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  • IEEE Photonics Technology Letters  (3,180)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (3,180)
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  • 1
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    Permanent Phase Correction in a Polarization Diversity Si PIC by Femtosecond Laser Pulses (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: We report a fast and efficient method for permanently correcting fabrication-induced phase errors in silicon photonic circuits. The method uses femtosecond laser pulses at 400-nm wavelength to amorphize a thin layer of crystalline silicon near the waveguide surface, thereby inducing a change in the effective index of the waveguide. Using a single femtosecond laser pulse, we reduced the polarization-dependent frequency shift between the two interferometers of a polarization diversity differential phase shift keying silicon demodulator from 11 GHz to less than 0.5 GHz, thereby restoring the polarization diversity operation of the circuit with little degradation to the circuit performance.
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  • 2
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    Modeling of Whispering Gallery Modes for Rare Earth Spectroscopic Characterization (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: A refined model of a mid-IR amplifier, constituted by a tapered chalcogenide fiber coupled to an erbium-doped chalcogenide microsphere, is integrated with a global solution search procedure based on particle swarm optimization approach. It is implemented in a computer code in order to obtain an inversion algorithm useful to evaluate the spectroscopic parameters of rare-earth-doped glass microspheres. The rare earth parameters can be recovered by means of the optical gain measurement. The error in evaluation of the erbium lifetime $tau _{41}$ is <3.5%. It is <0.5% for the other lifetimes and ion–ion interaction parameters. These excellent results are obtained since whispering gallery mode electromagnetic field interacts with rare earth for long effective distances.
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  • 3
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    Chirped Microwave Pulse Generation Using an Integrated SiP Bragg Grating in a Sagnac Loop (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: We demonstrate an integrated spectral shaper based on a Sagnac loop incorporating a chirped Bragg grating in silicon photonics for the photonic generation of chirped microwave pulses. The technique is based on optical spectral shaping combined with linear frequency-to-time mapping. By tuning the central wavelength of the input optical pulse, we obtain chirped microwave pulses with central frequencies ranging from $sim 10$ GHz to $sim 30$ GHz and an RF chirp rate of $sim 20$ GHz/ns with both positive and negative signs.
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  • 4
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    Distributed Strain and Vibration Sensing System Based on Phase-Sensitive OTDR (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: A system based on phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry is proposed for simultaneously strain and vibration sensing. The strain of fiber is detected by comparing the patterns of signal for different laser frequencies, and the vibration of fiber is detected simultaneously from the signals for any certain laser frequency. During the measurement, frequencies of the probe optical pulses are modulated sequentially in ascending or descending order. Using the signals generated by optical pulses with the same frequency, the vibration of fiber is detected with fast response speed; using that with different frequencies, the strain of fiber is detected with high resolution. In our experiment, a sensing system with 2-m spatial resolution, up to 1-kHz frequency measurement range and 10- $text{n}{{varepsilon }}$ strain resolution is realized for a 9-km sensing fiber length.
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  • 5
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    InN-Based Optical Waveguides Developed by RF Sputtering for All-Optical Applications at 1.55 $mu text{m}$ (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: We report on the design, fabrication, and optical characterization of InN-based optical waveguides aiming at their application as all-optical limiters at 1.55 $mu text{m}$ . The InN guiding layers are grown by radio frequency (RF) sputtering on sapphire substrates. Experimental cutback method and nonlinear optical transmittance measurements were performed for the developed devices. The waveguides present nonlinear behavior associated with two photon absorption process. A nonlinear absorption coefficient ranging from $sim 43$ to 114 cm/GW is estimated from optical measurements. These results open the possibility of using RF sputtering as a low cost and thermally harmless technique for the development and overgrowth of InN-based optical waveguides in future III-nitride all-optical integrated circuits working at telecom wavelengths.
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  • 6
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    Ultrahigh Birefringent Nonlinear Slot Silicon Microfiber With Low Dispersion (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: A new simple structure of ultrahigh birefringent and ultrahigh nonlinear slot silicon microfiber with highly efficient dispersion reduction is proposed and numerically simulated using the full-vector finite-element method with anisotropic perfectly matched layers. Benefiting from the slot effect-induced sub-wavelength mode confinement, ultrahigh birefringence up to the order of $10^{mathrm {{-1}}}$ can be realized within a wide wavelength range from 1.4 to 1.7 $mu text{m}$ , which is comparable with the results in these ultrahigh birefringent photonic crystal fibers, but cannot be achieved in traditional microfibers. Meanwhile, the nonlinear coefficients of quasi-TE mode and quasi-TM mode at the wavelength of 1.55 $mu text{m}$ are as high as 969.58 $text{W}^{mathrm {{-1}}}text{m}^{mathrm {{-1}}}$ and 156.74 $text{W}^{mathrm {{-1}}}text{m}^{mathrm {{-1}}}$ , respectively. Furthermore, the dispersion value of quasi-TE mode at 1.55 $mu text{m}$ can be decreased from $1.2358times 10^{mathrm {{3}}}$ ps/(nm $cdot $ km) to 0 ps/(nm $cdot $ km) simply by modifying the slot size. Owing to its excellent performance, the proposed slot silicon microfiber will have great potential for polarization maintaining nonlinear signal processing applications.
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  • 7
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    A Novel Receiver Design for PAM-DMT in Optical Wireless Communication Systems (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-21
    Description: Pulse-amplitude-modulated discrete multitone (PAM-DMT) modulation is an optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme, which is compatible with intensity modulation and direct detection channel. In the conventional receiver for PAM-DMT, only the imaginary parts of subcarriers are detected, while the real parts are considered as clipping noise and simply discarded, causing insufficient usage of the received power. This letter proposes a new receiver characterizing temporal and spectral diversity combining for PAM-DMT, which extracts the effective information in clipping noise to recover the data. The proposed receiver achieves a better performance than the conventional receiver with a gain of at least 2.3 dB in ${E_{b}}/{N_{0}}$ at the system bit error rate of $10^{-5}$ in additive white Gaussian noise channel by simulation when using 4-PAM modulation.
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  • 8
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    High Sensitivity of Balloon-Like Bent MMI Fiber Low-Temperature Sensor (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-25
    Description: A novel low cost and simple temperature sensor based on multimode interference (MMI) is formed by a successive singlemode fiber (SMF)-bent multimode fiber (MMF)-SMF structure. Due to the small curvature radius of bent MMF section mimicking a balloon shape, MMI effect from the core is spreading into coating. The high temperature sensitivity is mainly due to the large thermo-optical coefficient of the existing acrylate coating of the MMF fiber. A temperature sensitivity of up to −2060 pm/°C and −25.1 nW/°C for wavelength- and intensity-based interrogation, respectively, have been achieved in the range between 27 °C and 31 °C. This sensor is most suitable in high sensitivity and low-temperature application such as the measurement of human body temperature.
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  • 9
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    Whispering Gallery Modes From Silicon Microsphere in $C$ -Band (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-25
    Description: We reported the observation of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) from silicon microspheres in $C$ -band with a biconical tapered fiber-microsphere coupled system. We experimentally studied the resonant transmission spectra with broadband light source and optical spectrum analyzer, and measured the X-ray diffraction pattern of silicon microspheres. We analyzed the WGMs of silicon microspheres, the full-width at half-maximum was 0.12 nm, and the dip of the transmission spectra was 3.5 dB (55% of the incident power). The $Q$ factor of the silicon microsphere was $1.3 times 10 ^{4}$ . The Raman gain coefficient in silicon is rather strong and the energy density of microsphere resonator is rather high, so the silicon microsphere resonator possesses broad application prospect in optical communication fields, including filter, modulator, switch, wavelength converter, amplifier, Raman laser source, and so on.
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  • 10
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    Pulsing Manipulation in a 1.55- $mu text{m}$ Mode-Locked Fiber Laser by a 1- $mu text{m}$ Optical Pattern (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-25
    Description: It is difficult to manipulate the pulse distribution of a multipulse passively mode-locked fiber laser, and an effective solution is yet to be demonstrated. Here, we all-optically manipulate the pulsing of a mode-locked fiber ring laser at a telecommunication window (1.5 $mu text{m}$ ) by an optical pattern at 1 $mu text{m}$ . It can be demonstrated as an effective solution by examining different optical patterns modulated on an external laser source. In particular, the minimum pulse separation being manipulated by the external optical pattern can be shorter than 20 ps. It is noted that, with such a large wavelength separation between the cavity and the external sources, i.e., $sim 1550$ and 1060 nm, respectively, our scheme can simultaneously serve as an ultra-wideband wavelength convertor.
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  • 11
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    UV-C Lasing From AlGaN Multiple Quantum Wells on Different Types of AlN/Sapphire Templates (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-25
    Description: AlGaN multiple quantum well lasers for optical pumping have been grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy on high and low dislocation density AlN/sapphire templates. Lasers on planar templates exhibited high dislocation densities and high V-pit densities, but a smooth surface morphology leading to inefficient, but laterally very homogeneous optical emission. Lasing was not observed when optically pumped with up to 50 MW/cm 2 . Epitaxially laterally overgrown templates on patterned sapphire showed much lower dislocation densities, but also step bunching on the surface. This resulted in good photoluminescence efficiencies of up to 20%, but also in a higher lateral inhomogeneity of the emission. Lasers on these templates exhibited lasing at $sim 240$ nm with low full-width at half-maximum of 1 nm and threshold power densities of 11–15 MW/cm 2 .
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  • 12
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    A Fiber-Optic System for the Quasi-Distributed Detection of Liquids (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-21
    Description: This letter presents a multiplexed fiber-optic sensor array suitable for detection of liquid intrusions, spills, and leaks. The proposed detection systems is based on active heating and observation of temperature changes in short sections of optically absorbing (vanadium-doped) optical fibers that were interconnected into a sensing array by a standard single-mode optical fiber. The heating of the vanadium-doped fiber sections was achieved by application of a common 980-nm pump laser source. The associated signal processing and integration utilizes a simple, custom-designed optical time domain reflectometry that relies on only a few low-cost standard telecom components.
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  • 13
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    Mitigation of EEPN in Coherent Optical Systems With Low-Speed Digital Coherence Enhancement (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-21
    Description: A method for mitigating local oscillator (LO) phase noise-induced impairment, also known as equalization-enhanced phase noise, in coherent optical systems is discussed. The method is suitable for real-time implementation and requires hardware with a bandwidth much lower than the signal baud rate, even for a system utilizing conventional semiconductor laser as LO. We evaluate the required parameters like interpolation technique, electrical signal-to-noise ratio at digital coherence enhancement (DCE) front end, for long haul transmission links having quadrature phase shift keying and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation formats. We show that the method can be implemented using a low-speed DCE front end and a simple digital linear interpolator with small (<1 dB) implementation penalty even in cases that would otherwise result in error floor.
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  • 14
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    A 40-Gb/s 310-fJ/b Inverter-Based CMOS Optical Receiver Front-End (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-21
    Description: This letter presents a low-power, 40-Gb/s optical receiver front-end fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS technology. Using an inverter-based topology for both the transimpedance amplifier and the post amplifier, high energy efficiency has been obtained. Cascaded amplifiers with transconductance and transimpedance combinations are utilized to acquire a bandwidth of 29.6 GHz. A low-dropout voltage regulator is applied to reduce the supply noise of the single-ended amplifiers. The prototype chip excluding output buffer consumes only 12.4 mW (310 fJ/b) at a 1.2 V single supply, and the integrated input referred noise is 9.2 $mu text{A}_{mathrm { {rms}}}$ .
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  • 15
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    Frequency-Doubling OEO Using the Polarization Property of LiNbO 3 Modulator (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: A frequency-doubling optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) has been proposed. In the proposed device, several passive components are introduced into the traditional OEO to handle the polarization state of the laser in the feedback loop. Making use of the polarization dependence of the LiNbO 3 intensity modulator, a special double sidebands modulation is implemented where the polarization direction of the optical carrier is orthogonal with that of the first-order sidebands. Two polarizers are used to choose the specific optical components from the modulated light, which ensures that a microwave signal at the second-harmonic frequency outputs from the OEO when the fundamental frequency signal is self-oscillating in the loop. In the experiment, a 20-GHz frequency-doubled signal was generated, whose phase noise performance and immunity to the polarization drift were measured and evaluated.
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  • 16
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    An Analog Photonic Link With Compensation of Dispersion-Induced Power Fading (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: A simple and low cost analog photonic link with the compensation of dispersion-induced power fading is proposed and demonstrated using a dual-electrode Mach–Zehnder modulator. In the proposed link, the modulator is single-electrode driven to realize a novel double-sideband (DSB) modulation. By adjusting the dc bias of the modulator, the frequency response of a dispersive link can be controlled to compensate the power fading at any working frequency. Experimental results show that the power fading in a conventional DSB modulated link after fiber transmission over 25 and 50 km can be both successfully compensated in the proposed link, and the spurious-free dynamic range at 12 GHz of a link with 25 km of single-mode fiber is improved by 11.6 dB.
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  • 17
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    High- $Q$ Si Microsphere Resonators Fabricated From Si-Cored Fibers for WGMs Excitation (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-06
    Description: We demonstrated that silicon (Si) microsphere resonators, which exhibited high quality factor ( $Q$ ) whispering-gallery-modes (WGMs), could be rapidly fabricated from Si-cored fibers using CO 2 laser reformation. WGMs were excited using the tapered silica fiber coupling technique, and a record resonant $Q$ as high as $4 times 10^{mathrm {mathbf {5}}}$ was obtained from a Si microsphere with a diameter of $25.4~mu text{m}$ . The shift of resonant wavelength caused by thermooptic effect of Si material was also observed.
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  • 18
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    A High-Speed CMOS Integrated Optical Receiver With an Under-Damped TIA (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-06
    Description: We present a CMOS integrated optical receiver having under-damped transimpedance amplifier (TIA) and CMOS avalanche photodetector (APD) realized in 65-nm CMOS technology. The under-damped TIA compensates the bandwidth limitation of CMOS APD and provides enhanced receiver bandwidth performance with reduced power consumption and better sensitivity compared with previously reported techniques. We successfully demonstrate 10-Gb/s $2^{31}-1$ PRBS and 12.5-Gb/s $2^{7}-1$ PRBS operation with the bit-error rate less than $10^{-12}$ at the incident optical power of −6 and −2 dBm, respectively. The receiver has core size of 0.24 mm $times 0.1$ mm and power consumption excluding output buffer of $sim 13.7$ mW with 1.2 V supply voltage.
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  • 19
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    Performance Comparison of Dual-Carrier 400G With 8/16/32-QAM Modulation Formats (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: The performance of dual-carrier 400G solutions based on three high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) formats (8/16/32-QAM) is investigated on the same platform. We first study the benefit and penalty differences of gray and differential coding, and then experimentally compare OSNR sensitivities and transmission performance using flexible transceiver configuration and the same erbium-doped fiber amplifiers-only standard single-mode fiber link. Experimental results show the implementation penalties are 1.85 dB for 42-GBd polarization multiplexed (PM)-8QAM, which is 1 and 1.5 dB better than 32-GBd PM-16QAM and 25-GBd PM-32QAM at 5.92-dB $text{Q}^{2}$ -factor (corresponding to a bit error rate of 2.4E-2), respectively. It is also found that maximum reaches of 2460 km for 42.6-GBd PM-8QAM, 1640 km for 32-GBd 16QAM, and 820 km for 25-GBd PM-32QAM are achieved. Furthermore, the performances of cascaded multimodulus algorithm and decision-directed least mean square (DD-LMS) algorithms are also compared. The improvement by addition of one sample-/symbol-based DD-LMS digital filter is investigated as well.
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  • 20
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    Miniaturizing Fourier Transform Spectrometer With an Electrothermal Micromirror (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: An amplitude-division Fourier transform spectroscopy system has been constructed. The system design hinges on an electrothermally actuated micromirror with large piston motion. The micromirror is composed of electrothermal mesh actuators and can generate up to $95~mu text{m}$ usable linear optical path difference of the system at only $0.8~V_{rm dc}$ . A custom electrical system is developed to control the micromirror and data processing is implemented to extract the spectrum from interferograms. The system can achieve a spectral resolution of 5 nm at 532 nm.
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  • 21
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    Spectrum-Sliced Microwave-Photonic Filter Based on Fourier Transform of Modified Optical Spectrum (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: A new technique is presented to reconfigure the dispersion-induced RF fading in a spectrum-sliced microwave photonic filter to an arbitrary spectral shape, including the flat-top response with rectangular shape and operating frequencies beyond conventional baseband. The technique is based on the Fourier transform of the modified optical source power spectrum, which is realized by applying a designed optical amplitude and phase manipulation using a diffraction-based spectral pulse shaper to the ports of a dual-output Mach–Zehnder electro-optic modulator in combination with a broadband light source. This scheme is fundamentally different from earlier finite-impulse-response-based spectrum-sliced microwave-photonic filters that require specific slicing elements for optical taps, but offers the same flexibility in realizing various filter passband characteristics with the added benefit of widely shape-invariant tuning and a single passband response. Experimental results verify the technique and demonstrate a continuously tunable dispersion-induced RF fading up to 20 GHz, exhibiting shape invariance and a flat-top response.
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  • 22
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    Light-Emitting n-ZnO Nanotube/n + -GaAs Heterostructures Processed at Low Temperatures (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: In this letter, a light-emitting heterostructure is designed and manufactured using vertically aligned n-type zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) on n + -GaAs wafers. The chemically grown ZnO NRs were also converted to nanotubes (NTs) using 2 molar KCl solution and the device fabrication was repeated using them. Both types exhibited a significant visible light at a forward bias of 1 V but with different brightness. Photoluminescence $sim 390$ nm from NRs and NTs was obtained and the current injection in these devices is explained by a tunneling phenomenon.
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  • 23
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    Impacts of Tapered Sidewall Profiles With High Aspect Ratio on Subwavelength Grating Structure (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: We have numerically demonstrated the significant impacts on the resonance mode characteristics of subwavelength grating structures due to tapered sidewall profile and high aspect ratio, which is normally obtained due to the practical CMOS-compatible fabrication and etching processes. Our simulation results have revealed that the tapered sidewall profile with high aspect ratio plays important roles on the resonance mode behavior of subwavelength grating photonic devices. The coupling mechanism between the guided mode resonance and the grating cavity is also emphasized. Our numerical studies can be utilized for a series of integrated photonic devices applications, such as compact optical filter, photonic amplifier, and lasers, while considering realistic subwavelength grating structures due to current nanoelectronics fabrication process.
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  • 24
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    Dual-Chirp Microwave Waveform Generation Using a Dual-Parallel Mach-Zehnder Modulator (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: A photonic approach to generating a dual-chirp microwave waveform using a single dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DPMZM) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A dual-chirp microwave waveform can be used in a radar system to improve its range-Doppler resolution. In the proposed approach, a baseband single-chirp waveform is applied to one sub-Mach-Zehnder modulator (sub-MZM) in the DPMZM and a microwave carrier is applied to the other sub-MZM. By biasing the two sub-MZMs at the minimum transmission point to suppress the optical carrier, a dual-chirp microwave waveform with a central frequency upconverted to the frequency of the microwave carrier is generated. A theoretical analysis is performed, which is then verified by a proof-of-concept experiment. A dual-chirp microwave waveform at 6 GHz with a tunable bandwidth at 200 MHz and 2 GHz is generated.
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    Thermal Memory Effect in Polymer Optical Fibers (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: The basic properties of a thermal memory effect of polymer optical fibers (POFs) are experimentally investigated. We measure the thermally induced loss as a function of time at several high temperatures, and find that the loss becomes almost constant after heating for $sim 200$ s. The loss remains unchanged even after the heated section is cooled to room temperature. We subsequently measure the optical time-domain reflectometry traces under three different conditions: 1) before a POF section is heated; 2) shortly after the POF section is heated at high temperature; and 3) after the heated section is cooled to room temperature. The traces measured under 2) and 3) are moderately identical, which indicates that the thermal memory effect can be exploited in developing excess-heat detecting system in future.
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    Directly PAM-4 Modulated 1530-nm VCSEL Enabling 56 Gb/s/ $lambda $ Data-Center Interconnects (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: We demonstrate a 56 Gb/s four-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-4) transmission using direct detection and a long-wavelength 18-GHz bandwidth vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser as directly modulated light source for short-reach inter- and intra-connects in datacenters and short-reach networks. Error-free transmission over 2 km at 7% hard-decision forward-error correction threshold is achieved by applying powerful equalization schemes at the receiver side. Three equalization schemes, i.e., a maximum likelihood estimation (MLSE), a feed-forward equalizer (FFE), and a combination of the FFE and the MLSE are thoroughly investigated, and the performance comparison between them is carried out.
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    Amorphous Indium–Gallium–Oxide UV Photodetectors (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-11
    Description: We report the fabrication of amorphous (In x Ga 1− x ) 2 O 3 metal–semiconductor–metal ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors on glass substrate by co-sputtering. It was found that, we could change the cutoff wavelength of the fabricated photodetectors by changing the RF sputtering power of the In 2 O 3 target. With 5 V applied bias, it was found that the measured dark currents were $2times 10^{-12}$ , $1times 10^{-11}$ , and $2.3,times , 10^{-11}$ A for sample A prepared with 40 W In 2 O 3 sputtering power, sample B prepared with 50 W In 2 O 3 sputtering power, and sample C prepared with 60 W In 2 O 3 sputtering power, respectively. It was also found that the UV-to-visible rejection ratios were $3times 10^{3}$ , $5times 10^{3}$ , and $1.5times 10^{4}$ for samples A, B, and C, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that the response speeds of the fabricated devices were good.
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    Direct Current Bias Optimization of the LDPC Coded DCO-OFDM Systems (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-11
    Description: In this letter, a direct current (DC) bias optimization scheme is proposed for the low-density parity-check (LDPC) coded DC-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) systems from consideration of power efficiency and dimming control. The DC bias can be optimized subject to the decoding convergence threshold, which is calculated by the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart analysis for the LDPC coded DCO-OFDM systems. The simulations demonstrate that the decoding performance with different DC bias is quite consistent with the numerical results after the EXIT chart analysis.
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    An Optical Fiber Fabry–Pérot Pressure Sensor Using an SU-8 Structure and Angle Polished Fiber (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-11
    Description: In this letter, a novel pressure sensor using an SU-8 structure and angle polished fiber is proposed. There are two different Fabry–Pérot cavities in the design, and the cavity lengths can be demodulated at the same time to realize temperature compensation. SU-8 photoresist is suited for forming a high-aspect-ratio structure and the thickness can be controlled precisely. The fabrication process is described and the lithography technology is employed. The characteristics of both pressure and temperature are tested. Experimental results show that the sensor has a good linearity over the pressure range of 0–0.1 MPa. The R-square is 0.998. The sensitivity (change in cavity/loaded pressure) is 60.9 $mu text{m}$ /MPa.
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    Hybrid Beam Combination by Active Phasing and Bandwidth-Controlled Dichromatic Mirror (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-11
    Description: In this letter, we present what we believe to be a new design for simultaneously coherent and spectral beam combinations by active phasing and bandwidth-controlled dichromatic mirror. A principle of concept experiment is demonstrated by employing eight 20-W power-level polarization-maintained all fiber amplifiers, which generate a 142.1-W near diffraction limited ( $M^{2}_{x}sim 1.1$ and $M^{2}_{y}sim 1.1$ ) output power with the whole combining efficiency of $>90$ %. The new designed beam combining system is competent for both narrow-band and broadband gain elements with full linewidth of $〈4$ nm. Along with the near-diffraction-limited power scaling progress on monolithic polarization-maintained amplifier, we believe that the approach demonstrated has great potential for remarkable power boosting in both continuous- and pulsed-wave operations.
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    Liquid Optical Switch Based on Total Internal Reflection (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-11
    Description: In this letter, we demonstrate a liquid optical switch based on total internal reflection. A conductive liquid (Liquid-1) is filled in the chamber and surrounded by a nonconducting liquid (Liquid-2). The refractive index of the transparent cube ( $n_{c})$ , Liquid-1 ( $n_{1}$ ), and Liquid-2 ( $n_{2}$ ) meet the relations of $n_{c}>n_{1}$ , and $n_{2}>n_{1}$ . In initial state, the cube is totally immerged in Liquid-1. The incident light is adjusted to just meet the condition of total internal reflection when it illuminates the solid-liquid interface. The light is totally reflected by the cube, and the device shows light-OFF state. When we apply a voltage to sidewall electrodes, Liquid-1 stretches toward to the sidewalls. The cube’ top surface comes out from Liquid-1. The interface of solid/liquid changes. The light is refracted by Liquid-2. The device shows light-ON state. So the device can achieve the functions of optical switch. Because the light can be totally reflected by the cube, the device can attain 100% intensity attenuation. Our experiments show that the device has a fast switch time of 49 and 53 ms from light-OFF (ON) to light-ON (OFF), respectively. The proposed optical switch has potential applications in variable optical attenuators, information displays, and light shutters.
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    Widely Tunable Amplified Feedback Laser With Beating-Frequency Covering 60-GHz Band (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-11
    Description: A monolithic integrated amplified feedback laser is experimentally demonstrated as a new solution to generate dual-mode lasing with a wide frequency tuning range covering the entire 60-GHz band. This laser consists of a complex-coupled distributed feedback laser and an integrated feedback cavity formed by a phase section and an amplifier section. Different laser sections are integrated by a simple quantum well intermixing technique. By tuning the injection currents of the laser sections, the beating-frequency can be continuously tuned from 46.8 to 72 GHz with a 3-dB linewidth below 5 MHz. Benefit from the simple fabrication process and wide tuning range, the device will be a potential candidate for hybrid fiber-wireless access network and high frequency optical microwave generation.
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    Performance Evaluation of a Bufferless OBS/OPS Network With 1 + 1 Path Protection (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: In optical burst/packet switched (OBS/OPS) networks, bursts/packets may be dropped because of equipment failures. A widely used mechanism to protect a connection from a single-trunk-failure event is 1 + 1 path protection. We consider a bufferless OBS/OPS network with two types of users: 1) premium (that receive 1 + 1 protection service) and 2) regular (that do not receive such a service). We propose a fast and accurate approximation to evaluate the performance of such OBS/OPS network. The accuracy and scalability of the approximation and the effect of the proportion of the premium users in the network are discussed.
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    Dynamics of a Monolithically Integrated Semiconductor Laser Under Optical Injection (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: Influences of external optical injection on the nonlinear dynamics of a three-section monolithically integrated semiconductor laser (MISL) are investigated experimentally. The results show that, for the solitary three-section MISL, diversely dynamical states including the stable state as well as the so-called period-one, period-two, multi-period, and chaotic states can be observed through adjusting the currents of the gain section ( $I_{G}$ ) and the phase section ( $I_{P}$ ). However, the chaotic operation region of the solitary MISL in the parameter space of $I_{G}$ and $I_{P}$ is very small and found to exist when $21.28~textrm {mA}〈 I_{G}〈 26.40$ mA and $31~textrm {mA}〈I_{P}〈 37$ mA. After introducing an external optical injection, the MISL originally operating at other dynamical states can always be driven into chaotic state under suitable injection strength and frequency detuning, and a relatively large $I_{G}$ will be helpful for obtaining broad and continuous chaotic regions in the parameter space of injection strength and frequency detuning.
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    High Refractive Index Liquid Level Measurement via Coreless Multimode Fiber (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: We demonstrate a high refractive index (RI) liquid level sensor based on coreless multimode fiber (CMF) which is capable of measuring the liquid level and discriminating the high RI. The direct exposure of the CMF enables a strong interaction between the high-order modes guided in it and the surrounding medium through evanescent wave. Part of the energy leak out at the fiber/liquid interface when the RI of the liquid exceeds that of the CMF. The transmission of the single-mode fiber (SMF)-CMF-SMF structure is a function of both the liquid level and RI which experiences leakage loss with the increasing liquid level. Liquid level information can be determined by simply selecting a wavelength range with linear power variation. The proposed sensor with 4.1-cm CMF has approximately linear responses of −0.223, −0.253, −0.316, −0.392, and −0.461 dB/mm for glycerol solution concentrations of 98%, 96%, 92%, 88%, and 84% in a 2-nm wavelength range, respectively. Such a simple and low-cost sensor may be integrated as biochemical probes, indicating preferable sensing performance and practicability.
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    Optical Fiber Fabry–Perot Humidity Sensor Based on Porous Al 2 O 3 Film (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: An optical fiber humidity sensor with porous anodic alumina (PAA) film on single-mode fiber tip is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Relative-humidity (RH) sensing is correlated with the shift of interference fringe due to capillary condensation, which results in the change of effective refractive index of PAA film when exposed to different RH environments. Experimental result shows that sensitivity of 0.31 nm/%RH can be realized with very good repeatability in range of 20%RH–90%RH. It can be concluded that fiber-optic RH sensors with PAA film of thinner thickness, smaller aperture size, and aspect ratio would present promising sensing performance.
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    Cesium Azide—An Efficient Material for Green Light-Emitting Diodes With Giant Quantum Dots (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: A novel efficient and air-stable electron injection layer (EIL) of cesium azide (CsN 3 ) was compared with conventional ones including CsF, Cs 2 CO 3 , LiF and without EIL in type-II quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) with both organic electron and hole transport layers. Via directly decomposing to pristine cesium (Cs), the low-temperature evaporated CsN 3 provided a better interfacial energy level alignment without damaging the underneath organic layer. Consequently, the current efficiencies of 7.45 cd/A was achieved in the CsN 3 -based green QLEDs consisting of giant CdSe@ZnS/ZnS quantum dots at 544 nm, which was 310% (at 10 mA/cm 2 ) improvement over the LiF-based QLEDs. Moreover, the light turn-on voltage in CsN 3 -devices significantly decreased $sim 5.5$ V in comparison with LiF-devices.
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    The Effect of the Electrode Curvature on the Field in Internal Electrode Fibers (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: By solving the two-dimensional Poisson equation for fibers with circular internal electrodes, we show that the parallel-plate approximation incurs significant error in the determination of the electric field applied to the fiber core. This also affects the value of $chi ^{mathrm {mathbf {(3)}}}$ measured in electro-optical fibers. The exact solution of Poisson’s equation is used to solve the field applied to the core of a photonic crystal fiber, where the many holes screen the field. A universal curve is derived to allow using the simplifying parallel plate approximation and correcting for the error in symmetric fibers with round holes.
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    Scalable High-Order UWB Pulse Generation Employing an FBG-Based Photonic Superstructure (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: In this letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a compact, flexible, and scalable ultrawideband (UWB) generator based on the merge of phase-to-intensity conversion and pulse shaping employing an fiber Bragg Grating-based superstructure. Our approach offers the capacity for generating high-order UWB pulses by means of the combination of various low-order derivatives. Moreover, the scheme permits the implementation of binary and multilevel modulation formats. Experimental measurements of the generated UWB pulses, in both time and frequency domain, are presented revealing efficiency and a proper fit in terms of Federal Communications Commission settled standards.
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    Fabrication Process for PDMS Polymer/Silica Long-Period Fiber Grating Sensors (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: We present a long-period fiber grating sensor composed of a tapered optical fiber embedded in a polymeric grating. The fabrication process is based on a mold-replica approach, thus yielding low-cost reproducible structures. We evaluate the sensitivity to temperature and refractive index changes showing that the proposed structures could render useful for developing sensors with biocompatible polymers.
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    Numerical Analysis of Waveguide Coupling Between Photonic Crystal Fiber and Single-Mode Fiber (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: A new evanescent-field-based coupler that achieves high coupling efficiency between a single-mode fiber (SMF) and a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is proposed. The coupling equations are presented and a numerical solution is obtained in this letter. Optimization of the refractive index, the effective radius of PCF, and the coupling length can enhance the coupling efficiency. It is shown that a maximum coupling ratio of 93% can be achieved for a coupling length of 1.72 mm for commercially available SMFs and PCFs. The proposed PCF-SMF fiber coupler opens a path for the development of unique modalities for fiber-optic chemical sensors where the light ingress and egress paths can be via SMF, but the light interaction with analytes of interest occurs in the PCF where enhanced evanescent interactions can be obtained at the multiple air holes.
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    SOI Slotted Photonic Crystal Cavities Spanning From 1.3 to $1.6~mu text{m}$ With $Q/V$ Factors Above 800 000 (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: A series of slot Si-on-SiO 2 photonic crystal heterostructure cavities with resonant wavelengths ranging from 1.28 to $1.6~mu text{m}$ is reported. These cavities, presenting $Q/V$ factors typically around 800 000, can be used for the hybrid integration of various active materials within the silicon photonics platform.
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    KLT-Based Algorithm for Sub-Picometer Accurate FBG Tracking With Coarse Wavelength Sampling (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: An algorithm based on Karhunen–Loeve transform (KLT) for accurate tracking of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is presented. The routine is based on main eigenvalue analysis of the KLT applied to the Fourier transform of the FBG spectrum. The algorithm achieves sub-picometer accuracy, down to 4.9 fm, when applied to coarse (156 pm) wavelength sampling, providing accuracy superior to correlation-based algorithms. Experimental validation has been carried out in a climatic chamber. The proposed algorithm can be applied to any off-the-shelf white-light setup for FBG interrogation, and is compatible with 100–1-kHz operation.
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    High-Contrast Polysilicon Grating Reflectors Implemented in a Standard Bulk CMOS Line (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: A high-index-contrast grating (HCG) reflector is implemented in the polysilicon gate of a standard bulk CMOS for the first time. A transverse-electric (TE) preferred CMOS HCG reflector allows a >90% peak reflectivity, a 100-nm reflection bandwidth, and a 1.64:1 TE/transverse-magnetic polarization ratio, which is limited by the thin field oxide layer between the HCG and the silicon substrate, resulting in optical leakage to the substrate. Remarkable improvements in peak reflectivity (close to 100%) and polarization ratio (10:1) are achieved by removing the substrate of HCG devices. Guided-mode resonance reflection in HCGs is further verified by the corresponding transmission dips and is predicted by the rigorous coupled-wave analysis simulations.
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    Wavelength Selection and Polarization Multiplexing of Blue Laser Diodes (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: An external laser cavity was constructed that utilizes polarization multiplexing to combine the emission from two gallium nitride blue laser diodes. A polarization-dependent narrow-band resonant mirror was designed to be the output coupler of this cavity, which locked both laser diodes at a fixed wavelength of 445.5 nm with a line-width of <0.5 nm. Output powers from this system approached 0.7 W while maintaining complete spectral control.
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    Thermoelectric Devices Incorporating Photonic Resonance Segments (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: Thermoelectric devices integrated with optical resonance absorbers are demonstrated. We design the absorbers with rigorous numerical methods and fashion experimental prototypes by thin-film deposition, patterning, and etching. A $sim 2.5$ - $mu text{m}$ -thick p-type heavily doped polysilicon film on a $sim 2$ - $mu text{m}$ layer of thermally grown SiO 2 enables guided-mode resonance. The SiO 2 layer additionally serves to thermally insulate the polysilicon layer from the Si substrate. A grating layer is etched into the polysilicon film to form the absorber. Thus, the polysilicon film works as functional material for both the absorber and the thermoelectric converter itself. Numerical simulations show that the resonance segment enhances absorption by $sim 30$ % in the visible spectral range and by $sim 40$ % in the infrared (IR) range relative to unpatterned devices. Moreover, the experimental results demonstrate significantly increased electrical output over reference devices. These simple devices can be applied as compact voltage generators and IR sensors.
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    A Low-Cost FDM System for Multi-Longitudinal Mode Fiber Laser Sensor Array (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: A low-cost and real-time frequency division multiplexing system is proposed based on multi-longitudinal mode fiber laser sensor array and beat signal demodulation technology. The lasers have staggered cavity lengths with corresponding mode spacing. Beat signals of the longitudinal modes of each laser in the array are detected by a common detector. A relationship is worked out between the maximum multiplexing number of the sensors and maximum detectable frequency. A multiplexing array with four laser sensors is investigated experimentally and its potential application for strain measurement is also demonstrated. In the proposed multiplexing system, only one common photodetector and a commercial frequency analyzer are used to monitor all sensors simultaneously, which greatly decreases the cost of the system and makes it more competitive in large-scale monitoring field.
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    Wavelength-Selective CDC ROADM Designs Using Reduced-Sized Optical Cross-Connects (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: As optical transport networks become more configurable, the need for reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs) that are colorless, directionless, and contentionless (CDC) increases. Either of the two major classes of ROADM architectures, i.e., broadcast-and-select and wavelength-selective, can provide the CDC properties. With broadcast-and-select ROADMs, this is generally accomplished by employing more costly or complex configurations or adding adjunct equipment. In contrast, the wavelength-selective class of ROADMs, where the central component is an optical cross-connect (OXC), inherently provides the CDC properties. However, this architecture is limited by the achievable size (i.e., port count) of the OXC. We present alternative wavelength-selective ROADM designs that require smaller OXCs while providing equivalent functionality.
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    Nonlinearity of Semiconductor Mach-Zehnder Modulator for Flat Optical Frequency Comb (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: Optical frequency combs (OFCs) generated by an InP-based semiconductor Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) are numerically investigated. Nonlinear phase modulation induced by drive voltages applied to the MZM prove to be useful in obtaining a flat OFC. The experimentally measured intensity deviations of OFCs reported previously are quantitatively reproduced using a numerical model considering nonlinear change of refractive index and optical absorption induced by the drive voltages applied to the MZM. It is found that such nonlinearities generate a flat nine-channel (9-ch) OFC with an intensity deviation of <1 dB when a moderate RF drive voltage of <5 V is used. This flat 9-ch OFC is sustained regardless of the ratio of RF drive voltages of two arms in the MZM. Conversion efficiency is reasonably high (27%), but it is decreased by optical absorption and extinction losses in the MZM.
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    Performance and Complexity of Digital Clock Recovery for Nyquist UDWDM-PON in Real Time (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: We analyze the performance and the complexity of a real-time digital signal processing (DSP)-based optical network unit architecture for the digital detection of Nyquist-shaped signals in ultra-dense wavelength-division multiplexing passive optical network (UDWDM-PON) scenarios. Using field-programmable gate array-based 8-bit DSP, we experimentally demonstrate in a real-time mode operation the receiver performance in terms of Nyquist filter roll-off factor for $8times 2.5$ Gb/s quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) with 2.5 GHz of channel spacing. We analyze the performance of the linear and cubic interpolation for the clock recovery as well as the Gardner algorithm for the timing-error estimation, considering the amplitude and power formulations. The experimental evaluation shows that the linear interpolation along with the power formulation is an attractive solution for the QPSK-based UDWDM-PON, considering the tradeoff between the performance and the complexity.
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    Extremely High-Birefringent Asymmetric Slotted-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber in THz Regime (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: We present a thorough numerical analysis of a highly birefringent slotted porous-core circular photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for terahertz (THz) wave guidance. The slot shaped air-holes break the symmetry of the porous-core which offers a very high birefringence whereas the compact geometry of the circular cladding confines most of the power in the fiber-core. The fiber structure reported in this letter exhibits simultaneously ultrahigh modal birefringence of $7.5 times 10^{-2}$ and a very low effective absorption loss of 0.07 cm $^{-1}$ for $y$ -polarization mode at an operating frequency of 1 THz. It is highly anticipated that the slotted-core waveguide would be of very much convenience in many polarization maintaining THz appliances.
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    Direct-Detection Receiver for Polarization-Division-Multiplexed OOK Signals (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: We propose a direct-detection receiver capable of detecting polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) ON-OFF keying (OOK) signals without using a dynamic polarization controller. The proposed receiver, consisted of a polarization-beam splitter, three $1times 2$ directional couplers, three photodetectors, three analog-to-digital converters, and a digital signal processing unit, can discriminate among the four symbol combinations of the PDM-OOK signal with the help of a short training sequence. For a demonstration, we show that the proposed receiver can detect a 20-Gb/s PDM-OOK signal even when its polarization is scrambled at the speed of 3 Mrad/s.
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    Multiplexed Oil Level Meter Using a Thin Core Fiber Cladding Mode Exciter (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: This letter reports a multiplexed optical oil level meter using a thin core fiber (TCF) cladding mode exciter. Weak cladding mode reflection (<−75 dB) was employed to probe external refractive index discontinuity at an air-oil boundary. The insertion loss of one sensor is <3 dB. A linear relationship was evaluated between the measurement position and the absolute position during the oil-level test. System-level multiplexing capability was demonstrated and no crosstalk was found between the sensors. The system accuracy was 0.16 mm.
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    High Performance Ridge Type PLZT Optical Switch With Offset Upper Electrode (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PLZT) has a high electro-optical coefficient and is very attractive for optical waveguide switches with high speed, low driving voltage, and compact size. The $1times 2$ PLZT optical switch using ridge type Mach–Zehnder interference structure has been designed and fabricated. By introducing offset upper electrodes instead of the conventional top electrodes, the insertion loss of the fabricated $1times 2$ PLZT optical switch was decreased 9.8 dB significantly with a crosstalk of −25.3 dB and the driving voltage <10 V.
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    Ultrafast Three-Dimensional Surface Imaging Based on Short-Time Fourier Transform (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: A novel approach to achieving ultrafast three-dimensional (3-D) imaging based on space-to-wavelength-to-time mapping and short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The fundamental concept to achieve 3-D imaging is to encode the depth information of a sample by interfering two delayed pulses that are reflected from the surface of the sample and an additional reference plane on the top of the sample. The interference pattern that contains the depth information in the frequency domain is converted into the time domain based on dispersive Fourier transform and then analyzed based on STFT. Thus, ultrafast 3-D imaging is achieved. The proposed approach is experimentally evaluated. The imaging of a sample with a depth of 1.5 mm using an ultrafast pulse laser source with a beam width of $sim 2$ mm at a repetition rate of 48.8 MHz is demonstrated.
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    Narrow-Band Type II Superlattice Photodetector With Detection Wavelength Shorter Than $2~mu text{m}$ (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: We demonstrate that type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetector can reach the detection wavelength shorter than $2~mu text{m}$ by inserting AlSb barriers. The detector exhibits a narrow-band photoresponse feature ( $delta lambda /lambda =10.3%$ ). At 77 K, the photoresponse maximum is at 1.84 $mu text{m}$ and the Johnson noise limited detectivity is $1.1times 10^{13}$ Jones. We show that unlike a typical broad-band response feature using the interband transitions, for a p-i-n detector in the short wavelength range, a narrow-band response feature is the case, which is ascribed to the stronger absorption for the higher energy photons from the n region.
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    Polarization-Sensitive NALM for Two-Level Amplitude Regeneration (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: We propose and study analytically and numerically a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror scheme for multilevel amplitude regeneration, whose operation relies on the manipulation of light polarization. Polarization control increases the number of degrees of freedom of the setup, making it easier to meet the demanding requirements for regenerating complex modulation formats. By adjusting one of those additional parameters, namely, the ellipticity of input polarization, if all the other ones are properly set and fixed, the transfer characteristic is shaped for optimal two-level amplitude regeneration for two different state power ratios. The cascadability of the proposed scheme is demonstrated for the optical star-8 quadrature amplitude modulation format as an example.
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    Multiband Phase-Modulated RoF Link With Coherent Detection and Bandpass Sampling (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
    Description: Bandpass sampling-based coherent detection of multiband subcarrier multiplexed signals was experimentally demonstrated over phase-modulated radio-over-fiber links. Theoretical analysis and experiments are conducted to evaluate the transmission performance. In addition, for multiband transmission, an effective method for determining the valid analog-to-digital converter sampling frequency ranges is derived to ensure no aliasing in the presence of frequency offset. Two quadrature phase-shift keying subcarrier signals were successfully transmitted and recovered over 50.6-km fiber transmission. The experimental results demonstrate that the bandpass sampling performs error free transmission with $sim 9$ dB the sensitivity penalty when the sampling rate decreases from 10 to 1 GSa/s. The hardware independence and computational complexity reduction is worth of this performance loss.
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    Temperature Independent Tapered Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Inclinometer (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
    Description: A new concept for an optical fiber inclinometer based on tapered fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) is presented. The sensor was characterized by the experimental measurement of the dependence of inclination angle on the spectral response in fluctuating temperature conditions. The research showed that the TFBG made it possible to simultaneously measure both the inclination angle and temperature, and to operate as a temperature insensitive 0°–90° tilt sensor, in a different interrogation regime. Inscription of the FBG in the tapered optical fiber section offered not only sensor miniaturization, but also the possibility of temperature sensing by the fiber section adjacent to the inclination area. Moreover, due to the reflective mode of the TFBG, the sensor offers excellent sensitivity due to the double-loss operation.
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    Impact of Sampling Source Repetition Frequency in Linear Optical Sampling (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: We report the repetition frequency constraint of a passively mode-locked fiber laser (PMFL) for linear optical sampling based M-ary phase-shift keying (PSK) constellation characterization, based on the commonly used Viterbi–Viterbi carrier phase estimation algorithm. Referred to the error vector magnitude (EVM) value by the conventional high-speed electronic coherent detection, we put forward a benchmark of EVM $_{rm {RMS_{}error}}$ to evaluate the accuracy of constellation characterization by linear optical sampling. Due to the repetition frequency constraint of the PMFL, the EVM $_{rm {RMS_{}error}}$ will reach an ultimate value of 0.25% for the purpose of PSK constellation characterization, while it is insensitive to the signal symbol rate. The analytical results of a typical 28-GBaud QPSK signal well agree with those of the simulation and the experiment, therefore providing guidance for the repetition frequency optimization of PMFL-based linear optical sampling.
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    Micrometer Wire Assisted Inline Mach–Zehnder Interferometric Curvature Sensor (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: A highly sensitive curvature sensor based on the inline Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) adjoined with a micrometer wire taper is realized using all single mode fiber (SMF). Experimental results suggest that the addition of the SMF micrometer wire with MZI reduces the period of the interference pattern from 39.27 to 1.76 nm and increases the amplitude sensitivity by twofold. The sensitivity of the proposed sensor is −11.92 dB/ $text{m}^{-1}$ and has a resolution of $8.4times 10^{-5}~text{m}^{mathrm {-1}^{vphantom {a}}}$ in the curvature range of 0–1 $text{m}^{-1}$ . The sensing setup is highly stable and shows negligible hysteresis. The proposed sensor shows the negligible temperature sensitivity less than 0.0008 dB/°C. All the SMF structure and intensity-based interrogation method makes the sensor an economical alternative to the existing curvature sensors.
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    Graphene Mode-Locked Fiber Laser at 2.8 $mu text{m}$ (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: Mid-infrared erbium (Er 3+ )-doped ZrF 4 –BaF 2 –LaF 3 –AlF 3 –NaF fiber laser mode-locked by multilayer graphene saturable absorber was demonstrated. Mode-locked pulses at 2.8 $mu text{m}$ with an average output power of 18 mW at a repetition rate of 25.4 MHz, corresponding to a pulse energy of 0.7 nJ, were obtained. The pulsewidth was measured to be $sim 42$ ps by a home-made autocorrelator. Our experiment has validated the mode-locking capability of graphene in the 3- $mu text{m}$ wavelength region.
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    Wavelength-Interrogation Fabry–Perot Refractive Index Sensor Based on a Sealed In-Fiber Cavity (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: A wavelength-interrogation fiber Fabry–Perot refractive index (RI) sensor based on a sealed in-fiber ellipsoidal cavity is presented. There are two physical cavities in the sensor head: 1) the air cavity and 2) the silica cavity. The result of simulation shows there is only one trough in 1510–1590 nm, the RI can be measured by tracking the trough wavelength shift, and there is no turning point in RI response characteristic between 1 and 2 RIU. The sensitivity and linear range of the RI measurement can be controlled by changing the silica cavity’s length and the sensor end’s roughness. Experiment results match well with the theoretical analysis within the measurement range. High reliability, without turning point and real-time demodulation make it appropriate for practical application.
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    Silicon Slot Waveguides With Low Transmission and Bending Losses at 1064 nm (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: Silicon slot waveguides operating at a wavelength of high silicon absorption are fabricated on silicon-on-insulator wafers. The measured transmission loss coefficient is as low as $6sim 8$ dB/cm at 1064 nm, which is much lower than the material absorption. In addition, the bending loss of the slot waveguides is measured as $4.1sim 4.6$ dB/180° with a bending radius of 15 $mu text{m}$ . Both the transmission and bending losses are analyzed and discussed. We believe that this work could pave the way to achieve all-silicon photonic integrated circuits, which are very promising for a future on-chip chemical/biological analysis.
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    Tunable Single Bandpass Microwave Photonic Filter With an Improved Dynamic Range (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: A tunable single bandpass microwave photonic filter (MPF) with an improved spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) using a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DP-MZM) and a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PS-FBG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The DP-MZM is employed to generate an equivalent phase-modulated (EPM) signal with an adjustable optical carrier to sideband ratio. The PS-FBG is used as an optical notch filter to remove one sideband of the EPM signal to convert the EPM signal to a single-sideband intensity-modulated signal. At the output of a photodetector, a microwave signal is detected. The entire operation is equivalent to a single passband MPF. The tunability is achieved by tuning the wavelength the optical carrier. The SFDR of the MPF is improved due to the gain enhancement by a partial suppression of the optical carrier. An experiment is performed. A single bandpass MPF with a passband width of 150 MHz and a frequency-tunable range of $sim 5.5$ GHz with an improved SFDR by 11 dB is demonstrated.
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    A GaN Nanowire-Based Photodetector With Ag Nanowires as Transparent Electrodes (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: The fabrication and the characterization of a fully nanowire-based UV photodetector are reported. The photodetector consists of the transparent top electrode of very-long Ag nanowires and the active region of GaN nanowires. The photocurrent increases by 1400 times when the photodetector is illuminated by a xenon lamp, attributing to the high crystal quality of GaN nanowires and the Schottky contact of GaN nanowires with Ag nanowires. The adsorbed molecules and the dangling bonds on the surface of the GaN nanowires increase the recombination rate of photogenerated holes and shorten the photoresponse time of the photodetector in air than those in vacuum. The detector is most responsive at 350 nm, but shows less sensitivity to a wavelength around 300 nm due to the absorption of Ag nanowires.
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    Wavelength-Dependence of Inter-Core Crosstalk in Homogeneous Multi-Core Fibers (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: The wavelength dependence of inter-core crosstalk in homogeneous multi-core fibers (MCFs) is investigated, and the corresponding analytical expressions are derived. The derived analytical expressions can be used to determine the crosstalk at any wavelength necessary for designing future MCF wavelength-division multiplexing (MCF-WDM) networks and transmission systems.
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    Visible-Blind APD Heterostructure Design With Superior Field Confinement and Low Operating Voltage (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: We report on the polarization engineering of GaN/AlGaN heterostructures for the improvement of III-Nitride photodetectors through physics-based device simulations. Various heterojunction p-i-n and p-i-n-i-n designs are proposed and analyzed in this context. Our analysis shows that the introduction of a higher-bandgap AlGaN layer and n-type doped composition graded interlayers reduce operating voltage of an avalanche photodetector (APD) by almost 40% while enabling backside illumination geometry that is critical for the realization of detector arrays. The results of the simulation studies predict an APD device design that is less susceptible to premature breakdown outside of the multiplication region due to superior electric field confinement.
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    Agile High-Q RF Photonic Zooming Filter (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: We report on the development of an agile radio frequency (RF) photonic receiver front-end based on a tunable single pole band-pass RF photonic filter with reconfigurable pass band. The filter center frequency is tunable from 30 MHz to 3 GHz (VHF-UHF frequency band) in a microsecond time interval, and its bandwidth is adjustable from 100 kHz to 100 MHz in less than 10 $mu text{s}$ time interval. The filter out-of-band rejection ratio exceeds 35 dB. The filter features 23 dB frequency independent insertion loss and −140 dBm/Hz noise floor with respect to input, as well as 110 dB $cdot $ , Hz $^{2/3}$ spurious free dynamic range measured at 100 MHz filter bandwidth. The use of photonics technology allows adjusting the center frequency of the filter to any frequency within 30 MHz–100 GHz range without performance degradation.
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    DQPSK Directly Phase Modulated DFB for Flexible Coherent UDWDM-PONs (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: A bandwidth-limited distributed feedback laser directly phase modulated with a 5-Gb/s differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) signal is demonstrated in a statistical ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network. Optical DQPSK modulation was achieved by simply equalizing a four-level waveform. An intradyne receiver based on a 120° optical hybrid with straightforward differential decoding processing was used to detect and recover the data attaining a sensitivity of −38 dBm at $textrm {BER}=10^{-3}$ . Negligible penalty was observed when adding a second user at 5-GHz channel separation.
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    Self-Started Mode-Locking With Dispersion-Imbalanced Nonlinear Amplifier Loop (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-27
    Description: Self-started mode-locking in a polarization-maintaining figure-eight Er-doped fiber laser was demonstrated by optimizing the dispersion and the nonlinearity in the nonlinear amplifier loop mirror. Experimental results indicate that the build-up time of soliton pulse is directly linked to the available pump power and net dispersion. Three laser diodes, one in a linear loop and the others in a nonlinear loop, were applied to provide enough pump power for the start-up of the nonlinear evolution. As long as 8-min build-up time was observed as the net dispersion approaches to −0.115 and −0.043 ps 2 , it dramatically decreased to approximately millisecond order of magnitude as the net dispersion was optimized to −0.062 ps 2 . Stable single soliton could be obtained by reducing the hysteresis pump power.
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    A Compact and Stable Temperature Sensor Based on a Gourd-Shaped Microfiber (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-27
    Description: A compact and stable temperature sensor based on a gourd-shaped microfiber is fabricated and experimentally demonstrated. Claddings of the two microspheric structured fibers, which constitute the gourd shape, are spliced together but their cores are not. The transmission spectrum of the sensor features interference fringe due to the cavity formed inside the gourd-shaped microfiber. Increasing temperatures results in a significant red shift of fringe dip wavelength with a slope of $sim 17.15$ pm/°C. Linear and parabolic fitting are both done to the measurements, enabling temperature measurements with high sensitivity and accuracy. The high stability and reliability of the sensor are corroborated keeping at different temperatures.
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    Carrier Phase Estimation for 32-QAM Optical Systems Using Quasi-QPSK-Partitioning Algorithm (2015)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-27
    Description: In this letter, we propose a quasi-quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) partitioning to replace the conventional QPSK partitioning in the first stage of the carrier phase estimation (CPE) algorithms for 32-QAM optical systems. By using the proposed quasi-QPSK-partitioning method, the ability of the CPE algorithms to track changes of phase is greatly enhanced. For 1-dB SNR penalty at bit error rate of 1E-2, the proposed method can achieve an improvement of 85% in combined linewidth symbol duration product tolerance when compared with the conventional method for single stage. With the help of the fine estimation stages, the maximum tolerable combined linewidth symbol duration product can be up to 5.1E-5.
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    Uniform and Reliable GaN p-i-n Ultraviolet Avalanche Photodiode Arrays (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: GaN p-i-n ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes (UV-APDs) were fabricated from epitaxial structures grown on low-dislocation-density free-standing GaN substrates to form $4times 4$ UV-APD arrays with a device size of $75times 75~mu text{m}^{{ {2}}}$ . The devices in the UV-APD array showed a uniform and reliable distribution of breakdown voltage ( $V_{text {BR}}$ ) and leakage current density. The average $V_{text {BR}}$ of the 16 devices in one of the UV-APD arrays was 96±0.6 V, and the average dark current density ( $J_{R_{}{text {Dark}}}$ ) and photocurrent density ( $J_{R_{}{text {Photo}}}$ ) were measured to be (6.5±1.8) $times 10^{-7}$ and (5.7±1.1) $times 10^{{text {-6}}}$ A/cm $^{{{2}}}$ at the reverse bias voltage of $V_{R}=48$ V (50% of the average onset point of $V_{text {BR}}$ ), respectively. The reliable device performance was confirmed by performing multiple reverse bias $I$ – $V$ scans for the selected devices in the UV-APD array. We also observed the significantly enhanced spectral resp- nsivity from the 142 to 5485 mA/W due to the strong carrier impact ionization at high reverse bias.
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    Supercontinuum Generation in an Ytterbium-Doped Photonic Crystal Fiber for CARS Spectroscopy (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: An optimized broadband source emitting from 1064 to 1600 nm was specially designed for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy. This source is based on the use of a ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber with a large core in which a supercontinuum is generated from a signal wave at 1064 nm regenerated by ytterbium ions pumping. A particularly flat spectrum with high spectral power density and perfectly synchronized spectral components is obtained.
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    Switchable Dual-Wavelength Mode-Locking of Thulium-Doped Fiber Laser Based on SWNTs (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: We experimentally demonstrate switchable dual-wavelength mode-locking of thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL), using single-wall carbon nanotubes as saturable absorber. Due to the cavity birefringence-induced comb filter, switchable mode-locking can be individually realized for the proposed TDFL among three wavelengths of 1947, 1945, and 1943 nm, with almost the same 3-dB spectral bandwidth of 2.2 nm, repetition rate of 13.6 MHz, and pulsewidth of 1.8 ps. Furthermore, after finely adjusting the intra-cavity birefringence, we are able to demonstrate switchable dual-wavelength mode-locking at either 1947/1945 or 1945/1943 nm. The optical spectra of dual-wavelength mode-locking have almost the same characteristics and can maintain stable operation for a long period.
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    High-Responsivity GaN/InGaN Heterojunction Phototransistors (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: We report high-responsivity GaN/InGaN heterojunction phototransistors (HPTs) grown on sapphire substrates. Under the ultraviolet (UV) photon illumination from the front side of the wafer, an HPT shows broad photoresponse spectrum with the short-wavelength cutoff wavelength well beyond $lambda = 280$ nm, and the UV-to-visible-band rejection ratio is $> 8 times 10^{3}$ . The responsivity ( $R_{lambda }$ ) of HPT is greater than 8 A/W at $lambda = 373$ nm, and is greater than 3 A/W at $lambda = 280$ nm as the device is biased at $V_{mathrm{ CE}}=10$ V. As the HPT is biased at the near breakdown voltage ( $V_{mathrm{ CE}}> 35$ V), the responsivity performance was enhanced due to the carrier multiplication, resulting in $R_{lambda }> 100$ A/W at $V_{mathrm{ CE}}= 40$ V for $P_{mathrm{ opt}}=1.73~mu text{W}$ /cm 2 at $lambda = 373$ nm. These results demonstrate that GaN/InGaN HPTs can achieve low light detection with a broadband photon response in the near-UV-to-deep-UV spectral ranges.
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    Multiplexing and Amplification of 2- $mu text{m}$ Vortex Beams With a Ho:YAG Rod Amplifier (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: The multiplexing and the amplification of 2- $mu text{m}$ vortex beams are experimentally verified in a Ho:YAG crystal rod amplifier. Spatially multiplexed vortex beams are studied and the amplification results are presented and discussed. The integrity of the launched vortex beams is well maintained through the amplification process. Further discussions are provided to increase the gain as well as for power scaling. Due to the nature of Ho:YAG material and the geometry of the rod amplifier, our system shows the potential of working as a power amplifier for vortex beams.
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    High Bandwidth GaN-Based Micro-LEDs for Multi-Gb/s Visible Light Communications (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Gallium-nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are highly efficient sources for general purpose illumination. Visible light communications (VLC) uses these sources to supplement existing wireless communications by offering a large, licence-free region of optical spectrum. Here, we report on progress in the development of micro-scale GaN LEDs (micro-LEDs), optimized for VLC. These blue-emitting micro-LEDs are shown to have very high electrical-to-optical modulation bandwidths, exceeding 800 MHz. The data transmission capabilities of the micro-LEDs are illustrated by demonstrations using ON–OFF-keying, pulse-amplitude modulation, and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation schemes to transmit data over free space at the rates of 1.7, 3.4, and 5 Gb/s, respectively.
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    The Study of Optical and Electrical Properties of Solar Cells With Oblique Incidence (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: The optical and electrical properties of organic solar cells with metallic Ag incorporating into the PEDOT:PSS layer in the case of oblique incidence are numerically investigated based on in house finite-difference frequency-domain code. It is found that the light absorption decreases with the increase of incident angle, and the absorption enhancement varies slightly due to the contribution of the broadband surface plasmon (SP)-mode. Since the absorption reduces at large incident angle, the short-circuit current undoubtedly decreases, thus fill factor and power conversion efficiency reduce accordingly. However, there is little variety of open-circuit voltage, which indicates that open-circuit voltage is independent of incident angle. Our results can be used as a reference for better understanding of the optical and electrical properties of organic solar cells with oblique incidence.
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    A 40-GBd QPSK/16-QAM Integrated Silicon Coherent Receiver (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Through co-design of a dual SiGe transimpedance amplifier and an integrated silicon photonic circuit, we realized for the first time an ultra-compact and low-power silicon single-polarization coherent receiver operating at 40 GBd. A bit-error rate of $〈3.8times 10^{{{-3}}}$ was obtained for an optical signal-to-noise ratio of 14 dB for QPSK modulation (80 Gb/s), and 26.5 dB for 16-QAM (160 Gb/s). We also demonstrate robust performance of the receiver over temperature and wavelength.
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    Monolithic Integration on InP of a DML and a Ring Resonator for Future Access Networks (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: The future technology migration in access networks compels the development of key innovative transmitters operating at 10 Gb/s around 1550 nm and capable of transmitting data in extended reach passive optical networks (>60 km). A laser modulated directly appears to be a low cost and a simple solution to address these needs. However, the extinction ratio and the distance of transmission are limited by frequency chirping inherent to high bit rate modulation at 1550 nm. In this letter, we demonstrate the monolithic integration of a directly modulated lasers and a ring resonator (RR) and show the possibility to engineer the RR with specific frequency modulation efficiency. The ring is used as an optical eye reshaper, which enables the increase of the extinction ratio above 9 dB. Transmissions up to 65 km with 5.8 dBm of modulated optical power coupled into the fiber are demonstrated, proving the feasibility of our transmitter for the next generation passive optical network stage 2.
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    Wide-FOV and High-Gain Imaging Angle Diversity Receiver for Indoor SDM-VLC Systems (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: We propose an imaging receiver (ImR) using angle diversity detectors for indoor space division multiplexing-based visible light communication (SDM-VLC) systems. Compared with a conventional ImR which utilizes vertically oriented detectors, the proposed imaging angle diversity receiver (ImADR) enjoys two main advantages, including a wider field-of-view (FOV) and higher optical gain. Both theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed ImADR in an indoor four-channel SDM-VLC system. Analytical results show that, for a target bit error rate of $10^{mathrm { {-3}}}$ , the proposed ImADR-based SDM-VLC system achieves 44% reduction in the transmit optical power and 130% coverage improvement than the system using a conventional ImR.
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    128-Gb/s Line Rate OFDM Signal Modulation Using an Integrated Silicon Microring Modulator (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Compared with Mach–Zehnder modulators, silicon microring modulators have the important advantages of smaller footprint and significantly lower energy per bit but suffer the disadvantages of inherent wavelength dependence and a modulation bandwidth that is limited by the resonator bandwidth. Here, we address the latter disadvantage of using an integrated silicon microring modulator with spectrally efficient modulation with 16-quadrature amplitude modulation on direct detection orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). We demonstrate a line rate of 128-Gb/s and a net data rate of 107.6-Gb/s OFDM signal modulation using this tunable microring modulator. The 6.6- and 10-km single-mode fiber transmission of the modulated signal is presented. The measured bit error rates of back-to-back, 6.6-km, and 10-km fiber transmission are well below the forward error correction threshold.
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    Localized Plasmon-Based Optical Fiber Sensing Platform for Operation in Infrared (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: We report on the experimental fabrication and functioning of an optical fiber sensing probe operating on the principle of a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at near infrared (NIR) wavelengths, around the 2- $mu text{m}$ window. As indium–tin oxide exhibits an absorption peak at NIR wavelengths, we have synthesized and characterized ITO nanoparticles with a doping concentration of 9:1 of In:Sn and attached these onto the unclad core of the fiber. Corresponding to the absorption peak of the bare nanoparticles, the fiber probe displays an LSPR peak at 1950 nm, which falls in the signature band of many bacterial contaminants. The probe is further used for the sensing of analytes of refractive indices varying from 1.335 to 1.375. The results reveal that the average peak absorbance of the probe changes by 3.46 absorbance units for a unit change in refractive index.
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    1060-nm High Brightness Picosecond Pulse Generation in Photonic Band Crystal Lasers (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Photonic band crystal semiconductor lasers generating gain-switched picosecond pulses in the 1060-nm spectral range are demonstrated. The unique ultra-broad laser waveguide allows the simultaneous delivery of high output power and high beam quality, enabling the generation of optical pulses with peak brightness up to 130 MWcm $^{-2}$ sr $^{-1}$ . The spectral dynamics are investigated by external filtering of the laser emission. The effects of the filter bandwidth and central wavelength on the resulting optical pulse characteristics are identified. By properly chosen filter parameters, it is found that the higher order relaxation oscillation part of the optical pulse is completely suppressed even at the highest injected pulse currents, also resulting in a pulse width reduction down to less than 21.5 ps.
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    Broadband, Fabrication-Tolerant Polarization Beam Splitters Based on a Tapered Directional Coupler (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: We propose and demonstrate a polarization beam splitter (PBS) based on a tapered directional coupler (DC). The tapered DC structure has the advantage of being insensitive to variations of the coupling length and the local coupling coefficient, and thus can significantly increase the bandwidth and polarization extinction ratio (ER). The fabricated PBS with one waveguide width tapered from 0.55 to 0.41 $mu text{m}$ and another tapered reversely in a length of 29 $mu text{m}$ shows a polarization ER above 16 dB and an insertion loss less than 0.4 dB over a wavelength range of 100 nm. The fabrication tolerance of the proposed PBS is also analyzed to be ±50 nm, ensuring the compatibility with the standard 180-nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process.
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    Gain Enhancement of Single-Mode Cr-Doped Core Fibers by Online Growth System (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Gain enhancement of single-mode Cr-doped crystalline core fiber (SMCDCCF) with longer fiber length fabricated by online laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) technique is demonstrated. In comparison with the SMCDCCF fabricated without online growth, the online technique enables real-time monitoring and controlling small molten zone in the LHPG to achieve longer length with better uniformity and smaller core diameter of the SMCDCCFs. The SMCDCCF exhibits a length of 10.6 cm, a core diameter of 25 $mu text{m}$ , and a $V$ -value of 2.40, which confirms the LP 01 single-mode operation by the far-field pattern measurement. A 3.9-dB gross gain and a 1.9-dB net gain of the SMCDCCF at the wavelength of 1400 nm were obtained. The gross and net gains are the highest yet reported of the SMCDCCFs. Further development on higher gain of the SMCDCCF may be functioned the SMCDCCF as a broadband fiber amplifier for use in the next-generation fiber transmission systems.
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    On the Performance of Spatial Modulation-Based Optical Wireless Communications (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: This letter focuses on a spatial modulation (SM)-based multiple input single output optical wireless communication system. In the system, both input-dependent noise and finite alphabet are employed. Based on information theory, the theoretical expressions of the mutual information and its lower bound are derived. By maximizing the minimum distance, an optimization problem for precoding design is formulated. Then, an interior point method-based iteration algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. Numerical results show that the performance of the proposed SM scheme outperforms that of the conventional, choosing the best-gain channel scheme. Moreover, the proposed precoding scheme can provide better system performance than the scheme without precoding.
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    Magnetic Field Sensor Based on Ferrofluid and Photonic Crystal Fiber With Offset Fusion Splicing (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: A kind of intensity-interrogated magnetic field sensor composed of ferrofluid and photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a lateral-offset fusion splicing is proposed and investigated. The sensing principles are mainly based on the tunable absorption coefficient of ferrofluid and mode interference in the PCF section. Theoretical analyses show that the sensitivity depends on the allocation condition of the light intensity of the core and cladding modes in the PCF, which in turn depends on the amount of the lateral offset between the lead-in fiber and the PCF. Several sensors with different offset amounts are fabricated and tested. The experimental results show that a lateral-offset fusion splicing can significantly enhance the sensitivity of the sensor. In addition, the sensitivity as high as −0.0303 dB/Oe in the range of 20–160 Oe is achieved when setting the offset as 20 $mu text{m}$ .
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    Fiber Optic SPR-Based Uric Acid Biosensor Using Uricase Entrapped Polyacrylamide Gel (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: In this letter, we report a fiber optic biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the detection of uric acid in aqueous samples. The sensing probe is prepared by successive coatings of silver and silicon layers over a small unclad length of the plastic clad silica optical fiber in the middle. Thereafter, the probe is dipped in a polyacrylamide gel containing enzyme uricase to immobilize it using a gel entrapment method. The sensor is characterized using a wavelength interrogation method. The SPR spectra corresponding to different concentrations of uric acid in the range of 0–0.9 mM are recorded. A red shift in the resonance wavelength is observed with an increase in the concentration of uric acid around the probe. In addition, the sensitivity of the proposed biosensor is studied in relation to parameters, such as concentration and pH of the uric acid solution. Finally, the sensor is highly selective and possesses better limit of detection and limit of quantification.
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    All-Optical Shift Register Using Polarization Bistable VCSEL Array (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: We investigated all-optical shift register operations using 1.55- $mu text{m}$ polarization bistable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) formed in an array. The VCSEL array consisted of VCSELs that oscillated with single longitudinal and transverse modes at room temperature. The lasing wavelengths were tuned by adjusting the driving currents of each VCSEL. A VCSEL in the array exhibited polarization flip-flop operation by injection of the orthogonally polarized set–reset input pulses. By injection of the VCSEL output light into another VCSEL in the same array through a polarizer and an optical gate, the second VCSEL also exhibited polarization flip-flop operation according to the polarization state of the first VCSEL. The shift register operation has been successfully demonstrated using two adjacent VCSELs in the array. The optical power needed for polarization switching is usually lower than the VCSEL output power. Thus, this shift register operation was achieved without optical amplifiers.
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    Bending Vector Sensor Based on the Multimode-2-Core-Multimode Fiber Structure (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: A novel bending vector sensor formed by splicing 2-core fiber (2CF) between two segments of multimode fibers (MMFs) was proposed and fabricated, in which the MMFs serve as the mode splitting and coupling. Moreover, the 2CF used in the experiment was designed and fabricated in our labs, and the external core with a larger diameter would be provided with a higher bending sensitivity. Besides, the bending responses of the sensor are directionally sensitive due to the asymmetric structure of the 2CF. As a result, along with the implementation of the conformation experiments on the bending and temperature sensor property, and a good agreement has been achieved. The proposed sensor possesses many advantages, such as being inexpensive, compact, and robust.
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    Carrier Phase Estimation in Multi-Subcarrier Coherent Optical Systems (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: In this letter, we analyze three different carrier phase estimation approaches for coherent optical systems based on multi-subcarrier modulation, comparing them in terms of both performance and complexity. Averaging the estimated values on the subcarriers (SCs) significantly increases the laser linewidth tolerance at the expense of additional complexity, while using a single SC for carrier phase estimation yields a complexity reduction without any substantial performance loss with respect to performing a separate phase estimation on all SCs.
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    Priori Aided Compressed Sensing-Based Clipping Noise Cancellation for ACO-OFDM Systems (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: In this letter, the clipping noise is reconstructed from the selected reliable observations in the frequency domain based on the modified compressed sensing (CS) algorithm for the asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulated visible light communication system. With the aid of the priori information obtained from the received time-domain signals, the proposed priori aided sparsity adaptive matching pursuit method improves the accuracy and robustness of the recovery performance. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms conventional CS-based clipping noise cancellation counterparts.
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    Ghost Reduction in CP-SSOCT Having Multiple References Using Fourier-Domain Shift and Sum (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: We propose, test, and validate a novel Fourier-domain-based method for ghost image artifacts reduction in a common-path SSOCT system having multiple adjacent reference planes. Common-path probes with imaging systems containing high-index sapphire ball or other lenses produce multiple fixed references due to Fresnel reflections from the lens surfaces. The multiple reference planes produce multiple and overlapping optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Since such ghost artifacts are the result of the superposition of multiple identical images having different amplitudes and spatial shifts, one can correctly shift and sum the images in the Fourier-domain once the relative amplitude and lateral position between the reference planes are known. This theory and numerical testing are presented to elucidate our method. We then validate the potential effectiveness using OCT imaging experiments.
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    A Framework to Calibrate the Scanning Electron Microscope Under Variational Magnifications (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: We propose and demonstrate a new and effective framework to calibrate the scanning electron microscope (SEM), under variational magnifications from 20 to 500. Unlike previous approaches that required different models and calibration procedures for different magnifications, this framework regards the SEM as a black box. The general imaging model is first introduced in modeling the SEM system, to explore the nature of SEM imaging. In order to relax the complexity of the general imaging model and calibration process, the smooth general imaging model and a linear point-based calibration method are developed. The experimental results well agree with the theoretical predication and show great potential to realize SEM calibration.
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    Multiband Ultra-Wideband Signal Generation With Quadrupled Capacity by a Single Modulator (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: We propose and experimentally demonstrate a photonic generation scheme for multiband ultra-wideband (MB-UWB) signal by employing a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator (DDMZM). In this scheme, four electrical binary pulse streams with different bit rates are combined to drive one radio frequency (RF) port of the DDMZM, while the other RF port is modulated by the sum of their 1-b delayed duplicates. By properly adjusting the bit rate and the amplitude of each pulse stream, as well as the bias voltage of the DDMZM, an MB-UWB signal with four sub-bands can be obtained and the transmission capacity can be quadrupled. The feasibility of the proposed scheme is verified by a system demonstration, where the signal modulated by amplitude-phase-shift-key format reaches a high bit rate of 2 Gb/s.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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    High-Speed Mid-Infrared Frequency Modulation Spectroscopy Based on Quantum Cascade Laser (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: We demonstrated a high-speed mid-infrared frequency modulation spectroscopy scheme based on a distributed-feedback quantum Cascade laser for the application in trace gas sensing by means of all-optical frequency modulation. With this method, the modulation frequency spectrum of a gas sample can be obtained within the mid-infrared pulse duration of $sim 200$ ns. A frequency modulation of the middle infrared lasing optical frequency was achieved in quantum Cascade laser with a modulation frequency of 200 MHz by illuminating with a 1550-nm near-infrared laser. For CO gas, with 2-mW near-infrared illumination, the noise-equivalent sensitivity of the frequency modulation spectroscopy was estimated to be 0.12 ppmv for an absorption length of 6.1 m, indicating an improvement by a factor of 7 compared with Voigt-fitted direct absorption spectroscopy (0.84 ppmv). The frequency modulation signal was found to be proportional to the incident near-infrared power, and therefore, the noise-equivalent sensitivity is expected to be further improved by increasing the near-infrared illumination power. This high-speed frequency modulation spectroscopy based on the distributed-feedback quantum Cascade laser has promising applications in high-speed and high-sensitivity gas sensing.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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    Generation of Second-Harmonics Near Ultraviolet Wavelengths From Femtosecond Pump Pulses (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Second-harmonic generation (SHG) near ultraviolet wavelengths is experimentally demonstrated by coupling femtosecond pump pulses into the normal dispersion region far away from the zero-dispersion wavelength of the fundamental mode in a silica photonic crystal fiber (PCF) fabricated in our laboratory. When the pump pulses with average input power $P_{mathrm {av}}$ of 500 mW and center wavelength $lambda _{mathrm {p}}$ of 820 nm are used, the maximum conversion efficiency $eta _{mathrm {SH}} ^{^{^{}}}$ of the second harmonics centered at 410 nm can be up to $1.6times 10^{-6}$ , corresponding to the output power $P_{mathrm {SH}}$ of 520 nW. By measuring $P_{mathrm {SH}}$ at different PCF lengths and studying the temporal dependence of $P_{mathrm {SH}}$ , it is confirmed that the physical mechanism of SHG is dominated by surface nonlinearity polarization, which is resulted from the local inhomogeneities in the silica core region and at the core-air-silica cladding interface of PCF. Finally, a theoretical model is established to analyze the nonlinear optical process.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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