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  • 1
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    Digital Imaging Tool to Enhance Otolith Microstructure for Estimating Age in Days in Juvenile and Adult Fish (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-12
    Description: Age estimation based on fish otolith microstructure analysis is a very repetitive and time-consuming task. The lack of appropriate image analysis software, capable of both overlaying a number of images automatically and recording a high number of daily increments, has been a significant limitation in counting and measuring daily growth increments in large otoliths from juvenile and adult fish individuals. This paper presents a new software to assist marine biologists with faster, more efficient, and more reliable microstructure readings of fish otoliths. Open source code is preferred so that software packages can be updated with new image processing algorithms developed by the scientific community. The approach consists of three steps: 1) a single grayscale digital image combining images of different parts of the same fish otolith is obtained using the blind image registration technique fast normalized cross correlation; 2) the growth rings of the image are enhanced for age estimation purposes, using the adaptive histogram equalization technique; and 3) a semiautomatic interactive tool draws a simple polygonal chain along which the microstructures are easily identifiable and the points of interest can be marked, whose data will be saved automatically. This new tool opens up the opportunity of aging juvenile and adult fish individuals at regular intervals by counting growth rings in the otolith microstructure and facilitates working with other calcified pieces of marine species that exhibit a daily ring pattern, such as cephalopod beaks and mollusk shells.
    Print ISSN: 0364-9059
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1691
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 2
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    Raypath Separation With a High-Resolution Algorithm in a Shallow-Water Waveguide (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-12
    Description: One intriguing property that is exploited by ocean acoustic tomography (OAT) is that acoustic signals travel in a multipath. As the first step of OAT, each raypath should be identified with a particular travel time. However, the set of multipath rays generated by an emitted signal is correlated or coherent, as they are produced by reflection and or by refraction in propagation. In this paper, a high-resolution method called smoothing multiple signal classification active large band (MUSICAL) is presented in the context of shallow-water OAT for separating coherent or fully correlated raypaths in the direction-of-arrival temporal domain. The method is a combination of the MUSICAL and spatial-frequency smoothing processing. Furthermore, the performance of smoothing-MUSICAL is illustrated by experiments based on both synthetic data and real data. This algorithm largely improves separation performances and presents fewer artifacts compared with conventional beamforming. In particular, experimental results show that smoothing-MUSICAL is more robust than beamforming facing a noisy environment with moderate signal-to-noise ratio.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1691
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 3
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    A Novel High-Resolution Optical Instrument for Imaging Oceanic Bubbles (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-12
    Description: The formation of bubbles from breaking waves has a significant effect on air–sea gas transfer and aerosol production. Detailed data in situ about the bubble populations are required to understand these processes. However, these data are difficult to acquire because bubble populations are complex, spatially inhomogeneous, and short lived. This paper describes the design and development of a novel high-resolution underwater optical instrument for imaging oceanic bubbles at the sea. The instrument was successfully deployed in 2013 as part of the HiWINGS campaign in the North Atlantic Ocean. It contains a high-resolution machine vision camera, strobe flash unit to create a light sheet, and single board computer to control system operation. The instrument is shown to successfully detect bubbles of radii in the range 20–10 000 μm.
    Print ISSN: 0364-9059
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Physics
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  • 4
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    Mitigating Power Fluctuations in Electric Ship Propulsion With Hybrid Energy Storage System: Design and Analysis (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-12
    Description: Shipboard electric propulsion systems experience large power and torque fluctuations on their drive shaft due to propeller rotational motion and waves. This paper explores new solutions to address these fluctuations by integrating a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) and exploring energy management (EM) strategies. The HESS combines battery packs with ultracapacitor banks. Two strategies for real-time EM of HESS are considered: one splits the power demand such that high- and low-frequency power fluctuations are compensated by ultracapacitors and batteries, respectively; another considers the HESS as a single entity and designs an EM strategy to coordinate the operations of the ultracapacitors and batteries. For both strategies, model predictive control is used to address power tracking and energy saving under various operating constraints. To quantitatively analyze the performance of HESS and its associated controls, a propeller and ship dynamic model, which captures the underlying physical behavior, is established to support the control development and system optimization. Power fluctuation mitigation and HESS loss minimization, the main objectives, are evaluated in different sea conditions. Simulation results show that the coordination within HESS provides substantial benefits in terms of reducing fluctuations and losses.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1691
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Physics
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  • 5
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    Efficient Use of Space-Time Clustering for Underwater Acoustic Communications (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-12
    Description: Underwater acoustical communication channels are characterized by the spreading of received signals in space (direction of arrival) and in time (delay). The spread is often limited to a small number of space-time clusters. In this paper, the space-time clustering is exploited in a proposed receiver designed for guard-free orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing with superimposed data and pilot signals. For separation of space clusters, the receiver utilizes a vertical linear array (VLA) of hydrophones, whereas for combining delay-spread signals within a space cluster, a time-domain equalizer is used. We compare a number of space-time processing techniques, including a proposed reduced-complexity spatial filter, and show that techniques exploiting the space-time clustering demonstrate an improved detection performance. The comparison is done using signals transmitted by a moving transducer, and recorded on a 14-element nonuniform VLA in sea trials at distances of 46 and 105 km.
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  • 6
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    Megi Typhoon Monitoring by X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Measurements (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-12
    Description: In this study, typhoon monitoring is addressed using X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery collected by the German TerraSAR-X mission and the Italian COSMO-SkyMed constellation during the typhoon Megi. Geometrical features, rain rate, and wind speed associated with the typhoon are retrieved by the SAR data set. One of the key benefits of the X-band observations relies in their sensitivity to rain that can be exploited to provide an estimate of geometrical features and rain rate by analyzing attenuation bands present in the SAR data. In addition, wind speed is retrieved using a rain-free model based on two geophysical model functions (GMFs) and experimental results show that the nonlinear relationship between normalized radar cross section and wind speed provided by one of the GMFs can be exploited to provide a rough estimate of high wind speeds.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Physics
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  • 7
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    High-Frequency Radar Ocean Surface Cross Section Incorporating a Dual-Frequency Platform Motion Model (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-12
    Description: The first- and second-order high-frequency radar cross sections of the ocean surface are derived for an antenna on a floating platform. In this analysis, simulations are conducted for a more complicated platform motion than appear in earlier work and comparisons are made to model outputs for a fixed antenna. Results show that motion-induced peaks appear symmetrically in the Doppler frequency and have less energy in the second-order radar cross section than those in the first-order radar cross section. The magnitude and width of the Bragg peaks are seen to decrease and broaden, respectively, as compared to the case for a fixed antenna. The platform motion modulates the radar signals as a frequency modulator, and the modulation indices are related to the amplitudes of the platform motion. With a larger amplitude of platform motion, more energy is transferred from the Bragg peaks to the motion-induced peaks, and more motion-induced peaks need to be considered.
    Print ISSN: 0364-9059
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 8
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    Editorial Hello From Your New EIC (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-12
    Description: Presents the introductory editorial for this issue of the publication.
    Print ISSN: 0364-9059
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1691
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 9
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    Guest Editorial Special Issue on Marine and Maritime Radar Remote Sensing (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-12
    Description: Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
    Print ISSN: 0364-9059
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1691
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 10
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    Table of Contents (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-12
    Description: Presents the table of contents for this issue of the publication.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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