comparison of flight test results with a power simulation of the passive method, the usefulness, advantages, and disadvantages of an active power management method over a passive method are investigated.
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    Three-dimensional target motion analysis using azimuth/elevation angles (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: We present new closed-form and low-complexity solutions for the three-dimensional (3D) target motion analysis problem using azimuth/elevation angles. A 3D pseudolinear estimator (PLE) is developed based on an approximation of the maximum likelihood (ML) cost function. Drawing on a large-sample bias analysis, a bias-compensated PLE is constructed. The concept of instrumental variables (IV) is employed to derive an asymptotically unbiased estimator. Finally a weighted IV estimator is developed to achieve an estimation performance close to the ML estimator (MLE).
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    Decoupled ISAR imaging using RSFW based on twice compressed sensing (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Random stepped-frequency radar without delay–Doppler coupling can suppress the range ambiguity and become less sensitive to electronic countermeasures. Considering its inherent randomness, this paper focuses on sidelobe reduction in inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging for sparse target scenes based on the compressed sensing (CS) theory. First, precise motion compensation and a high-resolution range profile (HRRP) with a low sidelobe are simultaneously achieved by the CS scheme for each train containing fewer pulses. Then, we analyze the disadvantages of conventional cross-range compression algorithms, which cannot guarantee high-quality focusing performance because there may be some false HRRPs caused by the uncertainty of the CS theory or some other factors. Finally, the modified correlation coefficient is defined to discard a large percentage of those uncorrelated HRRPs and the cross-range resolution is achieved by using the CS theory again. The validity of this decoupled imaging algorithm is demonstrated by some simulation and experimental results, which indicate that the approach is capable of precise estimation of scattering centers and effective suppression of a high sidelobe.
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    Combined GPS L1C/A and L2C signal acquisition architectures leveraging differential combination (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The GPS modernization program offers a new civil signal on the L2 band, which, together with the legacy L1 C/A signal, spurs the development of dual-frequency receivers for civil applications. This paper proposes a complete combined acquisition architecture dedicated to these receivers. The architecture fully utilizes the capacity of both signal channels as well as the advantages of differential signal processing. High detection sensitivity, finer parameter estimation, built-in bit synchronization mechanism, and acquisition-to-tracking transient time reduction are the advantages of the proposed architecture with respect to others in the literature.
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    Investigation on an ultra–wide-swath, multiple-elevation-beam SAR based on sweep-PRI mode (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A promising candidate for ultra–wide-swath spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging with a fine resolution is the multiple-elevation-beam (MEB) SAR. Conventional MEB SAR suffers from deterioration of noise-equivalent sigma zero (NESZ) and range ambiguity–to–signal ratio (RASR) performances in the far end of the imaging swath and disturbances between different subbeam elevations. Another inherent problem of previously proposed MEB SAR systems is the blind range effect, which blocks continuous mapping. In this paper, we introduce a potential modified MEB SAR system based on space-time-frequency waveform encoding on transmit and on digital beamforming (DBF) on receive that provides a much improved performance of NESZ and RASR, a lower requirement for the transmit peak power, and a more flexible signal energy distribution. Furthermore, to overcome the blind range problem, a periodic sweep of pulse repetition interval (PRI) design strategy is employed. In this paper we are developing the idea of sweep-PRI mode into a complete detailed processing scheme. The explicit signal model, the instructive system design guideline, and the corresponding signal processing scheme for this operational mode are described in detail. A recurrent nonuniform reconstruction algorithm is adopted first to cope with the problems of nonuniform sampling and periodic gaps in the azimuth preprocessing. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of system performance for the presented MEB SAR system is carried out. Finally, an example system with a 400-km-wide swath and 3-m resolution is designed based on the proposed strategies. The simulation results demonstrate that the presented SAR system shows satisfactory performance.
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    Augmented L 1 adaptive tracking control of quad-rotor unmanned aircrafts (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper addresses a new trajectory tracking controller for quad-rotor aircrafts in the presence of time-varying aerodynamic effect and bounded external disturbance using the novel L 1 adaptive control methodology augmented with nonlinear feed-forward compensations. The proposed augmented L 1 adaptive controller achieves uniformly bounded transient and asymptotic tracking of the output signal for any designated bounded reference trajectory. Finally, simulations of tracking a circular reference trajectory are performed to illustrate the validity of the proposed controller.
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    In-Cabin Wideband Channel Characterization for WAIC Systems (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The work presented here deals with in-cabin aircraft wireless channel characterization in a short-range aircraft. Both large-scale and small-scale parameters were extracted for 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequency bands. Results are analyzed and compared for multiple scenarios and for both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) situations. The mean path-loss exponents are 1.9 for 2.45 GHz and 1.6 for 5.8 GHz frequency bands which is different from some previous results obtained in relatively wide-body aircrafts. The mean coherence bandwidth determined for 2.45 GHz is 760 kHz while for 5.8 GHz it corresponds to 970 kHz. RMS delay-spread mean values lie around 19 to 33 ns for the lower band and 16 to 25 ns for the higher band. The statistical analysis revealed a delay-spread following lognormal distribution. Finally, the Rice model for LOS scenario, showed a better fit for the multipath fading envelope with an average-factor of 8.5 dB and 11 dB for 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively.
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    Optimal Antenna Allocation in MIMO Radars with Collocated Antennas (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The work presented here is concerned with the sensor management problem in collocated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radars. After deriving the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) as a performance measure, the antenna allocation problem is formulated as a standard semi-definite programming (SDP) for the single-target case. In addition, for multiple unresolved target scenarios, a sampling-based algorithm is proposed to deal with the nonconvexity of the cost function. Simulations confirm the superiority of the localization results under the optimal structure.
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    Optical Control Network for Avionics Applications Using a WDM Packet Ring (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: We propose aviation real-time adaptive ring (AVATAR) as a potential solution for the integrated communication infrastructure for future aero-engine control systems. AVATAR features an Ethernet-over-WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing) architecture. It employs reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM) as node technology. Compared with existing serialized data bus, e.g., time-triggered protocol (TTP), AVATAR exploits multi-wavelength and spatial reuse properties of an optical WDM ring through sophisticated packet scheduling. To quantitatively evaluate the advantages over existing avionic networks, and to understand the architectural parameters of AVATAR, optimal scheduling methods using mixed integer linear programming (MILP), as well as a simple, near-optimal heuristic, are presented. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of AVATAR, with a simple two-channel configuration more than doubling the capacity of TTP.
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    SAR Automatic Target Recognition Using Discriminative Graphical Models (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The problem of automatically classifying sensed imagery such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR) into a canonical set of target classes is widely known as automatic target recognition (ATR). A typical ATR algorithm comprises the extraction of a meaningful set of features from target imagery followed by a decision engine that performs class assignment. While ATR algorithms have significantly increased in sophistication over the past two decades, two outstanding challenges have been identified in the rich body of ATR literature: 1) the desire to mine complementary merits of distinct feature sets (also known as feature fusion), and 2) the ability of the classifier to excel even as training SAR images are limited. We propose to apply recent advances in probabilistic graphical models to address these challenges. In particular we develop a two-stage target recognition framework that combines the merits of distinct SAR image feature representations with discriminatively learned graphical models. The first stage projects the SAR image chip to informative feature spaces that yield multiple complementary SAR image representations. The second stage models each individual representation using graphs and combines these initially disjoint and simple graphs into a thicker probabilistic graphical model by leveraging a recent advance in discriminative graph learning. Experimental results on the benchmark moving and stationary target acquisition and recognition (MSTAR) data set confirm the benefits of our framework over existing ATR algorithms in terms of improvement in recognition rates. The proposed graphical classifiers are particularly robust when feature dimensionality is high and number of training images is small, a commonly observed constraint in SAR imagery-based target recognition.
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    Invariant Target Detection in Multiband FM-Based Passive Bistatic Radar (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: FM-based passive bistatic radars (PBRs) exploiting a single broadcasted channel suffer from time-varying detection performance due to the time-varying program content of the transmitted signal as well as the propagation condition of that channel. To circumvent this matter, it is a viable idea to exploit multiple broadcasted channels from a single transmitter for detection. In this case, we formulate the problem of detecting a target in the presence of interference signals such as receiver noise, direct signal, multipath/clutter echoes and interfering targets as a composite hypothesis test. To address this, we derive a multiband uniformly most powerful invariant (UMPI) test as an optimal invariant detector. Closed-form expressions for calculating false alarm probability and detection probability for the target models of Swerling 0 and Swerling 1 are derived. A thorough performance assessment is also given, and the results show the robustness of the proposed multiband detector against the time-varying program content of FM radio channels. In addition to the reliable detection performance, a multiband PBR system offers advantages in terms of combined diversity gain and frequency diversity gain as compared with a single band PBR system. The former happens due to the joint exploitation of multiple broadcasted channels for detection, while the latter occurs when independent returns are received from one target over different frequency channels.
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    Command-Shaping Guidance Law Based on a Gaussian Weighting Function (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: In this paper, a new homing guidance law is introduced based on the energy cost weighted by a Gaussian function in order to shape the missile's trajectory and distribute the acceleration command during the engagement. This law can improve guidance performance by alleviating sensitivity with respect to initial heading error and by reducing the possibility of command saturation through distributing acceleration demand properly.
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    In-Orbit Tracking of Resident Space Objects: A Comparison of Monocular and Stereoscopic Vision (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: This paper develops new methods for vision-based satellite attitude control aimed at space-based optical tracking of resident space objects (RSOs). An Earth-orbiting chaser satellite equipped with either one or two body-fixed cameras can successfully track an RSO provided that the target is kept within the camera field of view. Because the cameras are body fixed, the attitude of the satellite needs to be controlled to maintain target lock. Novel vision-based control algorithms are developed to align the chaser camera's optical axis with the chaser-target line of sight. Two control architectures are presented for the cases of monocular and stereoscopic vision. In the case of the monocular architecture, relative chaser-target acceleration information is not available. Moreover, in both cases unknown perturbations can impair the tracking performance. To increase the tracking algorithm's robustness to these effects, a variable structure attitude control technique is employed. The stability of the developed control laws are substantiated based on Lyapunov's direct method and demonstrated using Monte Carlo simulations. The results clearly show that using stereoscopic vision yields faster target tracking, increased robustness to noise and field-of-view limits, and reduced fuel consumption compared with monocular vision-based attitude tracking.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9603
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 96
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    Enabling and Exploiting Self-Similar Central Symmetry Formations (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: In this work a formation flying-based architecture is presented within the context of a distributed antenna array. An artificial potential function method is used to control the formation, whereby deviation from an all-to-all interaction scheme and swarm shaping are enabled through a self-similar connection network. Introduction of an asymmetric term in the potential function formulation results in the emergence of structures with a central symmetry. The connection network then groups these identical structures through a hierarchical scheme. This produces a fractal shape that is considered for the first time as a distributed antenna array exploiting the recursive arrangement of its elements to augment performance. A 5-element Purina fractal is used as the base formation, which is then replicated a number of times increasing the antenna array aperture and resulting in a highly directional beam from a relatively low number of elements. Justifications are provided in support of the claimed benefits for distributed antenna arrays exploiting fractal geometries. The formation deployment is simulated in Earth orbit together with analytical proofs completing the arguments aimed to demonstrate feasibility of the concept and the advantages provided by grouping antenna elements into coherent structures.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9603
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Robust Control Algorithm for a Rotorcraft Disturbed by Crosswind (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: A nonlinear stabilization of vertical take-off and landing aircrafts exposed to wind is presented. The algorithm is based on a robust control Lyapunov function approach and rejects disturbances without knowledge of them. Two nonlinear models considering the disturbances are proposed. Simulations and experimental results show the good performance of the proposed control strategy.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9603
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 98
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    [Back cover] (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Presents the back cover of this issue of the periodical.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9603
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Experimental Research for CMMB-Based Passive Radar Under a Multipath Environment (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: China mobile multimedia broadcasting (CMMB) is a digital television standard that works in a single-frequency network (SFN) at the ultrahigh frequency band and adopts orthogonal frequency division multiplex modulation with a cyclic prefix (CP-OFDM). This paper investigates the practical feasibility of a CMMB-based passive radar (CPR) in the multipath propagation environment. First, several aspects involving system considerations induced by propagation conditions and radar signal characteristics are analyzed, including power budget, dynamic range requirement, clutter rejection metrics, and ambiguity function analysis. Then targeting the problems caused by multipath signals in the complex propagation environment and corresponding processing techniques are discussed, covering reference signal extraction and clutter rejection, as well as, tracking and localization. The highlight is clutter rejection with subcarrier-based spatial adaptive processing (SSAP), which is matched with the features of CP-OFDM. The applicability of SSAP under severe channel response spread mainly contributed by SFN is specially considered. Last, a description of the experiments and the CPR systems developed by Wuhan University is given, together with results from previous field trials for low-altitude aircraft and ship detection.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9603
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Dimension-Reduced Space-Time Adaptive Clutter Suppression Algorithm Based on Lower-Rank Approximation to Weight Matrix in Airborne Radar (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: In this paper, we address the dimension-reduced space-time adaptive processing (STAP) techniques for ground clutter suppression in airborne radar from the viewpoint of approximation theory. The weights in the optimum STAP technique can be naturally expressible as the weight matrix. An efficient dimension-reduced space-time adaptive clutter suppression (STACS) algorithm based on lower-rank approximation to weight matrix is established, which finds a set of space-time separable filters to approximate the optimum STAP processor. By exploiting a lower-rank approximation to weight matrix, we make the quadratic cost function used in the classical optimum STAP processor be converted into a biquadratic cost function. To seek a minimum point of the biquadratic cost function, this paper develops an efficient multistage bi-iterative algorithm and the corresponding multistage dimension-reduced technique with a modular structure, where each stage finds an orthogonal component for approximating to the weight matrix. The effectiveness of the STACS algorithm is tested via several experiments.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9251
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-9603
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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