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Turning point: Industry immigrant (2017)

Gewin, Virginia

Springer Nature

In: Nature. 2017; 551(7678): 131-131. Published 2017 Nov 02. doi: 10.1038/nj7678-131a.

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-02

Print ISSN: 0028-0836

Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Spotlight on Food Science in Japan (2017)

Springer Nature

In: Nature. 2017; Published 2017 Mar 30. doi: 10.1038/nj0505. [early online release]

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-30

Print ISSN: 0028-0836

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[In Depth] A battle over the ‘best science’ (2017)

David Malakoff

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Who could object to calls for basing government regulations on the "best available science"? But in Washington, D.C., the phrase has become code for a contentious debate surrounding federal regulatory agencies. Last week, the debate heated up again in Congress as a Senate panel launched a potentially arduous effort to spell out how regulators should identify and use the best science. In a related effort, the House of Representatives science panel approved—for the third time in recent years—controversial bills that would require the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to make the data underlying all new rules publicly available and affect how it picks its science advisers. The largely Republican backers of the efforts say they are long overdue—and bet any changes have a better chance of becoming law under President Donald Trump, who has promised to streamline and reduce regulation. But observers of the nascent Senate effort—including many scientific societies—are wary, fearing it could end up promoting regulatory paralysis. And critics have blasted the House bills, arguing that they are designed to give industry a disproportionate voice in EPA decisions and cripple the agency's ability to issue rules. "The concern is that a lot of this looks like a clever, stealth attempt to create new legal and administrative pathways for slowing agencies down and tying them up in court, rather than genuinely trying to assure the use of the best science in rulemaking," says Paul Billings, senior vice president for advocacy in the American Lung Association's Washington, D.C., office. Author: David Malakoff

Schlagwort(e): U.S. Policy

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Business Office Feature] Webinar | Deciphering cancer: The intersection of epigenetics, metabolism, and tumorigenesis (2017)

Kathryn Wellen

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Epigenetic modifications to DNA and histone proteins are known to regulate metabolic gene expression, which in turn impacts metabolite levels. Conversely, the machinery responsible for modifying DNA and histones at the epigenetic level is highly sensitive to metabolites arising from cellular metabolism. Thus, the metabolic changes associated with oncogenesis may affect the epigenetic machinery, creating a feedback loop that synergistically promotes the progression of cancer. This webinar will examine how, by targeting proteins responsible for the crosstalk between epigenetics and metabolism, we may be able to develop new and effective therapeutic options for cancer treatment.View the Webinar Authors: Kathryn Wellen, Jason Locasale

Schlagwort(e): Science Webinar Series

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[In Brief] News at a glance (2017)

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: In science news around the world, captive Japanese macaques at U.S. research labs may be designated as threatened, a new report finds an increase in the proportion of female researchers globally, an influential Australian climate think tank closes because of lack of funding, Canada weighs a genetic privacy law, and more. Also, one billion dollars in federally funded disease prevention activities would disappear in 2019 under the White House–backed effort by Republicans in Congress to replace the Affordable Care Act. And the first of a trio of autonomous underwater vehicles bearing the moniker Boaty McBoatface sets out on its maiden voyage, to Antarctic waters.

Schlagwort(e): SCI COMMUN

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[In Depth] Earth science a ‘no-brainer’ for NASA's science chief (2017)

Paul Voosen

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: In October 2016, Thomas Zurbuchen took the reins of NASA's science directorate. A heliophysicist from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Zurbuchen grew up in a tiny Swiss village with more cows than people. Raised in a deeply religious family, he grew comfortable asking the hard questions: "Where am I from?" and "What's my purpose?" He could soon face more hard questions from the administration of U.S. President Donald Trump, which is skeptical about the value of climate change research, much of it supported by NASA. After nearly 6 months on the job, Zurbuchen answers questions on the value of earth science, the role of risk, and how he talks to members of a polarized electorate. Author: Paul Voosen

Schlagwort(e): Q&A

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[In Depth] How plants learned to breathe (2017)

Elizabeth Pennisi

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Anyone awed by towering redwoods should offer thanks to stomata, the tiny pores on the leaves of all trees and other vascular plants. These microscopic mouths allow plants to grow tall and to regulate carbon dioxide intake and water loss. Stomata, in short, helped plants colonize the landscape and transform the planet. Now, molecular studies are giving scientists glimpses of the early days of stomata and how they have changed since then. They suggest complex stomata evolved to help early plants control moisture in their spore capsules and that other plants later exploited these pores to breathe in carbon dioxide and exhale water vapor. And hundreds of millions of years later, more sophisticated stomata evolved in grasses, enabling them to tightly control water loss—a feature that helped them dominate dry landscapes around the world. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi

Schlagwort(e): Evolution

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[In Depth] U.K. scientists gird for future break with EU (2017)

Erik Stokstad

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: The United Kingdom is expected to begin the 2-year process of exiting the European Union by the end of March. U.K. researchers are now facing up to the prospect that they won't be able to apply for EU funding or easily recruit postdocs and colleagues from the rest of Europe. To lessen the blow to research, scientists and bureaucrats are already brainstorming about new funding structures and international collaborations that could make up for the lost EU money and brainpower. They are also taking some comfort in a major boost to government R&D funding, detailed last week, aimed at building up research areas that could bolster domestic industries. Yet much uncertainty hangs on what are expected to be rancorous negotiations with the European Union, covering issues such as the right of foreign citizens to remain in the United Kingdom and a possible exit bill from Brussels. Author: Erik Stokstad

Schlagwort(e): Scientific Community

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Perspective] Genome editors take on crops (2017)

Armin Scheben

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: The global population is expected to rise from 7.3 billion to 9.7 billion by 2050 (1). At the same time, climate change poses increasing risks to crop production through droughts and pests (2). Improved crops are thus urgently needed to meet growing demand for food and address changing climatic conditions. Genome-editing technologies such as the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas (CRISPR-associated protein) system (3) show promise for helping to address these challenges, if the precision of genome editing is improved and the technology is approved and accepted by regulators, producers, and consumers. Authors: Armin Scheben, David Edwards

Schlagwort(e): Plant Breeding

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Perspective] Learning from monkey “talk” (2017)

Charles T. Snowdon

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: A fundamental problem for understanding the evolution of human language has been the lack of significant parallels among nonhuman primates. Most researchers have focused on vocal plasticity—that is, the ability to learn novel sounds or modify call structure in response to social or environmental variables. Although songbirds, whales, dolphins, and some other mammals have this ability, nonhuman primates have appeared not to have it (1). Other studies found that nonhuman primates do not have a vocal tract that would allow them to produce the sounds of human speech (2) and that primates cannot take turns, a critical aspect of human conversation (3). All three points have been challenged by recent research (see the table), suggesting that nonhuman primates may after all be valuable models for understanding the evolution of speech and language. Author: Charles T. Snowdon

Schlagwort(e): Language Development

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Perspective] Old moms say, no Sir (2017)

Aaron D. Gitler

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Is aging ineluctable, or are there genetic programs of aging that could be manipulated to extend life span? Research over the past two decades has provided powerful evidence that aging is indeed regulated by genes that control highly conserved pathways (1). For example, mutations in single genes in model organisms like flies and worms not only allow these animals to live longer, but rejuvenate them as well (2). Even the single-celled budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ages, and specific genes likewise control this process (1). Indeed, one of the most powerful genetic manipulations to extend life span was discovered in yeast. The histone deacetylase silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) is required for repressing the transcription of certain mating-type loci, telomeres, and ribosomal DNA (3–5). The latter had been linked to aging in yeast, inspiring studies that revealed Sir2's importance for this process (6). Subsequent work in yeast and animal models established that changes in Sir2 activity are responsible for much of the life span–extending effects of caloric restriction (7). On page 1184 of this issue, Schlissel et al. (8) report that a particular facet of aging, which had long been attributed to age-dependent changes in Sir2 function, is caused by a new mechanism. Authors: Aaron D. Gitler, Daniel F. Jarosz

Schlagwort(e): Aging

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Perspective] Atoms on the move—finding the hydrogen (2017)

Julie Cairney

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Hydrogen wreaks havoc in many alloy systems, leading to embrittlement that can cause catastrophic failure. This is a serious issue for any industry that produces or uses hydrogen—affecting production, transport, storage, and use—and is a real challenge for the development of a hydrogen economy. However, the design of new materials that resist hydrogen embrittlement is limited by the difficulty of experimentally measuring or observing hydrogen; precisely locating hydrogen at the atomic scale is a notorious challenge in materials science. Other examples of where this information is required include the development of fuel cells, the prevention of corrosion, and the improvement of catalytic processes. On page 1196 of this issue, Chen et al. (1) directly observe the precise, atomic-scale, three-dimensional (3D) distribution of hydrogen atoms within matter by using a new approach to atom probe tomography that utilizes deuteration, cryogenic transfer, and sophisticated data-analysis algorithms. Author: Julie Cairney

Schlagwort(e): Materials Science

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Feature] Unearthing democracy's roots (2017)

Lizzie Wade

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: For decades, archaeologists thought democratic republics such as classical Athens and medieval Venice were a purely European phenomenon. Conventional wisdom held that in premodern, non-Western societies, despots simply extracted labor and wealth from their subjects. But archaeologists have identified several societies in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica that upend that model. They argue that societies such as Tlaxcallan in the central Mexican highlands and Tres Zapotes along the Mexican gulf coast were organized collectively, meaning that rulers shared power and commoners had a say in the government that presided over their lives. These societies were not necessarily full democracies in which citizens cast votes, but they were radically different from the autocratic, inherited rule found—or assumed—in most ancient societies. Archaeologists now say that these collective societies left telltale traces in their material culture and urban planning, such as repetitive architecture, an emphasis on public space over palaces, reliance on local production over exotic trade goods, and a narrowing of wealth gaps between elites and commoners. Author: Lizzie Wade

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Book Review] The next New York (2017)

Carl Abbott

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: In his new "cli-fi" novel New York 2140, Kim Stanley Robinson envisions a future New York in which the city's streets have been transformed by rising oceans into busy canals, and skyscrapers built on bedrock have sealed their lower floors but continue to function. The story unfolds through the overlapping lives of the residents of the Metropolitan Life Tower, who come together to prevent economic disaster in the wake of the collapse of a bubble in "intertidal" real estate. Filled with guarded optimism about our capacity to meet daunting challenges, the novel invites readers to imagine our own 21st-century future. Author: Carl Abbott

Schlagwort(e): Fiction

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Book Review] Our synthetic moment (2017)

Luis Campos

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: "It is at times hard to distill that which unites the people and projects that travel under the name 'synthetic biology,'" Sophia Roosth notes in Synthetic: How Life Got Made, but that doesn't stop her from following the field in flux, tracking "brave new organisms" (and those who make them) through classrooms and industrial laboratories from Boston to the Bay Area and from neighborhood bars to far-flung conferences. A chimera of anthropology bred with a dash of history, Synthetic reads synthetic biology's constructs both as "materialized theories" and as "postcards from a particular cultural moment." Author: Luis Campos

Schlagwort(e): Synthetic Biology

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Letter] Mexican and U.S. scientists: Partners (2017)

Antonio Lazcano

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Authors: Antonio Lazcano, Adriana Ortiz Ortega, Saúl Armendariz

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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[Letter] Lessons from the Oroville dam (2017)

Farshid Vahedifard

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Authors: Farshid Vahedifard, Amir AghaKouchak, Elisa Ragno, Shahriar Shahrokhabadi, Iman Mallakpour

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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[Letter] Science Story Bank: Submit Now! (2017)

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[In Depth] iPS cell therapy reported safe (2017)

Dennis Normile

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Japanese researchers reported this week that the first trial of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in a human has proved safe and effective in halting the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), though there was minimal improvement in vision. AMD is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. The team took a skin sample from the patient and derived iPS cells, which can be used to create all the tissues within a body. They differentiated the iPS cells into the kind of retinal tissue damaged by AMD and surgically slipped a small replacement graft into one of the patient's eyes. Starting with the patient's own cells avoids the chance of immune rejection of the new tissue. But deriving such genetically matched cells is so expensive the group will use material from an iPS cell bank for further trials. Author: Dennis Normile

Schlagwort(e): Regenerative Medicine

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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[Perspective] Fat controls U (2017)

Martin Jastroch

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Uridine (U) is a remarkably important molecule that is essential for a number of evolutionary and biological processes. It consists of the pyrimidine-analog uracil, which is linked to a ribose sugar. Uracil itself can be formed abiotically from pyrimidine, suggesting that this base is a central building block of life. Uridine, by contrast, is a precursor for RNA, thus linking genetic information to the expression of proteins. Importantly, when phosphorylated to uridine triphosphate (UTP), it activates glucose to synthesize glycogen stores and thereby controls glucose metabolism. Uridine also has been implicated in neuron functions and brain processes. On page 1173 of this issue, Deng et al. (1) offer transformative insights into the systemic regulation of circulating uridine and its actions in mammals, with implications for the potential of therapeutic uridine supplementation in general and new precision treatments of metabolic diseases in particular. Authors: Martin Jastroch, Matthias H. Tschöp

Schlagwort(e): Metabolism

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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[Special Issue Review] The cancer epigenome: Concepts, challenges, and therapeutic opportunities (2017)

Mark A. Dawson

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Cancer biology is profoundly influenced by changes in the epigenome. Because the dynamic plasticity of the epigenome lends itself well to therapeutic manipulation, the past few years have witnessed an unprecedented investment in the development, characterization, and translation of targeted epigenetic therapies. In this review, I provide a broad context for recent developments that offer a greater understanding of how epigenetic regulators facilitate the initiation, maintenance, and evolution of cancer. I discuss newly developed epigenetic therapies and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that may govern sensitivity and resistance to these agents. I also review the rationale for future combination therapies involving existing and emerging epigenetic drugs. Author: Mark A. Dawson

Schlagwort(e): Frontiers in Cancer Therapy

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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[This Week in Science] Countering TB prodrug resistance (2017)

Caroline Ash

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Author: Caroline Ash

Schlagwort(e): Antibiotics

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Special Issue Review] Waste disposal—An attractive strategy for cancer therapy (2017)

Jemilat Salami

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Targeted therapies for cancer are typically small molecules or monoclonal antibodies that act by inhibiting the activity of specific proteins that drive tumor growth. Although many of these drugs are effective in cancer patients, the response is often not durable because tumor cells develop resistance to the drugs. Another limitation of this strategy is that not all oncogenic driver proteins are “druggable” enzymes or receptors with activities that can be inhibited. Here we describe an alternative approach to targeted therapy that is based on co-opting the cellular quality-control machinery—the ubiquitin-proteasome system—to remove specific cancer-causing proteins from the cell. We first discuss examples of existing cancer drugs that work by degrading specific proteins and then review recent progress in the rational design and preclinical testing of small molecules that induce selective degradation of specific target proteins. Authors: Jemilat Salami, Craig M. Crews

Schlagwort(e): Frontiers in Cancer Therapy

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Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Report] Revealing the subfemtosecond dynamics of orbital angular momentum in nanoplasmonic vortices (2017)

G. Spektor

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: The ability of light to carry and deliver orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the form of optical vortices has attracted much interest. The physical properties of light with a helical wavefront can be confined onto two-dimensional surfaces with subwavelength dimensions in the form of plasmonic vortices, opening avenues for thus far unknown light-matter interactions. Because of their extreme rotational velocity, the ultrafast dynamics of such vortices remained unexplored. Here we show the detailed spatiotemporal evolution of nanovortices using time-resolved two-photon photoemission electron microscopy. We observe both long- and short-range plasmonic vortices confined to deep subwavelength dimensions on the scale of 100 nanometers with nanometer spatial resolution and subfemtosecond time-step resolution. Finally, by measuring the angular velocity of the vortex, we directly extract the OAM magnitude of light. Authors: G. Spektor, D. Kilbane, A. K. Mahro, B. Frank, S. Ristok, L. Gal, P. Kahl, D. Podbiel, S. Mathias, H. Giessen, F.-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf, M. Orenstein, M. Aeschlimann

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Research Article] Structural basis of the day-night transition in a bacterial circadian clock (2017)

Roger Tseng

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Circadian clocks are ubiquitous timing systems that induce rhythms of biological activities in synchrony with night and day. In cyanobacteria, timing is generated by a posttranslational clock consisting of KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC proteins and a set of output signaling proteins, SasA and CikA, which transduce this rhythm to control gene expression. Here, we describe crystal and nuclear magnetic resonance structures of KaiB-KaiC,KaiA-KaiB-KaiC, and CikA-KaiB complexes. They reveal how the metamorphic properties of KaiB, a protein that adopts two distinct folds, and the post–adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis state of KaiC create a hub around which nighttime signaling events revolve, including inactivation of KaiA and reciprocal regulation of the mutually antagonistic signaling proteins, SasA and CikA. Authors: Roger Tseng, Nicolette F. Goularte, Archana Chavan, Jansen Luu, Susan E. Cohen, Yong-Gang Chang, Joel Heisler, Sheng Li, Alicia K. Michael, Sarvind Tripathi, Susan S. Golden, Andy LiWang, Carrie L. Partch

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Report] Building Archean cratons from Hadean mafic crust (2017)

Jonathan O’Neil

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Geologic processing of Earth’s surface has removed most of the evidence concerning the nature of Earth’s first crust. One region of ancient crust is the Hudson Bay terrane of northeastern Canada, which is mainly composed of Neoarchean felsic crust and forms the nucleus of the Northeastern Superior Province. New data show these ~2.7-billion-year-old rocks to be the youngest to yield variability in neodymium-142 (142Nd), the decay product of short-lived samarium-146 (146Sm). Combined 146-147Sm-142-143Nd data reveal that this large block of Archean crust formed by reworking of much older (〉4.2 billion-year-old) mafic crust over a 1.5-billion-year interval of early Earth history. Thus, unlike on modern Earth, mafic crust apparently could survive for more than 1 billion years to form an important source rock for Archean crustal genesis. Authors: Jonathan O’Neil, Richard W. Carlson

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Report] Epitaxial lift-off of electrodeposited single-crystal gold foils for flexible electronics (2017)

Naveen K. Mahenderkar

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: We introduce a simple and inexpensive procedure for epitaxial lift-off of wafer-size flexible and transparent foils of single-crystal gold using silicon as a template. Lateral electrochemical undergrowth of a sacrificial SiOx layer was achieved by photoelectrochemically oxidizing silicon under light irradiation. A 28-nanometer-thick gold foil with a sheet resistance of 7 ohms per square showed only a 4% increase in resistance after 4000 bending cycles. A flexible organic light-emitting diode based on tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) that was spin-coated on a foil exploited the transmittance and flexibility of the gold foil. Cuprous oxide as an inorganic semiconductor that was epitaxially electrodeposited onto the gold foils exhibited a diode quality factor n of 1.6 (where n = 1.0 for an ideal diode), compared with a value of 3.1 for a polycrystalline deposit. Zinc oxide nanowires electrodeposited epitaxially on a gold foil also showed flexibility, with the nanowires intact up to 500 bending cycles. Authors: Naveen K. Mahenderkar, Qingzhi Chen, Ying-Chau Liu, Alexander R. Duchild, Seth Hofheins, Eric Chason, Jay A. Switzer

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Business Office Feature] Cancer immunotherapy comes of age (2017)

Amber Dance

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Oncologists have long rested their treatment plans on three so-called "pillars"—chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. But in recent years, scientists have been busily erecting a fourth pillar: immunotherapy. The idea of harnessing the immune system to fight cancer has already moved from the lab to the clinic, thanks to technologies such as checkpoint inhibitors and genetically engineered immune cells. Read the Feature (Full-Text HTML)Read the Feature (PDF)Read New Products (PDF) Author: Amber Dance

Schlagwort(e): Business Office Feature

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Report] Structures of the cyanobacterial circadian oscillator frozen in a fully assembled state (2017)

Joost Snijder

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-17

Beschreibung: Cyanobacteria have a robust circadian oscillator, known as the Kai system. Reconstituted from the purified protein components KaiC, KaiB, and KaiA, it can tick autonomously in the presence of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). The KaiC hexamers enter a natural 24-hour reaction cycle of autophosphorylation and assembly with KaiB and KaiA in numerous diverse forms. We describe the preparation of stoichiometrically well-defined assemblies of KaiCB and KaiCBA, as monitored by native mass spectrometry, allowing for a structural characterization by single-particle cryo–electron microscopy and mass spectrometry. Our data reveal details of the interactions between the Kai proteins and provide a structural basis to understand periodic assembly of the protein oscillator. Authors: Joost Snijder, Jan M. Schuller, Anika Wiegard, Philip Lössl, Nicolas Schmelling, Ilka M. Axmann, Jürgen M. Plitzko, Friedrich Förster, Albert J. R. Heck

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The best features of diamond nanothread for nanofibre applications (2017)

Haifei Zhan; Gang Zhang; Vincent B. C. Tan; Yuantong Gu

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-18

Beschreibung: The best features of diamond nanothread for nanofibre applications Nature Communications, Published online: 17 March 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14863 Carbon fibres are emerging as a promising material for multifunctional nanotextiles. Here, the authors show that diamond nanothread possesses excellent torsional deformation capability and interfacial load transfer efficiency, ideal for constructing next generation carbon fibres.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von Springer Nature

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Major advance of South Georgia glaciers during the Antarctic Cold Reversal following extensive sub-Antarctic glaciation (2017)

Alastair G. C. Graham; Gerhard Kuhn; Ove Meisel; Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand; Dominic A. Hodgson; Werner Ehrmann; Lukas Wacker; Paul Wintersteller; Christian dos Santos Ferreira; Miriam Römer; Duanne White; Gerhard Bohrmann

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-18

Beschreibung: Major advance of South Georgia glaciers during the Antarctic Cold Reversal following extensive sub-Antarctic glaciation Nature Communications, Published online: 17 March 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14798 The glaciated history of South Georgia is debated, with many suggesting a coastal limit to the island’s ice cap during the last glaciation. Here, the authors show extensive ice-cap cover of the continental block during this time and a readvance of glaciers to fjord mouths during the Antarctic Cold Reversal.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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High resolution analysis of tropical forest fragmentation and its impact on the global carbon cycle (2017)

Katharina Brinck; Rico Fischer; Jürgen Groeneveld; Sebastian Lehmann; Mateus Dantas De Paula; Sandro Pütz; Joseph O. Sexton; Danxia Song; Andreas Huth

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-18

Beschreibung: High resolution analysis of tropical forest fragmentation and its impact on the global carbon cycle Nature Communications, Published online: 17 March 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14855 Vast quantities of carbon stored in tropical forests are threatened by deforestation. Here, using high resolution satellite data, Brinck et al . examine how edge effects influence carbon emissions and they find an additional 10.3 Gt of carbon are released by deforestation when including fragmentation effects.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Circulating tumour DNA reflects treatment response and clonal evolution in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (2017)

Paul Yeh; Tane Hunter; Devbarna Sinha; Sarah Ftouni; Elise Wallach; Damian Jiang; Yih-Chih Chan; Stephen Q. Wong; Maria Joao Silva; Ravikiran Vedururu; Kenneth Doig; Enid Lam; Gisela Mir Arnau; Timothy Semple; Meaghan Wall; Andjelija Zivanovic; Rishu Agarwal; Pasquale Petrone; Kate Jones; David Westerman; Piers Blombery; John F. Seymour; Anthony T. Papenfuss; Mark A. Dawson; Constantine S. Tam; Sarah-Jane Dawson

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-18

Beschreibung: Circulating tumour DNA reflects treatment response and clonal evolution in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia Nature Communications, Published online: 17 March 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14756 Disease monitoring of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a challenge. Here, the authors show that serial ctDNA analysis in 32 CLL patients allows monitoring of clonal dynamics over time, and identifies the emergence of genomic changes associated with Richter’s syndrome.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Corrigendum: ASC filament formation serves as a signal amplification mechanism for inflammasomes (2017)

Mathias S. Dick; Lorenzo Sborgi; Sebastian Rühl; Sebastian Hiller; Petr Broz

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-18

Beschreibung: Corrigendum: ASC filament formation serves as a signal amplification mechanism for inflammasomes Nature Communications, Published online: 17 March 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms15030

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Linking diverse nutrient patterns to different water masses within anticyclonic eddies in the upwelling system off Peru (2017)

Copernicus

In: Biogeosciences Discussions

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-21

Beschreibung: Linking diverse nutrient patterns to different water masses within anticyclonic eddies in the upwelling system off Peru Yonss Saranga José, Heiner Dietze, and Andreas Oschlies Biogeosciences, 14, 1349-1364, doi:10.5194/bg-14-1349-2017, 2017 This study aims to investigate the diverse subsurface nutrient patterns observed within anticyclonic eddies in the upwelling system off Peru. Two simulated anticyclonic eddies with opposing subsurface nitrate concentrations were analysed. The results show that diverse nutrient patterns within anticyclonic eddies are related to the presence of water mass from different origins at different depths, responding to variations in depth of the circulation strength at the edge of the eddy.

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Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie

Publiziert von Copernicus im Namen von The European Geosciences Union (EGU).

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Gas chromatography vs. quantum cascade laser-based N2O flux measurements using a novel chamber design (2017)

Copernicus

In: Biogeosciences Discussions

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-21

Beschreibung: Gas chromatography vs. quantum cascade laser-based N 2 O flux measurements using a novel chamber design Christian Brümmer, Bjarne Lyshede, Dirk Lempio, Jean-Pierre Delorme, Jeremy J. Rüffer, Roland Fuß, Antje M. Moffat, Miriam Hurkuck, Andreas Ibrom, Per Ambus, Heinz Flessa, and Werner L. Kutsch Biogeosciences, 14, 1365-1381, doi:10.5194/bg-14-1365-2017, 2017 We present a novel chamber design for measuring soil–atmosphere N 2 O fluxes and compare the performance of a commonly applied gas chromatography (GC) setup with laser-based (QCL) concentration detection. While GC was still a useful method for longer-term investigations, we found that closure times of 10 min and sampling every 5 s is sufficient when using a QCL system. Further, extremely low standard errors (

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Drivers of multi-century trends in the atmospheric CO2 mean annual cycle in a prognostic ESM (2017)

Copernicus

In: Biogeosciences Discussions

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-21

Beschreibung: Drivers of multi-century trends in the atmospheric CO 2 mean annual cycle in a prognostic ESM Jessica Liptak, Gretchen Keppel-Aleks, and Keith Lindsay Biogeosciences, 14, 1383-1401, doi:10.5194/bg-14-1383-2017, 2017 We analyzed the evolution of the atmospheric CO 2 mean annual cycle simulated during 1950–2300 under three scenarios designed to separate the effects of climate change, CO 2 fertilization, and land use change. CO 2 fertilization in boreal and temperate ecosystems drove mean annual cycle amplification over the NH midlatitudes during 1950–2300. Boreal and Arctic climate change drove high-latitude amplification before 2200, after which CO 2 fertilization contributed nearly equally to amplification.

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Chemical control of the viscoelastic properties of vinylogous urethane vitrimers (2017)

Wim Denissen; Martijn Droesbeke; Renaud NicolaÿLudwik Leibler; Johan M. Winne; Filip E. Du Prez

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Beschreibung: Chemical control of the viscoelastic properties of vinylogous urethane vitrimers Nature Communications, Published online: 20 March 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14857 Vitrimers are malleable networks based on thermally triggered associative exchange reactions and thus can be used for processing, recycling and self-healing materials. Here the authors show how acids and bases affect the exchange kinetics and in turn rationalize these effects mechanistically.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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A natural tandem array alleviates epigenetic repression of IPA1 and leads to superior yielding rice (2017)

Lin Zhang; Hong Yu; Bin Ma; Guifu Liu; Jianjun Wang; Junmin Wang; Rongcun Gao; Jinjun Li; Jiyun Liu; Jing Xu; Yingying Zhang; Qun Li; Xuehui Huang; Jianlong Xu; Jianming Li; Qian Qian; Bin Han; Zuhua He; Jiayang Li

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Beschreibung: A natural tandem array alleviates epigenetic repression of IPA1 and leads to superior yielding rice Nature Communications, Published online: 20 March 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14789 Breeding of rice with ideal plant architecture has increased rice yield worldwide. Here Zhang et al . show that, in the super rice variety YY12, this ideal plant architecture trait arose from three distal tandem repeats that are associated with an open chromatin state and increased expression of the IPA1 gene.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Enhanced biennial variability in the Pacific due to Atlantic capacitor effect (2017)

Lei Wang; Jin-Yi Yu; Houk Paek

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-21

Beschreibung: Enhanced biennial variability in the Pacific due to Atlantic capacitor effect Nature Communications, Published online: 20 March 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14887 Biennial variability has intensified in the Pacific in recent decades, but the cause of this increase is not fully understood. Here, with statistical analyses and numerical experiments, the authors show that an Atlantic capacitor effect has given rise to this enhanced biennial variability since the early 1990s.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Viable cold-tolerant iron-reducing microorganisms in geographically diverse subglacial environments (2017)

Copernicus

In: Biogeosciences Discussions

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-22

Beschreibung: Viable cold-tolerant iron-reducing microorganisms in geographically diverse subglacial environments Sophie L. Nixon, Jon P. Telling, Jemma L. Wadham, and Charles S. Cockell Biogeosciences, 14, 1445-1455, doi:10.5194/bg-14-1445-2017, 2017 Despite their permanently cold and dark characteristics, subglacial environments (glacier ice–sediment interface) are known to harbour active microbial communities. However, the role of microbial iron cycling in these environments is poorly understood. Here we show that subglacial sediments harbour active iron-reducing microorganisms, and they appear to be cold-adapted. These results may have important implications for global biogeochemical iron cycling and export to marine ecosystems.

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Can land degradation drive differences in the C exchange of two similar semiarid ecosystems? (2017)

Copernicus

In: Biogeosciences Discussions

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-22

Beschreibung: Can land degradation drive differences in the C exchange of two similar semiarid ecosystems? Ana López-Ballesteros, Cecilio Oyonarte, Andrew S. Kowalski, Penélope Serrano-Ortiz, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, M. Rosario Moya, and Francisco Domingo Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2017-77,2017 Manuscript under review for BG (discussion: open, 0 comments) The concept of land degradation stems from the loss of an ecosystem's biological productivity, which in turn relies on several degradation processes, such as long-term loss of natural vegetation, depletion of soil nutrients, soil compaction or water and wind erosion, to which drylands are especially vulnerable. Currently, drylands occupy more than one third of the global terrestrial surface and will probably expand under future climate change scenarios. Drylands' key role in the global C balance has been recently demonstrated, but the effects of land degradation on C sequestration by these ecosystems needs further research. In the present study, we compare net carbon exchange, together with satellite data and meteorological, ambient and vadose zone (CO 2 , water content and temperature) variables, between two nearby (~23 km) experimental sites representing natural (i.e. site of reference) and degraded grazed semiarid grasslands located in SE Spain, via eddy covariance measurements over 6 years, with highly variable precipitation magnitude and distribution. Results show a striking difference in the annual C balances with an average release of 196 ± 40 and −23 ± 20 g C m −2 yr −1 for the degraded and natural sites, respectively. At the seasonal scale, differing patterns in net CO 2 fluxes were detected over both growing and dry seasons. As expected, during the growing seasons, greater net C uptake over longer periods was observed in the natural site, however, much greater net C release was measured in the degraded site during drought periods. We tested differences in all monitored meteorological and soil variables and found it most relevant that CO 2 at 1.50 m belowground was around 1000 ppm higher in the degraded site. Thus, we believe that subterranean ventilation of this vadose zone CO 2 , previously observed at both sites, largely drives the differences in C dynamics between them, especially during the dry season maybe due to enhanced subsoil-atmosphere interconnectivity in the degraded site. Overall, the 12 site-years of data allow direct exploration of the roles of climate and land degradation in the biological and non-biological processes that ultimately control the C sequestration capacity of semiarid ecosystems.

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Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie

Publiziert von Copernicus im Namen von The European Geosciences Union (EGU).

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An NS-segment exonic splicing enhancer regulates influenza A virus replication in mammalian cells (2017)

Xiaofeng Huang; Min Zheng; Pui Wang; Bobo Wing-Yee Mok; Siwen Liu; Siu-Ying Lau; Pin Chen; Yen-Chin Liu; Honglian Liu; Yixin Chen; Wenjun Song; Kwok-Yung Yuen; Honglin Chen

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-22

Beschreibung: An NS-segment exonic splicing enhancer regulates influenza A virus replication in mammalian cells Nature Communications, Published online: 21 March 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14751 Some circulating avian influenza A viruses can infect humans, but the mechanism enabling species jump is poorly understood. Here, Huang et al . identify a nucleotide in NEP of avian H7N9 viruses that affects splicing efficiency of the NS segment and supports virus replication in avian and mammalian cells.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von Springer Nature

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White matter maturation is associated with the emergence of Theory of Mind in early childhood (2017)

Charlotte Grosse Wiesmann; Jan Schreiber; Tania Singer; Nikolaus Steinbeis; Angela D. Friederici

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-22

Beschreibung: White matter maturation is associated with the emergence of Theory of Mind in early childhood Nature Communications, Published online: 21 March 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14692 At age 4, children start understanding other peoples' false beliefs, but the related neuroanatomical changes are unknown. Here, authors show that false belief understanding is associated with age-related changes in white matter structure, and that this effect is independent of other cognitive abilities.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Genetic correlation between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and schizophrenia (2017)

Russell L. McLaughlin; Dick Schijven; Wouter van Rheenen; Kristel R. van Eijk; Margaret O’Brien; René S. Kahn; Roel A. Ophoff; An Goris; Daniel G. Bradley; Ammar Al-Chalabi; Leonard H. van den Berg; Jurjen J. Luykx; Orla Hardiman; Jan H. Veldink; Project Min; E GWAS Consortium; Aleksey Shatunov; Annelot M. Dekker; Frank P. Diekstra; Sara L. Pulit; Rick A. A. van der Spek; Perry T. C. van Doormaal; William Sproviero; Ashley R. Jones; Garth A. Nicholson; Dominic B. Rowe; Roger Pamphlett; Matthew C. Kiernan; Denis Bauer; Tim Kahlke; Kelly Williams; Filip Eftimov; Isabella Fogh; Nicola Ticozzi; Kuang Lin; Stéphanie Millecamps; François Salachas; Vincent Meininger; Mamede de Carvalho; Susana Pinto; Jesus S. Mora; Ricardo Rojas-García; Meraida Polak; Siddharthan Chandran; Shuna Colville; Robert Swingler; Karen E. Morrison; Pamela J. Shaw; John Hardy; Richard W. Orrell; Alan Pittman; Katie Sidle; Pietro Fratta; Andrea Malaspina; Susanne Petri; Susanna Abdulla; Carsten Drepper; Michael Sendtner; Thomas Meyer; Martina Wiedau-Pazos; Catherine Lomen-Hoerth; Vivianna M. Van Deerlin; John Q. Trojanowski; Lauren Elman; Leo McCluskey; Nazli Basak; Thomas Meitinger; Peter Lichtner; Milena Blagojevic-Radivojkov; Christian R. Andres; Cindy Maurel; Gilbert Bensimon; Bernhard Landwehrmeyer; Alexis Brice; Christine A. M. Payan; Safa Saker-Delye; Alexandra Dürr; Nicholas Wood; Lukas Tittmann; Wolfgang Lieb; Andre Franke; Marcella Rietschel; Sven Cichon; Markus M. Nöuthen; Philippe Amouyel; Christophe Tzourio; Jean- François Dartigues; Andre G. Uitterlinden; Fernando Rivadeneira; Karol Estrada; Albert Hofman; Charles Curtis; Anneke J. van der Kooi; Marianne de Visser; Markus Weber; Christopher E. Shaw; Bradley N. Smith; Orietta Pansarasa; Cristina Cereda; Roberto Del Bo; Giacomo P. Comi; Stefan Herms; Vera Golimbet; Kenneth L. Davis; Douglas F. Levinson; Bernard Lerer; Ann E. Pulver; Carlos N. Pato; Colm O’Dushlaine; Jonathan Pimm; John Powell; Michael Gill; Nadine Cohen; Diana O. Perkins; Olli Pietiläinen; Igor Nenadic; Jouko Lönnqvist; Srdjan Djurovic; Jacob Gratten; David Cohen; Pak C. Sham; Philippe Corcia; Naomi R. Wray; Hugh Gurling; Patrik K. E. Magnusson; Ayman H. Fanous; Inez Myin-Germeys; Bradley T. Webb; Albert C. Ludolph; Joel N. Hirschhorn; F Anthony O’Neill; Sandra Meier; Ariel Darvasi; Elvira Bramon; Andrew J. Pocklington; Wiepke Cahn; David M. Hougaard; Juha Veijola; Mark Hansen; Bertram Müller-Myhsok; Peter A Holmans; Eli A. Stahl; Dominique Campion; Cathryn M. Lewis; Kenneth S. Kendler; Vaughan J. Carr; Sandra D’Alfonso; Jana Strohmaier; Luba Kalaydjieva; Annette M. Hartmann; Maura Brunetti; Peter Eichhammer; Wei Cheng; Ole Mors; Enrico Domenici; Stephanie H. Witt; Joshua L. Roffman; George Kirov; Claudine Laurent; John Waddington; Michael J. Owen; Brendan Bulik-Sullivan; Eric Y. H. Chen; Jim Van Os; Rodney J. Scott; Ole A. Andreassen; Todd Lencz; Lude Franke; T Scott Stroup; Benjamin M. Neale; Andrea Calvo; Ettore Beghi; Jianxin Shi; Hailiang Huang; Manuel Mattheisen; David Curtis; Tim B. Bigdeli; Stephanie Williams; Dermot Walsh; Tõnu Esko; Madeline Alexander; Federico Casale; Engilbert Sigurdsson; Mythily Subramaniam; Vincenzo Silani; Sibylle G. Schwab; Cinzia Bertolin; Xuebin Zheng; Michael C. O’Donovan; Massimiliano Filosto; John E. Landers; Kang Sim; Morten Mattingsdal; Michele T. Pato; Anil K. Malhotra; Andrea Hofman; Brandon K. Wormley; Valentina Escott-Price; Kristin K. Nicodemus; Kung-Yee Liang; Rosanna Tortelli; Michael A. van Es; Aaron R. Wolen; Liene Nikitina-Zake; Lyudmila Georgieva; Nick Craddock; Wim Robberecht; Guiqing Cai; Philip Van Damme; Johan Eriksson; Jubao Duan; Yunjung Kim; Thomas Werge; Silviu A. Bacanu; Franziska Degenhardt; Adriano Chio; Gerald Nestadt; Ina Giegling; Jochen H. Weishaupt; Naser Durmishi; Tao Li; Raymond C. K. Chan; Antonia Ratti; Carin J. Meijer; Ann Olincy; Jin P. Szatkiewicz; Judit Bene; Masashi Ikeda; Dimitris Dikeos; Brien P. Riley; Line Olsen; C Robert Cloninger; Laurent Essioux; Giulio Genovese; Vahram Haroutunian; Jimmy Lee; Anna K. Kähler; George N. Papadimitriou; Richard Bruggeman; Lieuwe de Haan; Christian Hammer; Nakao Iwata; Elodie Drapeau; Eric Strengman; Timothy Dinan; Mark A. Reimers; Robert W. McCarley; Nancy G. Buccola; Juha Karjalainen; Dragan M. Svrakic; Mads V. Hollegaard; Jan Lubinski; Richard A. Belliveau; Patrick F. Sullivan; Thomas Hansen; Younes Mokrab; Steven A. McCarroll; Letizia Mazzini; Dan Rujescu; Nilo Riva; Sena Karachanak-Yankova; Hannelore Ehrenreich; Preben B. Mortensen; Rita M. Cantor; Phil Lee; Tracey L. Petryshen; William Byerley; Qiang Wang; James J. Crowley; Ulrich Schall; Vaidutis Kucinskas; Ingrid Melle; Lili Milani; Jaana Suvisaari; Rosa Capozzo; Pamela Sklar; Daniel R. Weinberger; Sarah E. Bergen; Danielle Posthuma; Chris C. A. Spencer; Alessandro Padovani; Antonio JuliàMarian L. Hamshere; Emily H. M. Wong; Abraham Reichenberg; Jeffrey Lieberman; Frank Dudbridge; Colm McDonald; Qingqin S. Li; Ronald Y. L. Chan; Ditte Demontis; Viviana Pensato; Menachem Fromer; Gianni SorarùMilica Pejovic-Milovancevic; Sergi Papiol; Nelson B. Freimer; Hon-Cheong So; Milan Macek; Christina M. Hultman; Petr Slominsky; Tiina Paunio; Ian Blair; Jurgen Del Favero; Kari Stefansson; S Hong Lee; Bryan J. Mowry; Erik G. Jönsson; Stanley V. Catts; Veikko Salomaa; Alan R. Sanders; Panos Roussos; Simon Arcuti; Jianjun Liu; Edward M. Scolnick; Wolfgang Maier; Thomas G. Schulze; Cinzia Tiloca; Stephanie Godard; Frans A. Henskens; James A. Knowles; Srinivas Thirumalai; Teimuraz Silagadze; James L. Kennedy; Rolf Adolfsson; Hreinn Stefansson; Peter M. Visscher; Jordan W. Smoller; David Kavanagh; Stephan Ripke; Bettina Konte; Ingrid Agartz; Sara Marsal; Paola Giusti-Rodríguez; P Nigel Leigh; Elisabetta Pupillo; Giancarlo Logroscino; Jennifer L. Moran; Clement C. Zai; Digby Quested; Elizabeth Bevilacqua; Dieter B. Wildenauer; Silvana Penco; Larry J. Seidman; Assen V. Jablensky; Michael Davidson; Pablo V. Gejman; Alexander L. Richards; Robert H. Brown; Zita Ausrele Kucinskiene; Jacques Mallet; Aiden Corvin; Anders D. Børglum; Kimberley D. Chambert; Jacqueline I. Goldstein; Annelie Nordin; James T. R. Walters; Deborah A. Nertney; Erik Söderman; Randy L. Buckner; Nigel M. Williams; Farooq Amin; Joseph D. Buxbaum; Fritz Zimprich; Aarno Palotie; Christian Lunetta; Douglas H. R. Blackwood; Eric F. C. Cheung; Eadbhard O’Callaghan; Miaoxin Li; Per Hoffmann; Richard E. Straub; Kai-How Farh; Martilias S. Farrell; Donald W. Black; Margot Albus; Siow Ann Chong; Bela Melegh; Brion S. Maher; Paul Cormican; Andrew McQuillin; Esben Agerbo; Carmel M. Loughland; Chiara Zecca; Stacy Steinberg; Svetlana Limborska; Patrick Vourc'h; Andrew M. McIntosh; Robert Freedman; Sophie E. Legge; Mark J. Daly; Mark Weiser; Srihari Gopal; Laura Nisenbaum; Gary Donohoe; Douglas M. Ruderfer; Joseph I. Friedman; Elena Parkhomenko; Alkes Price; Noa Carrera; Henrik B. Rasmussen; Raquelle I. Mesholam-Gately; Janis Klovins; Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium; Tune H. Pers; Mari Nelis; Marion Friedl; Draga Toncheva; Matthew C. Keller; Sarah Tosato; Kieran C. Murphy; Sang-Yun Oh; Hana Kuzelova-Ptackova; David St Clair; Shaun M. Purcell; David A. Collier; Josef Frank; Cinzia Gellera; Robin M. Murray; Patricia T. Michie; Andres Metspalu; Cristina Moglia; Inge Joa; Peter M. Andersen; Andrey Khrunin; R Jeroen Pasterkamp; Vihra Milanova; Hualin Simon Xi; Jo Knight; Dai Wang; Gerome Breen; Elisabeth Stogmann; Derek W. Morris; Christos Pantelis; Jeremy M. Silverman; Jens R. Wendland; Christian R. Schubert; Martin Begemann; Jonathan Glass

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-22

Beschreibung: Genetic correlation between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and schizophrenia Nature Communications, Published online: 21 March 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14774 Relatives of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have an unexpectedly high incidence of schizophrenia. Here, the authors show a genetic link between the two conditions, suggesting shared neurobiological mechanisms.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Hippocampal and prefrontal processing of network topology to simulate the future (2017)

Amir-Homayoun Javadi; Beatrix Emo; Lorelei R. Howard; Fiona E. Zisch; Yichao Yu; Rebecca Knight; Joao Pinelo Silva; Hugo J. Spiers

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-22

Beschreibung: Hippocampal and prefrontal processing of network topology to simulate the future Nature Communications, Published online: 21 March 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14652 The hippocampus is known to support navigation, but how it processes possible paths to aid navigation is unknown. Here Javadi et al . show that entering streets drives hippocampal activity corresponding to the number of future paths, and that prefrontal activity corresponds to path-planning demands.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Quantifying nutrient fluxes with a new hyporheic passive flux meter (HPFM) (2017)

Copernicus

In: Biogeosciences Discussions

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Quantifying nutrient fluxes with a new hyporheic passive flux meter (HPFM) Julia Vanessa Kunz, Michael D. Annable, Jaehyun Cho, Wolf von Tümpling, Kirk Hatfield, Suresh Rao, Dietrich Borchardt, and Michael Rode Biogeosciences, 14, 631-649, doi:10.5194/bg-14-631-2017, 2017 The hyporheic zone, the subsurface region of streams, is a key compartment for in-stream nutrient retention. Knowledge on actual hyporheic processing rates is still limited due to methodological restrictions which are mainly related to the high local and temporal variability of subsurface flow patterns and nutrient transformation processes. We present a new device which allows quantitative assessment of hyporheic nutrient fluxes and demonstrate its advantages in an exemplary field testing.

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Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie

Publiziert von Copernicus im Namen von The European Geosciences Union (EGU).

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Simulating precipitation decline under a Mediterranean deciduous Oak forest: effects on isoprene seasonal emissions and predictions under climatic scenarios (2017)

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In: Biogeosciences Discussions

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Simulating precipitation decline under a Mediterranean deciduous Oak forest: effects on isoprene seasonal emissions and predictions under climatic scenarios Anne-Cyrielle Genard-Zielinski, Christophe Boissard, Elena Ormeño, Juliette Lathière, Ilja M. Reiter, Henri Wortham, Jean-Philippe Orts, Brice Temine-Roussel, Bertrand Guenet, Svenja Bartsch, Thierry Gauquelin, and Catherine Fernandez Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2017-17,2017 Manuscript under review for BG (discussion: open, 0 comments) From seasonal in situ observations on how a Mediterranean ecosystem responds to drought, a specific isoprene emission (ER) algorithm was developed, upon which 2100 projections (IPCC RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios) were made. ER were found to be mainly sensitive to soil water content, and poorly represented by current empirical emission model. Drought was found to aggravate thermal stress on ER, increase ER intensity and their frequency response to environmental conditions (present and future).

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Evaluating environmental drivers of spatial variability in free-living nematode assemblages along the Portuguese margin (2017)

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In: Biogeosciences Discussions

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Evaluating environmental drivers of spatial variability in free-living nematode assemblages along the Portuguese margin Lidia Lins, Frederik Leliaert, Torben Riehl, Sofia Pinto Ramalho, Eliana Alfaro Cordova, André Morgado Esteves, and Ann Vanreusel Biogeosciences, 14, 651-669, doi:10.5194/bg-14-651-2017, 2017 Anthropogenic impacts in the deep sea are regarded as high disturbers of the deep-sea bottom. This study focus in trying to understand the impact of disturbance in the ecosystem and how important functions, such as hydrodynamics and surface primary productivity, affect benthic organisms. Our results showed that high sediment variability due to hydrodynamics, and consequently disturbance, combined with high resource availability are probably the main factors promoting deep-sea species coexistence

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Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie

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Small-scale variability in geomorphological settings influences mangrove-derived organic matter export in a tropical bay (2017)

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Beschreibung: Small-scale variability in geomorphological settings influences mangrove-derived organic matter export in a tropical bay Geraldina Signa, Antonio Mazzola, James Kairo, and Salvatrice Vizzini Biogeosciences, 14, 617-629, doi:10.5194/bg-14-617-2017, 2017 Using a combined analytical approach (fatty acid and isotopic markers), we found that the different settings of the creeks flowing into Gazi Bay influenced the mangrove export to the adjacent seagrasses and coral reef. Given the major influence that organic matter exchange between habitats has on organic matter availability and consumption by fauna, the small-scale variability in mangrove export may have far-reaching consequences for local food webs and for the functioning of the whole ecosystem.

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Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie

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Magnetism and local symmetry breaking in a Mott insulator with strong spin orbit interactions (2017)

L. Lu; M. Song; W. Liu; A. P. Reyes; P. Kuhns; H. O. Lee; I. R. Fisher; V. F. Mitrović

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Beschreibung: Magnetism and local symmetry breaking in a Mott insulator with strong spin orbit interactions Nature Communications, Published online: 9 February 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14407 Local probing into the microscopic degrees of freedom is highly desired to understand emergent exotic quantum phases. Here, the authors report a canted ferromagnetic phase preceded by local point symmetry breaking at low temperature in Ba 2 NaOsO 6 , acquired by probing into the spin, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Molecular composition of organic matter controls methylmercury formation in boreal lakes (2017)

Andrea G. Bravo; Sylvain Bouchet; Julie Tolu; Erik Björn; Alejandro Mateos-Rivera; Stefan Bertilsson

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Beschreibung: Molecular composition of organic matter controls methylmercury formation in boreal lakes Nature Communications, Published online: 9 February 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14255 Neurotoxic methylmercury can be found in high levels in aquatic systems, but the role of organic matter in methylmercury formation is not well understood. Here, Bravo et al . show that plankton-derived organic compounds enhance formation rates in boreal lakes.

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Robotics: A robot that flies like a bat (2017)

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In: Nature

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Beschreibung: Robotics: A robot that flies like a bat Nature 542, 7640 (2017). doi:10.1038/542140a With articulated wings covered in a stretchy silicone, a 93-gram autonomous robot can mimic several of the complex aerial manoeuvres of bats.Bat wings contain more than 40 joints that allow for a variety of intricate moves through the air. Earlier bat-inspired robots have been

Print ISSN: 0028-0836

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Astronomy: A leisurely way to visit the stars (2017)

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In: Nature

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Beschreibung: Astronomy: A leisurely way to visit the stars Nature 542, 7640 (2017). doi:10.1038/542140c Plans to explore the nearest star system rely on light sails — reflective panels that are propelled by light. These craft travel so fast that they will have little time to explore their destination, but altering the way the sails are used could help.An

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The long reach of the monster plant (2017)

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In: Nature

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Beschreibung: The long reach of the monster plant Nature 542, 7640 (2017). doi:10.1038/542138b Carnivorous plants have fascinated writers and botanists alike.

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The head of Britain’s powerful new funding body deserves a chance (2017)

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In: Nature

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Beschreibung: The head of Britain’s powerful new funding body deserves a chance Nature 542, 7640 (2017). doi:10.1038/542138a Mark Walport has the experience needed to take on the top job in UK science.

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US child-health study rises from ashes of high-profile failure (2017)

Rachel Cernansky

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In: Nature

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Beschreibung: US child-health study rises from ashes of high-profile failure Nature 542, 7640 (2017). http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature.2017.21367 Author: Rachel Cernansky The government’s cancelled National Children’s Study has a successor that may sidestep earlier challenges.

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Show of shipwrecked treasures raises scientists’ ire (2017)

Traci Watson

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In: Nature

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Beschreibung: Show of shipwrecked treasures raises scientists’ ire Nature 542, 7640 (2017). http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature.2017.21429 Author: Traci Watson Archaeologists worry that a museum exhibition will encourage exploitation of priceless historical sites.

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LIGO’s underdog cousin ready to enhance gravitational-wave hunt (2017)

Davide Castelvecchi

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In: Nature

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-09

Beschreibung: LIGO’s underdog cousin ready to enhance gravitational-wave hunt Nature 542, 7640 (2017). http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/542146a Author: Davide Castelvecchi It missed the historic discovery, but the Virgo lab in Italy is now primed to extend LIGO’s reach and precision.

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Secrets of life in a spoonful of blood (2017)

Claire Ainsworth

Springer Nature

In: Nature

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-09

Beschreibung: Secrets of life in a spoonful of blood Nature 542, 7640 (2017). http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/542156a Author: Claire Ainsworth The intricate development of the fetus is yielding its long-held secrets to state-of-the-art molecular technologies that can make use of the mother's blood.

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Catch wave power in floating nets (2017)

Zhong Lin Wang

Springer Nature

In: Nature

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Beschreibung: Catch wave power in floating nets Nature 542, 7640 (2017). doi:10.1038/542159a Author: Zhong Lin Wang Zhong Lin Wang proposes a radically different way to harvest renewable energy from the ocean using nanogenerator networks.

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Sustainability: Growing pains (2017)

Richard B. Norgaard

Springer Nature

In: Nature

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-09

Beschreibung: Sustainability: Growing pains Nature 542, 7640 (2017). doi:10.1038/542162a Author: Richard B. Norgaard Richard B. Norgaard is troubled by the incrementalism of Jeffrey Sachs's modest new plan for the US economy.

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Physics: A cosmos in the lab (2017)

Andreas Albrecht

Springer Nature

In: Nature

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Beschreibung: Physics: A cosmos in the lab Nature 542, 7640 (2017). doi:10.1038/542164a Author: Andreas Albrecht Andreas Albrecht ponders a study of the physicists who grapple with the origins of the Universe.

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Humans have already increased the risk of major disruptions to Pacific rainfall (2017)

Scott B. Power; François P. D. Delage; Christine T. Y. Chung; Hua Ye; Bradley F. Murphy

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Beschreibung: Humans have already increased the risk of major disruptions to Pacific rainfall Nature Communications, Published online: 8 February 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14368 Intermittent rainfall changes over the Pacific Ocean can profoundly disrupt lives and ecosystems in many locations. Here, the authors show that the risk of such changes has increased, and that the risk could – even with a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions - remain elevated for decades to come.

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Innovation and constraint leading to complex multicellularity in the Ascomycota (2017)

Tu Anh Nguyen; Ousmane H. CisséJie Yun Wong; Peng Zheng; David Hewitt; Minou Nowrousian; Jason E. Stajich; Gregory Jedd

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Beschreibung: Innovation and constraint leading to complex multicellularity in the Ascomycota Nature Communications, Published online: 8 February 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14444 The fungal Ascomycota provide a model phylum to investigate the evolution of complex multicellularity. Here, the authors combine genome sequencing with comparative and functional genomics to identify diverse endomembrane related machineries associated with the gain and loss of fungal complexity.

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Recurring RNA structural motifs underlie the mechanics of L1 stalk movement (2017)

Srividya Mohan; Harry F Noller

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Beschreibung: Recurring RNA structural motifs underlie the mechanics of L1 stalk movement Nature Communications, Published online: 8 February 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14285 Translocation of the tRNA on the ribosome is associated with large-scale molecular movements of the ribosomal L1 stalk. Here the authors identify the key determinants that allow these dramatic movements, and suggest they represent general strategies used to enable large-scale motions in functional RNAs.

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[Research Article] A prominent glycyl radical enzyme in human gut microbiomes metabolizes trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline (2017)

B. J. Levin

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Beschreibung: The human microbiome encodes vast numbers of uncharacterized enzymes, limiting our functional understanding of this community and its effects on host health and disease. By incorporating information about enzymatic chemistry into quantitative metagenomics, we determined the abundance and distribution of individual members of the glycyl radical enzyme superfamily among the microbiomes of healthy humans. We identified many uncharacterized family members, including a universally distributed enzyme that enables commensal gut microbes and human pathogens to dehydrate trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline, the product of the most abundant human posttranslational modification. This “chemically guided functional profiling” workflow can therefore use ecological context to facilitate the discovery of enzymes in microbial communities. Authors: B. J. Levin, Y. Y. Huang, S. C. Peck, Y. Wei, A. Martínez-del Campo, J. A. Marks, E. A. Franzosa, C. Huttenhower, E. P. Balskus

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[Research Article] Deficiency of microRNA miR-34a expands cell fate potential in pluripotent stem cells (2017)

Yong Jin Choi

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Beschreibung: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) efficiently generate all embryonic cell lineages but rarely generate extraembryonic cell types. We found that microRNA miR-34a deficiency expands the developmental potential of mouse pluripotent stem cells, yielding both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages and strongly inducing MuERV-L (MERVL) endogenous retroviruses, similar to what is seen with features of totipotent two-cell blastomeres. miR-34a restricts the acquisition of expanded cell fate potential in pluripotent stem cells, and it represses MERVL expression through transcriptional regulation, at least in part by targeting the transcription factor Gata2. Our studies reveal a complex molecular network that defines and restricts pluripotent developmental potential in cultured ESCs and iPSCs. Authors: Yong Jin Choi, Chao-Po Lin, Davide Risso, Sean Chen, Thomas Aquinas Kim, Meng How Tan, Jin Billy Li, Yalei Wu, Caifu Chen, Zhenyu Xuan, Todd Macfarlan, Weiqun Peng, K. C. Kent Lloyd, Sang Yong Kim, Terence P. Speed, Lin He

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[Review] Merging paleobiology with conservation biology to guide the future of terrestrial ecosystems (2017)

Anthony D. Barnosky

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Conservation of species and ecosystems is increasingly difficult because anthropogenic impacts are pervasive and accelerating. Under this rapid global change, maximizing conservation success requires a paradigm shift from maintaining ecosystems in idealized past states toward facilitating their adaptive and functional capacities, even as species ebb and flow individually. Developing effective strategies under this new paradigm will require deeper understanding of the long-term dynamics that govern ecosystem persistence and reconciliation of conflicts among approaches to conserving historical versus novel ecosystems. Integrating emerging information from conservation biology, paleobiology, and the Earth sciences is an important step forward on the path to success. Maintaining nature in all its aspects will also entail immediately addressing the overarching threats of growing human population, overconsumption, pollution, and climate change. Authors: Anthony D. Barnosky, Elizabeth A. Hadly, Patrick Gonzalez, Jason Head, P. David Polly, A. Michelle Lawing, Jussi T. Eronen, David D. Ackerly, Ken Alex, Eric Biber, Jessica Blois, Justin Brashares, Gerardo Ceballos, Edward Davis, Gregory P. Dietl, Rodolfo Dirzo, Holly Doremus, Mikael Fortelius, Harry W. Greene, Jessica Hellmann, Thomas Hickler, Stephen T. Jackson, Melissa Kemp, Paul L. Koch, Claire Kremen, Emily L. Lindsey, Cindy Looy, Charles R. Marshall, Chase Mendenhall, Andreas Mulch, Alexis M. Mychajliw, Carsten Nowak, Uma Ramakrishnan, Jan Schnitzler, Kashish Das Shrestha, Katherine Solari, Lynn Stegner, M. Allison Stegner, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Marvalee H. Wake, Zhibin Zhang

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[Editorial] Act for science (2017)

Rush Holt

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: This year's American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS, the publisher of Science) Annual Meeting in Boston (16 to 20 February) promises again to be one of the world's most recognized forums for communicating the excitement, beauty, power, and relevance of science. Attendees from dozens of countries, from nearly every field of study, and from all sectors will share ideas and build collaborations. Attendees share a cherished understanding that science practiced with diligence and reverence for evidence illuminates the human condition, leads to measurable progress, and provides the best insurance against error and deception. These amazing benefits depend on open communication as a fundamental ingredient of science. This is why President Trump's recent immigration ban has been a jolt across the global scientific enterprise. Author: Rush Holt

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[Feature] Clear findings, smoggy debate (2017)

David Malakoff

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Proposed rules to cut air pollution regulations often prompt fierce debate, despite decades of studies showing that dirtier air contributes to heart, lung, and other health problems that shorten lives, and that as air gets cleaner, premature deaths decline. The World Health Organization, for instance, has estimated that nations could prevent some 3 million premature deaths annually by 2050 if they could simply prevent outdoor soot and ozone levels from rising above 2010 levels. But although there is technical agreement that cleaner air is healthier air, there's fierce conflict over how to calculate the economic costs and benefits of cutting pollution and how much society should pay to make it happen. The clash highlights the tension between evidence and societal values, scholars say. Author: David Malakoff

Schlagwort(e): Evidence in Action

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[In Depth] World's most endangered marine mammal down to 30 (2017)

Virginia Morell

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Beschreibung: Only 30 vaquitas, a small porpoise in Mexico's Gulf of California, remain. A just-released report shows that the cetacean's numbers dropped by almost half from 2015 to 2016 because of gillnets. Scientists expect the vaquita to be extinct in a few years' time, unless they intervene. If that happens, the vaquita will become the second marine mammal species to go extinct in this century. To save the porpoise, a recovery team plans to capture some of the remaining animals in October for captive breeding. U.S. Navy bottlenose dolphins may help locate the shy vaquitas, which will be cared for in sea pens in the gulf. Author: Virginia Morell

Schlagwort(e): Conservation

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[Feature] How to be heard (2017)

Erik Stokstad

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Paul Cairney, a political scientist at the University of Stirling in the United Kingdom, has a message for those who want facts and research findings to guide policy. "'Evidence based policy making' is a good political slogan, but not a good description of the policy process," he writes on his blog, which has become a popular read for policy wonks (paulcairney.wordpress.com). "If you expect to see it, you will be disappointed." It's a typically blunt assessment from Cairney, who last year published a well-received book entitled The Politics of Evidence-Based Policy Making. But his goal isn't to discourage efforts to inject evidence into statecraft; rather, he aims to arm scientists with some nuggets of political theory and psychology that might help them do better. In a recent interview, Cairney offered some do's and don'ts for getting involved. Author: Erik Stokstad

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[Feature] Genetic divide (2017)

David Malakoff

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: How much evidence is enough evidence? When it comes to genetically modified (GM) organisms, the answer depends on where you live—and what it is. In the United States and Canada, for example, farmers, consumers, and regulators have been largely persuaded by studies showing that GM crops and foods are safe to eat and pose little risk to the environment. Chinese officials are taking a similar stance. In Europe and India, however, policymakers and the public remain skeptical. Why the variation? Scholars have fingered an array of factors, including trade policies; public trust in regulators, advocacy groups, and agribusiness; the tenor of media coverage; and levels of scientific literacy. But no single factor, they say, explains it all. Author: David Malakoff

Schlagwort(e): Evidence in Action

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[Feature] A simple recipe for saving lives (2017)

David Malakoff

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: A liter of water. A fistful of sugar. A half-teaspoon of salt. Years of basic biochemical research and field trials. Widespread adoption of findings by public health agencies and funders. That's the recipe for one major evidence-based public health breakthrough: oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which has helped cut childhood deaths from diarrhea and dehydration in half and saved millions of lives. ORT is credited with helping cut the number of deaths of children under age 5 from some 1.2 million per year to 600,000. In many developing nations, nearly every child suffering from diarrhea receives ORT, in either a prepackaged or homemade form. But in about 15 poor nations, the therapy is still vastly underutilized, studies suggest. Author: David Malakoff

Schlagwort(e): Evidence in Action

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[In Depth] Why are grizzlies dying on Canada's railway tracks? (2017)

Colette Derworiz

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Beschreibung: In Banff National Park in Canada, grizzlies have used the railroad tracks since the park was created in 1885, gorging on the buffaloberries that thrive along the right-of-way and the occasional carcass of an elk hit by a train. Nearly 2 decades ago, the behavior turned risky, as trains began striking and killing the bears. At least 17 grizzlies have died since 2000—a major hit to the local population of about 60. In a brace of recent or forthcoming studies, scientists identify culprits ranging from blind curves to spilled grain. They also propose steps for making the tracks safer, including systems to warn of approaching trains, trails to provide escape routes, clearing vegetation around the tracks, and fencing around hot spots. Author: Colette Derworiz

Schlagwort(e): Conservation Biology

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[Policy Forum] Science advice in the Trump White House (2017)

Kirstin R. W. Matthews

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: As President Trump takes office, he has the enormous undertaking of making thousands of political appointments across the federal government, including nearly 800 nominations requiring Senate confirmation. Among his top priorities should be to nominate a science adviser and to staff the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), the single agency in the government responsible for the health of the entire federal science and technology (S&T) portfolio. OSTP is the sole voice in the White House focused on using and supporting scientific research, advancing the nation's technological capability, and advising the president on all policy issues as they relate to S&T. Here, we describe the vital role of OSTP and its policy councils and offer recommendations on selecting the president's science adviser and OSTP leadership. A strong OSTP will be critical for maintaining U.S. leadership in S&T and innovation (1). Authors: Kirstin R. W. Matthews, Kenneth M. Evans, Neal F. Lane

Schlagwort(e): Science and Politics

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[Feature] Putting the brakes on highway deaths (2017)

David Malakoff

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Thank an imaginary moose for a major but little-heralded improvement in auto safety. In 1997, a European journalist test driving a new Mercedes-Benz hatchback tried the so-called moose maneuver—an S-shaped swerve to avoid an animal—and flipped the car. He survived, but the high-profile wreck drew attention to rollover risks. And it ultimately led automakers and regulators in Europe and the United States to accelerate policies aimed at equipping all cars with electronic stability control, a combination of antilock brakes and throttle and steering sensors that studies had shown helped drivers keep control. Researchers say it is a little known success story in the world of evidence-based policy. Author: David Malakoff

Schlagwort(e): Evidence in Action

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[Perspective] TZAP or not to zap telomeres (2017)

Gérald Lossaint

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Telomeres play vital roles in genome stability, protecting chromosome ends from degradation and rearrangements. Telomere erosion with aging occurs in most human somatic cells. This limits cellular life span and suppresses uncontrolled proliferation of premalignant cells. On the other hand, short telomeres may prevent continued tissue renewal and contribute to organismal aging. Therefore, maintaining an optimal telomere length is crucial for long-term survival. On page 638 of this issue, Li et al. (1) report that a protein present at long telomeres triggers trimming at these chromosome ends, maintaining telomere length homeostasis. Authors: Gérald Lossaint, Joachim Lingner

Schlagwort(e): Chromosomes

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[This Week in Science] Double trouble for the Deccan Traps (2017)

Brent Grocholski

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Author: Brent Grocholski

Schlagwort(e): Geophysics

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[This Week in Science] Robustness of protein networks (2017)

Laura M. Zahn

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Author: Laura M. Zahn

Schlagwort(e): Gene Evolution

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[This Week in Science] Intraneuronal control of protein expression (2017)

Stella M. Hurtley

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Author: Stella M. Hurtley

Schlagwort(e): Neuroscience

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[This Week in Science] A target for intracranial aneurysms (2017)

Wei Wong

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Author: Wei Wong

Schlagwort(e): Vascular Biology

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Perspective] Mobile elements control stem cell potency (2017)

Hidetoshi Hasuwa

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are of great interest for tissue replacement therapies and for the study of mammalian development. Cultured ESCs as well as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are generated from somatic cells, can self-renew indefinitely and give rise to all cell types of the body including the germline. However, such stem cells are not totipotent because they are inefficient at generating extra embryonic tissues, such as the placenta (1). What underlies this developmental restriction? On page 596 of this issue, Choi et al. (2) report a mechanism that prevents totipotency. The barrier involves mobile genetic elements embedded throughout the genome and a small noncoding microRNA (miRNA). Authors: Hidetoshi Hasuwa, Haruhiko Siomi

Schlagwort(e): Stem Cells

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Report] Activity-dependent spatially localized miRNA maturation in neuronal dendrites (2017)

Sivakumar Sambandan

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by binding to target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and preventing their translation. In general, the number of potential mRNA targets in a cell is much greater than the miRNA copy number, complicating high-fidelity miRNA-target interactions. We developed an inducible fluorescent probe to explore whether the maturation of a miRNA could be regulated in space and time in neurons. A precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA) probe exhibited an activity-dependent increase in fluorescence, suggesting the stimulation of miRNA maturation. Single-synapse stimulation resulted in a local maturation of miRNA that was associated with a spatially restricted reduction in the protein synthesis of a target mRNA. Thus, the spatially and temporally regulated maturation of pre-miRNAs can be used to increase the precision and robustness of miRNA-mediated translational repression. Authors: Sivakumar Sambandan, Güney Akbalik, Lisa Kochen, Jennifer Rinne, Josefine Kahlstatt, Caspar Glock, Georgi Tushev, Beatriz Alvarez-Castelao, Alexander Heckel, Erin M. Schuman

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Report] A switch from canonical to noncanonical autophagy shapes B cell responses (2017)

Nuria Martinez-Martin

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Autophagy is important in a variety of cellular and pathophysiological situations; however, its role in immune responses remains elusive. Here, we show that among B cells, germinal center (GC) cells exhibited the highest rate of autophagy during viral infection. In contrast to mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1–dependent canonical autophagy, GC B cell autophagy occurred predominantly through a noncanonical pathway. B cell stimulation was sufficient to down-regulate canonical autophagy transiently while triggering noncanonical autophagy. Genetic ablation of WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide–interacting protein 2 in B cells alone enhanced this noncanonical autophagy, resulting in changes of mitochondrial homeostasis and alterations in GC and antibody-secreting cells. Thus, B cell activation prompts a temporal switch from canonical to noncanonical autophagy that is important in controlling B cell differentiation and fate. Authors: Nuria Martinez-Martin, Paula Maldonado, Francesca Gasparrini, Bruno Frederico, Shweta Aggarwal, Mauro Gaya, Carlson Tsui, Marianne Burbage, Selina Jessica Keppler, Beatriz Montaner, Harold B. J. Jefferies, Usha Nair, Yan G. Zhao, Marie-Charlotte Domart, Lucy Collinson, Andreas Bruckbauer, Sharon A. Tooze, Facundo D. Batista

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[New Products] New Products (2017)

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Working Life] Coping with class in science (2017)

Curtis D. Holder

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Author: Curtis D. Holder

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Report] Lifetime of the solar nebula constrained by meteorite paleomagnetism (2017)

Huapei Wang

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: A key stage in planet formation is the evolution of a gaseous and magnetized solar nebula. However, the lifetime of the nebular magnetic field and nebula are poorly constrained. We present paleomagnetic analyses of volcanic angrites demonstrating that they formed in a near-zero magnetic field (〈0.6 microtesla) at 4563.5 ± 0.1 million years ago, ~3.8 million years after solar system formation. This indicates that the solar nebula field, and likely the nebular gas, had dispersed by this time. This sets the time scale for formation of the gas giants and planet migration. Furthermore, it supports formation of chondrules after 4563.5 million years ago by non-nebular processes like planetesimal collisions. The core dynamo on the angrite parent body did not initiate until about 4 to 11 million years after solar system formation. Authors: Huapei Wang, Benjamin P. Weiss, Xue-Ning Bai, Brynna G. Downey, Jun Wang, Jiajun Wang, Clément Suavet, Roger R. Fu, Maria E. Zucolotto

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Report] Gene duplication can impart fragility, not robustness, in the yeast protein interaction network (2017)

Guillaume Diss

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: The maintenance of duplicated genes is thought to protect cells from genetic perturbations, but the molecular basis of this robustness is largely unknown. By measuring the interaction of yeast proteins with their partners in wild-type cells and in cells lacking a paralog, we found that 22 out of 56 paralog pairs compensate for the lost interactions. An equivalent number of pairs exhibit the opposite behavior and require each other’s presence for maintaining their interactions. These dependent paralogs generally interact physically, regulate each other’s abundance, and derive from ancestral self-interacting proteins. This reveals that gene duplication may actually increase mutational fragility instead of robustness in a large number of cases. Authors: Guillaume Diss, Isabelle Gagnon-Arsenault, Anne-Marie Dion-Coté, Hélène Vignaud, Diana I. Ascencio, Caroline M. Berger, Christian R. Landry

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Report] Deterministic entanglement generation from driving through quantum phase transitions (2017)

Xin-Yu Luo

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Many-body entanglement is often created through the system evolution, aided by nonlinear interactions between the constituting particles. These very dynamics, however, can also lead to fluctuations and degradation of the entanglement if the interactions cannot be controlled. Here, we demonstrate near-deterministic generation of an entangled twin-Fock condensate of ~11,000 atoms by driving a arubidium-87 Bose-Einstein condensate undergoing spin mixing through two consecutive quantum phase transitions (QPTs). We directly observe number squeezing of 10.7 ± 0.6 decibels and normalized collective spin length of 0.99 ± 0.01. Together, these observations allow us to infer an entanglement-enhanced phase sensitivity of ~6 decibels beyond the standard quantum limit and an entanglement breadth of ~910 atoms. Our work highlights the power of generating large-scale useful entanglement by taking advantage of the different entanglement landscapes separated by QPTs. Authors: Xin-Yu Luo, Yi-Quan Zou, Ling-Na Wu, Qi Liu, Ming-Fei Han, Meng Khoon Tey, Li You

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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[Report] TZAP: A telomere-associated protein involved in telomere length control (2017)

Julia Su Zhou Li

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10

Beschreibung: Telomeres are found at the end of chromosomes and are important for chromosome stability. Here we describe a specific telomere-associated protein: TZAP (telomeric zinc finger–associated protein). TZAP binds preferentially to long telomeres that have a low concentration of shelterin complex, competing with the telomeric-repeat binding factors TRF1 and TRF2. When localized at telomeres, TZAP triggers a process known as telomere trimming, which results in the rapid deletion of telomeric repeats. On the basis of these results, we propose a model for telomere length regulation in mammalian cells: The reduced concentration of the shelterin complex at long telomeres results in TZAP binding and initiation of telomere trimming. Binding of TZAP to long telomeres represents the switch that triggers telomere trimming, setting the upper limit of telomere length. Authors: Julia Su Zhou Li, Javier Miralles Fusté, Tatevik Simavorian, Cristina Bartocci, Jill Tsai, Jan Karlseder, Eros Lazzerini Denchi

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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Bacterial community dynamics are linked to patterns of coral heat tolerance (2017)

Maren Ziegler; Francois O. Seneca; Lauren K. Yum; Stephen R. Palumbi; Christian R. Voolstra

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-11

Beschreibung: Bacterial community dynamics are linked to patterns of coral heat tolerance Nature Communications, Published online: 10 February 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14213 Coral-associated microbes could enhance the capacity of their host organism to respond to environmental change. Ziegler and colleagues use a reciprocal transplant experiment to show that microbiomes of heat-tolerant corals are more resilient to change than those of heat-sensitive corals.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von Springer Nature

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Amplification of global warming through pH-dependence of DMS-production simulated with a fully coupled Earth system model (2017)

Copernicus

In: Biogeosciences Discussions

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14

Beschreibung: Amplification of global warming through pH-dependence of DMS-production simulated with a fully coupled Earth system model Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, Nadine Goris, Katharina Six, Alf Kirkevåg, Øyvind Seland, Christoph Heinze, and Tatiana Ilyina Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2017-33,2017 Manuscript under review for BG (discussion: open, 0 comments) Transient global warming under the high emission scenario RCP8.5 is amplified by up to 6 % if a pH-dependency of marine DMS-production is assumed. Importantly, this additional warming is not spatially homogeneous but shows a pronounced north-south gradient. Over the Antarctic continent, the additional warming is almost twice the global average. In the Southern Ocean we find a small DMS-climate feedback that counteracts the original reduction of DMS-production due to ocean acidification.

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Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie

Publiziert von Copernicus im Namen von The European Geosciences Union (EGU).

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Isoprene emission and photosynthesis during heat waves and drought in black locust (2017)

Copernicus

In: Biogeosciences Discussions

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14

Beschreibung: Isoprene emission and photosynthesis during heat waves and drought in black locust Ines Bamberger, Nadine K. Ruehr, Michael Schmitt, Andreas Gast, Georg Wohlfahrt, and Almut Arneth Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2017-32,2017 Manuscript under review for BG (discussion: open, 0 comments) We studied the effects of two weeks long summer heat waves and drought on photosynthesis and isoprene emissions in black locust trees. While photosynthesis decreased, isoprene emission increased sharply in response to heat and heat-drought stress. Comparing isoprene emissions at the same temperature, however, demonstrated that stressed trees emitted less isoprene than expected. This reveals that in order to predict isoprene emissions during heat waves, model parameters need to be re-evaluated.

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Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie

Publiziert von Copernicus im Namen von The European Geosciences Union (EGU).

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Colloidal crystals with diamond symmetry at optical lengthscales (2017)

Yifan Wang; Ian C. Jenkins; James T. McGinley; Talid Sinno; John C. Crocker

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14

Beschreibung: Colloidal crystals with diamond symmetry at optical lengthscales Nature Communications, Published online: 13 February 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14173 Colloidal crystals arranged in a diamond lattice are desirable for photonic applications, yet are challenging to create. Here, Wang et al . show the self-assembly of a binary system composed of two interlocked diamond structures with lattice spacing comparable to the wavelength of visible light.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von Springer Nature

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〈i〉In situ〈/i〉 study on atomic mechanism of melting and freezing of single bismuth nanoparticles (2017)

Yingxuan Li; Ling Zang; Daniel L. Jacobs; Jie Zhao; Xiu Yue; Chuanyi Wang

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-14

Beschreibung: 〈i〉In situ〈/i〉 study on atomic mechanism of melting and freezing of single bismuth nanoparticles Nature Communications, Published online: 13 February 2017; doi:10.1038/ncomms14462 The atomic mechanisms of reversible phase transitions are challenging to probe experimentally. Here, the authors induce melting and freezing processes in bismuth nanoparticles inside a high-resolution electron microscope, observing the atom-level stages of this phase transition pathway in real time.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von Springer Nature

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An assessment of geographical distribution of different plant functional types over North America simulated using the CLASS-CTEM modelling framework (2017)

Copernicus

In: Biogeosciences Discussions

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-07

Beschreibung: An assessment of geographical distribution of different plant functional types over North America simulated using the CLASS-CTEM modelling framework Rudra K. Shrestha, Vivek K. Arora, Joe R. Melton, and Laxmi Sushama Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2017-35,2017 Manuscript under review for BG (discussion: open, 0 comments) Computer models of vegetation provide a tool to assess how future changes in climate may affect geographical distribution of vegetation. However, such models must first be assessed for their ability to reproduce present day geographical distribution of vegetation. Here, we assess the ability of one such dynamic vegetation model. We find that while the model is broadly successful in reproducing the geographical distribution of trees and grasses in North America some limitations remain.

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Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie

Publiziert von Copernicus im Namen von The European Geosciences Union (EGU).

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Oxidative coupling of sp 2 and sp 3 carbon–hydrogen bonds to construct dihydrobenzofurans (2017)

Jiang-Ling Shi; Ding Wang; Xi-Sha Zhang; Xiao-Lei Li; Yu-Qin Chen; Yu-Xue Li; Zhang-Jie Shi

Springer Nature

In: Nature Communications

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-11

Beschreibung: Oxidative coupling of sp 2 and sp 3 carbon–hydrogen bonds to construct dihydrobenzofurans Nature Communications, Published online: 10 August 2017; doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00078-6 Cross-dehydrogenative coupling is finding increasing application in synthesis, but coupling two chemically distinct sites remains a challenge. Here, the authors report an oxidative coupling between sp 2 and sp 3 carbons by sequentially activating the more active aryl site followed by the alkyl position.

Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von Springer Nature

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Step up for quality research (2017)

Schrag, N. J., Purdy, G. M.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-11

Schlagwort(e): Editorials

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Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

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