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  • Articles  (498)
  • Hindawi  (498)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Copernicus
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • Springer Nature
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 2020-2022
  • 2010-2014  (498)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
  • 2012  (498)
  • International Journal of Photoenergy  (65)
  • Economics Research International  (51)
  • 137208
  • 8745
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (406)
  • Economics  (92)
  • Mathematics
  • Natural Sciences in General
  • Medicine
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
Collection
  • Articles  (498)
Source
Publisher
  • Hindawi  (498)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Copernicus
    • +
Years
  • 2020-2022
  • 2010-2014  (498)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
Year
Journal
Topic
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (406)
  • Economics  (92)
  • Mathematics
  • Natural Sciences in General
  • Medicine
    • +
  • 1
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    Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production with Novel M2YbSbO7 (M = In, Gd, Y) by Using Visible Light Photoenergy (2012)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-24
    Description: Novel photocatalysts M2YbSbO7 (M=In, Gd, Y) were synthesized by solid state reaction method for the first time. A comparative study on the structural and photocatalytic properties of M2YbSbO7 M2YbSbO7 (M=In, Gd, Y) was reported. The results showed that In2YbSbO7, Gd2YbSbO7, and Y2YbSbO7 crystallized with the pyrochlore-type structure, cubic crystal system and space group Fd3m. For the photocatalytic water splitting reaction, H2 or O2 evolution was observed from pure water with In2YbSbO7, Gd2YbSbO7, or Y2YbSbO7 as the photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. (wavelength>420 nm). Moreover, under visible light irradiation (λ>420 nm), H2 and O2 were also evolved by using In2YbSbO7, Gd2YbSbO7, or Y2YbSbO7 as catalyst from CH3OH/H2O and AgNO3/H2O solutions respectively. The In2YbSbO7 photocatalyst showed the highest activity compared with Gd2YbSbO7 or Y2YbSbO7. At the same time, The Y2YbSbO7 photocatalyst showed higher activity compared with Gd2YbSbO7. The photocatalytic activities were further improved under visible light irradiation with In2YbSbO7, Gd2YbSbO7, or Y2YbSbO7 being loaded by Pt, NiO, or RuO2. The effect of Pt was better than that of NiO or RuO2 for improving the photocatalytic activity of In2YbSbO7, Gd2YbSbO7, or Y2YbSbO7.
    Print ISSN: 1110-662X
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-529X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 2
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    Eosin Yellowish Dye-Sensitized ZnO Nanostructure-Based Solar Cells Employing Solid PEO Redox Couple Electrolyte (2012)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-13
    Description: ZnO nanostructures are synthesized by low-temperature methods, and they possess polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure with preferential c-axial growth. Morphological study by SEM shows the presence of ~30 nm sized spherical-shaped ZnO nanoparticle, the branched flower-like ZnO composed of many nanorods (length: 1.2 to 4.2 μm and diameter: 0.3 to 0.4 μm), and ~50 nm diameter of individual ZnO nanorods. Reduction in photoemission intensity of nanorods infers the decrease in electron-hole recombination rate, which offers better photovoltaic performance. The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) based on ZnO nanorods sensitized with Eosin yellowish dye exhibits a maximum optimal energy conversion efficiency of 0.163% compared to that of nanoparticles and nanoflowers, due to better dye loading and direct conduction pathway for electron transport.
    Print ISSN: 1110-662X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 3
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    Benzothiazine Dyes/2,4,6-Tris(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine as a New Visible Two-Component Photoinitiator System (2012)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-25
    Description: Novel photoinitiator systems working under visible radiation were studied. The photoredox pair constructed with dye derivatives of 12H-quinoxalino-[2,3-b][1,4]-benzothiazine (1–3) and 2,4,6-tris(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine (Tz) were found to be effective initiators for free radical polymerization of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) using VIS light. Photosensitization occurred through electron transfer, which was confirmed by the observation of a radical cation of the studied dyes. The 1•+ was also characterized in cryogenic matrices (mixture of CH2Cl2 and ionic liquid: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ( −)) and its reactivity was investigated by means of pulse radiolysis in solution at room temperature. In a halogenated solvent and in a mixture of CH2Cl2 and  −, the radical cation 1•+ underwent deprotonation to form a neutral radical 1•, which was stable in the second time scale. During photolysis of the 1/Tz photoredox pair in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and monomer, the formation of a neutral radical 1• was not observed.
    Print ISSN: 1110-662X
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-529X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 4
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    Social Insurance and Truncated Benefits: Measuring the Impacts of Workers' Compensation (2012)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-25
    Description: This study addresses the indirect impacts of state-mandated workers' compensation benefits on workers' wages. The benefit structure of workers' compensation causes a fundamental estimation problem. I develop a new strategy to limit the biases inherent in earlier models. I utilize individual-level census data (between 1940 and 1990) to exploit benefit variation that occurs both across states and within the fifty states over time. The results suggest that wage offsets are not constant across time and may be larger for workers at lower-wage levels.
    Print ISSN: 2090-2123
    Electronic ISSN: 2090-2131
    Topics: Economics
    Published by Hindawi
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  • 5
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    Demand for Meat in the Rural and Urban Areas of Kenya: A Focus on the Indigenous Chicken (2012)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-27
    Description: This study intends to estimate the demand for indigenous chicken meat in Kenya, including other available meat products for comparison purposes. Data used was collected from six counties. A total 930 rural and urban households were sampled. Linear Approximated Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) model was used to obtain the demand elasticities and to examine the socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing the meat budget shares. The results ascertain that the socio-demographic factors such as household location, the proportion of household members and the family size are important factors in explaining perceived variations in the consumption of meat products. Indigenous chicken meat, beef and mutton, were identified as necessities. Indigenous chicken meat and beef were identified as substitutes while indigenous chicken, goat and exotic chicken meats were complements. In view of the high expenditure elasticities, therefore, considering a policy option that would enhance consumer income is desirable, since it will result in high consumption thereby providing more incentives for production of meat products. The information generated would be more beneficial to the interest groups in the livestock sector as a whole. This would be utilised in the formulation of effective policies in line with food security and poverty alleviation.
    Print ISSN: 2090-2123
    Electronic ISSN: 2090-2131
    Topics: Economics
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  • 6
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    Metallisation and Interconnection of e-Beam Evaporated Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells on Glass (2012)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-12
    Description: One inherent advantage of thin-film technology is the possibility of using monolithic integration for series interconnection of individual cells within large-area modules. Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells do not rely on transparent conducting oxide layers as the high sheet conductivity of the emitter and BSF layers enables the lateral flow of current from the film to the metal contacts. This paper presents a new method for the fabrication of e-beam evaporated polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaic minimodules on glass. The method involves electrically isolating minicells, by laser scribing, and then forming an isolation layer on each laser scribe. The main advantage of this metallisation is to have a single aluminium evaporation step for the formation of finger and busbar features, as well as for series interconnection.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 7
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    A Study on the Working Performance of Dimming Methods for Single- and Multichip Power LEDs (2012)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-25
    Description: Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have many positive features, such as long life, low power consumption, and high luminous efficacy. Consequently, they are very attractive for use in many applications. Also, the use of LEDs ensures energy savings. Power LEDs have increasingly been used for general lighting via multichip module technology. The output of power LEDs should be controlled to obtain life and illuminance values in catalog. In this study, the effects of different dimming methods are investigated for single-and multichip LEDs. To achieve this aim, pulse width modulation (PWM) and current variation (CV) dimming methods are applied to single and multichip power LEDs during ten stages of dimming. A current-regulated DC source is used for current variation (CV) dimming, and a driver designed by the researcher is used for pulse width modulation (PWM) dimming. Moreover, all of the applications are made for active and passive cooling. Finally, the results are compared.
    Print ISSN: 1110-662X
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-529X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 8
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    Microcrystalline-Silicon-Oxide-Based N-Type Reflector Structure in Micromorph Tandem Solar Cells (2012)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-09
    Description: N-type microcrystalline silicon oxide thin films (n-μc-SiOx:H) have been deposited by VHF-PECVD (40 MHz) with reactant gas mixtures of CO2/SiH4 and H2. N-μc-SiOx thin films exhibiting low refractive index value (n600 nm~2), and medium/high conductivity (≧10-9 S/cm) are suitable to be used as an “n-type reflector” in micromorph tandem solar cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show that microstructures of n-μc-SiOx:H thin films contain nanocrystalline Si particles, which are randomly embedded in the a-SiOx matrix. This specific microstructure provides n-μc-SiOx:H thin films excellent optoelectronic properties; therefore, n-μc-SiOx:H thin films are appropriate candidates for “n-type reflector” structures in Si tandem solar cells.
    Print ISSN: 1110-662X
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-529X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 9
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    UV Filtering of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: The Effects of Varying the UV Cut-Off upon Cell Performance and Incident Photon-to-Electron Conversion Efficiency (2012)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-09
    Description: With current technology, UV filters are essential to ensure long-term dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) stability. Blocking photons, however, will have an obvious effect on device performance and upon its incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE). Filters have been applied to DSC devices with a range of cut-off wavelengths in order to assess how different levels of filtering affect the performance and IPCE of devices made with three different dyes, namely N719, Z907, and N749. It is shown that dyes that extend their IPCE further into the NIR region suffer lesser relative efficiency losses due to UV filtering than dyes with narrower action spectra. Furthermore, the results are encouraging to those working towards the industrialisation of DSC technology. From the results presented it can be estimated that filtering at a level intended to prevent direct band gap excitation of the TiO2 semiconductor should cause a relative drop in cell efficiency of no more than 10% in forward illuminated devices and no more than 2% in reverse illuminated devices.
    Print ISSN: 1110-662X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 10
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    Ownership Structure, Financial Decisions, and Institutional Setting: An International Analysis through Simultaneous Equations (2012)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-24
    Description: We analyze the mutual relations among firms’ capital structure, ownership structure, and valuation. Through the estimation of a system of simultaneous equations for a sample of 1,130 firms from 16 countries from both the common law and the civil law environments, our results confirm the differential effect of ownership structure on firms’ value in each setting. Whereas in civil law firms the higher ownership concentration results in an entrenchment and an alignment effect, in the common law firms higher ownership concentration increases the value of the firm. Second, we corroborate the endogeneity of ownership structure since we find that ownership structure is affected by the value of the firm and by the capital structure. Third, our results suggest that corporate finance decisions are taken simultaneously with other mechanisms of corporate governance and conditional on firms’ valuation.
    Print ISSN: 2090-2123
    Electronic ISSN: 2090-2131
    Topics: Economics
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