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  • Articles  (2,543)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  (2,543)
  • Elsevier
  • 2015-2019  (2,543)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1945-1949
  • IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters  (1,467)
  • Computer / IEEE  (1,076)
  • 1277
  • 40722
  • Geography  (1,467)
  • Computer Science  (1,076)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • Articles  (2,543)
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  • 2015-2019  (2,543)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1945-1949
  • 2010-2014  (1,836)
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  • 1
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    An Adaptive-MSSA-Based Algorithm for Detection of Trapped Victims Using UWB Radar (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Postdisaster search and rescue is an important application of ultrawideband (UWB) radar systems, which mainly detect trapped victims by their respiratory-motion response. The development of a respiratory-motion detection (RMD) algorithm that can eliminate nonstationary clutter and noise is a challenging task for the application. A new algorithm is proposed to deal with the task in this letter. It uses the multichannel singular spectrum analysis (MSSA) technique to reconstruct the respiratory-motion response detected by a UWB radar. During the reconstruction, the periodicity and range interrelation characteristics of the response are exploited to adaptively identify signal subspaces. The performance of the algorithm is verified both by simulated and real data. The results show its improved performance over the reference algorithms, e.g., a singular-value-decomposition-based algorithm. The adaptive-MSSA-based RMD algorithm has great promise not only in practical use but also for future research of UWB-radar-based human being remote sensing.
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  • 2
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    Impact of Correlator Efficiency Errors on SMOS Land–Sea Contamination (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Land–sea contamination observed in Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) brightness temperature images is found to have two main contributions: the floor error inherent of image reconstruction and a multiplicative error either in the antenna temperature or in the visibility samples measured by the correlator. The origin of this last one is traced down to SMOS calibration parameters to yield a simple correction scheme, which is validated against several geophysical scenarios. Autoconsistency rules in interferometric synthesis together with redundant and complementary calibration procedures provide a robust SMOS calibration scheme.
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  • 3
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    An Estimation Algorithm for Phase Errors in Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: This letter proposes a novel algorithm, which is based on the generalized method of moments (GMM), for the estimation and correction of phase errors induced in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The GMM algorithm is used to replace the original phase-estimation kernel in the basic structure of the phase-gradient-autofocus algorithm. Since this novel algorithm does not require the observed signal to be a certain distribution model, it is able to estimate arbitrary phase errors. The GMM algorithm has the ability of estimating range-dependent phase errors, which makes it an efficient estimator. As a result, higher accuracy of the estimated phase errors and a better focused image can be achieved. Excellent results have been obtained in autofocusing and imaging experiments on real SAR data.
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  • 4
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    Efficient Clutter Suppression in SAR Images With Shedding Irrelevant Patterns (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Strong clutter reflections of terrain and marine surfaces obscure the contrast between the target-of-interest and clutter (terrain and marine surface reflections) in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and consequently hinder the efficiency of image interpretation and analysis. To overcome this problem, this letter proposes an efficient clutter suppression method in SAR images, which is named shedding irrelevant patterns (SIP). The essence is to construct a regression function that can suppress clutter and preserve the target patterns concurrently. We assume that the clutter is irrelevant to the target-of-interest and distinguishable in patterns in terms of image-pixel distribution and intensity (spatial information). Experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed method in both clutter suppression and target pattern preservation.
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  • 5
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    Classification of Hyperspectral Images Using Subspace Projection Feature Space (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: A concern in hyperspectral image classification is the high number of required training samples. When traditional classifiers are applied, feature reduction (FR) techniques are the most common approaches to deal with this problem. Subspace-based classifiers, which are developed based on high-dimensional space characteristics, are another way to handle the high dimension of hyperspectral images. In this letter, a novel subspace-based classification approach is proposed and compared with basic and improved subspace-based classifiers. The proposed classifier is also compared with traditional classifiers that are accompanied by an FR technique and the well-known support vector machine classifier. Experimental results prove the efficiency of the proposed method, especially when a limited number of training samples are available. Furthermore, the proposed method has a very high level of automation and simplicity, as it has no parameters to be set.
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  • 6
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    Mathematical Framework for Phase-Triangulation Algorithms in Distributed-Scatterer Interferometry (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: To improve the spatial density of measurement points of persistent-scatterer interferometry, distributed scatterer (DS) should be considered and processed. An important procedure in DS interferometry is the phase triangulation (PT). This letter introduces two modified PT algorithms (i.e., equal-weighted PT and coherence-weighted PT) and analyzes the mathematical relations between different published PT methods (i.e., the maximum-likelihood phase estimator, least squares estimator, and eigendecomposition-based phase estimators). The analysis shows that the above five PT methods share very similar mathematical forms with different weight values in the estimation procedure.
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  • 7
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    Hyperspectral Image Classification via Sparse Code Histogram (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Sparse representation-based classifier and its variants have been widely adopted for hyperspectral image (HSI) classification recently. However, sparse representation is unstable so that similar features might obtain significantly different sparse codes. Despite the instability, we find that the sparse codes follow a class-dependent distribution under the structured dictionary consisting of training samples from all classes. Based on this observation, a novel discriminative feature, sparse code histogram (SCH), is developed for HSI classification. By counting the SCH of each sample from the sparse codes of its spatial neighbors, we can statistically obtain the distribution pattern of sparse codes of the class to which the sample belongs, and then treat the SCH as a new feature for classification. To reduce the possible outliers among the neighbors, a shape-adaptive neighborhood extractor is also employed to enhance the stability of the histogram feature. Experimental results demonstrate that SCH enjoys a strong discriminative power, which can achieve notably better performance than several state-of-the-art methods for HSI classification with limited training samples.
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  • 8
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    A Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test for Coherent Change Detection in Polarimetric SAR (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Several detection statistics have been proposed for detecting fine ground disturbances between two synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, such as vehicle tracks. The standard method involves estimating a local correlation coefficient between images. Other methods have been proposed using various statistical hypothesis tests. One of these alternative methods is a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT), which compares a full-correlation image model to a no-correlation image model. In this letter, we expand the GLRT to polarimetric SAR data and derive the appropriate GLRT detection statistics. Additionally, we explore relaxing the equal variance/equal polarimetric covariance assumptions used in previous results and find improved performance on macroscopic scene changes.
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  • 9
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    Truncated SVD-Based Compressive Sensing for Downward-Looking Three-Dimensional SAR Imaging With Uniform/Nonuniform Linear Array (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: For downward-looking linear array 3-D synthetic aperture radar, the resolution in cross-track direction is much lower than the ones in range and azimuth. Hence, superresolution reconstruction algorithms are desired. Since the cross-track signal to be reconstructed is sparse in the object domain, compressive sensing algorithm has been used. However, the imaging processing on the 3-D scene brings large computational loads, which renders challenges in both data acquisition and processing. To cover this shortage, truncated singular value decomposition is utilized to reconstruct a reduced-redundancy spatial measurement matrix. The proposed algorithm provides advantages in terms of computational time while maintaining the quality of the scene reconstructions. Moreover, our results on uniform linear array are generally applicable to sparse nonuniform linear array. Superresolution properties and reconstruction accuracies are demonstrated using simulations under the noise and clutter scenarios.
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  • 10
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    An Experimental Study of Passive Bistatic Radar Using Uncooperative Radar as a Transmitter (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: This letter proposes a signal processing method of passive bistatic radar (PBR) exploiting an uncooperative radar as an illuminator. Compared with other opportunity illuminators, the transmitting signal of a radar usually has a better ambiguity function, which leads to a higher range resolution. Two channels are needed in PBR system. The reference channel is used to estimate radar signal parameters and reconstruct directly propagated signal. The surveillance channel is used to receive scattered wave. An array antenna and a simultaneous multibeam algorithm are necessary in the surveillance channel due to the flexible beam scanning of the uncooperative radar. The procedure of the proposed method is explained in detail, which is then followed by a field experiment. Preliminary results from the field experiment show that the proposed method can be applied to target angle and bistatic range measurement successfully.
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  • 11
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    Statistical Analysis of the Effects of Virtual Element Position Errors on Airborne Down-Looking LASAR 3-D Imaging (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In order to achieve 3-D imaging with an airborne down-looking linear-array synthetic aperture radar (LASAR), a uniform virtual antenna array may be obtained by aperture synthesis of the cross-track sparse multiple-input–multiple-output array. However, the actual 3-D imaging quality is unavoidably degraded by errors in the virtual element position. In this letter, we investigate the effects of these errors on the forms and the degrees of image quality degradation by decomposing the error-related stochastic processes via an orthogonal transform based on discrete Legendre polynomials. It should be noted that these analyses are helpful for designing a LASAR system and providing a reference for specifying the requisite precision of measurement devices and calibration methods. Finally, we briefly consider the use of calibration methods to eliminate the effects of errors.
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  • 12
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    Semisupervised Hyperspectral Image Classification via Neighborhood Graph Learning (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In problems where labeled data are scarce, semisupervised learning (SSL) techniques are an attractive framework that can exploit both labeled and unlabeled data. These approaches typically rely on a smoothness assumption such that examples that are similar in input space should also be similar in label space. In many domains, such as remotely sensed hyperspectral image (HSI) classification, the data violate this assumption. In response, we propose a general method by which a neighborhood graph used in SSL is learned using binary classifiers that are trained to predict whether a pair of pixels shares the same label. Working within the framework of semisupervised neural networks (SSNNs), we show that our approach improves on the performance of the SSNN on two HSI data sets.
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  • 13
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    New Spatial Correlation Models for Sea Clutter (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In this letter, new models for the spatial correlation of sea clutter texture and intensity are proposed as improved versions of current power law models or exponential decay model. The models for texture have three unknown parameters, and thus can be called triparametric models. The structure of the models is a weighted sum of two components, which can describe the decaying process of the correlation coefficient with spatial lags, as well as the periodic behavior due to the existence of transient coherent structures in sea clutter. Unknown parameters are optimized by the nonlinear least square fit method. Models for sea clutter intensity can be obtained through a linear transform for uncorrelated speckle based on the compound-Gaussian representation of sea clutter. The proposed models are validated and compared with current models using S- and C-band measured sea clutter data. Analysis results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed models in that they can describe the behavior of spatial correlation coefficients with higher accuracy.
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  • 14
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    Accuracy of Digital Elevation Models Derived From Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has become a popular tool for acquiring source data points which can be used to construct digital elevation models (DEMs) for a wide number of applications. A TLS point cloud often has a very fine spatial resolution, which can represent well the spatial variation of a terrain surface. However, the uncertainty in DEMs created from this relatively new type of source data is not well understood, which forms the focus of this letter. TLS survey data representing four terrain surfaces of different characteristics were used to explore the effects of surface complexity and typical TLS data density (in terms of data point spacing) on DEM accuracy. The spatial variation in TLS data can be decomposed into parts corresponding to the signal of spatial variation (of terrain surfaces) and noise due to measurement error. We found a linear relation between the DEM error and the typical TLS data spacings considered (30–100 mm) which arises as a function of the interpolation error, and a constant contribution from the propagated data noise. This letter quantifies these components for each of the four surfaces considered and shows that, for the interpolation method considered here, higher density sampling would not be beneficial.
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  • 15
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    Estimation of Grassland Live Fuel Moisture Content From Ratio of Canopy Water Content and Foliage Dry Biomass (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: A novel way to estimate the live fuel moisture content (LFMC) was explored from the ratio of canopy water content (CWC) and foliage dry biomass (FDB). The CWC was estimated using the PROSAIL (PROSPECT + SAIL) radiative transfer model from the Landsat 8 product. A weak constraint 4-D variational data assimilation method was employed to assimilate the temporally estimated leaf area index into a soil-water-atmosphere-plant (SWAP) model for optimizing the model control variables. Then, the SWAP model was reinitialized with this optimum set of control variables, and better prediction of FDB was obtained. Results showed that a high accuracy level was achieved for the estimated CWC ( $R^{2}=0.91$ , $mbox{RMSE}=84.74 mbox{g/m}^2$ ) and FDB ( $R^2=0.88$ , $mbox{RMSE}=48.54 mbox{g/m} ^2$ ) when compared with in situ measured values. However, the accuracy level of estimated LFMC was poor ( $R^2=0.59$ , $mbox{RMSE} =30.85%$ ) . Further analyses find that the estimated LFMC is reliable for low LFMC but challenged for high LFMC, which indicates that the presented method still makes sense to the assessment of wildfire risk since the wildfire generally occurs when the vegetation is in low LFMC condition.
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  • 16
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    Classification of Unarmed/Armed Personnel Using the NetRAD Multistatic Radar for Micro-Doppler and Singular Value Decomposition Features (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In this letter, we present the use of experimental human micro-Doppler signature data gathered by a multistatic radar system to discriminate between unarmed and potentially armed personnel walking along different trajectories. Different ways of extracting suitable features from the spectrograms of the micro-Doppler signatures are discussed, particularly empirical features such as Doppler bandwidth, periodicity, and others, and features extracted from singular value decomposition (SVD) vectors. High classification accuracy of armed versus unarmed personnel (between 90% and 97% depending on the walking trajectory of the people) can be achieved with a single SVD-based feature, in comparison with using four empirical features. The impact on classification performance of different aspect angles and the benefit of combining multistatic information is also evaluated in this letter.
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  • 17
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    Accurate Urban Area Detection in Remote Sensing Images (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Automatic urban area detection in remote sensing images is an important application in the field of earth observation. Most of the existing methods employ feature classifiers and thereby contain a data training process. Moreover, some methods cannot detect urban areas in complex scenes accurately. This letter proposes an automatic urban area detection method that uses multiple features that have different resolutions. First, a downsampled low-resolution image is used to segment the candidate area. After the corner points of the urban area are extracted, a weighted Gaussian voting matrix technique is employed to integrate the corner points into the candidate area. Then, the edge features and homogeneous region are extracted by using the original high-resolution image. Using these results as the input, the processes of guided filtering and contrast enhancement can finally detect accurately the urban areas. This method combines multiple features, such as corner, edge, and regional characteristics, to detect the urban areas. The experimental results show that the proposed method has better detection accuracy for urban areas than the existing algorithms.
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  • 18
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    Advanced Spectral Analysis and Cross Correlation Based on the Empirical Mode Decomposition: Application to the Environmental Time Series (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In marine sciences, time series are often nonlinear and nonstationary. Adequate and specific methods are needed to analyze such series. In this letter, an application of the empirical mode decomposition method (EMD) associated to the Hilbert spectral analysis (HSA) is presented. Furthermore, EMD-based time-dependent intrinsic correlation (TDIC) analysis is applied to consider the correlation between two nonstationary time series. Four temperature time series obtained from automatic measurements in nearshore waters of the Réunion island are considered, recorded every 10 min from July 2011 to January 2012. The application of the EMD on these series and the estimation of their power spectra using the HSA are illustrated. The authors identify low-frequency tidal waves and display the pattern of correlations at different scales and different locations. By TDIC analysis, it was concluded that the high-frequency modes have small correlation, whereas the trends are perfectly correlated.
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  • 19
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    Fast Multiclass Vehicle Detection on Aerial Images (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Detecting vehicles in aerial images provides important information for traffic management and urban planning. Detecting the cars in the images is challenging due to the relatively small size of the target objects and the complex background in man-made areas. It is particularly challenging if the goal is near-real-time detection, i.e., within few seconds, on large images without any additional information, e.g., road database and accurate target size. We present a method that can detect the vehicles on a 21-MPixel original frame image without accurate scale information within seconds on a laptop single threaded. In addition to the bounding box of the vehicles, we extract also orientation and type (car/truck) information. First, we apply a fast binary detector using integral channel features in a soft-cascade structure. In the next step, we apply a multiclass classifier on the output of the binary detector, which gives the orientation and type of the vehicles. We evaluate our method on a challenging data set of original aerial images over Munich and a data set captured from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
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  • 20
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    Comparison of Five Slope Correction Methods for Leaf Area Index Estimation From Hemispherical Photography (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: We compare five slope correction methods developed by Walter et al. , Montes et al. , Schleppi et al. , España et al. , and Gonsamo et al. (referred to as WAL, MON, SCH, ESP, and GON, respectively) using artificial fisheye pictures simulated by graphics software and a lookup table (LUT) retrieval method. The LUT is built by simulating the directional gap fraction as a function of leaf area index (LAI) and average leaf inclination angle (ALIA) using the Poisson law. LAI and ALIA estimates correspond to the case of the LUT that provides the lowest root-mean-square error between the observed gap fractions after slope correction and the simulated ones. Three LAI values (1.5, 3.5, and 5.5), four ALIA values (26.8°, 45°, 57.5°, and 63.2°), and three slope angles (0°, 20°, and 50°) constituted 36 samples of random scenes. ESP is recommended because its results are accurate and independent on the leaf angle distribution (LAD), while GON only performs well for spherical LAD. The three other methods present less good performances with underestimation or overestimation of LAI and/or ALIA depending on the LAD, and the recommended order for them is MON, SCH, and WAL.
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  • 21
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    An Improved Phase Correlation Method Based on 2-D Plane Fitting and the Maximum Kernel Density Estimator (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In this letter, an improved phase correlation (PC) method based on 2-D plane fitting and the maximum kernel density estimator (MKDE) is proposed, which combines the idea of Stone's method and robust estimator MKDE. The proposed PC method first utilizes a vector filter to minimize the noise errors of the phase angle matrix and then unwraps the filtered phase angle matrix by the use of the minimum cost network flow unwrapping algorithm. Afterward, the unwrapped phase angle matrix is robustly fitted via MKDE, and the slope coefficients of the 2-D plane indicate the subpixel shifts between images. The experiments revealed that the improved method can effectively avoid the impact of outliers on the phase angle matrix during the plane fitting and is robust to aliasing and noise. The matching accuracy can reach 1/50th of a pixel using simulated data. The real image sequence tracking experiment was also undertaken to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed PC method with a registration accuracy of root-mean-square error better than 0.1 pixels.
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  • 22
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    Improvement of Forest Carbon Estimation by Integration of Regression Modeling and Spectral Unmixing of Landsat Data (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Accurately mapping forest carbon density by combining sample plots and remotely sensed images has become popular because this method provides spatially explicit estimates. However, mixed pixels often impede the improvement of the estimation. In this letter, regression modeling and spectral unmixing analysis were integrated to improve the estimation of forest carbon density for the You County of Hunan, China, using Landsat Thematic Mapper images. Linear spectral unmixing with and without a constraint (LSUWC and LSUWOC) and nonlinear spectral unmixing (NSU) were compared to derive the fractions of five endmembers, particularly forests. Stepwise regression, logistic regression, and polynomial regression (PR) with and without the forest fraction used as an independent variable and the product of the forest fraction image and the map from the best model without the forest fraction were compared. The models were developed using 56 sample plots, and their results were validated using 26 test plots. The decomposition of mixed pixels was assessed using higher spatial resolution SPOT images and a corresponding land cover map. The results showed that 1) LSUWC more accurately estimated the endmember fractions than LSUWOC and NSU, 2) PR had the greatest estimation accuracy of forest carbon, and 3) combining regression modeling and spectral unmixing increased the estimation accuracy by 31%–39%, and introducing the forest fraction into the regressions performed better than the product of forest fraction image and the results from PR without the fraction. This implied that the integrations provided great potential in reducing the impacts of mixed pixels in mapping forest carbon.
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  • 23
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    Reliable and Fast Mapping of Keypoints on Large-Size Remote Sensing Images by Use of Multiresolution and Global Information (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: This letter proposes a multiresolution technique to address the high computational cost in remote sensing image registration. The scale-invariant feature transform is applied to detect keypoints and descriptors, and then, global information combined with descriptors is utilized to establish keypoint mappings. Keypoints are first classified according to their octaves. Then, in the lowest resolution, the keypoints of the largest octave are mapped with descriptors and the global information, giving an initial affine transformation $T_0$ . In the next octave, the keypoints of the second largest octave are mapped by employing $T_0$ to narrow the space of matching keypoints. By this means, the process of establishing keypoint correspondences is conducted from one resolution (octave) to the next as the obtained transformation gets finer until we get to the highest resolution. Due to the high computational expense of computing global information, the proposed technique is important for aligning large-size remote sensing imagery. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve a comparable registration accuracy but with a less computational cost than directly building keypoint mappings on images of large size.
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    GPU Implementation of Composite Kernels for Hyperspectral Image Classification (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In this letter, we present an efficient parallel implementation of composite kernels in support vector machines (SVMs) for hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. Our implementation makes effective use of commodity graphics processing units (GPUs). Specifically, we port the calculation of composite kernels to GPUs, perform intensive computations based on NVidia's compute unified device architecture, and execute the rest of the operations related with control and small data calculations in the CPU. Our experimental results, conducted using real hyperspectral data sets and NVidia GPU platforms, indicate significant improvements in terms of computational effectiveness, achieving near-real-time performance of spatial–spectral HSI classification for the first time in the literature.
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    Retrieval and Accuracy Assessment of Tree and Stand Parameters for Chinese Fir Plantation Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Compared with airborne laser scanning, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) offers ground-based point cloud data of trees and provides greater potential to accurately estimate tree and stand parameters. However, there is a lack of effective methods to accurately identify locations of individual trees from TLS point cloud data. It is also unknown whether the estimation accuracy of the parameters, including tree height (H), diameter at breast height (DBH), and so on, using TLS can meet the requirement of forest management and planning. In this letter, a novel method to effectively process point cloud data and further determine the locations of individual trees in a stand based on the central coordinates of point cloud data on a defined grid according to the largest DBH was developed. Moreover, a point-cloud-data-based convex hull algorithm and the cylinder method were, respectively, used to estimate DBH and H of individual trees. This study was conducted in a pure Chinese fir plantation of 45 trees located in Huang-Feng-Qiao forest farm, You County of Hunan, China. The comparison of the estimated and observed values showed that the obtained tree locations had errors of less than 20 cm, and the relative root mean square errors for the estimates of both DBH and H were less than 5%. This implies that TLS is very promising for the retrieval of tree and stand parameters in forest stands. For the applications of these methods to mixed forests with a structure of multilayer canopies, further examination is needed.
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    A 3-D Electromagnetic-Model-Based Algorithm for Absolute Attitude Measurement Using Wideband Radar (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In this letter, a novel algorithm for attitude measurement based on a 3-D electromagnetic model (3-D em-model) is proposed. The 3-D em-model is established offline based on the geometric structure of the target, and it can be used to predict the scattering features at different target attitudes. In order to measure the attitude of the air target, we design a bistatic step frequency radar system. The directions of the two radars' lines of sight (LOSs) relative to the target are acquired by matching the high-resolution range profiles (HRRPs) from the target echoes to the HRRPs generated from the 3-D em-model. Since the directions of two radars' LOSs relative to the Earth are already known, the absolute attitude of the target can be acquired. The innovative contributions of this letter are as follows: 1) A comprehensive theoretical analysis of air target attitude measurement based on its own 3-D em-model is proposed; 2) the method can be applied to different kinds of air targets such as aircraft, satellite, missile, etc.; 3) the proposed attitude measurement method does not require target motion model in advance; and 4) the proposed algorithm can be applied to any kind of step frequency waveforms. Experiments using both data predicted by a high-frequency electromagnetic code and data measured in the chamber verify the validity of the method.
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    Converting Between SMOS and SMAP Level-1 Brightness Temperature Observations Over Nonfrozen Land (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) missions provide Level-1 brightness temperature (Tb) observations that are used for global soil moisture estimation. However, the nature of these Tb data differs: the SMOS Tb observations contain atmospheric and select reflected extraterrestrial (“Sky”) radiation, whereas the SMAP Tb data are corrected for these contributions, using auxiliary near-surface information. Furthermore, the SMOS Tb observations are multiangular, whereas the SMAP Tb is measured at 40° incidence angle only. This letter discusses how SMOS Tb, SMAP Tb, and radiative transfer modeling components can be aligned in order to enable a seamless exchange of SMOS and SMAP Tb data in soil moisture retrieval and assimilation systems. The aggregated contribution of the atmospheric and reflected Sky radiation is, on average, about 1 K for horizontally polarized Tb and 0.5 K for vertically polarized Tb at 40° incidence angle, but local and short-term values regularly exceed 5 K.
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    Multivariate Network Exploration and Presentations (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: This installment of Computer's series highlighting the work published in IEEE Computer Society journals comes from IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/E1PVTitj7h0 is a video demonstration of a novel solution to multivariate data visualization that helps users interactively explore data by combining standard presentations, from detailed views to high-level overviews.
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    In-Memory Data Rearrangement for Irregular, Data-Intensive Computing (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: The data rearrangement engine (DRE) performs in-memory data restructuring to accelerate irregular, data-intensive applications. An emulation on a field-programmable gate array shows how the DRE could improve speedup, memory bandwidth, and energy consumption on three representative benchmarks.
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    Richard E. Merwin Scholarship House Advertisement (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Advertisement, IEEE.
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    Multicontextual Mutual Information Data for SAR Image Change Detection (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: How to produce the difference data of the two temporal images is a crucial factor in image change detection. In this letter, we propose multicontextual mutual information data (MMID) based on the bivariate Gaussian distribution (BGD) for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image change detection and illustrate their superiorities over the classical difference data. MMID, which are an improved form of image spatial mutual information, are constructed based on the quadrilateral Markov random field (QMRF) and can be factored into the linear combination of the entropies. Then to adapt MMID to the change detection, we construct the 2-D entropies based on the BGD. In this way, MMID are able to capture the intertemporal statistical dependence of the two temporal images and thus can be taken as the feature-level difference data rather than the pixel-level data. The maximum-likelihood method, the automatic threshold method, and the Markov random field method are performed on the MMID of the real two temporal SAR images for the change detection. Experimental results demonstrate the superiorities of MMID over the traditional difference data.
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    HyperMix: An Open-Source Tool for Fast Spectral Unmixing on Graphics Processing Units (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Spectral unmixing has been a popular technique for analyzing remotely sensed hyperspectral images. The goal of unmixing is to find a collection of pure spectral constituents (called endmembers ) that can explain each (possibly mixed) pixel of the scene as a combination of endmembers, weighted by their coverage fractions in the pixel or abundances . Over the last years, many algorithms have been presented to address the three main parts of the spectral unmixing chain: 1) estimation of the number of endmembers; 2) identification of the endmember signatures; and 3) estimation of the per-pixel fractional abundances. However, to date, there is no standardized tool that integrates these algorithms in a unified framework. In this letter, we present HyperMix, an open-source tool for spectral unmixing that integrates different approaches for spectral unmixing and allows building unmixing chains in graphical fashion, so that the end-user can define one or several spectral unmixing chains in fully configurable mode. HyperMix provides efficient implementations of most of the algorithms used for spectral unmixing, so that the tool automatically recognizes if the computer has a graphics processing unit (GPU) available and optimizes the execution of these algorithms in the GPU. This allows for the execution of spectral unmixing chains on large hyperspectral scenes in computationally efficient fashion. The tool is available online from http://hypercomphypermix.blogspot.com.es and has been validated with real hyperspectral scenes, providing state-of-the-art unmixing results.
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    Adaptive Fission Particle Filter for Seismic Random Noise Attenuation (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Seismic signals are nonlinear, and the seismic state-space model can be described as a nonlinear system. The particle filter (PF) method, as an effective method for estimating the state of a nonlinear system, can be applied to deal with seismic random noise attenuation. However, PF suffers from sample impoverishment caused by resampling, which results in serious loss of valid seismic information and leads to inaccurate representation of the reflected signal. To address the impoverishment issue and to further improve the particle quality, we propose a novel method to suppress seismic random noise—the adaptive fission particle filter (AFPF). In AFPF, all the particles undergo a fission process and produce “offspring” particles to maintain particle diversity. To implement the adaptation and to monitor the degree of fission, we apply a fission factor, which takes into account weights that indicate the quality of the particles. This leads to significant improvements in the particle quality, i.e., the proportion of highly weighted particles is increased. The effective seismic information provided by the resulting particles reproduces the true signal more reliably, reducing the bias of PF. In addition, we establish a dynamic state-space model suitable for seismic signals. Experimental results on synthetic records and field data illustrate the superior performance of AFPF in noise attenuation and reflected signal preservation compared with the PF.
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    An Automated Vehicle License Plate Recognition System (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: License plate recognition is a computer vision method that identifies vehicles from their license plates. The most crucial step of such a system is accurate localization of the plate. The authors propose a system for automatic recognition that has three phases: image capture, plate localization, and license plate number recognition. They tested their methodology on 40 different car models with different types of license plates.
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    Global Mosaics of the Relative Height Error From TanDEM-X Quicklooks (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The primary objective of the TanDEM-X mission is the generation of a global high-precision digital elevation model (DEM) by using synthetic aperture radar interferometry. This letter presents the developed strategy for estimating the relative height error of the TanDEM-X DEM on a global scale. The mosaicking process of the final DEM combines all acquisitions at full resolution and is expected to be finished by late 2016. On the other hand, global mosaics can be generated starting from quicklook images already available for each single input data take. These downsized mosaics are operationally used to analyze the performance improvement that can be achieved by combining multiple acquisitions over the same ground areas and are a powerful mean for optimizing further acquisition planning. This letter reports the expected global performance of the final TanDEM-X product in advance of the full-resolution DEM. Knowledge of the global status of the TanDEM-X DEM relative height error is fundamental for optimizing the acquisition strategy and, therefore, the final performance and represents a valuable input for the scientific community as well as for selecting suitable areas for further interferometric experiments on a global scale.
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    A Support Vector Machine-Based Particle Filter Method for Improved Flooding Classification (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Support vector machines (SVMs) have been applied to land cover classification, and a number of studies have demonstrated their ability to increase classification accuracy. The high correlation between the data set and SVM training model parameters indicates the high performance of the classification model. To improve the correlation, research has focused on the integration of SVMs and other algorithms for data set selection and SVM training model parameter estimation. This letter proposes a novel method, based on a particle filter (PF), of estimating SVM training model parameters according to an observation system. By treating the SVM training function as the observation system of the PF, the new method automatically updates the SVM training model parameters to values that are more appropriate for the data set and can provide a better classification model than can the original model, wherein the parameters are set by trial and error. Various experiments were conducted using Radarsat-2 synthetic aperture radar data from the 2011 Thailand flood. The proposed method provides superior performance and a more accurate analysis compared with the standard SVM.
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    Height Extraction of Maize Using Airborne Full-Waveform LIDAR Data and a Deconvolution Algorithm (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Maize is a widely planted crop in China and in other areas of the world and plays an important role in grain production. Monitoring the growth status of maize using remote sensing technology is an important component of precision agriculture and height, as a crucial growth indicator for maize, can be retrieved from light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data. However, height extraction for crops, such as maize using airborne laser scanning point clouds results in a great number of uncertainties and challenges. Here, airborne full-waveform LIDAR data were used to extract maize height. In the first step, a workflow was designed based on the Gold deconvolution algorithm combined with a basic data process technique. The method was then tested and was determined to be effective for capturing the portion of the waveform interacting with the tops of vegetation, characterized by lower amplitude stemming from the ground. Therefore, the number of second returns from point clouds was dramatically increased. During the experiment, the number of point clouds increased nearly 50% for three of the four maize plots, as compared with the original point clouds. Compared with the commonly used Gaussian fitting algorithm, the deconvolution algorithm had the advantage of extracting an accurate position for overlapping weak signals. The height percentiles indicated that the original and Gaussian decomposition derived point clouds data underestimated and deconvolution algorithm can accurately reflect the true height of maize, particularly for the 75% and 95% height percentiles.
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    Burned-Area Mapping at the Subpixel Scale With MODIS Images (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is an important data set in global burned-area mapping. The MODIS global burned-area product has a coarse spatial resolution at approximately 500 m, which often introduces errors to the mapped burned areas. In this letter, a novel subpixel mapping (SPM) approach was proposed to produce burned-area maps at the fine spatial resolution similar to Landsat imagery, by exploring the spectral and spatial information provided by the second and fifth bands of MODIS. The proposed SPM approach aims to refine the estimate of burned areas, which have been detected by the MODIS global burned-area product. The performance of the proposed SPM approach was assessed with an experiment area containing six burned areas, by comparing with the MODIS burned-area product MCD45. The result shows that the average omission error decreased from 52.26% for MCD45 to 16.74% for SPM, and the average commission error decreased from 21.76% for MCD45 to 12.54% for SPM. The kappa value increased from 0.5583 for MCD45 to 0.8756 for SPM, indicating that the proposed SPM approach is effective in reducing the influence of the coarse spatial resolution of MODIS imagery in mapping a burned area and refining existing global burned-area products.
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    Local Parameter Estimation of Topographic Normalization for Forest Type Classification (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Radiometric distortions caused by rugged terrain make the classification of forest types from satellite imagery a challenge. Various band-specific topographic normalization models are expected to eliminate or reduce these effects. The quality of these models also depends on the approach to estimate empirical parameters. Generally, a global estimation of these parameters from a whole satellite image is simple, but it may tend to overcorrection, particularly for larger areas. A land-cover-specific method usually performs better, but it requires obtaining a priori land classification, which presents another challenge in many cases. Empirical parameters can be directly estimated from local pixels in a given window. In this letter, we propose and evaluate a central-pixel-based parameter estimation method for topographic normalization using local window pixels. We tested the method with Landsat 8 imagery and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) in very rough terrain with diverse forest types. Visual comparison and statistical analyses showed that the proposed method performed better at a range of window sizes compared with an uncorrected image or with a global parameter estimation approach. The intraclass spectral variability of each forest type has been reduced significantly, and it can yield higher accuracy of forest type classification. The proposed method does not require the a priori knowledge of land covers. Its simplicity and robustness suggest that this method has the potential to be a standard preprocessing approach for optical satellite imagery, particularly for rough terrain.
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    Identifying and Authenticating IoT Objects in a Natural Context (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: A proposed property-aware name service simultaneously supports what, where, and when properties of each IoT object through unique, text-based, and human-readable identity assignments.
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    Taming the Engineering of Information Services Websites with Standards (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Since its inception, the Internet has been a complex landscape for developers as well as users to negotiate. The new ISO/IEC/IEEE 23026 standard seeks to improve websites' usability and information content and simplify Web service management and maintenance activities.
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    PerCom Pervasive Computing 2016 House Advertisement (2015)
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    Description: Advertisement, IEEE.
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    COMPSAC 2016 House Advertisement (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
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    IEEE President-Elect Candidates Address Computer Society Concerns (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: IEEE president-elect candidates address Computer Society concerns.
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    Call and Calendar (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Events of interest to Computer Society members.
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    Deadline: 31 October House Advertisement (2015)
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    Description: Advertisement, IEEE.
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    In Search of the Diabolical Disconnect (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Although you can't see something that isn't there, you can perceive the powerful effects of its nonexistence. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/vahyX-lM9AI is an audio recording of author David Alan Grier expanding on his Errant Hashtag column, in which he talks about the lack of connection that can exist between two people or organizations.
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    Call for Participation and Celebration House Advertisement (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
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    30th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium House Advertisement (2015)
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    Description: Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
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    Unsupervised Detection of Earthquake-Triggered Roof-Holes From UAV Images Using Joint Color and Shape Features (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Many methods have been developed to detect damaged buildings due to earthquake. However, little attention has been paid to analyze slightly affected buildings. In this letter, an unsupervised method is presented to detect earthquake-triggered “ roof-holes ” on rural houses from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images. First, both orthomosaic and gradient images are generated from a set of UAV images. Then, a modified Chinese restaurant franchise model is used to learn an unsupervised model of the geo-object classes in the area by fusing both oversegmented orthomosaic and gradient images. Finally, “roof-holes” on rural houses are detected using the learned model. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated in terms of both qualitative and quantitative indexes.
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    Recursive Automatic Target Generation Process in Subpixel Detection (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Automatic target generation process (ATGP) has been used in a wide range of applications in hyperspectral image analysis. It performs a sequence of orthogonal subspace projections to extract potential targets of interest. This letter presents a recursive version of the ATGP, which is referred to as the recursive ATGP (RATGP) and has three advantages over the ATGP as follows: 1) there is no need of inverting a matrix as the ATGP does for finding each new target; 2) there is a significant reduction in the computational complexity in the hardware design due to its recursive structure; and 3) there is an automatic stopping rule that can be derived by the Neyman–Pearson detection theory to terminate the algorithm.
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    Automatic Road Extraction From Remote Sensing Images Based on a Normalized Second Derivative Map (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: In this letter, we propose a novel automatic algorithm for road extraction from remote sensing images. The algorithm includes low- and high-level processing. In the low-level processing, we determine a normalized second derivative map of road profiles of a generalized bar shape, which is width invariant and contrast proportional, and accordingly obtain initial road center pixels. In the high-level processing, using the map and initial center pixels, we initially determine road segments. The segments are then locally refined using their orientation randomness and length-to-width ratio and further refined via global graph-cut optimization. A final road network is thereby extracted in a robust manner. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides noticeably more robust and higher road extraction performance in various images compared with the existing algorithms.
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    Cell-Based Two-Step Scalar Deadzone Quantization for High Bit-Depth Hyperspectral Image Coding (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Remote sensing images often need to be coded and/or transmitted with constrained computational resources. Among other features, such images commonly have high spatial, spectral, and bit-depth resolution, which may render difficult their handling. This letter introduces an embedded quantization scheme based on two-step scalar deadzone quantization (2SDQ) that enhances the quality of transmitted images when coded with a constrained number of bits. The proposed scheme is devised for use in JPEG2000. It is named cell-based 2SDQ since it uses cells, i.e., small sets of wavelet coefficients within the codeblocks defined by JPEG2000. Cells permit a finer discrimination of coefficients in which to apply the proposed quantizer. Experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme is especially beneficial for high bit-depth hyperspectral images.
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    Combining Landsat TM/ETM+ and HJ-1 A/B CCD Sensors for Monitoring Coastal Water Quality in Hong Kong (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: High suspended solid (SS) concentrations in coastal waters are aesthetically undesirable, and adversely affect fisheries and coastal ecosystems. Environmental agencies usually require frequent measurements of SS over coastal regions at a spatially detailed level for water quality assessment and control. To develop a method for SS estimation in the complex coastal waters of Hong Kong, an archive of 57 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and HJ-1 A/B Charged Couple Device (CCD) images over a 13-year period from January 2000 to December 2012 was used. Atmospherically corrected Landsat TM/ETM+ and HJ-1 A/B CCD bands 1–4 along with 240 in situ field samples of SS concentration collected within 2 h of image acquisition, were used to develop and validate regression models over a wide range of SS concentrations from 0.5–56.0 mg/L. The best representation of actual SS concentrations was given by the log-transformed combination of Band 2 (Green, 0.52–0.60 $mumbox{m}$ ) and Band 3 (Red, 0.63–0.69 $mumbox{m} $ ), with correlation coefficient (R) of 0.85, root-mean-square error of 2.60 mg/L and mean absolute error of 2.04 mg/L. This is attributed to the sensitivity of SS to green and red wavelengths specific to the characteristic refractive index and grain size of SS found in Hong Kong waters. This letter is considered more robust than previous studies, due to the much larger number of images and in situ samples used for model development and validation, as well as the different times of year and wide range of SS concentrations investigated.
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    Spectral Indices for Estimating Exposed Carbonate Rock Fraction in Karst Areas of Southwest China (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: The quantitative estimation of the fractional cover of carbonate rock (CR) is critical for natural resource management and ecological conservation in karst areas. Based on the analysis of spectral properties of CR together with other land cover types, we proposed two CR indices (CRIs) and established the model that represents the relationships between the CRIs and the fractional cover of CR. Then, the fractional cover of CR was estimated by using the developed model. Experimental results on Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager images acquired at Southwestern China demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed model. Compared with other indices, the proposed CRIs show the highest correlations with the fractional cover of CR.
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    Call for Papers House Advertisement (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
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    Irregular Applications: From Architectures to Algorithms [Guest editors' introduction] (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Irregular applications present unpredictable memory-access patterns, data-dependent control flow, and fine-grained data transfers. Only a holistic view spanning all layers of the hardware and software stack can provide effective solutions to address these challenges.
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    Anil Jain: 25 Years of Biometric Recognition (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Computer scientist Anil Jain discusses the evolution of the biometric recognition field. The first Web extra at http://youtu.be/Wb_JbpdFoz4 is a video in which Anil Jain talks with Charles Severance about the evolution of the biometric recognition field. The second Web extra at http://youtu.be/_NdKzKybyQ4 is an audio recording in which author Charles Severance reads his Computing Conversations column that discusses his interview with Anil Jain about the evolution of the biometric recognition field.
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    Computer Highlights Society Magazines (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: A summary of articles recently published in IEEE Computer Society periodicals.
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    Move Your Career Forward House Advertisement (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Advertisement, IEEE.
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    2016 Richard E. Merwin Distinguished Service Award House Advertisement (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Advertisement, IEEE.
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    Optimizing Sparse Linear Algebra for Large-Scale Graph Analytics (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Emerging data-intensive applications attempt to process and provide insight into vast amounts of online data. A new class of linear algebra algorithms can efficiently execute sparse matrix-matrix and matrix-vector multiplications on large-scale, shared memory multiprocessor systems, enabling analysts to more easily discern meaningful data relationships, such as those in social networks.
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    Architectural Aspects of Self-Aware and Self-Expressive Computing Systems: From Psychology to Engineering (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Work on human self-awareness is the basis for a framework to develop computational systems that can adaptively manage complex dynamic tradeoffs at runtime. An architectural case study in cloud computing illustrates the framework's potential benefits.
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    Codesign Lessons Learned from Implementing Graph Matching on Multithreaded Architectures (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Executing irregular, data-intensive workloads on multithreaded architectures can result in performance losses and scalability problems. Codesigning algorithms and architectures can realize high performance on irregular applications. A codesign study reveals four key lessons learned from implementing matching algorithms on various platforms
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    TSA: Mission Creep Meets Waste (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: The acronym TSA could just as well stand for "tactics to suppress accountability." It's an object lesson in the misuse of technology toward ill-defined ends.
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    32 & 16 Years Ago (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: A summary of articles published in Computer 32 and 16 years ago.
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    Cycling through Cyberspace (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Students at the University of Brasília set out to build a better exercise bike. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/NCSb_sDJL7c is a video demonstration of the Bike-X simulator, a virtual cycling experience designed by engineering students at the University of Brasília's Gama Campus.
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    Rock Stars of Wearables House Advertisement (2015)
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    Scaling Runtimes for Irregular Algorithms to Large-Scale NUMA Systems (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: The Galois system can automatically parallelize irregular algorithms written in a serial programming model and execute them efficiently on nonuniform memory access (NUMA) machines. Experimental results for five complex irregular algorithms show that the system scales up to 420× on large NUMA systems at 512 threads.
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    Software Modernization Revisited: Challenges and Prospects (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: The authors discuss important factors to consider when migrating software to the cloud and offer recommendations to maximize the chance of success.
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    IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters institutional listings (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: Provides a listing of the editors, board members, and current staff for this issue of the publication.
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    IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters publication information (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: Provides a listing of the editors, board members, and current staff for this issue of the publication.
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    IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters information for authors (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-28
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    IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters institutional listings (2015)
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    John Resig: Building JQuery (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: John Resig discusses the birth of the JavaScript library jQuery and how it came to play a key role in the browser software ecosystem. The first Web extra at http://youtu.be/B7Aut4OUuvs is a video in which jQuery creator John Resig talks with Charles Severance about the birth of the JavaScript library jQuery and how it came to play a key role in the browser software ecosystem. The second Web extra at http://youtu.be/ZRxcFzSqatE is an audio recording of the Computing Conversations column in which Charles Severance discusses his interview with John Resig about the JavaScript library jQuery and how it came to play a key role in the browser software ecosystem.
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    STC 2015: Call for Presentations House Advertisement (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
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    Tailoring Design for Embedded Computer Vision Applications (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Numerical dynamic range analysis combines with architectural simulation to help designers explore algorithmic and architectural tradeoffs that can meet embedded computer vision's demand for precision and high-memory bandwidth.
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    Six Insights about Science Fiction Prototyping (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Students share their impressions of and experiences working with science fiction prototyping at the California College of the Arts. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/c4uYbiH72sI is an audio interview in which Science Fiction Prototyping editor Brian David Johnson talks with California College of the Arts student Gregory Stock about his experience with science fiction prototyping and how it's like exploring dark caves. The second Web extra at http://youtu.be/6XudNL3Cqwo is an audio interview in which editor Brian David Johnson speaks with Leticia Murray, Alida Draudt, and Julia Rose West about their personal experiences working with science fiction prototyping at California College of the Arts. The third Web extra at http://youtu.be/VoJLDiCzH-o is an audio interview in which Science Fiction Prototyping editor Brian David Johnson speaks with California College of the Arts student Jonjozuf Hadley about how science fiction prototyping can give you the space and permission to explore possible futures. The final Web extra at http://youtu.be/xB3RBNT20LM is an audio interview in which Science Fiction Prototyping editor Brian David Johnson speaks with California College of the Arts student Ryan Hogan about one of the most important parts of science fiction prototyping the science fiction.
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    Compsac Call for Papers House Advertisement (2015)
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    Description: Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers.
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    A Cloud Visitation Platform to Facilitate Cloud Federation and Fog Computing (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Evolving from hybrid clouds to true cloud federations and, ultimately, fog computing will require that cloud platforms allow for--and embrace--local hardware awareness.
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    The Use of Standards on the LADEE Mission (2015)
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    Description: The Lunar Atmosphere Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) software developers incorporated IEEE and other standards to achieve high reliability while adhering to strict budget and schedule guidelines.
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    The GitHub Effect (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Although GitHub has become a great tool for studying the software development process, it poses afundamental problem to those who study work. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/z7aiYedJr8w is an audio recording of author David Alan Grier expanding on his Errant Hashtag column, in which he talks about how GitHub has become a great tool for studying the software development process but poses a fundamental problem to those who study work.
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    Important IP Cases in 2015, Part Two (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Several intellectual property cases this year raise important patent, copyright, and trademark legal questions--the second part of this two-part series focuses on the trademarkand copyright cases. Part 1 is in the April 2015 issue at 10.1109/MC.2015.112. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/3atq5VwO874 is an audio recording of Brian M. Gaff reading the second installment of a two-part series in his Computing and the Law column, in which he discusses several 2015 intellectual property cases that raise important patent, copyright, and trademark law issues.
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    Get more, for Less! House Advertisement (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Advertisement, IEEE.
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    Disruptive Computing (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: To expand e-commerce, we shouldn't try to fit computing technology into markets, but instead fit markets into technology. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/siTGPpNabHI is an audio recording of author David Alan Grier expanding on his Errant Hashtag column, in which he talks about the disruptive nature of computing and how expanding e-commerce shouldn't mean trying to fit computing technology into markets but instead fitting markets into technology.
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    Inferring Mobile User Status with Usage Cues (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: An online inference engine monitors and extracts usage cues from wearables and identifies whether the user is busy, alone, happy, or stressed. Experiments show 85 percent identification accuracy with negligible energy cost.
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    Distributed Optimal Channel Access in Cognitive Radio Networks (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: This installment of Computer's series highlighting the work published in IEEE Computer Society journals comes from IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 88
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    Computer Highlights Society Magazines (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: A summary of articles recently published in IEEE Computer Society periodicals.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 89
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    Can Disability Discrimination Law Expand the Availability of Wearable Computers? (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: An exploration of current discrimination law reveals new opportunities for promoting the public use of wearable assistive technologies, which can be a powerful impetus for both wearable advocates and researchers exploring design alternatives.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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    Beeping Socks and Chirping Arm Bands: Wearables That Foster Free Play (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Three playful wearable accessories incorporate design principles that promote individuality, natural interaction, ubiquity, and intimacy to encourage spontaneous open-ended social interaction in school-age children. The Web extra at https://youtu.be/LBBe8iDeFrs demonstrates Wearable Sound, an accessory that transforms your movements into sounds. You can play the sound of a bird by moving your arms, the sound of bubbles while walking, or create your personal combination. You only have to wear the sensor, choose a sound, and use all your creativity to play!
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 91
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    Selecting the Best Reliability Model to Predict Residual Defects in Open Source Software (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: A proposed method evaluates eight popular software reliability growth models and selects the one that can best predict the software's remaining faults, providing practical support for project managers who are considering an open source component.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 92
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    Focus on Your Job Search House Advertisement (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Advertisement, IEEE.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 93
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    Tracking Cows Wirelessly (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: A student team from NC State designed and built a prototype wireless network to monitor the milking and weighing of cows.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 94
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    A Farewell to Air Gaps, Part 1 (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: One of the most fundamentally misguided ways to protect a networked infrastructure is to introduce an air gap. The US has been mastering the art of crossing them for more than 30 years.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 95
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    Vetting Mobile App Vendors (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Vetting a mobile app vendor's processes via a questionnaire is a poor substitute for vetting the app itself, but situations often arise when it's the only or most practical option.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 96
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    Rethinking Nonfunctional Software Requirements (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Realizing the full potential of virtualized computation-the cloud-requires rethinking software development. Deployment decisions, and their validation, can and should be moved up the development chain into the design phase.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 97
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    CS Connection (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: News of interest to Computer Society members.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 98
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    Call and Calendar (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Information about upcoming events of interest to Computer Society members.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 99
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    Career Opportunities (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Classified advertisement for job postings.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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  • 100
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    Learn More House Advertisement (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Advertisement, IEEE.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Computer Society.
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