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  • 1
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    High-Performance MnBi Alloy Prepared Using Profiled Heat Treatment (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The profiled heat treatment (PHT) method has been used to synthesize MnBi alloys with high-purity low-temperature phase (LTP). In the PHT method, the arc-melted MnBi alloy was remelted then slowly cooled by a pseudo-equilibrium solidification process to promote the formation of LTP phase. The PHT-treated MnBi alloys had an LTP phase up to 94 wt.% and a magnetization of 73 emu/g under a field of 9 T. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there exist some micrometer-sized Mn-rich inclusions in the LTP matrix of the PHT MnBi alloy. The PHT MnBi alloys were crushed into powders with an average size of $sim $ 3 $mu $ m by low-energy ball milling. These MnBi powders were aligned in an 18 kOe field and warm compacted into a bulk magnet at 300 °C for 30 min. The magnet had a density of 8.2 g/cm $^{3}$ and magnetic properties of $M_{s} =6.7$ kG, $M_{r} =5.3$ kGs, ${_{i}}{H}_{c}=5$ kOe, and (BH) $_{mathrm {max}} =6.1$ MGOe.
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  • 2
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    Particle Swarm Optimization for Multiple Dipole Modeling of Space Equipment (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: An advanced modeling algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been developed to solve multiple dipole modeling (MDM) problems in space applications. MDM is a method to represent spacecraft units as a set of equivalent magnetic dipoles able to reconstruct, in the far-field distance, the same magnetostatic field. This procedure allows preparing a magnetic model of the spacecraft during design and development phases. Moreover, it allows refined prediction of magnetic cleanliness for space missions with equipment susceptible to magnetic fields. Indeed, owing to the increase of missions requiring magnetostatic cleanliness, such characterization becomes increasingly important. To validate the PSO procedure, synthetic data have been initially used, generated using a software simulator. Algorithm performance has been tested through measured data acquired using the Mobile Coil Facility located at the European Space Research and Technology Centre in The Netherlands. Starting from measured data, the algorithm iteratively identifies the values of the unknowns, positions, and magnetic moments of the equivalent dipoles that best match the measured field. Since the problem is ill posed, several solutions are possible. To develop a reliable algorithm, some test cases have been analyzed where the expected solution is known. This allowed improving the algorithm leading to satisfying results.
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  • 3
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    Analysis of Eddy Currents in Rectangular Coils by Integral Equation Method in Sub-Domains (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The magnetic field of bitter type rectangular coils is calculated accounting for eddy currents in the copper solid turns. The solution is found first by an integral equation method applied to the stacks of solid plates of finite cross section and length. Then, the results are compared with the solution by the 3-D finite element code in the exact formulation. The proximity effect of the finite length of the conductor on the eddy current distribution is discussed. The example of the design of the coil with the targeted field orientation is presented. The unidirectional magnetization of isotropic permanent magnets is then discussed.
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  • 4
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    Modeling and Numerical Simulation of the Internal Inductive Coupling Effect in a Magnetohydrodynamic Pump (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The equivalent electric circuit of an electrical machine is a powerful tool for analysis and it can also be very helpful in the design stage. In this paper, we present the work carried out to obtain the equivalent circuit of an electromagnetic pump, which consist of two other machines series connected. Each of these machines, a transformer-type one and an electromagnet, are affected by the magnetic field created by the other. This means that the simpler equivalent circuit formed by joining the well-known equivalent circuits of each machine is not valid. To understand the discrepancy between this simpler equivalent circuit and the real behavior of the electromagnetic pump, numerical simulation and experimental validation were used. As a result, a new equivalent circuit is proposed that considers an inductive coupling that exists between both machines.
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  • 5
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    Simulation on Microstructure and Optical Property of Magnetic Fluid Photonic Crystal (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Magnetic fluid is a new functional material for optical sensors. The microstructure will be changed with various applied magnetic fields. In this paper, the molecular dynamics method based on rod-like particle was first used to simulate the microscopic movements of magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic fluid with the volume fraction of 1%. Simulation results showed that magnetic nanoparticles could aggregate to form a new type of magnetic fluid photonic crystal when the applied magnetic field intensity exceeded 180 Oe. Then, the tunability of the magnetic fluid photonic crystal was studied. It was found that the average diameter of magnetic columns would decrease when the applied magnetic field intensity was increased from 180 to 320 Oe. Furthermore, based on the simulation results, optical property of the magnetic fluid photonic crystal was studied. When the direction of the incident light was parallel to the direction of the applied magnetic field, the transmissivity would increase from 0.5944 to 0.6475, whereas when the direction of the incident light was perpendicular to the direction of the applied magnetic field, the two photonic bandgaps of transverse electric mode and TM mode all moved to higher frequency, and the two bandwidths decreased about 17% and 87%, respectively. Through the above research studies, it was proved that the magnetic fluid photonic crystal processed the magnetic tunability and would be used as a novel magnetic field sensor in the future.
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  • 6
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    Investigation of Cerium-Substituted Europium Iron Garnets Deposited by Biased Target Ion Beam Deposition (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: We report on the deposition, crystallization, and magnetic properties of cerium-substituted europium iron garnet having the general form of (CeEu) 3 (FeGa) 5 O 12 . The films were deposited on gallium gadolinium garnet and fused quartz substrates using biased target ion beam deposition at a rate of 2.7 nm/min. The Ce:EIG thin film has a composition of Ce 1.3 Eu 1.7 Fe 3 Ga 1.6 O 12 , with 30% of the Ce in the 4+ oxidation state and the remainder as Ce 3+ . The film exhibits the primary peaks of the garnet phase in X-ray diffraction patterns. In the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, the film on GGG exhibits a Faraday rotation of 3.3°/ $mu $ m with coercivity of 0.58 kOe, whereas the film on fused quartz exhibits 1.1°/ $mu $ m with a coercivity of 0.8 kOe. The film on the fused quartz substrate has a saturation magnetization of 17 emu/ $mathrm{cm}^{3}$ at room temperature.
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  • 7
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    Topology Optimization for Magnetic Circuits Dedicated to Electric Propulsion (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In this paper, we present a method to solve inverse problems of electromagnetic circuit design, which are formulated as a topology optimization problem. Indeed, by imposing the magnetic field inside a region, we search the best material distribution into variable domains. To perform this, we minimize the quadratic error between the prescribed magnetic field and the one computed by a finite element method (FEM). A dedicated software was developed in MATLAB using fmincon routine and FEM Magnetics (FEMM) software; this code is named ${rm ATOP}^{rm TO}$ for algorithm to optimization propulsion using topology optimization. To perform the first derivative of the objective function, we implemented an adjoint variable method. Indeed, this approach makes it possible to provide the derivative by only two uses of the finite element tool. Nevertheless, the problem is discrete because we take only two possibilities: with or without material. Thus, the solid isotropic material with penalization method was used to penalize intermediate values to have discrete solutions. Some numerical experiments with 40 and 800 variables concerning circuit designs validated our approach. This represents a first study to design a Hall effect thruster.
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  • 8
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    Experimental Verification of a Simulation Model for Partial Demagnetization of Permanent Magnets (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper aims to verify a finite element method simulation model for demagnetization of permanent magnets (PMs). The model is designed to determine the remaining magnetization within the PM after it has been exposed to high demagnetizing fields and/or temperature. An experimental setup was built and a PM of SmCo type was experimentally tested. Good agreement is shown between the simulation and experimental results. A maximal deviation of 3% of the simulation results in relative to the experimental results were achieved for most part of the magnet. During the calibration of the simulation model, it was found that the coercivity had to be significantly more negative compared with the PMs reference value to match simulation results to the experimental results.
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  • 9
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    FMR and Magnetization Study of ZnFe 2 O 4 Nanoparticles in 0.40Fe 2 O 3 /0.60ZnO Nanocomposite (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals containing Fe 2 O 3 have been synthesized by the calcination method. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and dc magnetization measurements of 0.40(Fe 2 O 3 )/0.60(ZnO) nanocomposite have been carried out in the 4–300 K range to study the magnetic properties of agglomerated magnetic zinc ferrite ZnFe 2 O 4 (ZFO) nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 12 nm. Temperature dependence of the resonance field, linewidth, and the integrated intensity calculated from FMR spectra have been determined to obtain the value of the uniaxial anisotropy field and to establish the ranges of different relaxation types. Magnetization measurements in ZFC and FC modes as well as the study of hysteresis loops allowed calculating different magnetic characteristics—blocking/freezing temperature, magnetic moment, anisotropy constant, and anisotropy field. The observed magnetic properties of 0.40(Fe 2 O 3 )/0.60(ZnO) nanocomposite were explained based on the core-shell model of ZFO nanoparticles. From comparison of FMR and dc magnetization measurements, the temperature ranges of magnetic phases existing in ZFO nanoparticles in 0.40Fe 2 O 3 /0.60ZnO nanocomposite are proposed.
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  • 10
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    Computation of Torque of an Electrical Machine With Different Types of Finite Element Mesh in the Air Gap (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In the numerical analysis of electrical machines, accurate computation of the electromagnetic torque is desired. Maxwell stress tensor method and Coulomb’s method are the most commonly used methods for computing torque numerically. However, several other methods have also been developed and are being used. These methods are observed to have several accuracy issues related to the finite element discretization used in the air gap of the machine. In this paper, the effect of various finite element meshes in the air gap of the machine and the effect of the shape of the elements used to compute the torque are studied and discussed. This paper carefully compares the torques obtained from a direct method and a method based on the power balance of the machine.
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  • 11
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    Design and Analysis of the New High-Reliability Motors With Hybrid Permanent Magnet Material (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper proposes a new type of motor with hybrid permanent magnet material (HPMM); termed HPMM motor. The key of the proposed HPMM motor is the excitations, which combined rare-earth PM (REPM) with ferrite PM (FPM). To investigate the HPMM motor extensively, the HPMM motors with parallel magnetic circuit (PMC) and serial magnetic circuit (SMC) are designed. Because of the property difference between the REPM and the FPM, both PMC-HPMM motor and SMC-HPMM motor can offer low total harmonic distortion at high winding factor. Besides, the PMC-HPMM motor needs low consumption of REPM and offers low cogging torque, while the SMC-HPMM motor needs the extraordinary consumption of FPM, but offers little lower cogging torque. In addition, the reliabilities of both PMC-HPMM motor and SMC-HPMM motor are improved because of the single-layer concentrated winding and fault-tolerant teeth. Finally, the demagnetization of two motors has been studied, which indicates that the partial demagnetization will occur in the FPM. All these theoretical analyses are evaluated by the time-stepping finite element method.
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  • 12
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    Analytical Modeling of Surface PMSM Using a Combined Solution of Maxwell–s Equations and Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper presents a complete analytical model for surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). A new simple and fast technique was developed to obtain accurate results in the calculation of machine parameters electromotive force (EMF), torque, and losses. This technique is based upon the combined solution of two models. The first model generates an exact solution of Maxwell’s equations in the air gap area applied to a very simple geometry. The second model gives an accurate solution in the detailed parts with complex geometry, based on a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) to obtain fast and accurate results in a simple way. The machine’s global quantities are then obtained and validated using the results of a finite element model (FEM) for different loading conditions and geometries. Compared with FEM, the proposed combined solution has the advantage of flexibility in the geometrical machine parameters, significantly less CPU time and an accuracy for the considered PMSM up to 4.85% in the EMF, 4.41% in the torque, and 4.44% in the iron losses. Finally, the relation between grid refinement in the MEC (coarse or fine grid of reluctances) and accuracy is pointed out, showing that the EMF can be accurately computed with a rather coarse grid, while accurate loss computation requires a fine grid.
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  • 13
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    Modeling of a Two Degrees-of-Freedom Moving Magnet Linear Motor for Magnetically Levitated Positioners (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper presents a novel analytical model that accurately predicts the current-force characteristic of a 2 degrees-of-freedom moving magnet linear motor (MMLM), where its translator is formed by a Halbach permanent magnet (PM) array. Unlike existing theoretical models, the uniqueness of this proposed model is based on a derived magnetic field model that accounts for the magnetic flux leakage at the edges of the Halbach PM array. Hence, it can be used to model an MMLM that employs a low-order Halbach PM array effectively. To implement the proposed model in high sampling rate control system, a model-based approximation approach is proposed to simplify the model. The simplified model minimizes the computation complexity while guarantees the accuracy of the current-force prediction. MMLM prototype with two separate translators, i.e., one with a single magnetic pole Halbach PM array and the other with six magnetic poles Halbach PM array, were developed to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed models.
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  • 14
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    2-D Analytical Prediction of Eddy Currents, Circuit Model Parameters, and Steady-State Performances in Solid Rotor Induction Motors (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper presents a 2-D analytical method in the complex domain for the computation of magnetic field distribution, eddy currents, circuit model parameters, and steady-state performances in solid rotor induction motors. The proposed static analytical model considers stator slotting with tooth-tips. The rotor motion is simulated by varying the slip. The analytical magnetic field distribution is computed in polar coordinates from 2-D subdomain method (i.e., based on the formal resolution of Maxwell’s equations applied in subdomain) in each region, i.e., semiclosed stator slots, air gap, solid rotor, and shaft. The electromagnetic torque is obtained from both the electrical equivalent circuit and Maxwell stress tensor that is given by the magnetic field distribution. Analytical results are validated by the static finite-element method.
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  • 15
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    Force Optimization of a Double-Sided Tubular Linear Induction Motor (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: An innovative double-sided tubular linear induction motor is presented, and its optimal design in terms of thrust force is discussed. A dedicated semi-analytical model of the device is developed allowing for fast and accurate evaluation of all the electromechanic quantities in the device, including the thrust force, back-electromotive force, distribution of the induced current, and average magnetic flux density in the teeth. This provides a basis for the design optimization, which has been performed by a novel evolutionary algorithm based on the self-organizing maps. Using the semi-analytical formulation, the characterization of the machine is greatly facilitated, thus allowing a fast evaluation of the cost function and design constraints. Finally, the obtained optimal design is validated by comparison with finite elements method analysis.
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  • 16
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    A Novel Steady-State Model of a Hybrid Dual Rotor Motor Comprising Electrical Equivalent Circuit and Performance Equations (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Dual rotor motors (DRMs) for the electric vehicle application are a competitive alternative to the multi-motor drivetrain configuration to meet the high-power density and better vehicle drive performance. In this paper, a steady-state model of a hybrid DRM is developed using electromechanical energy conversion principles. The developed model comprises electrical equivalent circuit and torque equation. The model helps in understanding the motor operation and can be used for quick performance evaluation. The finite element method has been used to validate the developed model and a good agreement has been achieved for the results obtained.
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  • 17
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    Frequency-Dependent Resistance of Planar Coils in Printed Circuit Board With Litz Structure (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Printed circuit board (PCB) windings are convenient for many applications given their ease of manufacture, high repeatability, and low profile. In many cases, the use of multistranded litz wires is appropriate due to the rated power, frequency range, and efficiency constraints. This paper proposes a manufacturing technique and a semianalytical loss model for PCB windings using planar litz structure to obtain a similar ac loss reduction to that of conventional windings of round wires with litz structure. Different coil prototypes have been tested in several configurations to validate the proposal.
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  • 18
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    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics institutional listings (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
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  • 19
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    IEEE Magnetics Society Information (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
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  • 20
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    Field- and Current-Induced Domain Wall Motion in Tb/Co Multilayers in the Presence of Spin-Orbit Coupling-Induced Torques (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We have studied the field- and current-induced domain wall (DW) motion in perpendicularly magnetized Tb/Co multilayer wires with asymmetric interface structures. We found that both up/down and down/up walls of a domain move at the same velocity. In the current-induced case, the DWs were moved along the current flow, not electron flow. This can be attributed to spin-orbit torques induced by structural inversion asymmetry (SIA). In addition, the DW velocity was changed by inserting ultrathin Pt interlayers into the wire stack. These results suggest that the SIA of the wire is tunable by changing layered structures.
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  • 21
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    Nanowire Spin-Torque Oscillator With Non-Uniform Polarizer: A Micromagnetic Study (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: This paper studies the dynamical response of a magnetic nanowire driven by a localized spin-polarized current. At zero field and with shifted vortex polarizer, the dispersion relation is characterized by a finite wave vector at microwave frequencies approaching the ferromagnetic resonance frequency. We have interpreted this result by assuming that a given mixed mode of the nanowire having a frequency close to the quasi-uniform mode is excited because of the non-uniform current polarization. For out-of-plane fields, we have observed that, for a fixed frequency, the wave vector of a propagating spin-wave does not depend on whether the excitation was performed by means of either dc or microwave current.
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  • 22
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    Manganese Deficiency in MnSi Single Crystal and Skyrmion Pinning (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The dc magnetization and ac spin susceptibility measurement results of Mn x Si single crystals with x (boldsymbol approx ~0.96) –1 are reported. Magnetic phase diagrams for Mn x Si of different Mn deficiency levels are mapped and compared. We provide strong evidence that the existence of manganese deficiency is common in the MnSi single crystals due to the high Mn vapor loss during growth, and the Mn deficiencies could be used as pinning centers to stabilize the Skyrmion phase within the magnetic field–temperature phase space.
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  • 23
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    Phase Diagram of a Single Skyrmion in Magnetic Nanowires (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We investigate skyrmion phase diagrams in magnetic nanostructures numerically. We compare phase diagrams of nanowires and nanosquares, and find that nanowires have narrower single skyrmion phase than nanosquares, caused by difference in the confinement effect. Our results show that higher perpendicular anisotropy, higher Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, and lower saturation magnetization are required for a stable single skyrmion. From the current-driven skyrmion motion, a larger skyrmion moves faster, and is more stable against unwanted annihilation of skyrmion at wire edges.
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  • 24
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    Formation of Co Moment in the Paramagnetic Phase of RCo 2 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The formation of Co magnetic moment in the paramagnetic phase of GdCo 2 has been studied by means of first principles calculations. The introduction of impurities in the transition metal-rare-earth Laves phases leads to changes in the density of states of the transition metal 3d band. In this paper, we calculate the electronic structure of GdCo 2 system (a C15 unit cell) with an interstitial impurity (Ti). Calculations show that local disorder introduced by the impurity shifts the Fermi level in such a way that Co 3d up and down states split. This result suggests that local disorder may be responsible for the formation of Co moment in this system. To deepen this phenomenon, we have considered the antisite substitution of a Gd atom by a Co within the unit cell, which is the most common defect in the Laves phases. Calculations show the formation of magnetic moment in the Co atom at the substituted site as well as in their nearest Co atoms, similarly to the observed in the systems with the interstitial impurity. Our results are compatible with the reported x-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements performed in the RCo 2 family of compounds.
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    Dependence of Sub-Volume Excitation on Structural and Material Parameters in Precessional Regime of Spin Transfer Torque Magnetization Reversal (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We studied the structural and material parameter dependence of sub-volume excitation in a precessional regime of spin transfer torque (STT) magnetization reversal for CoFeB/MgO-based p-magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) using LLG micromagnetic simulation. The current density dependence of switching and incubation time in STT magnetization reversal can be globally scaled by the macrospin theory regardless of sub-volume excitation. The transit time has the minimum value at the minimum MTJ diameter where the sub-volume is excited. This critical diameter increases with an increase in exchange stiffness. The mechanism that sub-volume excitation is related to current density is also discussed.
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    Domain Wall Propagation in Co-Based Glass-Coated Microwires: Effect of Stress Annealing and Tensile Applied Stresses (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We report our recent results on studies of the effect of magnetic anisotropy induced by stress annealing on the domain wall (DW) dynamics of Co-rich microwires. We observed that the DW velocity of nearly zero magnetostrictive glass-coated microwires can be enhanced either by stress annealing of Co-rich microwires or even under applied tensile stresses to the annealed samples.
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    Micromagnetic Study of Electrical-Field-Assisted Magnetization Switching in MTJ Devices (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Perpendicular MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions are optimal candidates as building blocks of spin-transfer torque (STT) magnetoresistive memories. However, up to now, the only STT is not enough to achieve switching current density below (10^{mathrm {mathbf {6}}}) A/cm (^{mathrm {mathbf {2}}}) . A recent work has experimentally demonstrated the possibility of performing magnetization switching assisted by an electric-field at ultralow current density. Theoretically, this switching has been studied using a macrospin approach only. Here, we show a full micromagnetic study. We found that the switching occurs via a complex nucleation process including the nucleation of magnetic vortexes.
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    Antiferromagnetism in Potassium-Doped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: First-principles density functional calculations are performed to investigate the magnetic characteristics in K-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including phenanthrene, picene, 1,2:5,6-dibenzanthracene, 7-phenacene, and 1,2;8,9-dibenzopentacene. With the help of lowest energy crystal structures, the calculated total energies indicate that all five K-doped PAHs are stabilized in an antiferromagnetic ground state, with antiparallel spins between two molecular layers. The magnetic moment in these K-doped PAHs is increased with the increase of benzene rings number, while it is not sensitive to the arrangement of benzene rings. The enhancement of the magnetic moment is caused by a stronger spin splitting near the Fermi level and an increase of magnetic C atoms induced by K atoms with the increase of molecular size. Our results also indicate that the magnetism strongly depends on the crystal structure.
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    Nanogranular (FeCoTiO/SiO 2 ) n Multilayered Films for Noise Suppressor (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Magnetic nanogranular FeCoTiO films have been deposited by radio frequency magnetron cosputtering. By simply adjusting the thickness of films, the imaginary permeability spectrum of FeCoTiO films changed from a single ferromagnetic resonance peak to double resonance peaks. Based on this phenomenon, multilayered [FeCoTiO/SiO 2 (50 nm)] n films with various thickness of FeCoTiO layer were deposited and the characteristics of the electromagnetic noise suppression have been evaluated using an integrated coplanar waveguide transmission line. The multilayered film shows a decoupled M-H curve and a very wide resonance peak with the full-width at half-maximum of 2.6 GHz. The absorption attenuation amplitude reaches to −8 dB at the resonance frequency, and is better than −6 dB for the frequency above 3 GHz.
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    Quantitative Analysis of 90° Closure Domains Occurring by Compressive Stress in Fe3%Si(110) Steels (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The 3-D structures of the 90° closure domains in demagnetized Fe3%Si(110) steels occurring by the compressive stress were quantitatively analyzed using domain theory. The dependence of the compressive stress and the thickness in the 90° closure domains were evaluated using the proposed closure domain model with the 90° domain width. It was revealed that the 90° closure domain width decreases with an increase in compressive stress and steeply increases with a decrease in compressive stress. Moreover, our calculations predict that the critical compressive stress for the occurrence of the closure domains increase with the decrease in specimen thickness. The results suggest that when the thickness becomes thinner, enhancement of local compressive stress may be needed to refine 180° basic domains along the rolling direction. The validity of the calculation was confirmed by comparison with the past data and our presented domain observations by photoemission electron microscopy combined with X-ray magnetic circular dichroism.
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    Magnetization Reversal in Zero-Magnetostrictive Rapidly Solidified Amorphous Nanowires (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Magnetic hysteresis of rapidly solidified amorphous glass-coated nanowires with nearly zero magnetostriction has been investigated to understand the origin of their bistable behavior. Experimental hysteresis loops and simulated ones have shown that shape anisotropy is responsible for the observed variation of the coercivity values with sample dimensions. The results of this paper provide thorough information about the main contributions to the magnetization reversal mechanism in amorphous nanowires prepared by glass-coated melt spinning.
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    An Embedded Inductor Using Sendust Powder Composite Films for Step-Up DC–DC Converter (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: An embedded inductor constructed with Sendust powder composite films and embedded circuits is proposed. The composite films consist of mixed Sendust flaked powders and EPDM rubber. An embedded circuit is an etched spiral copper trace with 16 turns and two layers. Copper trace is patterned with a dimension of 0.025 mm thickness, 0.1 mm width, and 0.1 mm pitch. Regarding the performances of the proposed inductor, it was obtained that the simulated inductance and copper resistance are 4.7 uH and 770 m $Omega $ , respectively, while the measured results are 5.0 uH and 720 m $Omega $ , respectively. Measurements also show that the proposed inductor has relative high permeability and quality factor in a wide range of frequencies. It was confirmed that inductance of this inductor has a good stability to high frequency. To verify the usefulness of this inductor, the embedded inductor with a flexibility and the dimension of $10~{rm mm} times 7~{rm mm} times 0.3$ mm was applied to a step-up dc–dc converter that is fabricated in the flexible printed circuit. The output power of the fabricated dc–dc converter is 1.8 W (4.5 V/400 mA), and the switching frequency is 1.2 MHz. Finally, the fabricated dc–dc converter was tested and the maximum efficiency of 84% was obtained.
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    Effect of Annealing on Off-Diagonal GMI Effect of Co-Rich Amorphous Microwires (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We studied giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect and magnetic properties of Co 69.2 Fe 4.1 B 11.8 Si 13.8 C 1.1 amorphous as-prepared and annealed microwires. We observed that these properties can be tuned by heat treatment. High GMI effect has been observed in as-prepared Co-rich microwires. After appropriate annealing, we can observe fast DW propagation and GMI effect in the same sample. Annealing affects both diagonal and off-diagonal GMI components.
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    A New Electrical Steel Sheet Developed by Vector Magnetic Characteristic Control (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: It is assumed that vectors of magnetic flux density $B$ ( $B$ -vector) and magnetic field strength $H$ ( $H$ -vector) are parallel in the standard magnetic measurement; however, they are not parallel in actual electrical steel sheets. We have proposed the 2-D vector magnetic measurement technique which can measure the $B$ -vector and $H$ -vector that are in different directions. There is a phase difference $theta _{BH}$ between $B$ -vector and $H$ -vector. The iron loss is calculated by the inner product between $B$ -vector and $H$ -vector. Therefore, the iron loss increases depending on the $theta _{BH}$ . We controlled the $theta _{BH}$ by using a laser treatment, and developed a new electrical steel sheet developed by vector magnetic characteristic control, which can reduce the iron loss. This paper presents the details of the measured results from the new electrical steel sheets developed by vector magnetic characteristic control.
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    Magnetization Reversal Process in Pr-Cu Infiltrated Nd-Fe-B Nanocrystalline Magnet Investigated by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Magnetization reversal process in Nd-Fe-B nanocrystalline magnets was investigated by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) using a non-polarized neutron beam. The magnetic-field dependence of the SANS intensities was obtained for as-deformed and Pr-Cu infiltrated Nd-Fe-B magnets. The SANS intensity variation with the magnetic field is suppressed in Pr-Cu infiltrated sample as compared with that in as-deformed sample. The isolation of Nd 2 Fe 14 B grains along the [001]-axis direction was found to be caused by the infiltration of the Pr-Cu eutectic alloy, resulting in coercive force enhancement. The results suggest that magnetic isolation of the grains is the key to developing magnets with high coercive force.
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    Electroplated Fe–Ni Films Prepared From Deep Eutectic Solvents (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Fe–Ni alloy films were prepared by electroplating in a plating bath containing a choline chloride and ethylene glycol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES). The Fe content of the electroplated films was found to vary from 0 at.% to 100 at.% and was dependent on the amount of Fe reagent in the plating bath. The composition of the electroplated films could be controlled easily by changing the composition of the bath. We observed bcc or fcc Fe–Ni crystalline phase in the electroplated films by X-ray diffraction and confirmed that magnetically soft Fe–Ni alloy films could be obtained from the DES-based bath. The current efficiency for the plating process was as high as >88% over a wide range of the Fe reagent concentrations. Therefore, we conclude that the DES is an attractive solvent for preparing the Fe–Ni alloy films.
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    Effect of CaF 2 on the Microstructure, Magnetic, and Electrical Properties of Nd–Fe–B Magnets (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: To increase the electrical resistance of Nd–Fe–B magnets, CaF 2 were used to fabricate Nd–Fe–B/CaF 2 composite permanent magnets by hot-pressing and hot-deformation techniques. The influence of CaF 2 on the microstructures, electrical resistances, and magnetic properties of the Nd–Fe–B/CaF 2 composite magnets has been investigated. The results show that the cross-sectional microstructure of the composite magnets appeared as layered-structure and wet blending contributed to the formation of smooth CaF 2 layers. The electrical resistances of the Nd–Fe–B/CaF 2 composite magnets increased with the amounts of CaF 2 and reached $1280~boldsymbol mu Omega $ cm in the direction parallel to the pressing direction when the volume of CaF 2 was 20 vol.%, which increased 456% higher than that of the Nd–Fe–B magnet ( $230~boldsymbol mu Omega $ cm). But the maximum energy products of the Nd–Fe–B/CaF 2 composite magnets decreased with the increase of the amounts of CaF 2 .
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    IEEE International Magnetics Conference (Intermag) 2014 Preface (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The Publication Committee has great pleasure in presenting selected papers from the IEEE International Magnetics Conference, Intermag Europe 2014, which was held in Dresden, Germany, from May 4-8, 2014. The Conference provided a wide forum for discussion on experimental and theoretical aspects of magnetism and magnetic materials, as well as the latest achievements and trends in all branches of associated technologies.
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    Complex Magnetic Behavior of the Heusler Alloy—Cu 2 Mn 0.75 Fe 0.25 Al (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We investigated the structural and magnetic properties of Cu 2 Mn 1– x Fe x Al ( x $=0.25$ , 0.5, 0.75) alloys. Among the three compositions, only x $=0.25$ composition crystallizes in single phase with L $2_{1}$ structure but its magnetic response indicates a complex magnetic structure. The magnetic isotherms were fitted to modified Langevin equation which indicates the presence of clusters with large magnetic moment. The ac susceptibility studies showed the presence of a superparamagnetic phase in the system over and above ferromagnetic order. To determine the nature of the interactions among the clusters, the variation of freezing temperature ( $T_{f}$ ) with applied ac frequency was analyzed using different models (Néel–Arrhenius, Vogel–Fulcher, and critical slowing down model).
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    Magnetic Analysis of Polar and Nonpolar Oxide Substrates (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The magnetism of different polar and nonpolar cuts of single-crystal oxide substrates has been analysed. In addition to their intrinsic diamagnetism, some crystals exhibit a Curie-law susceptibility, which is associated with 3d impurities at the 1 ppm level, except for MgO where it is $sim 30$ ppm. Others exhibit an anhysteretic ferromagnetic-like signal typical of $d^{0}$ magnetism. The magnitude of the saturation moment depends critically on the type of surface in the case of the perovskite oxide substrates—SrTiO 3 , LaAlO 3 , and LSAT. The moment on (111) SrTiO 3 reaches a maximum of 80 $mu _mathrm {B}$ nm $^{-2}$ on annealing in vacuum in the region of 650 °C but no moment (<2 $mu _mathrm {B}$ nm $^{-2}$ ) is detectable on (100) SrTiO 3 . The moments on the two polar cuts of LaAlO 3 are 40– $70~mu _mathrm {B}$ nm $^{-2}$ . No correlation was found between the magnetism and the polar nature of the cut in non-perovskite oxide substrates—MgO, MgAl 2 O 4 , TiO 2 , and Al 2 O 3 .
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    High Coercivity in Annealed Melt-Spun Mn-Ga Ribbons (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Mn-Ga is a complex system due to the large number of phases which can be formed at different alloy compositions. In this paper, we present a simple method to prepare Mn 2-3 Ga alloys with a majority D (0_{mathrm {22}}) phase by heat treating melt-spun ribbons. X-ray diffraction results show the formation of D (0_{mathrm {22}}) after annealing the as-prepared ribbons with the D (0_{mathrm {19}}) structure at 450 °C for different times. This transformation results in a high ( {H_{mathrm {C}}}) of 8 kOe and a magnetization of 10 emu/g, at room temperature. SEM images in the as-prepared ribbons show the presence of a microrod-like D (0_{mathrm {19}}) microstructure with the size of the rods in the range of 0.5– (1~ {mu }) m. This homogeneous structure, after annealing for long time is transformed to D (0_{mathrm {22}}) spherical shape nanoparticles with an average size below 100 nm. Samples annealed further at 600 °C for 16 h showed a higher magnetization of 18 emu/g.
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    Study of Electrolyte pH in Production of Cu–Co–Ni Ternary Alloys and Its Effect on Microstructural and Magnetic Properties (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Ternary Cu–Co–Ni alloys were electrodeposited in the mediums that have different pH levels to investigate the microstructure-magnetic relationship. The electrolyte pH was considered as high (4.2) and low (2.5) levels. For both levels, the anomalous codeposition occurred in the deposition of the alloys. The face centered cubic crystalline structure was observed in the ternary alloys grown at high and low electrolyte pH levels. In addition, a significant decrease in average grain size of the crystallites, from 60 to 21 nm, occurred when the pH was reduced from 4.2 to 2.5. A dendritic structure was detected in the surface of the alloy deposited from electrolyte with the high pH level, whereas the alloy grown at the low pH has a surface without dendritic clumps. According to magnetic analysis, an increase in the saturation magnetization, caused by the increase of Co content, was detected when the pH was reduced. The coercivity (H_{c}) levels were 89 and 80 Oe for the alloys grown at high and low pH, respectively. The change of (H_{c}) was attributed to the changes in microstructural properties, i.e., different average grain sizes of the crystallites and surface morphologies, occurred when the electrolyte pH changed. The anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) was exhibited by the alloys and the AMR ratio was enhanced from (sim 3) % to (sim 3.5) %–4% when the pH decreased.
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    Nanoscale Composition Control Applied on ({boldsymbol {L}} 1_{mathrm {mathbf {0}}}) FePtRh Film for Dot Patterning Using Magnetic Phase Change (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: A planar dot pattern was fabricated using the flat-patterning method involving nanoscale composition control. A small percentage of Fe and Pt atoms was locally diffused into an L 1 (_{mathrm {0}}) FePtRh film by annealing, resulting in ferromagnetic dots with a diameter of 50 nm and a nonmagnetic spacing with a width of 100 nm. Nanoscale composition profiles around the dots were analyzed by an energy dispersive X-ray detector attached to a transmission electron microscope. Only the area in which the composition crossed the ferromagnetic-nonmagnetic threshold underwent a magnetic phase change. Magnetic force microscopy revealed ferromagnetic dots with a single-domain structure in the nonmagnetic matrix.
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    Magnetic Properties of Co/Cu/Py Antidot Films With Different Pore Diameters (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The magnetic properties of ordered nanoscale Co/Cu/Py multilayer antidot films with different pore sizes prepared on top of nanoporous alumina membranes (NAMs) are presented. Using Co and Py films separated by a Cu thin layer, and tuning the pore diameters of the NAMs, we were able to play with the coercivity of the films and observe stepped magnetization curves, as a consequence of the different coercivities of the Co and Py films. The magnetic properties of the multilayer antidots have been measured and compared with results obtained for antidots of Cu/Py. The magnetization reversal process that occurs in each individual layer and in the multilayer was studied by means of micromagnetic simulations.
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    Cu-Containing [Pt/Co] Multilayers With Low Saturation Magnetization Suitable for the Pinned Structure (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We prepared [Pt/(Co, Cu)] multilayers with a very thin (i.e., 0.2 nm thick) Pt layer and a thicker (i.e., 0.4, 0.5, or 0.6 nm thick) (Co, Cu) layer and investigated the effects of the Cu content in the (Co, Cu) layer and the postannealing temperature on the magnetic properties of the multilayers. The samples in the as-deposited state and those annealed up to 500 °C for 1 h all exhibited perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). The PMA strength and saturation magnetization both decreased with increasing content of Cu in the samples. The saturation magnetization of the Cu containing multilayers annealed at 500 °C substantially decreased, probably owing to the change in the microstructure from a layered structure in the as-deposited samples to a bulk phase in the annealed ones, as supported by high resolution transmission electron microscopy images. The effective PMA energy density of the samples annealed at high temperatures, on the other hand, remained nearly unchanged and even increased slightly indicating a high postannealing stability of Cu containing multilayers. The Cu-containing multilayers may find potential application to high density magnetic random access memory as the pinned structure of magnetic tunnel junctions because the multilayers showed low saturation magnetizations in the range 164–753 emu/cm (^{3}) and high postannealing stability.
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    Co/Pt Multilayers on Self-Organized Hexagonal Patterned Nanodots (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Anodic alumina with surface of hexagonal patterned nanodots was prepared by a two-step anodizing procedure. Scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy results clearly showed the formation of self-organized hexagonal patterned nanostructure. Diameters of the nanodots were controlled by choosing different anodization voltage and types of electrolyte acids. Co/Pt multilayers deposited on the nanodots with different diameters of 20, 70, and 100 nm lead to the formation of magnetic nanostructures with perpendicular anisotropy. Magnetometry and the first-order reversal curve method were used to study the magnetic properties of Co/Pt nanostructures. An out-of-plane magnetic easy axis was observed for the continuous films and the nanodots with diameters of 100 and 70 nm. The magnetic multilayers deposited on 20 nm nanodots appeared to have taken on a hard axis type behavior. The curvature of nanodot arrays induces strong modifications on the magnetic properties of the nanostructures.
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    Dynamics in Superspin Glass Systems (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The out-of-equilibrium dynamical properties of two very different superspin glass systems are discussed: 1) MnFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles, in powder form, with very strong dipolar interactions and 2) a system consisting of a film of Co particles dispersed (5%–10% volume filling fraction) in an Mn matrix, where interparticle interactions are mainly mediated by the matrix. In the latter system, the influence of interface exchange coupling between the ferromagnetic particles and the antiferromagnetic matrix on the out-of-equilibrium dynamics is discussed.
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    Domain-Wall-Assisted Switching of Chains of Coupled Nanomagnets (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We experimentally demonstrate that the stray field of a propagating transverse domain wall can switch chains of coupled nanomagnets (nanomagnet wires) to a magnetically ordered, low energy ground state. We fabricated nanomagnet wires consisting of 6 and 20 nanomagnets that were placed adjacent to a domain-wall conductor. Magnetic force microscope images clearly show the nanomagnet wire switching from an initial metastable state to an ordered ground state. This can be exploited for controlled order of nanomagnet switching and for energy-efficient clocking of nanomagnet logic devices. Reference structures were fabricated and characterized to prove our assumptions.
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    Ferromagnetic GaMnP Prepared by Ion Implantation and Pulsed Laser Annealing (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We present the magnetic, transport, and structural properties of GaMnP with different Mn concentrations prepared by ion implantation and pulsed laser annealing. The Curie temperature increases with Mn concentration and the samples show in-plane magnetic anisotropy due to the in-plane compressive strain in the GaMnP layer. Anomalous Hall effect and negative magnetoresistance are observed, indicating the carrier mediated nature of the ferromagnetism in GaMnP. According to the micro-Raman spectroscopy data after pulsed laser annealing, the implanted layer has been fully recrystallized and the carrier concentration (hole) increases with Mn concentration.
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    Annealing Effect on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Mn-Implanted 6H-SiC (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: n-type 6H-SiC(0001) substrates were implanted with a fluence of Mn + (5 times 10^{16}) (maximum Mn content of 7%), with implantation energy of 80 keV and substrate temperature of 365 °C to promote recrystallization. The samples were characterized using Rutherford backscattering and channeling (RBS/C) spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis in the energy dispersive X-ray (EPMA-EDX) technique; while the magnetization was studied using a superconducting quantum interference device techniques. In the as-implanted sample, three well-defined specific defect zones were identified as deduced from the analysis of RBS/C spectra. It is shown that the two main vacancy-related and interstitial-related defects undergo limited changes when annealing at 800 °C, while a major recovery is obtained after annealing at 1100 °C. Strain relaxation was also observed upon annealing as determined from HRXRD. Magnetization was strongly reduced with increasing annealing temperature from 800 °C to 1600 °C. This effect seems to be related to the dilution effect (reduction of Mn content) due to the local diffusion of Mn as suggested from the results obtained using both RBS/C and EPMA-EDX techniques.
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    Probing of Spin Wave Resonances in (Ga,Mn)As by Time-Resolved Magneto-Optical Technique (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We report on all-optical detection of magnetization dynamics in the ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As in the presence of spin-wave resonances (SWRs) using a time-resolved magneto-optical (TRMO) technique. In our previous experiments, we demonstrated the possibility to reconstruct the magnetization dynamics directly from the TRMO signals. In this paper, we present a detailed time-domain analysis of the TRMO traces obtained using this method to determine the exact influence of the higher SWR modes on the laser-induced magnetization dynamics. We focus on the effect of the SWR on the evolution of the spatially averaged magnetization.
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    Magnetic and Structural Characterization of NiFe/Fe 30 Co 70 Bilayers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Magnetostrictive films are required for a wide range of device applications; by increasing the magnetostriction constant and decreasing the anisotropy field, the devices will become more efficient. This paper has studied Fe 30 Co 70 films on different thicknesses of the soft magnetic underlayer Ni 81 Fe 19 , to determine how the structural and magnetic properties change. It was found that the anisotropy field of the Fe 30 Co 70 film could be reduced by 50% to 10 kA/m and the magnetostriction constant increased by a factor 4 to 65 ppm when grown on 30 nm Ni 81 Fe 19 . This was due to the NiFe underlayer inducing a BCC(110) texture within the Fe 30 Co 70 film and reducing the in-plane stress.
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    Spontaneous Polarization Reversal in Multiferroic Mn 0.85 Co 0.15 WO 4 Induced by an External Magnetic Field (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The multiferroic properties of Mn 0.85 Co 0.15 WO 4 are studied in magnetic fields oriented along the monoclinic (c) -axis. A spontaneous sign reversal of the ferroelectric polarization is observed upon decreasing temperature if cooled in a constant magnetic field. This unusual phenomenon is explained by the coexistence of different multiferroic phases with conical and spiral spin structures. These phases form domains which contribute to the electrical polarization in different temperature ranges. The sign reversal of the polarization is explained by an analysis of the contributions from the different domains to the net value of the polarization. It is concluded that the spiral and conical magnetic orders in neighboring domains are strongly coupled leading to the preservation of the spin chirality across the domain walls.
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    Crystal Orientation and Magnetic Anisotropy of Mn–Sb Alloy Induced by High Magnetic Field During Treatment in Semisolid State (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: An Mn–Sb alloy was isothermally annealed in a semisolid state without and with a high magnetic field. The effect of the high magnetic field on the evolution of the crystal orientation of ferromagnetic Mn–Sb particles during their coarsening process was investigated. The effect of the high magnetic field on the magnetic property of the treated alloys was studied. With the application of the high magnetic field, the Mn–Sb particles were orientated with their ${boldsymbol {c}}$ -axes perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. The orientation degree of the particles increased with increasing annealing time. The magnetic field-treated alloys showed a magnetically anisotropic behavior. A processing route for producing magnetic particle-reinforced compounds is proposed.
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    Wide-Range Structural and Chemical Stability of the Magnetic Oxide NiFe 2 O 4 Grown by O 2 -Assisted Pulsed Laser Deposition (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We present a study of the structural and chemical properties of the magnetic insulator NiFe 2 O 4 on conductive Nb-doped SrTiO 3 (001) substrates. Special regard is given to the dependence of the thin film properties on the O 2 :Ar ratio during pulsed laser deposition. Using stoichiometric NiFe 2 O 4 target material and varying the O 2 partial pressure from 0% to 100%, we find a nonzero oxygen threshold for heteroepitaxial growth and a stoichiometric Fe:Ni cation distribution. Moreover, our study clearly demonstrates that NiFe 2 O 4 thin films grow with high quality over a wide range of oxygen partial pressures. These optimized NiFe 2 O 4 /SrTiO 3 heterostructures are envisioned as efficient spin filter tunnel contacts for room temperature application.
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    Spin-Phonon Coupling in PrMn 2 O 5 Nanorods (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: PrMn 2 O 5 nanorods with five axial ( $langle L_{C}rangle $ ) $times $ radial lengths of 63 nm $times 25$ nm, 150 nm $times 25$ nm, 152 nm $times 29$ nm, 259 nm $times 86$ nm, and 262 nm $times 87$ nm were fabricated by the hydrothermal method. Experiments on magnetic susceptibility demonstrate incommensurate antiferromagnetic (ICAFM) ( $T_{N}$ ) and ICAFM-to-commensurate antiferromagnetic ( $T_{N'}$ ) ordering at 43 and 20 K, respectively, in the samples with $langle L_{C}rangle le 259$ nm. At $langle L_{C}rangle =262$ nm, both $T_{N}$ and $T_{N'}$ are shifted to higher temperatures and the samples exhibit magnetic correlation from 150 K. Experimentally obtained $M$ – $H$ curves demonstrate that only the sample with $langle L_{C}rangle =262$ nm exhibits a hysteresis loop. Raman spect- a obtained at various temperatures reveal that in only the sample with $langle L_{C}rangle =262$ nm does the $A_{g}+ B_{1g}$ mode exhibit a large Raman shift until the sample is cooled to 150 K. The distinctiveness of the $langle L_{C}rangle =262$ nm sample arises from annealing. This treatment reduces the barrier to magnetic ordering that is caused by defects and promotes spin-phonon coupling at high temperatures.
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    Magnetic and Magnetocaloric Properties of Dy-Substituted (La 1− x Dy x ) 0.7 Ba 0.3 MnO 3 Perovskites (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We examine the effect of average cation radius at the A site of the perovskite structure on the structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of barium-doped lanthanum manganites. The A site cation radius is varied by partially replacing La +3 ions by smaller Dy +3 ions in the parent compound, for (x) up to 15%, in a nominal formula (La 1− x Dy x ) 0.7 Ba 0.3 MnO 3 . The barium doping level and thus the ratio Mn +4 /(Mn +3 + Mn +4 ) was kept constant at 30%. The substitution of La +3 by the smaller Dy +3 ions causes a larger misfit in the ionic radius between the A and B sites of the perovskite structure which results in a phase transformation from rhombohedral to orthorhombic. All samples exhibit a ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition. Transition temperature decreases with the percentage (x) of substitution from 275 to 203 K. Arrott–Belov plots show that all samples follow the behavior expected for a conventional second-order transition. The magnetic entropy change has been determined using isothermal magnetization curves in the vicinity of Curie temperature using Maxwell’ s equation. For a field change of 2 T the maximum (|Delta ) S (_{M}^{{{textrm {PEAK}}}}|) decreases from 2.25 to 1.74 J/K/kg.
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    Magnetic Properties of Heusler-Type Microwires and Thin Films (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: In this paper, we studied magnetic properties of Heusler-type glass-covered microwires and thin films. The results have shown that we succeeded to prepare Ni–Mn–In thin films and Ni–Mn–Ga and Ni–Mn–In microwires that have martensitic and austenitic phases at room temperature.
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    Size Effect on Multiferroic HoMn 2 O 5 Nanorods (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The effects of size on the magnetic properties of HoMn 2 O 5 nanorods were studied. Nanorods were made with five radial (< $L_{C}$ >) $ times $ axial axial lengths—24(7) nm, $times$ 49(19) nm, $textbf {33}(textbf {14})~{rm nm}times textbf {66}(textbf {25})$ nm, $textbf {31}(textbf {9})~{ { {rm nm}}}times textbf {69}(textbf {25})$ nm, $textbf {54}(textbf {13})~{ { {rm nm}}}times textbf {95}(textbf {27})$ nm, and $textbf {114}(textbf {52})~{{{rm nm}}}times textbf {409}(textbf {109})$ nm. The axial directions of the nanorod were parallel to the ${boldsymbol {c}}$ -axis of the crystals. All samples crystallized with orthorhombic Pbam symmetry with no phase change between 15 and 300 K. Upon cooling, only the sample with < ${boldsymbol {L}}_{{{boldsymbol {C}}}}$ > = 409 nm exhibited incommensurate and incommensurate-to-commensurate antiferromagnetic transitions at 43 and 38 K, respectively. No sample yielded an obvious hysteresis loop at 2 K. Measurements of magnetic susceptibility reveal that the critical range of sizes for magnetic ordering in HoMn 2 O 5 is between < ${boldsymbol {L}}_{{{boldsymbol {C}}}}$ > = 95 and 409 - m.
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    Growth of Fe-Ga Alloy Single Crystals by the Czochralski Method and Their Application to Vibration Power Generator (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: An Fe-Ga alloy single crystal of about 10 mm in diameter and about 60 mm in length was grown by the Czochralski (CZ) method. The as-grown ingot was approximately oriented in the (langle 100rangle ) direction parallel to the pull-up direction. The gallium concentration of the as-grown ingot was close to that of the starting polycrystalline alloy. The magnetostriction of about −212 ppm was observed in the (langle 100rangle ) direction by applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the measured direction. In addition, the superior performance of vibration power generation due to the large inverse magnetostrictive effect was demonstrated by a prototype device using the as-grown Fe-Ga alloy single crystal. It is concluded that Fe-Ga alloy single crystals grown by the CZ method are promising for application to vibration power generators.
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    Giant 2-D Magnetoelectric Effects in a Unique Magnetostrictive/Piezoelectric Heterostructure Without Interface Bonding (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We develop a unique magnetoelectric (ME) heterostructure with giant 2-D ME effects by attaching magnetostrictive Metglas at the free end of a piezoelectric Pb(Zr 1-x Ti x )O 3 (PZT) cantilever, instead of interface bonding. The ME effects originate from flexural deformation of PZT plate driven by a mechanical force from Metglas. In experiments, the 1-D ME heterostructures induced different directional magnetic fields have been designed optimally. When the length of Metglas ribbon is 12 mm, the 1-D ME heterostructures have the maximum ME effects. After assembling the different optimal designed 1-D ME heterostructures, an ME heterostructure with 2-D ME characteristics is obtained. The 2-D heterostructure has two resonant frequencies, at about 88 and 115 kHz. The maximum resonant voltage coefficient ( ({boldsymbol alpha _{{boldsymbol {rm ME}},{boldsymbol {rm r}}}}) ) is 79 (V/cm Oe) when the heterostructure is in one direction of the magnetic field, and 45 (V/cm Oe) when the heterostructure is in the other direction of the magnetic field. The results demonstrate that this ME structure can be used as a multidimensional ME transducer.
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    Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy of Co 2 Fe x Mn 1− x Si Heusler Alloy Ultra-Thin Films (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Film thickness, composition, and buffer layer dependences of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) were investigated for ultrathin Co 2 Fe x Mn 1− x Si Heusler alloy films. The perpendicular magnetization was achieved when the thickness of the Co 2 MnSi on the Pd buffer layer was 0.6 and 0.8 nm. For Co 2 FeSi, only a 0.6 nm thick film exhibited perpendicular magnetization. Effective uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy ( K (_{rm u}^{rm eff}) ) was 1– (2,times , 10^{6}) erg/cm (^{3}) . From the buffer layer dependence, it was revealed that perpendicular magnetization of Co 2 FeSi films was not achieved for a MgO or Cr buffer layer. These results imply that contributions from the Pd/Heusler alloy interface plays an important role in the PMA of ultrathin Co 2 Fe x Mn 1− x Si Heusler alloy films.
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    Magnetic Phase Transition and Magnetocaloric Effect in Co-Doped Mn-Ni-Ge Melt-Spun Ribbons (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The effects of Co substitution for Ni on Curie temperature (T_{C}) , magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Mn 1.05 Ni 0.85− x Co x Ge ( (x = 0) –0.85) alloy ribbons prepared by melt-spinning have been investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and magnetization measurements. All the as-spun Mn 1.05 Ni 0.85− x Co x Ge ((x=0) –0.85) ribbons crystallize in hexagonal Ni 2 In-type structure at room temperature. The magnetic measurements at 100 K show that the as-spun ribbons exhibit good soft-magnetic behaviors with coercivity <100 Oe. No martensitic magnetostructural transition can be observed in magnetization versus temperature (M) – (T) curves, whereas the Curie temperature (T_{C}) of the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transitions of these ribbons increases from 205 K for (x=0) to 295 K for (x=0.85) . The peak values of the maximal magnetic entropy changes ( (-Delta S_{M}) ) decrease from 6.0 to 3.4 J/kg K around (T_{C}) , under a field change of 0–50 kOe as (x) increases from 0 to 0.85, while the value- of refrigeration capacity varies in the range of 170–250 J/kg.
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    Magnetic Fluctuations in Individual Superparamagnetic Particles (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Fluctuations of the magnetic moment direction of single Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were measured by conductive atomic force microscopy. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles were deposited on an Fe–Pt thin film, and the current through the film and individual particles was detected as a function of time. Due to magnetoresistance in the particle-film system, changes in the particle moment direction lead to different current levels. The effect of magnetic fields between −69 and 153 Oe on the characteristic current levels was used to determine the effective anisotropy of the particle. Magnetoresistance values of 45% were observed.
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    Understanding Motion of Twin Boundary—A Key to Magnetic Shape Memory Effect (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: High mobility or the ease of movement of twin boundary in magnetic field, necessary for magnetically induced reorientation (MIR) is studied. In modulated 10M martensite two types of a-c twin boundaries, Type I and Type II are mobile in magnetic field. Here, we focus on the behavior of a single twin boundary in magnetic field at different temperatures. Using Type II, twin boundary MIR resulting in 6% field-induced deformation can occur in the field (sim 10) kA/m. For Type I, in contrast, the field more than ten times larger is needed. The effect of demagnetization is evaluated. In addition, the temperature dependence of the field needed to initiate twin motion is flat for Type II compared with sharp increase for Type I. The explanations for this sharply differing behavior are proposed.
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    Electromagnetic Waves Reflectance of Graphene—Magnetic Semiconductor Superlattice in Magnetic Field (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Electrodynamic properties of the graphene–magnetic semiconductor–graphene superlattice placed in magnetic field have been investigated theoretically in Faraday geometry, while taking into account dissipation processes. Frequency and field dependences of the reflectance, transmittance, and absorbtance of electromagnetic waves by such superlattice have been calculated for different numbers of periods of the structure and different sizes of the periods with using a transfer matrix method. The possibility of efficient control of electrodynamic properties of graphene–magnetic semiconductor–graphene superlattice has been shown.
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    E-Field Tuned Rotation of Magnetic Anisotropy and Enhanced Microwave Performance in FeCoAlO/PZN–PT Multiferroic Composite Prepared by Composition Gradient Sputtering (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: An orthogonal biaxial magnetic anisotropy configuration was built in the FeCoAlO/PZN–PT multiferroic composite using two perpendicular uniaxial magnetic anisotropies (UMAs). One is stable and induced by composition gradient, and the other is electric field (E-field) dependent resulting from the magnetoelectric coupling between FeCoAlO ferromagnetic film and the PZN–PT ferroelectric substrate. As a result, the easy axis of a FeCoAlO soft magnetic film can be rotated nearly 90° by the E-field due to the competition between the two UMAs. The magnitude and direction of the ferromagnetic resonance frequency can be manipulated by E-field, and very high resonance frequency up to 9 GHz is achieved in this orthogonal biaxial multiferroic composite.
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    Nanocrystalline Block Cores for High-Frequency Chokes (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Nanocrystalline Fe-based soft magnetic materials are more and more common not only in power electronic, but also in power energy conversion systems. The use of different treatments (the methods of stacking and annealing at/without magnetic field presence) on magnetic cores allow to achieve their predefined magnetic properties. This fact increases the level of the applicability such magnetic cores. Different concepts of nanocrystalline magnetic block cores were discussed in this paper. Obtained results were compared with magnetic cores used up to nowadays (made of amorphous and Fe–Si steel).
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    Magneto-Optical Properties of a Ferronematic Colloid (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Fabrication of a thermotropic ferronematic colloid is reported, consisting of a 1% concentration of magnetite nanorods dispersed in a commercially obtained liquid crystal (LC). To produce the nanorods, solvothermal synthesis was utilized by adding Fe(CO) 5 to a reaction solution of hexadecylamine and oleic acid in n-octanol. The procedure allows for tailoring of the size and shape of the nanorods. The magnetic nanorods were functionalized with oleic acid. Magneto-optic and electro-optic properties of the colloid were characterized. Specifically, static measurements were performed to determine the birefringence and magnetic and electric Freedericksz thresholds. From the dynamic measurements, the switching time was determined. The nanorods increased the effective magnetic anisotropy of the LC. Depending on nanorod dimensions, the colloid demonstrated faster switching speeds, especially in the presence of crossed electric and magnetic fields.
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    Analysis of Architecture Effect on Hysteretic Behavior of 3-D Spin Crossover Nanostructures (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We have analyzed the hysteretic properties of thermal and pressure induced low spin (LS) $leftrightarrow $ high spin (HS) phase transition of a 3-D spin crossover (SCO) nanostructure when the cluster architecture is progressively changed from a cubic to a thin film. For solving the 3-D Ising-like Hamiltonian, the Monte Carlo metropolis technique is used, with the edge molecules trapped in HS state. The role of short- and long-range interactions on the SCO cooperativity has been investigated as well. The obtained results show that the cooperativity of a 3-D SCO system, characterized by the same number of molecules and the same interactions strength are strongly affected when going from a cubic 3-D to thin-film architecture. These results are discussed in terms of surface effects.
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    Magnetocaloric Effect of Amorphous Gd 65 Fe 10 Co 10 Al 10 X 5 (X = Al, Si, B) Alloys (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Gd-based amorphous alloys with addition of metals and metalloids are interesting materials from the point of view of magnetic and magnetocaloric properties. Moreover, they usually possess high corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. A series of Gd 65 Fe 10 Co 10 Al 10 X 5 (X = Al, Si, B) alloys was synthesized by melt-spinning. The amorphous structure of ribbons was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Calorimetric curves allowed to determine crystallization temperatures, which are in the range of 260°C–303°C. The temperature dependences of the magnetic entropy changes were calculated from series of isothermal magnetization curves using Maxwell relation. Maximum value of the magnetic entropy change for the magnetic field change from 0 to 5 T is 7.1 J kg (^{mathrm {-1}}) K (^{mathrm {-1}}) for X = B, whereas the related refrigerant capacity (RC) is 748 J kg (^{mathrm {-1}}) . For Gd 65 Fe 10 Co 10 Al 15 and Gd 65 Fe 10 Co 10 Al 10 Si 5 alloys, the maximum values of magnetic entropy change reached 6.0 and 5.9 J kg (^{mathrm {mathbf {-1}}}) K (^{mathrm {mathbf {-1}}^{vphantom {)}}}) , while the obtained values for RC parameter were 700 and 698 J kg (^{mathrm {mathbf {-1}}}) , respectively.
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    Size Influence to the High-Frequency Properties of Granular Magnetite Nanoparticles (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We fabricate granular Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles with tunable particles sizes ranging from 20 to 250 nm using the solvothermal method. Magnetic stirring during the fabrication can further reduce the size of the particle. To investigate the high-frequency dynamic magnetic properties, the complex permeability and complex permittivity of the composites are measured in a frequency range of 1–15 GHz, and the reflection loss can be obtained through further calculation. The results show that the granular size strongly influences the permeability and the absorbing property of the material. The intrinsic permeability can be derived from the extended Bruggeman effective medium theory. The Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles assisted by magnetic stirring with a size of 20 nm shows high performance in absorption compared with other bigger counterparts prepared without magnetic stirring.
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    Core-Shell Fine Structure of FeNi Magnetic Nanoparticles Produced by Electrical Explosion of Wire (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Fe 45 Ni 55 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were fabricated by electric explosion of wire. In order to reduce the pyrophoricity of the MNPs, oxygen passivation was performed leading to the creation of the surface barrier layer. The surface features of MNPs are important for the development of MNPs containing composites (polymer/MNPs microwave absorbers or composites for power electronic devices). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS) were used for structural characterization. XPS analysis of the samples was conducted varying the electron exit angle with respect to the surface. The main phase is the FeNi fcc metallic core and the barrier layer is an iron–nickel NiFe 2 O 4 oxide with a thickness of 2–6 nm. Small toroidal cores of 1.5 cm in diameter were prepared by hot pulse pressing. Their structure was studied by XRD, SEM–EDX techniques. The magnetic properties of the cores were measured using double coil winding. Obtained materials are interesting for power and electronic applications.
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    Shingled Thermally Assisted Magnetic Recording for 8 Tbit/in (^{{2}}) (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Simulations of shingled thermally assisted magnetic recording were carried out. The head field distribution and head field gradient had little effect on the signal-to-noise ratio of shingled tracks, whereas the heat spot radius and medium parameters had a much more significant influence. An areal density of 8 Tbit/in (^{2}) could be achieved with a shingled track width of 9 nm if very demanding conditions on the heat spot and recording medium parameters were met. Under more relaxed conditions areal densities in excess of 4 Tbit/in (^{2}) could be expected for shingled track widths of 15 nm.
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    Dynamic Magnetic Properties of Electrospun NiZn Spinel Ferrite Nanofibers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: NiZn spinel ferrite nanofibers with diameters in 50–100 nm were fabricated by electrospinning followed by thermal treatment. Deploying a rotating collector, nanofibers can achieve certain degree of alignment. The morphology phase contents, static, and dynamic magnetic properties of ferrite fibers were experimentally studied. Measured magnetic hysteresis loops indicate that the NiZn ferrite nanofibers are anisotropic with easy magnetization axis along the fiber alignment direction. The relationship between ferromagnetic resonant frequencies of nanofibers and bias magnetic fields was determined and can be described using a modified Kittel’s formula developed for polycrystalline ferrites.
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    Large In-Plane Uniaxial Magnetic Anisotropy in the Ferromagnetic/Ferroelectric Heterostructures (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Amorphous FeSiBC film with large magnetostriction and small magnetocrystalline anisotropy was deposited on the poled (110)-oriented Pb(Mg,Nb)O 3 -PbTiO 3 crystal substrate to form ferromagnetic/ferroelectric (FM/FE) heterostructures. It is shown that large in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (IPUMA)(>250 Oe) can be induced upon applying in situ magnetic biasing field along the [001] direction during deposition. The IPUMA is tenfold of normally magnetic-field-induced anisotropy of FeSiBC/SiO 2 /Si with the same biasing magnetic field, therefore dramatically pushing the FM resonance frequency from 1 to 4.2 GHz. Our investigation shows that the FE domain of the poled Pb(Mg,Nb)O 3 -PbTiO 3 crystal can imprint into the FeSiBC layer and provide negative magnetic stress anisotropy upon applying biasing field along the [001] direction, but positive magnetic stress anisotropy upon applying biasing field along the [110] direction.
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    Model Analysis of Tilted Spin-Torque Oscillator With Magnetic Write Head for Shingled Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: A model analysis was used to investigate a spin-transfer torque oscillator (STO) and magnetic write head for shingled microwave-assisted magnetic recording, where the interactions between STO and write head were included. The magnetic head had a tilted main pole (MP)–trailing shield (TS) gap with respect to the medium surface. The STO was placed in the tilted gap and off-center with respect to the MP center axis. The head structure allowed stable STO oscillation due to the lower in-plane field on the STO and large magnetic head field and high field gradient in the cross-track direction due to the wide pole. An off-centered STO in the MP–TS tilted gap had a stable oscillation at the cost of a slight reduction in oscillation amplitude.
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    Magnetic Field Dependence of Energy Barrier of Perpendicular Nanomagnet (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Based on the nudged elastic band model, we investigate the thermal energy barrier and its field dependence of a circular-shaped perpendicular nanomagnet for various exchange constants and cell sizes. We find that the energy barrier depends not only on the cell size but also on the exchange stiffness constant when the switching is governed by the domain-wall nucleation and propagation. We show that analyzing the switching probability curve based on the field-dependent energy barrier equation for the single-domain switching can underestimate the energy barrier so that one has to use the correct field dependence of energy barrier, which can be obtained numerically.
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    Reduction of Offset Field in Top-Pinned MTJ With Synthetic Antiferromagnetic Free Layer (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We found that the offset field ( H (_{rm off}) ) of a top-pinned magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with a CoPd/Ru/Ta/CoFeB-synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) free layer can be reduced by controlling the exchange coupling energy ( J (_{rm ex}) ) value. A micromagnetic simulation was used to derive the direct relation between the J (_{mathbf {ex}}) of a CoPd/Ru/Ta/CoFeB-SAF free layer and the H (_{rm off}) of a top-pinned MTJ with the SAF free layer. In addition, we found that the J (_{rm ex}) value can be controlled by changing the thickness of the Ta spacer between the CoPd and CoFeB layers. As a result, we fabricated a top-pinned MTJ with a SAF free layer that eliminated the offset field and made it possible to improve the thermal stability.
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    Asymmetric Composite Free Layers With Compensated Magnetization for Ultrahigh Density Integration of STT-MRAM (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: This paper analyzes the magnetization switching behavior of an asymmetric synthetic antiferromagnetic (AF) free layer for spin-transfer torque random access memory and numerically demonstrates thermally assisted magnetization switching. Optimization of the free-layer thickness and the magnetic properties enables successful magnetization switching while retaining the AF structure during the switching process. The thermal stability was improved by increasing the lateral aspect ratio of the free layers while also maintaining writability with a reduced current density under the thermal assistance.
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    Tunable Ultrawideband Phase Shifters With Magnetodielectric Disturber Controlled by a Piezoelectric Transducer (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: A new tunable ultrawideband phase shifter with magnetodielectric disturber controlled by a piezoelectric transducer has been developed in this paper. With their high relative permeability, magnetodielectric materials show great potential in microwave circuit and device designs. Novel ultrawideband phase shifter designs with conductor-backed coplanar waveguide were compared and investigated. NiCo-ferrite films were adopted to laminate the magnetodielectric material perturber on a dielectric Rogers material substrate. A maximum relative phase shift of 384° at 20 GHz with respect to the unperturbed condition has been achieved for the conductor backed coplanar waveguide structure.
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    Toward a Novel Remote Pressure Sensor: Influence of Static Magnetic Fields on the Resonance Frequency of Magnetostrictive Microcantilevers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: This contribution presents the concept of a novel miniature pressure sensor that can be queried wirelessly. The sensor consists of a monomorph magnetostrictive microcantilever (MSMC) and a magnetized membrane. The distance between membrane and cantilever and therefore the biasing magnetic field strength varies with the applied pressure. The advantage of the sensor is that the aimed quantity is the bending/resonance frequency, which solely depends on the biasing magnetic field strength. We report on the fabrication of a MSMC with a size of 1500 (mu ) m (times 72 mu ) m (times 5 mu ) m and we present two different methods to determine the resonance frequency of the cantilever. One approach is the so-called peak and hold method, where the resonance frequency is determined by measuring the frequency response. In the second method applied, the impulse response of the cantilever is evaluated. We demonstrate that the resonance frequency of the cantilever can be shifted in a range of up to 13% by applying a biasing magnetic dc field of 35 kA/m. In addition, the measured quality factor of the cantilever reveals the low damping. The obtained results show that the fabricated MSMC is applicable for the proposed miniature pressure sensor.
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    Highly Sensitive CMOS Magnetoimpedance Sensor Using Miniature Multi-Core Head Based on Amorphous Wire (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We newly report a highly sensitive CMOS magnetoimpedance (MI) sensor based on a miniature multi-core head ( $sim 2~mathrm{mm}^{2}$ ). The miniature head consists of 13 $mu $ m diameter amorphous wires and pick-up coils totaling 250 turns. In this paper, the sensitivity and noise level of the prototype sensor is investigated. We showed that the noise floor of the prototype sensor is lower than 100 pT/ $mathrm{Hz}^{1/2}$ for the frequency range of 20–500 Hz. We estimated the peak-induced voltage at the pick-up coil on the basis of off-diagonal impedance theory. The results obtained in this paper will be useful for designing a highly sensitive MI sensor based on a miniature multi-core head with a CMOS pulse circuit.
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    Observation of the Magnetic Properties According to Changes in the Shape of Thin-Film Giant Magnetoimpedance Sensor (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The thin-film type giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) sensor has generated substantial interest owing to its advantages, including ease of integration and greater potential for size reduction. Controlling the magnetic anisotropy is a requirement for developing the high-sensitivity GMI sensor. In this paper, we examined the influence of various sensor geometries on magnetic anisotropy, while also considering the demagnetizing factor. Transverse magnetic anisotropies were induced in all sizes of the sample. The induced magnetic anisotropies were well defined along the transverse direction, with only a little closure domain. The induced magnetic anisotropy was dependent on the width of the sensor and it was sensitively rotated according to the increase in the width of the sensor.
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    Relationship Between Output of a Fluxgate Sensor and Magnetization Process of Its Core (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Motivated by the need to miniaturize fluxgate sensors, we investigated the dependence of the sensitivity of fluxgate sensors on the saturation flux density and magnetostriction of an amorphous ribbon core. In addition, the relationship between the sensing properties and the magnetization process of its core was investigated with a Kerr microscope. We found that the sensitivity decreased with an increase in magnetostriction. Highly magnetostrictive amorphous ribbons exhibited maze domains that were difficult to move by applying a low magnetic field of a few hundred amperes per meter. This effect caused a decrease in the sensitivity of the sensors.
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    Magnetoelectric Composite Metglas/PZT-Based Current Sensor (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: This paper presents an electric current sensor employing an unsymmetrical magnetoelectric composite Metglas/Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PZT) consisting of magnetostrictive Metglas and piezoelectric PZT. As the Metglas foils with excellent magnetic characteristics induce the magnetic field around a current-carrying cable, an output voltage is generated in Metglas/PZT. The influence of the numbers of Metglas foil ( L ) on resonance output voltage ( V (_{o,,r}) ) is experimentally investigated in detail. The results demonstrate that the maximum V (_{o,,r}) is 223 mV for Metglas/PZT with L (= 4) under 190.2 Hz frequency and dc biased magnetic field H (_{rm dc}= 16) Oe. By adding a 1.3 g tip mass at the free end of Metglas/PZT, the resonant frequency of Metglas/PZT with L (= 4) can be adjusted to 50 Hz, where the V (_{o,,r}) is 211 mV at H (_{rm dc} =16) Oe. With the excellent linearity and large current sensitivity (114.2 mV/A) when measuring low-frequency alternating magnetic fields of 50 Hz, this sensor is ideally suited for power-line current measurement.
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    A Novel Self-Reference Technique for STT-RAM Read and Write Reliability Enhancement (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) has demonstrated great potential in embedded and stand-alone applications. However, process variations and thermal fluctuations greatly influence the operation reliability of STT-RAM and limit its scalability. In this paper, we propose a new field-assisted access scheme to improve the read/write reliability and performance of STT-RAM. During read operations, an external magnetic field is applied to a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) device, generating a resistive sense signal without referring to other devices. Such a self-reference scheme offers a very promising alternative approach to overcome the severe cell-to-cell variations at highly scaled technology node. Furthermore, the external magnetic field can be used to assist the MTJ switching during write operations without introducing extra hardware overhead.
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    Modeling the Frequency Dependence of Packaged Linear Magnetoresisitive Sensors Based on MTJ (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) effect has been widely applied in information technology and has brought about many revolutionary products in the past decade. In the meantime, many research studies on linear magnetoresistive sensors based on MTJ have been published to improve their performance metrics, such as linear field range, sensitivity, hysteresis, and noise. Though the frequency response of high-speed magnetic reading has been researched, the performance and application of linear magnetoresistive sensors with bridge configuration for high-frequency sensing remain underexplored. In this paper, we proposed an equivalent impedance network model of packaged linear magnetoresistive sensors based on MTJ with Wheatstone bridge configuration, and derived the corresponding frequency-dependent performance model, considering the influences of the parasitic capacitances and the amplitude of the applied magnetic field. Our work shows that the frequency characteristics of linear magnetoresistive sensors are closely associated with their $RC$ time constants, which depends on their resistances and parasitic capacitances. The useful bandwidth of an MTJ linear sensor is also related to the amplitude of the applied magnetic field. The bandwidth changes negligibly with the varying magnetic field in the range of less than 30% of the saturation field, but increases rapidly when it exceeds 30% of the saturation field.
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    Extracting Physically Unclonable Function From Spin Transfer Switching Characteristics in Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Hardware security devices that include physically unclonable function (PUF) hold significant advantages over software-based secure identification and key storage. We propose a PUF for magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) and a method for extracting PUF based on intrinsic properties of spin transfer switching (STS). The STS characteristics of MTJs with perpendicular layers were measured and analyzed to determine how to extract PUF properties. Given the experimental intrinsic stochastic properties combined with the proposed sequence, we discuss the PUF properties extracted from MTJs. To realize secure hardware key in non-volatile devices, our methods and results are promising for constructing MTJ-PUF based on spintronic LSI devices.
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    Cost-Efficient Self-Terminated Write Driver for Spin-Transfer-Torque RAM and Logic (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: A cost-efficient self-terminated write driver is proposed for low-energy RAM and logic circuits by using spin-transfer-torque (STT)-magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices. Since a bidirectional write current is required for STT switching, data-dependent write-completion monitoring, where the node with large voltage difference between before and after the switching is selectively used, makes it possible to achieve sufficiently large sense margin at any write current directions. By the enhancement of sense margin, write-completion monitoring and self-write-termination circuitries are simplified. Thus, 60% of transistor counts reduction and further robust write-completion detection under process variation are achieved in comparison with those of the prior work.
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    Magnetostrictive Alfenol Whisker Sensor Performance and Sensitivity to Whisker Thickness (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: In this paper, we investigate the influence of sheet thickness on abnormal grain growth and texture development in NbC-added Fe 80 Al 20 alloys (Alfenol) that are being used as sensors. Being able to reduce sensor thickness is found to be an important for parameter for avoiding work-hardening as the sensors deflect. The alloy is rolled to form sheets with a thickness of 0.2, 0.35, and 0.5 mm, and then annealed to develop a (langle 100rangle ) preferred orientation along the longitudinal direction. Whisker-like ribbons of alloy are then cut from the textured sheet with widths of 2, 4 and 6 mm and the performance of cantilevered whiskers evaluated for future use as flow sensors. The net voltage changes in the Hall sensor that converts magnetization change to electrical signal output were proportional to the applied tip force when the 0.2 and 0.35 mm thick whiskers were bent, a trend that was not observed beyond a low tip deflection in the 0.5 mm thick whisker. Of particular interest is that the 0.2 mm thick whisker shows good flexibility to withstand severe bending, whereas plastic deformation occurred in the 0.35 mm thick whisker, resulting in fatigue induced fracture/failure due to work hardening of the material after frequent severe bending.
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    Magnonic Bandgap Control in Coupled Magnonic Crystals (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The periodic structure in the form of two coupled magnonic crystals (MCs) was considered for the first time. It was shown that the variation of coupling allows to control effectively the characteristics of the bandgaps in the spectrum of magnetostatic spin waves. Main features of formation of the bandgaps were investigated in the basis of theoretical and experimental results. The comparison with a periodic structure in the form of a single MC was provided. The possibility of formation of two frequency bandgaps and shift of the frequency bandgaps depending on coupling was demonstrated in the frequency region of the first Bragg resonance. It was shown that the control of bandgaps in such structure gives additional opportunities to create microwave filters and phase shifters with desired characteristics.
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    Fundamental Mode Orthogonal Fluxgate Gradiometer (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: A new method based on the fundamental mode orthogonal fluxgate (FM-OFG) mechanism is proposed to build a gradiometer of flexible base line and a minimum set of electronics. A pair of thin sensor heads and an electronic circuit designed for a magnetometer can be used, in which pickup windings of a sensor head pair are connected in counter series to respond to the field gradient between two locations of the sensor heads. Furthermore, a fine tuning to get a good balance in sensitivity between two sensor heads can be made by adjusting a dc bias current to one of the sensor heads. Developed gradiometers show a high suppression performance to the uniform magnetic field, where the suppression ratio (gradiometer output)/(magnetometer output), reaches below 1/40 000 with the resolution of 100 pT/m/ (surd ) Hz at 10 Hz.
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    Highly Sensitive Coplanar Line Thin-Film Sensor Using SrTiO Film (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: A very sensitive thin-film sensor was developed using a coplanar line fabricated from SrTiO (Sr 33 Ti 16 O 51 ) film (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 6 $mu $ m thick), amorphous CoNbZr film (5 $mu $ m thick), and Cu/Cr film (4 $mu $ m/0.2 $mu $ m). The deposited SrTiO film had high permittivity of around 31. This film enhanced the sensitivity of the magnetic field sensor, a phase change of more than 100°/Oe and gain of over −40 dB being achieved simultaneously. The sensor with SrTiO film enhanced the sensitivity about 1.6 times greater than that with SiO 2 film because of the high permittivity of the SrTiO film. The sensitivity of the sensor increased with increasing thickness of the SrTiO film, a thickness of around 3 $mu $ m being sufficient for enhancement of the sensitivity.
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    Cross Junction Spin Wave Logic Architecture (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Backward volume magnetostatic spin wave interference in ferromagnetic cross is explored. Spin waves are excited at the two input arms of the cross, interference signal amplitude, and phase are detected in the other two, output arms of the cross. Spin wave scattering defines the out of phase interference in the output arms of the cross: the constructive (destructive) interference is observed at different input wave phase shifts in different output arms of the cross. Numeric simulations are in a good agreement with experiment. Based on the observed interference, we propose the cross junction spin wave logic device that operates as an OR or NOR logic gates. Spin wave phase represents the logic information. Destructive and constructive interference in the cross center determines the phase of the device output.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0069
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Magnetics Society.
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  • 96
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    Galfenol-Based Devices for Magnetic Field Sensing in Harsh Environments (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: This paper presents a new concept of magnetic field sensor, employing a magnetostrictive active material and a strain sensor based on a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The integration of the FBG with the magnetostrictive alloy, allows the transduction of the field signal into a wavelength shift of the FBG. Such an approach allows reliable and multipoint measurements also in harsh environments. Unlike a similar approach [6] , the proposed concept sensor employ a Fe-Ga alloy (Galfenol), presenting better performances in terms of rate-independent memory effects (hysteresis) and this would avoid complex procedures for the field reconstruction. Moreover, the possibility to produce samples with frozen prestress in the material, would also allow a better tailoring of the active material with respect to the required sensor characteristics.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9464
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0069
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    A Calibration Method of Three-Axis Magnetometer With Noise Suppression (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: This paper presents a new algorithm for the onboard calibration of three-axis magnetometers under noisy environment. The ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator is inconsistent for ellipsoid fitting problem. Proper corrections of the OLS estimator are derived, which can provide a consistent solution to the magnetometer’s calibration parameters without noise preknown. Simulation and experimental results are presented and discussed, supporting the application of the algorithm in the noisy platform.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0069
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    Magnetic Vortices Induced by a Monopole Tip (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: A ferromagnetic monolayer with an easy-plane anisotropy scanned by a magnetic tip that is moved with constant velocity ({v}) is studied using atomistic computer simulations. The spin dynamics are treated using the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. To study the influence of the tip’s field, it is modeled by a monopole field instead of a dipole field, which is a common near-field approximation of a scanning probe microscopy cantilever. The magnetic structures induced by the moving tip are analyzed with respect to the strength of the coupling as well as the scanning velocity, and the energy dissipation is calculated. The results agree with calculations in a continuum model using Thiele’s equation, as well as with earlier results obtained from simulations using a dipolar tip. The quantitative influence of the field is illustrated using energetic arguments.
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  • 99
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    Enhanced Multipeak Magnetoelectric Effects in Ferromagnetic/Ferroelectric Composite With H-Shaped Elastic Substrate (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: A magnetoelectric (ME) composite consisting of FeCuNbSiB foils, Terfenol-D plates, piezoelectric PZT plates, and an H-shaped elastic substrate has been developed. The H-shaped elastic substrate severs as the multipeak frequency determining element. Due to the coupling between the H-shaped elastic substrate beams, an enhancement in the multipeak ME effect can be obtained compared with the conventional composite using a rectangle elastic substrate. The ME coefficient of the composite with two PZT plates electrically connected in series reaches 58.2 V/cm ({cdot }) Oe, which is (sim 4) times higher than that of the ME composite with the rectangle structure. The multipeak ME effects, along with the giant ME coupling, can be used in multifunctional devices, such as broadband energy harvesters or magnetic field sensors.
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    Effect of Ultrathin Inserted Ag Layer on Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy of CoFeB Thin Film (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We provide a new method to improve the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) of CoFeB thin film by ultrathin Ag-layer insertion. Experimentally, 1 nm Ag insertion can greatly improve the ratio of H (_{c}) (out-of-plane)/H (_{c}) (in-plane) compared with the single-layer CoFeB film, indicating that stronger PMA can be achieved by 1 nm Ag insertion. Nevertheless, the strength of PMA critically depends upon the thickness of Ag insertion layer. On the contrary, 0.5 nm Ag-inserted CoFeB film cannot obtain PMA because of the failure in forming Ag/CoFeB interface and the Ag atoms' diffusion into CoFeB layer. Theoretically, based on the first-principles, total energy calculations show that the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of the 1 nm Ag-inserted CoFeB film is positive and its value is much larger than that of single-layer CoFeB film. It proves that the 1 nm Ag insertion into CoFeB film can improve the PMA because of the interfacial effect. Nevertheless, in the 0.5 nm Ag-inserted model, the MAE is much smaller than that with 1 nm Ag insertion. Our results reveal that 1 nm Ag layer insertion in CoFeB film might pave a way toward enhancing PMA in high-density magnetic memory application.
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