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  • Articles  (3,180)
  • IEEE Photonics Technology Letters  (3,180)
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  • Articles  (3,180)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (3,180)
  • Sociology
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  • 1
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    Size-Dependent Bandwidth of Semipolar ( $11overline {2}2$ ) Light-Emitting-Diodes (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: The limited modulation bandwidth of commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is one of the critical bottlenecks for visible light communications. Possible approaches to increase the bandwidth include the use of micron sized LEDs, which can withstand higher current densities, as well as the use of LED structures that are grown on different crystal planes to the conventional polar c-plane. We compare c-plane InGaN/GaN LEDs with semipolar ( $11overline {2}2$ ) LEDs containing a 4- and 8-nm single quantum well. The modulation bandwidth of semipolar LEDs with active areas varying from $200times 200$ to $30times 30,,mu text{m}^{2}$ is shown to be governed by both current density and size. A small signal bandwidth of over 800 MHz for a relatively low applied current density of 385 A/cm 2 is reported for $30times 30 ,,mu text{m}^{2}$ LEDs with 8-nm thick quantum well. An optical link using an easy non-return-to-zero ON–OFF keying modulation scheme with a data rate of 1.5 Gb/s is demonstrated.
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  • 2
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    Pressure and Temperature Sensor Based on Graphene Diaphragm and Fiber Bragg Gratings (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: A compact optical fiber sensor based on a Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) with an integrated fiber Bragg grating is proposed to measure pressure and temperature simultaneously. The light reflectors of the proposed FPI comprise a graphene film and a fiber end face. The sensitivities of the FPI sensor for measuring pressure and temperature are 501.4 nm/kPa and 306.2 nm/°C, respectively. Conflicting signals of pressure and temperature can cause cross-impact errors at 610 Pa/°C. The introduction of a fiber Bragg grating can effectively prevent the cross-impact of the FPI sensor. The pressure sensitivity obtained is 7.96 to 12 times higher than the previous study. The proposed fiber sensor can simultaneously measure pressure and temperature using a sensitivity matrix.
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  • 3
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    Optical Cavity-Enhanced Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance for High-Quality Sensing (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-31
    Description: We report an effective strategy to enhance the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of metallic nanoparticles by introducing a Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavity for high-quality sensing. The concept is based on the combined excitation of LSPRs in metallic nanoparticles and optical cavity modes supported by the FP cavities, whose strong interactions result in two ultra-narrowband hybridized plasmon modes with a huge electric field enhancement. A high-quality double-band plasmonic nanosensor, with the refractive index sensitivity approaching 600 nm/RIU and a figure of merit exceeding 28 is achieved here, which suggests that the cavity-coupling strategy could offer new perspectives for achieving ultra-compact efficient biosensors.
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  • 4
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    Absolute Distance Measurement Using an Optical Comb and an Optoelectronic Oscillator (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-31
    Description: We demonstrate a method for absolute distance measurement based on an optical frequency comb and an optoelectronic oscillator. The unknown distance is measured using optical sampling by cavity tuning. A 1000-m-long fiber is used as a reference path and actively stabilized by the optoelectronic oscillator without ambiguous range. The optical path length of the long fiber is converted to oscillation frequency of the optoelectronic oscillator and locked to an atomic clock. A 0.357- $mu text{m}$ standard deviation of the long fiber reference path is verified by the experimental results, corresponding to a 10 −10 level relative stability. The proof-of-principle absolute distance measurement is implemented and compared with a commercial interferometer. An agreement better than $4~mu text{m}$ is achieved in 22-mm tuning range with the 1000-m imbalanced interferometer setup.
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  • 5
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    Study of the Mechanism of Laser Etching Fused Silica Based on Barium Compound Powder Coating (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-31
    Description: As a solid-state laser can hardly etch fused silica, we present a new method of laser etching assisted by barium compound powder coating on the upper surface of the fused silica. Powder coating in the laser beam irradiation area will transform to molten dense material that can prevent the laser beam from directly going through the fused silica. The powder surrounding the laser irradiation area allows heat preservation, which significantly improves the local temperature to close to the melting temperature and gasification temperature, allowing the fused silica to be etched. For laser etching assisted by Ba(OH)2, chemical reaction between Ba(OH) 2 and SiO 2 generates BaSiO 3 , which plays an important role in improving the corrosion rate, and the etching groove has no obvious crack. Among laser parameters, laser pulse width has greatest impact on both the depth and width of etching groove.
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  • 6
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    All-Fiber Vortex Laser Generated With Few-Mode Long-Period Gratings (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-31
    Description: We report a simple method for generating optical vortex beams (OVB) from an all-fiber laser. An intracavity mode converter based on few-mode fiber long-period gratings was used to enable the OVB operation. The intensity profiles and the wavefront helicity of the output laser beams were characterized by analyzing the spatial intensity profiles of the laser emission and its self-interference. Selection of the wavefront handedness can be achieved simply by adjusting the intracavity polarization controller. The laser achieved ~50 mW of output power for both first-order and second-order vortex modes generation with the corresponding slope efficiencies of 8.12% and 7.91%, respectively. The corresponding mode conversion efficiency of 98% and 99.5% are for the LP 11 mode and LP 21 mode, individually. The linearly polarized orbital angular momentum beams with $l=pm 1$ were characterized experimentally by adjusting a polarizer at the laser output.
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  • 7
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    PDL Impact on Linearly Coded Digital Phase Conjugation Techniques in CO-OFDM Systems (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-07
    Description: We investigate the impact of polarization-dependent loss (PDL) on the linearly coded digital phase conjugation (DPC) techniques in coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing superchannel systems. We consider two DPC approaches: one uses orthogonal polarizations to transmit the linearly coded signal and its phase conjugate, while the other uses two orthogonal time slots of the same polarization. We compare the performances of these DPC approaches by considering both aligned- and statistical-PDL models. The investigation with an aligned-PDL model indicates that the latter approach is more tolerant to PDL-induced distortions when compared with the former. Furthermore, the study using the statistical-PDL model shows that the outage probability of the latter approach tends to zero at a root mean square PDL value of 3.6 dB. On the other hand, the former shows an outage probability of 0.63 for the same PDL value.
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  • 8
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    Influence of Current Density and Capacitance on the Bandwidth of VLC LED (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-07
    Description: Visible light communication devices have attracted significant attention recently due to their advantageously high transmission rates. It has been shown that current density and device capacitance has a significant effect on the frequency of visible-light GaN communication devices. We demonstrate a similar linear relationship in a micro-light emitting device (LED) between the −3 dB response frequency, current density, and device diffusion capacity. An experiment was conducted in which, when the device’s single light-emitting unit size is between 60–120 $mu text{m}$ , increasing the LED current density, the lifetime of the device is substantially reduced for the period of the device’s light emission process, and reducing device capacitance improved the device response frequency. To show the relationship between device capacitance and response frequency, four groups of devices with a single unit of the visible GaN communication device was reduced from 120 to 60 $mu text{m}$ , the current was set to 35 mA, and the matrix of devices was increased from $1times 1$ to $4times 4$ , generally, as the number of series increases, the capacitance decreases. As a result, the −3 dB device response frequency increased from 18 to 74 MHz and luminous efficiency increased from 37 to 74 lm/W, the linear relationship between capacitance and response frequency has been confirmed.
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  • 9
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    Mode Loss Measurement in Few-Mode Fibers With a Microwave Interferometric Technique (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: We measure the mode dependent loss (MDL) of a few-mode fiber (FMF) using an improved microwave interferometric technique. A frequency-swept microwave signal modulates a filtered optical incoherent source that is injected into the FMF under test. During propagation, the microwave signal carried by the various modes experiences different losses and delays before interfering at the photodetector. The fiber MDL, between mode groups, is computed from the interference pattern by measuring two different fiber lengths under the same excitation condition. This technique relies on the dominant excitation of the fundamental mode and therefore can measure high values of MDL.
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  • 10
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    High-Efficiency Broad-Ridge Waveguide Lasers (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Highly efficient single-spatial mode lasers with watt-level output power in the ${9xx}$ -nm wavelength range are of great interest for a variety of applications. We experimentally investigate the influence of the mesa widths on the electro-optical properties of ridge-waveguide lasers, based on an extreme double asymmetric epitaxial structure. These properties are, for example, the conversion efficiency and the maximum power of single-lateral mode operation (kink power). At an output power of almost 1 W, single-lateral mode operation with the highest efficiency of 60% was achieved with a 10- ${mu }text{m}$ ridge-width laser. The highest peak efficiency of 62% and the highest output power of 2.7 W with still 59% efficiency were yielded by a laser with a ridge width of $15~{mu }text{m}$ , at the expense of a slightly deteriorated beam quality due to the involvement of a higher order lateral mode. The kink power of the 10- ${mu }text{m}$ -ridge laser can be further increased by decreasing the front facet reflectivity from 2.5% to 0.5%.
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  • 11
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    Modulated Al 2 O 3 -Alloyed Ga 2 O 3 Materials and Deep Ultraviolet Photodetectors (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: To modulate the cutoff wavelength of the metal–semiconductor–metal deep ultraviolet photodetectors (MSM DUV-PDs), the aluminum content of the aluminium oxide-alloyed gallium oxide (Ga 2 O 3 :Al 2 O 3 ) absorption layers was deposited using radio frequency (RF) magnetron cosputter system with dual targets, in which the Ga 2 O 3 target was sputtered with an RF power of 100 W and the Al 2 O 3 target sputtered with various RF powers. The optical bandgap energy of the Ga 2 O 3 :Al 2 O 3 films increased with an increase of the Al content deposited with a larger sputtered RF power of the Al 2 O 3 target. In view of the suppression effect of the oxygen vacancy and the defect by the more Al–O bonds in the Ga 2 O 3 :Al 2 O 3 absorption layer, the noise performances and the detectivity of the MSM DUV-PDs were improved. For depositing the Al atomic percentage of 5.9% in the Ga 2 O 3 :Al 2 O 3 absorption layer, the resulting MSM DUV-PDs revealed the cutoff wavelength of 230 nm, the noise equivalent power of $2.80 times 10^{-12}$ W, and the detectivity of $1.37 times 10^{11}$ cmHz 0.5 W −1 . Furthermore, the dominant low-frequency noise source was the flicker noise.
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  • 12
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    Enhanced Performance of Wavelength Multicasting by Gain-Transparent Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Wavelength multicasting is one of the desirable functional blocks in future reconfigurable optical networks. The four-wave-mixing Bragg scattering-based wavelength multicasting can provide modulation format transparency and polarization-independent operation with comparatively low system complexity. One crucial challenge of this scheme is that the conversion efficiencies of the red-shifted and blue-shifted generated copies are imbalanced due to non-uniform phase matching conditions. The asymmetry is even worse when the generated copies are spread over a large spectral range. To solve this problem, we utilize gain-transparent stimulated Brillouin scattering in the nonlinear fiber to introduce a spectrally localized nonlinear phase to reduce the imbalance, resulting in enhanced performance of the wavelength multicasting system.
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  • 13
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    Compact Hexagonal Liquid Core PCF Package Using a Hollow Optical Fiber (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-31
    Description: We proposed and demonstrated a novel method to package liquid-core hexagonal photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) by utilizing a hollow optical fiber (HOF) not only as a liquid delivery tube but also as a light launching pedestal. Compact all-fiber packaging with single mode fiber input and output was experimentally achieved. Various configurations of liquid core PCFs were demonstrated by controlling the inner diameter of HOF and offsets. Based on numerical analyses and light launching experiments, we confirmed that this method could substantially enhance the light–liquid interaction efficiency, structurally prevent liquid evaporation within PCF, and providing a new versatile liquid core PCF device platform.
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  • 14
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    High-Accuracy PER Measurement of Integrated Optic Chip Using Orthogonal Alignment Method (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-31
    Description: Fiber-optic linear polarizer (LP) is a key component in measuring the polarization extinction ratio (PER) of integrated optic chip utilizing white light interferometry. Intrinsic structural imperfections in LPs, such as rotation angle deviation, however, can directly impact PER measurement accuracy. In this letter, an improved PER measurement method called orthogonal alignment method is proposed. Based on the traditional PER measurement method, a secondary measurement is carried out by rotating the axis-alignment angles of the polarization-maintaining fiber connection points from 0° to 90°. The PER measurement error induced by LPs can be then removed after calculating the average value of the two measurements. Experimental results indicate that the measurement error can be reduced to 0.02 dB for low-PER (~50 dB) measurement and to 0.1 dB for ultra-high-PER (~90 dB) measurement.
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  • 15
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    Mid-Infrared Reflect-Array Antenna With Beam Switching Enabled by Continuous Graphene Layer (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-31
    Description: Tunable graphene conductivity can enable dynamic control of the reflection characteristics of near-resonant electromagnetic structures. In this letter, a mid-infrared reflect-array antenna with binary beam switching is presented. The proposed structure consists of a uniform graphene monolayer patterned with an aperiodic array of near-resonant metallic split-ring resonators. By controlling the chemical potential of the continuous graphene layer through electrostatic biasing, the reflection phase and amplitude of the split-ring resonator is controlled, providing binary beam switching capability to the reflect-array.
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  • 16
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    Cost-Effective $2times 2$ Silicon Nitride Mach-Zehnder Interferometric (MZI) Thermo-Optic Switch (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-31
    Description: We present cost effective $2 times 2$ silicon nitride Mach-Zehnder interferometric thermo-optic switches with 1 mm-length phase shifter. Devices were fabricated on a bulk silicon wafer with CMOS compatible process. The footprint was ~0.7 mm 2 . For the device designed for $lambda !!sim 1310$ nm, we demonstrated ~26.8-dB crosstalk, 0.23-dB insertion loss, and 17.25- $mu text{s}$ switching speed at $lambda !!sim 1325.8$ nm. Similarly, $lambda !!sim 1550$ nm device showed the ~24.7-dB crosstalk, 0.48-dB insertion loss, and 17.48- $mu text{s}$ switching speed at $lambda !!sim 1550.8$ nm. The measured operating power was 55.6 and 64.4 mW at $lambda !!sim 1325.8$ nm and $lambda !!sim $ 1550.8 nm, respectively.
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  • 17
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    Theoretical Comparison of Noise Characteristics in Semiconductor and Fiber Optical Amplifiers (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-31
    Description: Characteristics of the intensity noise, the phase noise, the frequency noise, and the spectral linewidth in the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and the erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) were theoretically examined with a unified analyzing manner. Quantum mechanical fluctuations associating with the optical amplification and the spontaneous emission were taken into account as noise sources on the traveling optical wave. Quantitative calculated results are obtained. As general features, the SOA reveals higher noise than the EDFA, due to larger inclusion of the amplified spontaneous emission, larger value of the optical absorption and larger fluctuation of the injected electron density. However, the SOA has an exceptional feature to suppress the relative intensity noise (RIN) of the output light below the input RIN level under suitable operating condition. The spectrum linewidth hardly increases in both the SOA and the EDFA under linear operation.
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  • 18
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    Table of contents (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-04
    Description: Presents the table of contents for this issue of the publication.
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  • 19
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    A 1- $mu$ m Cylindrical Vector Beam Fiber Ring Laser Based on a Mode Selective Coupler (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-07
    Description: We propose and demonstrate a continuous-wave all-fiber ring laser generating cylindrical vector beams (CVBs) using a mode selective coupler (MSC) as transverse mode converter and mode splitter. The MSC is fabricated by a novel method free of pre-tapering, achieving LP 11 mode with a high purity of >96% near the wavelength of 1064 nm. The CVB fiber laser operates at a center wavelength of 1053.9 nm, with a 3-dB linewidth of less than 0.04 nm and a signal-to-background ratio of >60 dB. The laser slope efficiency is >9%. The radially and azimuthally polarized beams can be switched by adjusting the polarization controllers in the fiber ring cavity, with a high mode purity measured to be >96%.
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  • 20
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    Single-Frequency Integrated Ring Laser for Application in Optical Gyroscope Systems (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-07
    Description: In this letter, a monolithically integrated ring laser is demonstrated and discussed with respect of potential application in optical gyroscope systems. The device has been realized using generic indium phosphide technology and fabricated on a multi-project wafer. The laser design uses a racetrack resonator with an arrayed waveguide grating as an intra-cavity wavelength filter. Measurement results proved the on-chip laser power of ca. 10 mW and single frequency operation with side mode suppression ratio over 50 dB. The laser is integrated with an interferometric detection circuit for monitoring the beating signal under rotation of the device.
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  • 21
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    Ferroferric-Oxide Nanoparticle Based Optical Modulator for $2~mu$ m Spectral Region (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-07
    Description: By transferring the colloidal suspensions of ferroferric-oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles (FONPs) onto a quartz plate, zero-dimension FONPs saturable absorber (SA) is successfully fabricated and employed in a Tm:Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 (Tm:LuAG) bulk laser. The properties of the FONPs-SA including Raman response, nonlinear optical response, and broad-band spectral absorption from 1800 nm to 2500 nm are measured. With the as-prepared FONPs-SA, laser pulses with the shortest duration of 600 ns, a maximum repetition rate of 96 kHz and maximum pulse energy of $4.9~mu text{J}$ are obtained, corresponding to a maximum peak power of 8.2 W. This is the first experimental demonstration of the zero-dimension FONPs-SA as Q-switch in $2~mu text{m}$ spectral region and even longer wavelength mid-infrared spectral region, to the best of our knowledge, which indicates that the zero-dimension FONPs-SA can act as a promising optical modulator in mid-infrared spectral region.
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  • 22
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    MLSE Equalizer With Channel Shortening for Faster-Than-Nyquist Signaling (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-07
    Description: Faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) signaling by introducing controlled inter-symbol interference (ISI) has been viewed as a potential technique in future communication systems due to its higher spectrum efficiency. In order to achieve the high transmission rate, the effective receivers have to been designed to suppress the ISI and extract the transmit signals. Therefore, we propose a channel shortening-based maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) scheme. In this scheme, the length of the shortening channel can be optimized for the different time-squeezing factor, which determines the transmission rate and ISI in FTN systems, to achieve a good tradeoff between the detection performance and the implementation complexity. The simulation analysis results show that the proposed MLSE equalizer with optimized channel shortening can achieve a good tradeoff between the performance and the complexity.
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  • 23
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    Cleaved Silica Microsphere for Temperature Measurement (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-07
    Description: A sensing structure based on a cleaved silica microsphere is proposed for temperature sensing. The microsphere was cleaved using focused ion beam milling. The asymmetry in the structure introduced by the cut generates not only new cavities but also random interferometric reflections inside the microsphere. These two spectral components can be separated using low-pass and high-pass filters, respectively. The sensor response to temperature can be extracted from the cavities’ component using a correlation method. The device achieved a temperature sensitivity of −10.8 ± 0.2 pm/°C between 30 °C and 80 °C. The same effect is impossible to be obtained in a normal uncleaved microsphere. The random interferometric component did not provide any information on temperature using the same analysis. However, when changing the temperature, a new and completely distinct reflection spectrum with no apparent correlation with others at different temperatures was achieved.
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  • 24
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    A Generalized Circular Dammann Grating With Controllable Impulse Ring Profile (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-07
    Description: We present a type of generalized circular Dammann gratings (GCDGs) with controllable impulse ring profiles. Different from impulse rings generated by traditional circular Dammann gratings, the intensity profile of impulse rings can be tuned by redesigning the phase structure of GCDGs. Also, the physical picture behind this controllable impulse ring profile is given clearly. As examples, four one-order binary (0, $pi $ ) GCDGs are designed and fabricated for generation of impulse rings with four different intensity profiles. In addition, GCDGs with continuous-phase profile are also demonstrated for generation of multiple concentric equal-intensity impulse rings with different intensity profiles. This type of impulse rings with tunable intensity profiles will enrich the function of CDGs, and it should be of high interest for its potential applications in various realms, such as structured pumping laser, novel optical manipulation, generation of dark perfect vortices, and optical testing and measurement.
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    Vertical 4H-SiC n-i-p-n APDs With Partial Trench Isolation (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-07
    Description: In this letter, in order to improve avalanche characteristics in deep ultraviolet range and enhance fill factor, vertical 4H-SiC n-i-p-n avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are designed and fabricated, in which avalanche current flows through a forwardbiased p-n junction formed between the p epi-layer and the n-type substrate. Compared with a traditional n-i-p APD, no obvious difference of gain-voltage and photo-response characteristics is observed, indicating the feasibility of the proposed n-i-p-n device structure. When a partial trench isolation scheme is applied, the vertical n-i-p-n APD shows a high fill factor of 78.3% and a low-bias quantum efficiency of 66%.
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    Vertical Silicon Nanowires Based Directional Coupler Optical Router (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-07
    Description: A fully complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible optical router is demonstrated. The router structure is built using the silicon-organic hybrid platform, while its mechanism is based on the directional coupler operation. The directional coupler waveguides are formed by the arrays of silicon nanowires, while the cladding and voids between the silicon nanowires are filled with an electro-optic polymer. Routing of the optical signal is demonstrated through the change of the coupling length of the directional coupler upon voltage application. The router is characterized by the short length directional coupler of $24~mu text{m}$ , and total footprint of $62~mu text{m}^{2}$ , high extinction ratio which reaches 33 dB and low insertion losses of 1.3 dB.
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    Management of OCDMA Auto-Correlation Width by Chirp Manipulation Using SOA (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-07
    Description: In order to preserve the performance of incoherent optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) systems, it is imperative to maintain the width of the OCDMA auto-correlation function. This can be challenging in OCDMA systems when using multi-wavelength pico-second pulses as code carriers. In this respect, a semiconductor optical amplifier was used to control the chirp of OCDMA code carriers before fiber transmission, and the resulting effect on the recovered OCDMA auto-correlation was investigated at the receiving end after a 16-km long transmission in a fiber optic testbed with imperfectly balanced chromatic dispersion.
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    Optical Content Addressable Memory Matchline for 2-bit Address Look-Up at 10 Gb/s (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-07
    Description: We demonstrate the first experimental evaluation of a 10Gb/s optical matchline (ML) memory architecture that designates successfully whether an incoming 2-bit optical address is identical to the optical address stored in an optical content addressable memory (CAM) line. The optical CAM line is formed by two optical CAM cells, with every cell comprising a monolithically integrated InP flip-flop and an SOA-MZI-based XOR gate, while the ML is completed by a subsequent wavelength multiplexing element and a semiconductor optical amplifier-cross gain modulation gate. Error-free operation at 10Gb/s has been obtained for 2-bit optical addresses and for both content addressing and write memory functionalities.
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    Modeling and Performance Analysis of Bragg Grating in Z-Domain (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-07
    Description: Z-domain model of fiber Bragg grating is developed, and its performance analysis is presented in this letter. The developed mathematical model is used for the evaluation of reflection and transmission response. Spectral characteristics in terms of bandwidth, peak transmittance, and side lobes formation is determined for a model of length 0.84 mm and is found to be in very close agreement with previously published fabrication result. A similar structure with different parameters is considered. The transmission response provides a wide full width half maximum (FWHM) bandwidth of 9.52 nm and a peak transmission of 0.067. The proposed model is extended to determine the transmission response for a very small incidence angle variation. Performance parameters, such as FWHM, stopband width, and optical density, are analyzed. Transmission response of the proposed model for different length combinations is evaluated.
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    Transmission Performance Based on Plasmonic Waveguide Coupled With Sectorial-Ring Stub Resonator (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-07
    Description: A novel nanoscale plasmonic resonator system based on metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguide coupled with left- or right-handed sectorial-ring stub resonator is proposed and investigated. The two-dimensional simulation demonstrates that a transmission spectrum with two dips and one peak is achieved in the novel system, whose left- or right-handed resonator is the same effect. The transmission spectrum can be highly tuned by adjusting the refractive index $(n)$ of the dielectric, or the central angle ( $theta$ ) or the outer radius $(R)$ and inner radius $(r)$ of the stub (namely the width ( ${w}_{mathrm{ s}}$ ) or center arc length ( $l_{mathrm{ C}}$ ) of the stub) when the $n$ , ${w}_{mathrm{ s}}$ , and $l_{mathrm{ C}}$ are unfixed, and also can be highly controlled by fixing the $n$ , ${w}_{mathrm{ s}}$ , and $l_{mathrm{ C}}$ with different $theta$ , $R$ , and $r$ . The transmission perform- nce is explained by the resonance condition, which agrees well with the numerical simulation or theoretical calculation. The proposed structure realizes asymmetrical, multiple, and tunable or controllable stub, which can become a novel plasmonic nanofilter or nanosensor. This letter provides a promising application for nanoscale optical devices and integrated optics devices.
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    Pulsed Sagnac Loop Phase-Modulated Microwave Photonic Link (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-07
    Description: We present a novel Sagnac loop phase-modulated microwave photonic link with a pulsed optical source. Unlike a conventional Sagnac loop, the optical phase offset of the loop can be adjusted to quadrature by applying a synchronized modulation signal to an in-loop phase shifting phase modulator. Thereby, it exemplifies the fundamental RF response. With balanced detection, a proof-of-concept link demonstrated an output noise floor of −164 dBm/Hz, which is ~4 dB above the shot noise floor, and a spurious free dynamic range of 104.8 dB Hz 2/3 .
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  • 32
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    Optofluidic Tunable Dielectric Lens for Surface Plasmon Modes (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-07
    Description: In nanophotonics, dielectric lenses are used for in-plane focusing of surface plasmon modes, but there is no control over the diffracted fields and focal length of the lens after it has been fabricated. We introduce a conceptual dielectric lens structure which uses optofluidics to tune the focal length and the diffracted fields of surface plasmon modes. The proposed structure is studied as both converging and diverging lens and its possible applications in SPR microscopy is discussed.
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    Switchable Single-Longitudinal-Mode Fiber Laser Based on $theta$ -Shaped Microfiber Filter (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: In this letter, we design a wavelength-switchable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) fiber laser based on a reflective $theta $ -shaped microfiber resonator ( $theta $ -MR). By cascading the $theta $ -MR with a fiber Fabry–Pérot interferometer, Vernier effect can be generated for SLM filtering. Due to the reflective nature of the $theta $ -MR, a section of unpumped erbium-doped fiber can be directly inserted in front of the $theta $ -MR to further suppress-mode competition. A SLM lasing spectrum with central wavelength of 1564.685nm, and sidemode suppression ratio as high as 56.6 dB is achieved. Stability test shows that the proposed fiber laser has a good long-term stability. Additionally, the lasing wavelength of the proposed laser is switched to 1564.690nm, 1559.392nm, and 1558.99nm when temperature around the $theta $ -MR is set as 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C, respectively, verifying the wavelength switch ability of the $theta $ -MR-based SLM fiber laser.
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    High-Resolution Optical Vector Analysis Based on Symmetric Double-Sideband Modulation (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: An optical vector analyzer (OVA) based on symmetric optical double-sideband (ODSB) modulation using a phase modulator (PM) and an intensity modulator (IM) is proposed and demonstrated. In the symmetric-ODSB-based OVA, frequency response measurements are implemented by transmitting the phase-modulated and intensity-modulated ODSB signals through an optical device-under-test (DUT), respectively. Then, removing the responses of the two electro-optic modulators and processing the measured responses, accurate frequency responses of the DUT on both sides of the optical carrier are obtained. Comparing with the conventional OVA based on optical single-sideband (OSSB) modulation, the proposed ODSB-based OVA has the doubled measurement range and the simple wavelength-independent configuration. Moreover, the measurement system inherently has large dynamic range and high accuracy, which is difficult to achieve for the OSSB-based OVA due to the restriction of the limited sideband suppression ratio. An experiment for measuring the magnitude and the phase responses of a programmable optical filter is carried out. The responses in a range of 100 GHz are measured with a resolution of 10 MHz by using 50-GHz components.
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    Modulation on Discrete Nonlinear Spectrum: Perturbation Sensitivity and Achievable Rates (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-07
    Description: Multi-soliton pulses are studied under small perturbations. By means of mutual information, we show that the nonlinear spectrum becomes correlated when a 64-PSK modulated 2-eigenvalues soliton is perturbed by a small additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Transmission over two channels are considered: an AWGN channel (back-to-back scenario) and an ideal optical fiber link with distributed noise. We numerically show that the Jost coefficients ${b}({lambda }_{k})$ are less correlated than the discrete spectral amplitudes ${q}_{d}({lambda }_{k})$ while either of them can be alternatively used for modulation. In both channels, we compare the achievable information rates (AIRs) of joint detection and separate detection if the modulation is over either ${q}_{d}({lambda }_{k})$ or ${b}({lambda }_{k})$ . We show that if the length of the link is relatively short, the separate detection of ${b}({lambda }_{k})$ gives almost the same total information rate as the joint detection of ${b}({lambda }_{k})$ or ${q}_{d}({lambda }_{k})$ . Moreover, the AIRs are compared with one of a first-order soliton with the same modulation.
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    Tunable Multiwavelength Random Fiber Laser With Odd and Even Order Stokes Separated (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: A novel tunable multiwavelength random fiber laser (MRFL) based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) with odd and even order Stokes output separated is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The laser resonator is a dual-branch structure, with each branch consisting of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and a long-span single mode fiber (SMF). The output of two branches incites each other through a coupler to get a separated output. The gain is provided by an SBS and EDFA, while the SMFs provide random distributed feedback. As a result, we get six output lasing wavelengths with about 22-GHz frequency spacing for both odd and even order Stokes. The proposed MRFL is also wavelength tunable from 1549.75 to 1569.75 nm. The output of this MRFL is very stable, which is important for its further applications in dual parameter sensing systems and dense wavelength-division multiplexing fiber communication systems.
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    Three-Dimensional Printed Polymer Waveguides for Whispering Gallery Mode Sensors (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: Whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators are widely exploited for highly sensitive sensing applications due to their ultrahigh quality $(Q)$ factor enabling single-particle detection. The WGM surface-confined resonant light recirculates around the resonator, allowing the light to interact with analytes over several round trips, which enhances the sensitivity of detection. However, the stability of efficient coupling of WGMs to ingress-egress waveguides for lab-on-chip has been problematic. The typical way to achieve WGM coupling is to use a tapered optical fiber or a prism, which makes the device either fragile or bulky, and is not conducive to sensor integration that can lead to robust lab-on-chip devices. In this letter, we demonstrate three-dimensional (3D) fabricated polymer waveguides that can be integrated and provide evanescent coupling to silica WGM microspheres without sacrificing $Q$ factor. By mechanically connecting the waveguides to the microcavity, we can control the coupling to the resonator and the mechanical stability of the 3D lab-on-chip sensor is greatly improved. This provides a pathway to enhance the stability of WGM coupling for sensor integration.
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    Low-Power 56Gb/s NRZ Microring Modulator Driver in 28nm FDSOI CMOS (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: High speed optical interconnects require low-power compact electro-optical transmit modules comprising driver circuits and optical modulators. This letter presents a low power 56 Gb/s non-return-to-zero CMOS inverter-based driver in 28 nm fully depleted silicon-on-insulator CMOS driving a 46 GHz silicon photonic microring modulator. The driver delivers 1 Vpp to the microring modulator from a 75 mVpp input while only consuming 40 mW (710 fJ/bit at 56 Gb/s). The realized transmitter shows 4 dB extinction ratio when running of a 1 V supply voltage. Transmission experiments up to 2 km of single mode fiber show a bit-error-ratio less than $1cdot 10^{-9}$ at 56 Gb/s.
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    Plasmonic-Assisted TE-Pass Polarizer for Silicon-Based Slot Waveguides (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: A compact transverse-electric (TE)-pass polarizer for slot waveguides based on an asymmetrical directional coupler is proposed, where a slot waveguide and a linearly tapered waveguide (TW) cascading a hybrid plasmonic waveguide (HPW) are utilized. By properly choosing the structural parameters, the TW is cutoff for TE mode and the phase-matching condition is only satisfied for transverse-magnetic (TM) mode. As a result, the injected TM-mode can be evanescently coupled to the adjacent TW and then attenuated via the HPW while the input TE-mode will directly output, realizing an efficient TE-pass polarizer. With the help of the tapered structures, extinction ratio (ER) is enhanced and fabrication requirements are relaxed. Results show that the proposed polarizer has an ER of 27.1 dB at $1.55~mu text{m}$ , and its bandwidth is ~170 nm for an ER > 20 dB and an IL < 0.6 dB. In addition, fabrication tolerances to the key dimensions are analyzed and field evolution is also presented.
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    Iterative Combinatorial Symbol Design for Spatial Modulations in MIMO VLC Systems (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: This letter presents an iterative combinatorial symbol design algorithm for the generalized spatial modulation (GSM) in visible light communication systems. An approach that is fundamentally different from the available low complexity design methods is adopted by jointly considering both spatial and intensity bits in the symbol design. The proposed method is compared against existing symbol design methods for both photodiode array and camera receivers in terms of error performance and implementation complexity. The algorithm is shown to outperform several GSM symbol design methods, providing many decibels of performance gain. The proposed algorithm is also applicable to generalized space-shift keying and spatial modulation.
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    Via-Less Two-Axis Electromagnetic Micro Scanner Based on Dual Radial Magnetic Fields (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: We propose a two-axis electromagnetic micro scanner with a two-phase current path satisfying three criteria (via less microfabrication, independent biaxial scan with minimization of crosstalk, and no current path on the mirror). In the design of a dual radial magnetic field, current paths are arranged to maximize the torque in the active current that actuates a mirror, while nullifying the torque in the passive current that is not intended to actuate the mirror but rather just to complete an electrical current loop. The use of W-shaped springs for the slow-axis scan considerably reduced the torsional spring constant by 2.7 times, whereas it increased the in-plane sliding spring constant by 2.4 times, compared to conventional I-shaped springs. This indicates that the W-shaped springs effectively increase scan angle and enhance the actuation stability. The scanner with a reflection mirror with 3 mm in diameter was fabricated, and in the raster scan gave a maximum scan angle of 50.6° (resonant) and 9.1° (quasi-static) in fast- and slow-axis scans, respectively, with a power consumption of 28.1 mW. The maximum crosstalk of the slow and fast axis from the other axis were measured as small as 0.45% and 0.43%, respectively.
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    Wavelength Conversion of 25-Gbit/s PAM-4 Signals Using a Quantum-Dot SOA (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: We demonstrate all-optical wavelength conversion of a 4-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-4) signal by cross gain modulation (XGM) in a quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier (QD-SOA). In this scheme, the center passband of a conventional optical filter located at the QD-SOA output is slightly shifted to the shorter wavelength side [blue-shifted filtering (BSF)], which enables us to accelerate the gain recovery time of the QD-SOA and reduce the bandwidth limitation in the process of the wavelength conversion. By using the combination of XGM and BSF, we successfully achieve 25-Gbit/s PAM-4 wavelength conversion, with good conversion performance in terms of error-vector magnitude. We also investigate the conversion performance in a wide wavelength-hopping range and the high tolerance to the shift in input signal wavelength for use in data center applications.
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    $2-mu$ m Wavelength Grating Coupler, Bent Waveguide, and Tunable Microring on Silicon Photonic MPW (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: The $2-mu text{m}$ wave band is emerging as a promising spectral window for optical communications and gas sensing. With the increasing demand for components at this wavelength range, developing $2-mu text{m}$ devices is thus required. Silicon photonics is an ideal device technology as it offers several unique advantages of potential low cost and large scale integration. Besides, the silicon nanowire waveguide is transparent and suffers from negligible two photon absorption at $2-mu text{m}$ wavelengths. Here, we report the demonstration of grating coupler, waveguide bend, and thermally tunable microring filter on a multi-project wafer which is fabricated using CMOS compatible process. The peak coupling efficiency of the grating coupler is measured to be −8.4 dB at 1952 nm. The bending losses for the rib waveguide and the strip loaded waveguide are measured with different radii. The ring resonator is fabricated and tested with an underestimated $Q$ factor of 1520 (through port) which is due to the limitation of the laser linewidth and wavelength tuning resolution. The extinction ratio exceeds 20 dB and the ring resonance can be thermally tuned by a Titanium Nitride heater. The tuning efficiency is 0.17 nm/mW.
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    Polarization-Insensitive Filter for Incidence Between Classic and Full Conical Mountings (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: An angular-dependent polarization-insensitive filter in the telecommunication region is demonstrated in this letter, which is based on a zero-contrast grating for incident plane between classic and full conical mountings. Particle swam optimization combined with the rigorous coupled wave analysis method is applied to design the filter and perform the reflectance spectra. Realization of the polarization-insensitive filter is based on the split feature of a 1D guided mode resonant filter, under oblique incidence in classic mounting. Results show that polarization-independent resonances occur near $1.454~mu text{m}$ under the oblique incidences of 4.8°, 5.3°, 6.5°, and 9.3°, with the incident plane angle being set as 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°, respectively. During the process of varying the incident plane angle from classical mounting to full conical mounting, the mechanism of the increased angle of oblique incidence is also analyzed in detail.
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    A Highly Precise Demodulation Method for Fiber Fabry-Perot Cavity Through Spectrum Reconstruction (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: A highly precise demodulation method based on spectrum sampling and reconstruction for optical fiber extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer (EFPI) sensor is proposed and experimentally evaluated. A tunable laser and an optical power meter were used to sample the response of the EFPI sensor discretely. The full spectral response of the EFPI sensor is obtained through a nonlinear least squares fitting between the measured data and the theoretical model. An EFPI sensor was experimentally tested to verify the performance of the proposed demodulation method. The demodulation fluctuation range of the cavity length was within 0.84 nm, during 50 continuous measurements. The demodulation resolution of 4.59 nm was achieved for the change of cavity length around $112~mu text{m}$ in a strain sensing experiment. Furthermore, the maximum measurement fluctuation of the cavity length just increased from 0.84 to 1.27 nm, when the number of sampling points decreased to one-third by increasing the sampling step from 0.4 to 1.2 nm. This demodulation method may be applied to a wide range of interference spectrum demodulation applications for the high precision and simplicity.
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    Thermal Reflow Engineered Cylindrical Polymer Waveguides for Optical Interconnects (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: Integrated polymer photonics brings low cost and high fabrication flexibility to optoelectronic industry. However, this platform needs to overcome several issues to be effective enough for practical applications. In this letter, we experimentally demonstrate a decrease of propagation losses and polarization sensitivity of polymer waveguide-based devices as a result of thermal treatment. Heating of poly(methyl methacrylate) strip optical waveguides above the glass transition temperature initiates a waveguide surface reflow due to a decrease of the polymer viscosity and surface tension energy. This results in a decrease of surface roughness and shape change from rectangular to cylindrical. Thus, scattering losses and polarization sensitivity are minimized.
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    Tuning of Transmission Responses of an Optical Microring With Negligible Wavelength Shift (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: The tuning of transmission response of an optical microring resonator (MRR) always associates with significant shift of the resonant wavelength, which leads to serious problems for most of applications. In this letter, we demonstrate that the Mach–Zehnder-interferometer (MZI)-coupled microring resonators with asymmetric directional couplers in the MZIs could still have large magnitude and phase tuning range, while maintaining the resonant wavelength unchanged. An add-drop MZI-coupled microring resonator with asymmetric directional couplers is fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator chip, and the measurement agrees well with the theoretical prediction. Our study would be interesting to photonic integrated circuits, which require tunable MRRs.
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    InGaP/AlGaInP Quantum Well Discrete Mode Laser Diode Emitting at 689 nm (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: A discrete-mode laser diode, fabricated in the In0.6Ga0.4P/AlGaInP multiple quantum well system, emitting a single mode at $lambda =689$ nm is reported. The laser has an ex-facet output power >10 mW at 30 °C and operates mode hop free in the temperature range 0 °C to 50 °C.
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    Terahertz Bandpass Filter Based on Frequency Selective Surface (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: We designed a terahertz bandpass filter based on double-layer frequency selective surface. Details of the proposed terahertz wave filter design and of the related parametric analysis are presented and discussed. The proposed terahertz filter was fabricated by laser technology. The transmission spectrum was characterized by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The results show that the center frequency of the terahertz filter is about 1 THz with 3-dB bandwidth of 400 GHz.
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  • 50
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    Reconfigurable Envelope Generation of Optical Pulse Train Based on Discrete Fourier Transform (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: We experimentally demonstrate a fiber-based reconfigurable system for programming the envelope of high-speed optical pulse train by using fractional-rate multilevel amplitude modulation. Amplitude-modulated optical pulse trains undergo the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) realized by the temporal Talbot effect in a dispersive fiber. Consequently, rate-multiplied optical pulse trains with programmable envelopes can be achieved. In this letter, we report experimental synthesis of ~80-GHz optical pulse trains with expectant binary patterns, parabolic, square, and triangular envelopes. We also consider practical implementation issues and numerically analyze the influence from the deviation of modulation coefficients and finite extinction ratio of the Mach–Zehnder modulator on the generated pulses.
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    A Simplified Photonic Approach to Measuring the Microwave Doppler Frequency Shift (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: A novel approach for measuring the microwave Doppler frequency shift (DFS) based on a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator (DDMZM) is proposed and demonstrated. The value and direction of the DFS can be simultaneously measured with high precision by using a reference signal. In the DDMZM, the transmitted signal and reference signal are applied to one radio frequency (RF) port, while the echo signal is applied to the other RF port. Then, the generated optical signals are sent to a low-speed photodetecter, and the beat frequency between the transmitted and echo signals is equal to the value of DFS, while the direction of DFS can be distinguished by comparing the two beat frequencies generated by the transmitted signal with reference signal and the echo signal with reference signal, respectively. The DFS from −100 to +100 kHz at the carrier frequency of 10, 14, and 18 GHz is successfully measured, and the maximal error is less than 1.0 Hz.
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    Ultracompact Electro-Optical Modulator-Based Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 on Silicon (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: We propose an electrically driven electro-optical modulator integrated with the phase-change material Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST). This modulator incorporates a hybrid Si-GST-Cu waveguide with input and output Si waveguides. For the waveguide modulator with an active segment of $0.2~mu text{m}^{2}$ , the switched phase is stable with off/on extinction ratios of >5.4 dB on the entire ${C}$ -band. Since the phase change of GST only consumes energy during the stated transitions, the energy consumption per bit for this nanosize device is ideally low on the order of sub-nJ per cycle.
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  • 53
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    DFB Laser Diodes Based on GaN Using 10th Order Laterally Coupled Surface Gratings (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: Single longitudinal mode emission of laterally coupled distributed-feedback (LC-DFB) laser diodes (LDs) based on InGaN/GaN multiquantum-well structures containing 10th-order surface Bragg gratings with V-shaped grooves is demonstrated. The gratings were fabricated alongside a 2- $mu text{m}$ -wide contact stripe by i-line stepper lithography and inductively coupled plasma etching. A single peak emission at 404.6 nm with a full-width at half-maximum of 0.04 nm was achieved at an output power of about 46 mW under pulsed laser operation. The shift of the lasing wavelength of LC-DFB LDs in the temperature range from 22 °C to 45 °C was around three times smaller than that of comparable ridge waveguide Fabry–Pérot LDs.
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    Adaptive Transmitter Pre-Distortion Using Feedback From the Far-End Receiver (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: In recent years, digital pre-distortion has emerged as a powerful approach to compensate linear and non-linear imperfections of the transmitter. Previous solutions are either based on factory calibration or use a local auxiliary receiver. Here, we present a digital pre-distortion architecture to compensate transmitter frequency response and I/Q skew, which relies upon a feedback from the far-end receiver and uses the signal propagated over the optical link. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is validated over different transmission systems for dual-polarization 64 QAM net 400 Gb/s and 16 QAM net 200 Gb/s signals.
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    RIN Mitigation and Transmission Performance Enhancement With Forward Broadband Pump (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: We demonstrate that using a broadband, first order, and coherent pump laser enables effective and efficient forward-pumped distributed Raman amplification for long-haul transmission systems, thanks to the simultaneous suppression of ASE noise and RIN-related penalty. We show in both experiments and simulation that this scheme extends the reach of $10times120$ Gb/s DP-QPSK WDM transmission by a minimum of 50%, compared with low RIN Bi-doped fibre laser and other commercially available pump lasers. Moreover, it requires very low forward pump power, and maintains uniform/symmetric signal power distribution which allows effective nonlinearity compensation.
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  • 56
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    Femtosecond Optical Kerr Gate With Double Gate Pulses (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: We proposed an improved femtosecond optical Kerr gate with double gate pulses (DOKG) using a femtosecond laser, in which an ultrashort switching time can be realized even when a relatively slow response optical Kerr medium of carbon disulfide was used. The results showed that when the time delay and the light intensity ratio of the two pump pulses were adjusted to be about 140 fs and 1:0.9, the switching time and the maximum transmission efficiency of the DOKG could be optimized to be about 130 fs and 37%. The DOKG is convenient to be built and offers a good choice for applications based on ultrafast optical switch.
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    Monolithic Red/Green/Blue Micro-LEDs With HBR and DBR Structures (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: In this letter, monolithic red, green, and blue (RGB) micro light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated using gallium nitride based blue micro LEDs and quantum dots (QDs). Red and green QDs were sprayed onto individual region surrounded by patterned black matrix photoresist on the blue micro LEDs to form color conversion layers. Owing to its light-blocking capability, the patterned black matrix photoresist improved the contrast ratio of the micro LEDs from 11 to 22. To enhance the color conversion efficiency and the light output intensity, a hybrid Bragg reflector (HBR) was deposited on the bottom side of the monolithic RGB micro LEDs, thus reflecting the RGB light emitted to the substrate. To further improve the color purity of the red and green light, a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with high reflection for the blue light was deposited on the top side of the QDs/micro LEDs. The red and green light output intensities of the micro LEDs with HBR and DBR were enhanced by about 27%.
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    Simple Stabilized Radio-Frequency Transfer With Optical Phase Actuation (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: We describe and experimentally evaluate a stabilized radio-frequency transfer technique that employs optical phase sensing and optical phase actuation. This technique is achieved by modifying existing optical frequency transfer equipment and also exhibits advantages over previous stabilized radio-frequency transfer techniques in terms of size and complexity. Acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) are used to modulate an optical carrier. Stabilization of frequency fluctuations in the link is achieved by steering the frequency of one of the AOMs. We demonstrate the stabilized transfer of a 160-MHz signal over a 166-km fiber optical link, achieving an Allan deviation of $9.7times 10^{-12}$ at 1 s of integration, and $6.4times 10^{-15}$ at $10^{4}$ s. This technique was considered for application to the Square Kilometre Array SKA1-low radio telescope.
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    High Efficiency Quantum Cascade Lasers Based on Excited-States Injection (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: In this letter, quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) based on excited-states injection are presented. The operating voltage is significantly reduced compared with the conventional ground-state injection design. Devices emitting at $sim 5.25mu text{m}$ were fabricated through standard buried-heterostructure processing. Stable single-mode emission was observed by implementing a buried first-order distributed feedback (DFB) grating. The maximum output power of the DFB QCL with 2-mm cavity length was more than 300 mW at 10 °C with a high wall-plug efficiency of 5.6% in continuous-wave mode.
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    Broadband High-Energy All-Fiber Laser at 1.6 $mu$ m (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: A broadband high-energy all-fiber laser at 1.6- $mu text{m}$ window with erbium-doped fiber mode locked by nonlinear polarization rotation technology is demonstrated. The direct output optical spectrum centered at 1.6 $mu text{m}$ has a bandwidth of 52.4 nm. The fiber laser delivers a pulse energy of 3.9 nJ with 9.3-MHz repetition rate at 220-mW 976-nm pump power. Based on it, a wavelength-tunable optical source with a wavelength tuning range from 1.6 to 1.8 $mu text{m}$ is demonstrated through soliton self-frequency shift. To satisfy much longer wavelength demands in some special application scenario, e.g., deep brain imaging with multi-photon microscopy, a chirped pulse amplifier was constructed to boost the pulse energy to 14 nJ, and the wavelength can be tuned from 1.6 to 1.94 $mu text{m}$ with those amplified pulses. These fiber sources at the $L$ -band and a longer wavelength can explore a wider scope in deep biotissue imaging area for lower water absorption.
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    On the Performance of MIMO-NOMA-Based Visible Light Communication Systems (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: In this letter, we apply the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique to improve the achievable sum rate of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-based multi-user visible light communication (VLC) systems. To ensure efficient and low-complexity power allocation in indoor MIMO-NOMA-based VLC systems, a normalized gain difference power allocation (NGDPA) method is first proposed by exploiting users’ channel conditions. We investigate the performance of an indoor $2times 2$ MIMO-NOMA-based multi-user VLC system through numerical simulations. The obtained results show that the achievable sum rate of the $2times 2$ MIMO-VLC system can be significantly improved by employing NOMA with the proposed NGDPA method. It is demonstrated that NOMA with NGDPA achieves a sum rate improvement of up to 29.1% compared with NOMA with the gain ratio power allocation method in the $2times 2$ MIMO-VLC system with three users.
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    Black Phosphorus: A New Platform for Gaseous Sensing Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: We numerically demonstrate and propose sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based conventional gaseous sensor using few layers of black phosphorous (BP), as compared with other 2D material such as graphene and molybdenum disulphide (MoS 2 ). Results of our optimized numerical study show that with implementation of bilayer BP over a conventional gaseous sensor, sensitivity enhances by ~35%, which is further increased up to ~73% by addition of a monolayer MoS 2 at an operating wavelength $lambda =633$ nm. Therefore, the proposed SPR gaseous sensor could potentially open a new platform for high-performance gaseous sensing in the visible region.
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    Torsion, Strain, and Temperature Sensor Based on Helical Long-Period Fiber Gratings (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: A novel fiber sensor, which enables us to simultaneously measure the torsion, strain, and temperature, is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which is based on utilization of two successively cascaded helical long-period fiber gratings (TSC-HLPGs). By using the proposed approach, crosstalk effects among temperature, strain, and torsion can totally be discriminated for the first time to the best of our knowledge. Moreover, not only the torsion angle, but also the torsion direction can be determined simultaneously. Accuracies for the resolved temperature, the strain, and the torsion angle are estimated to be ~0.8 °C within the range of 20 °C–100 °C, $sim 225~mu varepsilon $ within the range of 0- $2600~mu varepsilon $ , and ~1.2° (corresponding to a torsion responsivity of 3.54 nm/rad/m in our case) within the rotation angle of −360° ~ 360°, respectively.
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    Tunable Broadband Electro-Optic Comb Generation Using an Optically Filtered Optoelectronic Oscillator (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: Tunable electrooptic combs are generated in an optoelectronic oscillator that is optically filtered using a 100 000 finesse Fabry–Pérot etalon. Optical and electrical outputs of the oscillator are combined in a series of external phase modulators to generate spectrally flat, broadband optical combs. Adjustment of a variable delay in the oscillator allows for tuning of output combline spacing to harmonics of the etalon’s 1.5-GHz free spectral range. Experimental results demonstrate regeneratively created electrooptic combs whose comb teeth spacing can be tuned to 7.5, 9, 10.5, and 12 GHz, with center comb tooth linewidths on the order of hundreds of Hertz. In the best case, the output electrooptic modulation comb consists of 52 individual comblines within a 10-dB amplitude deviation over a span of approximately 5 nm. Linear pulse compression is used to demonstrate ultrashort pulses with a 2.6-ps autocorrelation pulse width at a repetition rate of 10.5 GHz.
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    Chaotic Constellation Mapping for Physical-Layer Data Encryption in OFDM-PON (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: A physical-layer encryption scheme is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing passive optical network (OFDM-PON). In the proposed multifold encryption scheme, quadratic-amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols are scrambled and distributed onto the complex plane independently. The dynamic parameters of constellation shifting are generated by a 3-D hyper digital chaos, in which a key space of ~10 162 is created to enhance the security level of OFDM data encryption during transmission. An encrypted data transmission of 9.4-Gb/s, 16-QAM optical OFDM signals is successfully demonstrated over 20-km standard single-mode fiber.
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    Simultaneous Microwave Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion and Digital Filtering (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: We proposed a scheme which can simultaneously realize photonic analog-to-digital conversion (PADC) and digital photonic filtering for microwave signals. A multi-tap optical pulse shaper is adopted in a photonic sampling and electrical quantizing PADC to change its equivalent channel response, which can be designed and flexibly reconfigured as a finite impulse response digital filter. The principle and operation conditions of the proposed scheme are theoretically analyzed. A system employing an optical time division multiplexing (OTDM)-based multi-tap shaper is demonstrated. Filtering features agreeing well with the theoretical and simulation results are experimentally measured by configuring the path attenuations and delays in the OTDM based shaper.
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    All-Fiber OAM Generation/Conversion Using Helically Patterned Photonic Crystal Fiber (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: We propose an all-fiber orbital angular momentum (OAM) generator/converter based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The PCF is designed to introduce a helical effective refractive index profile in order to achieve the OAM matching condition that is required to excite the OAM modes of an OAM-supporting fiber. The proposed design is compact, presents wideband operation, low loss and high OAM purity. It is of great interest to OAM-based telecommunication, and other OAM applications that use optical fibers.
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    Quantum-Cascade Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: This letter shows the possibility of stimulated emission in quantum cascades (QCs) embedded in a vertical cavity and proposes a first design for the QC vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (QC VCSEL). In the proposed design, the top VCSEL mirror is a monolithic high-refractive-index contrast grating, which serves as both an optical coupler and as the region in which the vertical component of the electrical field is induced, enabling stimulating emission from the QCs. Using a three-dimensional, fully vectorial optical model combined with an electrical model and gain model, the distribution of the optical field, threshold current, emitted optical power, and wall-plug efficiency of a 9 $mu text{m}$ AlInAs/InGaAs/InP QC VCSEL are simulated.
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    Crack-Free Silicon-Nitride-on-Insulator Nonlinear Circuits for Continuum Generation in the ${C}$ -Band (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: We report on the fabrication and testing of silicon-nitride-on-insulator nonlinear photonic circuits for complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) compatible monolithic co-integration with silicon-based optoelectronics. In particular, a process has been developed to fabricate low-loss crack-free Si 3 N 4 730-nm-thick films for Kerr-based nonlinear functions featuring full process compatibility with existing silicon photonics and front-end Si optoelectronics. Experimental evidence shows that 2.1-cm-long nanowires based on such crack-free silicon nitride films are capable of generating a frequency continuum spanning 1515–1575 nm via self-phase modulation. This work paves the way to time-stable power-efficient Kerr-based broadband sources featuring full process compatibility with Si photonic integrated circuits on CMOS lines.
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    Magnetic-Ionic-Liquid-Functionalized Photonic Crystal Fiber for Magnetic Field Detection (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: A compact optical fiber magnetic field sensor based on a magnetic-ionic-liquid-functionalized photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The magnetic field sensor was fabricated by splicing an index-guiding PCF having one magnetic-ionic-liquid-infiltrated (MIL-infiltrated) air hole in the innermost layer infiltrated with conventional single-mode fibers. The transmission spectral magnetic response of the proposed sensor have been measured and theoretically analyzed. Owing to the effective interaction between the MIL and transmission light as well as the controllable attenuation property of MIL, the magnetic field sensitivity reaches up to −0.01991 dB/Oe for a relatively linear magnetic intensity range of 0 to 440 Oe.
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    Staggered CAP—A New Spectrally Efficient Modulation Format for Optical Communications (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: In this letter, staggered carrierless amplitude phase (sCAP), a new spectrally efficient modulation format, is proposed for optical transmission. By staggering the in-phase and quadrature components of the CAP modulation, simultaneous transmission of two additional pulse amplitude modulation signals is possible: the first one being baseband and the second one lower sideband. The new modulation format has several advantages: 100% bandwidth efficiency, rectangular-shaped spectrum, minimum tap number shaping filters, minimum requirements for analog-to-digital conversion sampling rate, low peak-to-average power ratio, and capability of bit and power loading. The experimental results in vertical cavity surface emitting laser multimode fiber link indicate that the new format by far outperforms regular CAP.
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    Self-Holding Magneto-Optical Switch Integrated With Thin-Film Magnet (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: We demonstrate a novel self-holding function of a magneto-optical waveguide switch. The switching state is flipped by a pulsed current and maintained without any power supply by virtue of the nonvolatility of the thin-film magnet. Extinction ratios up to 15.4 dB were demonstrated. The switch state was controlled by a 1- $mu text{s}$ pulsed electrical current.
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    2875 nm Lasing From Ho 3+ -Doped Fluoroindate Glass Fibers (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: Ho 3+ -doped fluoroindate glass fibers (FIGFs) based on InF 3 -GaF 3 -ZnF 2 -BaF 2 -SrF 2 -YF 3 -LiF-PbF 2 glasses were fabricated by using a rod-in-tube method. By using a 92-cm-long Ho 3+ -doped FIGF as the gain medium and a 1120-nm fiber laser as the pump source, lasing at 2875 nm was obtained for a threshold pump power of 278 mW. By further increasing the pump power to 1224 mW, the obtained maximum output power was about 54.5 mW. The corresponding slope efficiency was about 6%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to report lasing at 2875 nm from Ho 3+ -doped FIGFs.
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    Optical Mapping of RF Field Profiles in Resonant Microwave Circuits (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: We demonstrate a technique for mapping the electric field profiles in resonant microwave circuits. Optical pumping of microwave circuits fabricated on semiconductor substrates is shown to result in a modulation of the load power dependent on the local electric field of the microwave signal in the resonant circuit. By reading out the modulation in transmitted signal as a function of the position of the optical excitation, for a range of driving frequencies, we are able to produce 2D images related to the microwave electric fields in our circuits. Images are generated for a range of resonator designs and compared to numerical simulations. The presented technique is analytically modeled for insight to the relationship between electric field and modulation signal.
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    Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor Employing Niobium Nanofilm on Photonic Crystal Fiber (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: This letter presents a numerical investigation of a highly sensitive refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance. An ultrathin niobium nanofilm is proposed as a new plasmonic material, which outperforms existing plasmonic materials. This nanofilm is employed on a photonic crystal fiber for the first time resulting sensing over a wide range of refractive indices. Finite-element method-based numerical analysis shows that maximum amplitude sensitivity of 1560 RIU $^{-1}$ and wavelength sensitivity of 8000 nm/RIU can be obtained for an analyte index of 1.40. A thin aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) film is deposited on the outer layer of niobium film to enhance the coupling strength and in order to tune the resonance wavelength. Moreover, the effects of varying thickness of niobium nanofilm and Al 2 O 3 film on sensing performance are also discussed. The proposed niobium nanofilm based sensor can be potentially implemented in biochemical and organic chemical sensing.
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    Spatial Modulation-Assisted Scanning White-Light Interferometry for Noise Suppression (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: A route of spatial modulation-assisted scanning white-light interferometry with the inhibition of background noises and light source fluctuations for the topography measurement of micro-/nano-structure surface was explored in this letter. The spatial modulation frequency was introduced by tilting the sample at a small angle to separate the noise signals and interference signals in the spatial frequency domain. A band-pass filter and a normalization processing were also applied with the purpose of signal-to-noise-ratio improvement and contrast enhancement. The frequency domain analysis was then enrolled in the elimination of $2pi $ ambiguity for the surface recovery with high-presicion. Both the theoretical analysis and the experiment results reveal the validity of spatial modulation-assisted scanning white-light interferometry and its potentials in high-fidelity measurement of smooth surfaces regardless of external disturbances.
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    Joint Synchronization and Channel Estimation of ACO-OFDM Systems With Simplified Transceiver (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: To facilitate the development of asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems, a joint synchronization and channel estimation scheme is proposed. The preamble used in the scheme is based on zero correlation code pair and has impulse-like correlation relationship. This property can let the results of synchronization process be the coarsely estimated channel time response, thus simplifies channel frequency response generation. Also, a transceiver with low complexity is proposed. The proposed transceiver needs only half the amount of multiplications compared with conventional transceiver. Simulation results reveal that the proposed scheme achieves better performance both in synchronization and channel estimation than existing schemes.
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    All-Fiber Raman Biosensor by Combining Reflection and Transmission Mode (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: A novel all-fiber on-line Raman cell based on metal (silver)-lined capillary is proposed, which could collect reflection and transmission Raman signal simultaneously. In our configuration, two optical fiber tips are inserted into both sides of the hollow-core metal-lined capillary to form a Raman cell. The other ends of fiber tips are closely bound together as a Sagnac loop and coupled with a Raman probe. Each fiber tip not only works in reflection mode, but also acts as the collection lens for the transmission mode of the other side’s excitation. The hollow-core all-fiber structure could extend the interaction length between the samples and pump laser. Moreover, the Raman signal collection mechanism was significantly improved. With the combination of both Raman excitation modes, a Raman signal with two times of magnitude enhancement is observed in experiment and it agrees well with the theoretical analysis. We have also detected different concentrations (0.5–8 mg/mL) of antibiotic (Cefotaxime sodium, CTX), which proves that our proposed all-fiber and well-encapsulated Raman cell has tremendous potential for portable on-line rapid Raman biosensor.
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    Femtosecond Laser Microfabricated Optofluidic Grating Refractometer (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: A novel femtosecond laser microfabricated optofluidic grating is proposed and demonstrated in this letter, which realizes the measurement of refractive index of liquid. The diffraction grating is fabricated with an epoxy-based negative photoresist (SU-8) on glass substrate by femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization and bonded with a polydimethylsiloxane microchannel, for which the transmission spectrum can be modulated by changing the refractive index of the liquid flowing in the microchannel. Experimental observation on the shift of the transmission peak wavelength indicates that the sensitivity of the diffraction grating is higher for a lower-order mode or a thicker grating, i.e., blue-shifted peak wavelength with a magnitude of $3.586times 10^{3},,mu text{m}$ per refractive index unit for the second-order mode of the grating with a thickness of 3.60 $mu text{m}$ .
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    High-Speed InP-Based p-i-n Photodiodes With InGaAs/GaAsSb Type-II Quantum Wells (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: We present and discuss the performance characteristics of InP-based p-i-n photodiodes (PDs) with InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II multiple quantum wells absorption regions designed to absorb light at mid-infrared wavelengths. Top-illuminated and waveguide-integrated PDs are fabricated with dark currents as low as 100 nA at −2 V, an external responsivity as high as 0.27 A/W at 2 $mu text{m}$ and 0.3 A/W at 1.55 $mu text{m}$ , and a 3-dB bandwidth of 3.5 GHz at 2 $mu text{m}$ .
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    Polarization Beam Splitter Based on MMI Coupler With SWG Birefringence Engineering on SOI (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: We demonstrate a novel polarization beam splitter (PBS) based on a subwavelength grating (SWG) multimode interference (MMI) coupler for the silicon-on-insulator platform. The birefringence of the MMI coupler is engineered using SWG, which leads to a compact design footprint, with a device length of less than $100~mu text{m}$ . Our PBS has simulated extinction ratios (ERs) better than 20 dB for both polarizations over the wavelength range from 1530 to 1625 nm that covers the entire $C$ - and $L$ -bands. The fabricated device achieves the measured ERs larger than 20 dB at the wavelength of 1550 nm for both polarizations, and the insertion losses of 1.9 and 2.5 dB for the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations, respectively, at 1550 nm. In addition, the measured ERs are larger than 14.5 dB for the TE polarization and 11.7 dB for the TM polarization over an 84-nm spectral range covering the entire $C$ -band.
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    152-dB Dynamic Range With a Large-Area Custom-Technology Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: In this letter, we demonstrate a dynamic range as high as 152 dB with a detection head based on a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD). This result has been attained by exploiting two key factors: on one hand, the low dark count rate (9 cps) of a custom-technology SPAD; and on the other hand, the maximum count rate (120 Mcps) achievable with a new generation active quenching circuit and an optimized assembly of the system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest dynamic range reported so far in the literature for a SPAD. Even more important, this value has been attained without sacrificing other detector parameters, such as active area diameter (50 $mu$ m), photon detection efficiency (50% at 550-nm wavelength), and afterpulsing probability (2%).
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    65-fs Pulses at 2 $mu text{m}$ in a Compact Tm-Doped All-Fiber Laser by Dispersion and Nonliearity Management (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: We report a compact ultrafast thulium-doped all-fiber laser delivering 65-fs pulses through nonlinear compression in a dispersion and nonlinearity managed fiber chain. The laser outputs 560-mW, 3.2-nJ pulses with a very broad bandwidth >160 nm at the central wavelength of 1980 nm. Numerical simulation investigates and verifies the formation and evolution of the ultrafast pulse.
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    Directional Bending Sensor Based on a Dual Side-Hole Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: A new directional bending sensor based on a dual side-hole fiber (DSHF) that can detect both the direction and magnitude of bending in a self-temperature compensated manner is described and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor is based on an in-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), where a DSHF segment was spliced between two standard single-mode fibers (SMFs) as input and output. The sensor has two orthogonal axes which are formed by both the asymmetry in the side-hole location in DSHF and an offset in the fusion splice between the SMF and DSHF. The visibility in the MZI output intensity and the spectral shifts of MZI fringes show separate responses to the bending curvature and direction, which is a key feature of the directional curvature sensor. An inscribed fiber Bragg grating in the DSHF measure allows the temperature to be measured independently. The sensor can provide salient advantages in its unique capability to precisely quantify the direction and magnitude of bending along with its reproducibility, compactness, and suitability for mass production, which makes it suitable for many practical bending sensing applications.
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    Photonic Microwave Frequency Measurement Based on Frequency-Configurable Pilot Tones (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Description: A photonic technique for microwave frequency measurement with flexible range and high resolution is proposed based on frequency-configurable pilot tones. The method extracts the remote unknown microwave frequency by measuring electrical power at two known pilot frequencies, avoiding dual-channel photodetection and broadband microwave power measurement over the whole interested frequency range. Moreover, it enables flexible measurement range by configuring two pilot frequencies. A proof-of-concept experiment is successfully demonstrated with the frequency range of 6–18.9 GHz and the resolution of 0.1 GHz.
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    Improvement of Sidewall Roughness of Submicron SOI Waveguides by Hydrogen Plasma and Annealing (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: We report the successful fabrication of low-loss submicrometric silicon-on-insulator strip waveguides for on-chip links. Postlithography treatment and postetching hydrogen annealing have been used to smoothen the waveguide sidewalls, as roughness is the major source of transmission losses. An extremely low silicon line-edge roughness of 0.75 nm is obtained with the optimized process flow. As a result, record-low optical losses of less than 0.5 dB/cm are measured at 1310 nm for strip waveguide dimensions exceeding 500 nm. They range from 1.2 to 0.8 dB/cm for 300–400-nm-wide waveguides. Those results are to our knowledge the best ever published for a 1310-nm wavelength. These results are compared to modeling based on Payne and Lacey equations.
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    Blue Phosphorene/MoS 2 Heterostructure Based SPR Sensor With Enhanced Sensitivity (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is proposed utilizing two-dimensional blue phosphorene/molybdenum disulfide (i.e., BlueP/MoS 2 ) heterostructure as an interacting layer with analyte. The analysis indicates that the proposed sensor design provides significantly higher sensitivity in comparison to conventional and graphene-based SPR sensors. The combined effect of number of heterostructure layers and light wavelength on sensitivity is also analyzed. The results will open a new way to BlueP/MoS 2 heterostructure based SPR sensor for bio- and gas-sensing applications in visible and near infrared spectral regions.
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    Polymer/Silica Hybrid Waveguide Bragg Grating Fabricated by UV-Photobleaching (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: A polymer/silica hybrid waveguide Bragg grating fabricated through an ultraviolet-photobleaching method is proposed. Periodic surface corrugation on the lower silica cladding layer is induced by contact lithography and inductively coupled plasma etching. A Bragg grating with a large area and period $Lambda = 3 ,,mu text{m}$ was formed. The grating structure is transferred onto a polymer film by spin coating a negative UV photoresist (SU-8 2005) on the lower silica cladding layer. A channel waveguide is formed using the UV-photobleaching method. This configuration along the channel waveguide gives rise to strong resonance in a 7.5-mm Bragg grating. We achieve a transmission peak with an extinction ratio of 7.3 dB and a 3-dB bandwidth of 0.5 nm. The shift of the reflection peak with temperature over the range 25 °C–35 °C is 1.5 nm. This temperature dependence exhibits an average slope of −0.15 nm/°C.
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    40-Gbit/s 850-nm VCSEL-Based Full-CMOS Optical Link With Power-Data Rate Adaptivity (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: An optical link based on directly modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) at 850-nm wavelength using commercial VCSEL and photodiode operating error-free BER < 10 −12 ) at 40 Gbit/s is reported. The transmitter is implemented in a 14-nm FinFET CMOS while the receiver (RX) in 28-nm digital bulk-CMOS technologies. This is the fastest 850-nm VCSEL-based single-lane non-return-to-zero optical link with all the analog front-end components fabricated in CMOS. An energy-per-bit of 3.4 pJ/bit is measured at 40 Gbit/s. At lower data rates, the bandwidths of the circuits can be decreased adaptively to save power. This results in 2.7 pJ/bit at 20 Gbit/s. A sensitivity of −1.9 dBm optical modulation amplitude could be measured at the RX for 40 Gbit/s.
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    Flexible Hybrid PAM2/4 for Fidelity Optimization in Digital Mobile Fronthaul (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: Four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) has been considered as a low-cost modulation format for capacity upgrade in digital mobile fronthaul; however, the bit error ratio increases due to the reduced Euclidean distance. In this letter, a novel scheme is proposed to suppress bit-error-induced error vector magnitude (EVM) distortion upon radio signal in PAM4-based fronthaul. The scheme is realized by pairing one high-order bit and one low-order bit onto one PAM4 symbol and setting a portion of low-order bits to “0.” As a result, sample bits with high priority are delivered by PAM2 symbols with small error probability, and sample bits with low priority are transmitted by PAM4 signal with high spectral efficiency. Without any modification of the hardware, the proportion between PAM2 and PAM4 can be flexibly adjusted according to the quality of optical link. Experiments validate that, under respective optimal PAM2/4 proportion, EVM of long term evolution-advanced like radio signal decreases by at least 20 dB, and up to 1024-quadratic-amplitude modulation can be supported.
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    Dynamically Tunable Plasmon-Induced Transparency Based on an H-Shaped Graphene Resonator (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: We propose a dynamically adjustable plasmon-induced transparent (PIT) plane device consisting of a periodic H-shaped graphene resonator (HSGR). For the symmetrical pattern, only dipole resonance is observed at a normal incidence excited with electric field along the $x$ -direction. Once the asymmetry is introduced into the structure, the magnetic dipole mode that is not accessible in the symmetric structure can be excited, and the interference between the continuum and the leaky modes in HSGR forms a PIT window in original dipole resonance absorption band. The spectrum responses of HSGR can be flexibly regulated by transforming geometric parameters of U-shaped cavity as well as the Fermi energy of graphene. Besides, an optical delay time more than 0.04 ps and a figure-of-merit value 17.78 are obtained in our design structure. Our studies may open up avenues for fabricating compact equipment in appealing bio-chemical sensors and slow-light devices.
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    Mode-Selective Switch Based on Thermo-Optic Asymmetric Directional Coupler (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: We propose a simple thermo-optic mode-selective switch based on an asymmetric directional coupler formed with a two-mode waveguide and a single-mode waveguide, where two electrodes heaters are deposited, respectively, on the two waveguides. Depending on which heater is turned on, either one of the two modes in the two-mode waveguide can be selectively switched to the single-mode waveguide or vice versa. Our typical experimental device fabricated with polymer material, which has a total length of 16.5 mm, shows extinction ratios higher than ~10 dB in the C-band for both modes. The switching powers for the two modes are 52 and 109 mW, respectively, and the corresponding switching times are 300 and 400 $mu text{s}$ . This device could be used in reconfigurable mode-division-multiplexing systems.
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    Fabrication-Tolerant Polarization Splitter and Rotator Based on Slanted Silicon Waveguides (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: A fabrication-tolerant and highly efficient polarization splitter and rotator (PSR) based on the slanted silicon waveguides is proposed and optimized by using the full-vectorial finite element method and three-dimensional full-vectorial finite difference time domain method. The numerically simulated results show that the proposed PSR is with ultra-low losses and with the high PERs of 19.92 and 40 dB at the cross- and through-ports, respectively. The fabrication tolerances are also studied for the proposed PSR.
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    The Characteristics of Ar and Cs Mixed Faraday Optical Filter Under Different Signal Powers (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-23
    Description: The characteristics of the 852 nm cesium Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter with Ar-filled cesium cell under different signal powers are investigated. The transmittance spectra are measured by changing the input laser power from 0.05 to 10 mW (the irradiance from 12.03 to 2406.88 W/m 2 ) and the buffer gas pressure from 1 to 10 torr. The spectra without the buffer gas are also measured. The results reveal the entirely different variations of the transmittance spectra for the cells with and without the buffer gas. For the cell without the buffer gas, the sidebands of the spectrum get higher and the bandwidth is broadened as the input power increases. However, for the cell with the buffer gas, the sidebands are suppressed and the bandwidth is reduced. A single-peak transmittance spectrum will be formed eventually. These phenomena are remarkable at relatively high pressures of Ar (5 and 10 torr), which may be very suitable for applications such as Faraday laser, optical frequency standard, laser frequency stabilization, and laser locking. The sidebands of the spectrum can also be used to restrict the high input laser power which may cause damage to the system.
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    Tunable Femtosecond Laser From 965 to 1025 nm in Fiber Optical Parametric Oscillator (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-13
    Description: We presented a fiber optical parametric oscillator generating tunable femtosecond pulses based on four-wave mixing. By using a photonic crystal fiber as the parametric gain and a single mode fiber to select the oscillating wavelength via dispersion filtering, output pulses with a pulse duration of 350 fs, and spectral bandwidth of 5.8 nm were obtained. The wavelength of the output pulses could be tuned from 965 to 1025 nm by adjusting the dispersion filtering. This setup provides a simple and flexible light source for biomedical applications and tunable infrared pulse generation through nonlinear frequency conversion.
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    Demonstration of Input-to-Output Gain and Temporal Noise Mitigation in a Talbot Amplifier (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-23
    Description: We experimentally demonstrate intensity amplification of repetitive picosecond optical pulses with an input-to-output gain up to 5.5 dB using a passive Talbot amplifier. Through the dispersion-induced temporal Talbot effect, the amplifier uses electro-optic phase modulation and a low-loss dispersive medium to exploit and coherently redistribute the energy of the original pulse train into fewer, replica, and amplified pulses. In addition, we show how our passive amplifier mitigates the pulse train timing-jitter and pulse-to-pulse intensity fluctuations above a specific cutoff frequency.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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    Ultra-Broadband All-Optical Graphene Modulator (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-23
    Description: In this letter, a monolayer graphene-clad microfiber device is designed to achieve ultra-broadband all-optical modulation. Based on the broadband advantage of graphene, we sufficiently discussed the priority absorption characteristic of graphene and continuous wave light saturated absorption characteristic of composite waveguide. Furthermore, superior to previous related publications which the wavelength of pump light is limited, we pioneered and verified that various wavelength light can be used as pump light to achieve all-optical modulation in the designed device. In our experiment, supercontinuum light with spectrum range ( $0.48~mu text{m} - 1.7~mu text{m}$ ) is modulated by the conventional low-power continuous wave laser diode (808 nm) with pump power under 50 mW. Experimental results for the all-optical modulator achieve modulation depths of ~5.7 dB (1310 nm), ~6.8 dB (1550 nm), and ~7.3 dB (1610 nm), modulation efficiency of ~0.11 dBmW −1 (1310 nm), ~0.14 dBmW −1 (1550 nm), and ~0.15 dBmW −1 (1610 nm), respectively, crossing the O, C, and L bands. The modulation bandwidth reaches 970 nm which is obviously 20 times higher than the modulation bandwidth ~50 nm reported in related publications. This all-optical modulator based on graphene microfiber provides an easy and efficient way to modulate the ultra-broadband light with very low pump power.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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  • 98
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    45 Gb/s Direct Modulation of Two-Section InP-on-Si DFB Laser Diodes (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-23
    Description: Two-section heterogeneously integrated InP-on-Si DFB laser diodes are demonstrated. In the modulation response, the relaxation oscillation frequency of 10 GHz is followed by a second resonance to achieve nearly 25-GHz 3-dB modulation bandwidth and 45-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ)-ON–OFF keying transmission.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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  • 99
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    A 3D Photonic-Electronic Integrated Transponder Aggregator With $48times 16$ Heater Control Cells (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-23
    Description: An electronic integrated circuit (EIC) and a silicon photonic integrated circuit (PIC) are 3D-integrated. The EIC using the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) part of STMicroelectronics’ BCD8sp $0.16~mu text{m}$ technology controls all 768 switches in the PIC individually and monitors them with 84 transimpedance amplifiers. A scalable analog–digital approach with a cell size of $100times 100,,mu text {m}^{2}$ for thermal control of optical ring resonator switch matrices is introduced. An electrical power consumption of 220 mW for all electronic control circuits of the optical switch matrix is resulting in 5.5% of the power needed by a constant-voltage control approach.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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    Hybrid Linearization of Broadband Radio-Over-Fiber Transmission (2018)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-23
    Description: This letter presents analog and digital pre-distortion hybrid linearization of a broadband radio-over-fiber transmission system. Analog pre-distortion (APD) is used to mainly compensate for out-of-band nonlinear distortion, and digital pre-distortion (DPD) is used to mainly compensate for in-band nonlinear distortion and memory effect. Thus, by combining APD and DPD, all the quiescent distortions and memory effect can be suppressed effectively. The hybrid APD and DPD linearization is evaluated in three different scenarios: two 20-MHz long-term evolution (LTE) signals located at 800 and 900 MHz, and located at 800 and 840 MHz, and three 20-MHz LTE signals located at 800, 850, and 900 MHz. All three experiments show that the hybrid linearization results in better improvement in error vector magnitude, adjacent-channel power ratio, and third-order intermodulation distortion than the APD-only and DPD-only.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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