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  • IEEE Photonics Technology Letters  (3,180)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (3,180)
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  • 101
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    Multihop FSO Over Exponentiated Weibull Fading Channels With Nonzero Boresight Pointing Errors (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: The end-to-end (EE) average bit error rate (ABER) performance of a decode-and-forward-based multihop free-space optical communication system is investigated over composite exponentiated Weibull fading channels with nonzero boresight pointing errors considered. In particular, the cumulative distribution function of the aggregated fading channel for non-identically and independently distributed multihop system is derived. Then, the analytical expression of EE ABER with $M$ -ary phase shift keying subcarrier intensity modulation is achieved in terms of Gauss–Laguerre quadrature rule considering aperture averaging effect. The results show that the ABER performance is mainly limited by nonzero boresight pointing errors for larger receiver aperture size. The comparison with Monte Carlo simulation verifies the validity of the proposed ABER model.
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  • 102
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    Performance Analysis of 40-Gb/s Transmission Based on Directly Modulated High-Speed 1530-nm VCSEL (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: We propose and experimentally demonstrate the use of a novel-design long-wavelength VCSEL with high direct-modulation speed to implement 40-Gb/s transmission suitable for optical interconnects and short-reach scenarios. The single-mode operation, together with the use of a common optical bandpass filter, enables a fiber reach in the kilometer range. The VCSEL is characterized and directly modulated at 40 Gb/s with a power consumption of 18.5 mW. Bit-error-rate (BER) performance has been analyzed for a pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) of length $2^{7}-1$ as commonly done in most of similar studies, as well as for increasing the PRBS lengths up to $2^{31}-1$ to understand the system limitations when applying more realistic data, so as to induce slower dynamics physical effects such as thermal effects. BER values below common forward error correction threshold are measured without an optical amplification up to 1 km of a single-mode fiber. In particular, error-free operation ( $text {BER}〈10^{-10})$ with 1.6 dB of penalty with respect to the back-to-back case was measured for the PRBS length of $2^{7}-1$ .
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  • 103
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    Optical Signal Filtering Using Phase-Sensitive Amplification and De-Amplification (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: We utilize for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the amplification and de-amplification properties of a fiber-based optical phase-sensitive amplifier (PSA) to implement a flexible, multiple notch filter with optical power extinction ratio given by the internal amplifier gain squared. Our PSA-based filter is completely realized in the optical domain, permitting further downstream optical signal processing, if desired. Direct detection leads to an additional gain-squared enhancement, resulting in electrical filter extinction that is a biquadratic function of the PSA gain. This suggests that the PSAs with even modest optical gains can be used to realize filters with extremely large electrical extinction ratios or notch depths. We characterize filter performance using bit error rates, and demonstrate highly effective isolation of a signal-of-interest from neighboring interferers. Finally, we measure filter extinctions of 20 and 40 dB in the optical and electrical domains, respectively.
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  • 104
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    Fiber Ring Laser-Based Displacement Sensor (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: We reported an erbium-doped fiber ring laser (FRL) displacement sensor based on a single-mode fiber (SMF) loop tied into the laser cavity. The proposed fiber loop structure acts as the sensing head as well as the filter of the FRL. A good linear relationship is obtained both in principle and in experiments between the displacement of one end of the loop and the central wavelength of the proposed FRL. The average sensitivity of this sensor reaches 227.5 pm/mm in the displacement range of 0–30 mm. High optical signal-to-noise ratio ( $sim 52$ dB) and narrow 3-dB bandwidth (<0.7 nm) are also achieved due to the FRL structure. Moreover, the macrofiber loop, as the key sensor head of the proposed sensing system, is tied with simple SMF without removing the coating, which has obvious advantages of firm structure with a wide range of displacement measurement and easy fabrication with low-cost SMF.
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  • 105
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    Polarization Maintaining Low-Loss Slotted Core Kagome Lattice THz Fiber (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: A polarization maintaining ultra-low effective material loss based on slotted core kagome lattice fiber is proposed for terahertz (THz) wave propagation. Numerical study demonstrates that by using rectangular slotted air holes in the core of the kagome lattice exhibits simultaneously an ultra-high birefringence of $8.22times 10^{-2}$ , an ultra-low effective material loss of 0.05 cm $^{-1}$ , and a very low confinement loss of $4.13times 10^{-5}$ cm $^{-1}$ at the frequency of 1 THz. Further investigation shows that about half of the total mode power confines into the air slots at 50% core porosity. The proposed fiber can be used for polarization maintaining applications in THz regime.
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  • 106
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    Four-Wave-Mixing-Based Silicon Integrated Optical Isolator With Dynamic Non-Reciprocity (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Silicon photonics technology is a promising platform for photonics devices and system integration. However, due to the time-reversal symmetry, realizing silicon integrated isolators is still challenging. In this letter, an optical isolator based on the four-wave-mixing effect on silicon photonic integrated circuit platform is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Different from typical nonlinear optical effect-based silicon integrated isolators, which can only be operated in either forward or backward directions (but not both), the isolator proposed here can be operated in both forward and backward directions simultaneously. The fundamental dynamic reciprocity limitation is overcome by a non-reciprocal wavelength conversion and wavelength filtering methodology. The fabricated silicon integrated isolator demonstrates an isolation ratio of >11.3 dB, and a 3-dB operational bandwidth exceeding 300 GHz. The insertion loss is <19 dB and it can be further reduced by using higher pump power and optimizing linear loss. The isolation ratio can be enhanced as well by cascading filters.
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  • 107
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    All-Fiber Broadband Degenerate Mode Rotator for Mode-Division Multiplexing Systems (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-03
    Description: An all-fiber broadband degenerate mode rotator for the rotation between arbitrary degenerate modes is proposed and investigated numerically. Furthermore, the rotator combined with a mode selective coupler (MSC) can be used to realize mode multiplexing. The mode multiplexing can be implemented in one physical dimension, which is considered easier than 3-D cascading MSCs. It is found that the rotator for any two degenerate modes rotation possesses a high rotating efficiency from 1450 to 1650 nm, and the insertion loss at the interconnection of a fiber-based rotator and a normal fiber is lower than 3 dB for any modes. Moreover, the rotators in performance are not sensitive to the four geometrical parameters of design. Finally, a six-mode multiplexer using the proposed rotator combined with MSC is modeled and analyzed. It is shown that multiplexing efficiencies of higher than 70% and mode extinction ratios of more than 20 dB for mode LP 01 , LP 11a /LP 11b , LP 21a /LP 21b , and LP 02 are achieved in the $C$ -band.
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  • 108
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    Property of Bent Few-Mode Fiber and Its Application in Displacement Sensor (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-03
    Description: The intermodal interference between LP 01 and LP 02 modes of few mode fiber (FMF) under bending is studied theoretically and experimentally. The shift of critical wavelength caused by fiber curvature is measured in the experiment and analyzed theoretically for the first time. The sensitivity of the critical wavelength shift to curvature variation has been obtained from the measurement and calculation results. Based on the wavelength shift effect induced by the curvature of FMF, a novel displacement sensor employing a helix coil, as an example of the application, is proposed in this letter. With present fiber and structure parameters, 120-mm displacement with 0.172-nm/mm maximum sensitivity has been achieved by changing the fiber curvature through adjusting the pitch of the helix coil. The effect of curvature-induced wavelength shift provides various potential applications of FMF such as displacement and curvature sensors.
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  • 109
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    Low-Coherence Method for Mode Analysis of a Silicon-Based Two-Mode Waveguide (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-03
    Description: We propose and demonstrate an effective method for mode analysis of a silicon-based two-mode waveguide using time-domain scanning low-coherence interferometry (LCI). An on-chip offset launch technique is implemented to motivate and couple out the two modes. From the low-coherence signal, it is convenient to simultaneously perform the mode identification and analyze the differential modal group delay in a silicon-based multimode waveguide. Our experimental results show good agreement with the simulation results. The low-coherence interferogram shows that only short samples of waveguide ( $〈220~mu text{m}$ ) is sufficient for the LCI to do the mode analysis. This letter provides a feasible method for the mode identification and the transmission channel analysis in silicon-based multimode waveguide used for $2times 2$ on-chip mode-division multiplexing.
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  • 110
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    Power Budget of Ultra-Dense Virtual-Carrier-Assisted DD MB-OFDM Next-Generation PON (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-03
    Description: An ultra-dense multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) passive optical network (PON) with a dedicated band capacity per user of 2.5 or 10 Gb/s is demonstrated experimentally. A band spacing of 6.25 GHz and a low-cost virtual carrier-assisted direct-detection (DD) scheme are employed. The proposed MB-OFDM PON shows a great potential in the context of next-generation optical access networks due to the low receiver bandwidth required, low-cost implementation, and high granularity, flexibility, and scalability provided. The power budget evaluated from the experimental results shows that the virtual carrier-assisted DD MB-OFDM solution is more suited to short-reach PONs. For a PON reach of 20 km and a band capacity of 2.5 Gb/s, the proposed network supports 128 users. For a band capacity of 10 Gb/s, the network supports 32 users in a PON with reach of 10 km.
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  • 111
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    Low-Loss InGaAsP/InP Surface Ridge Waveguides for Photonic Integrated Circuits (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-03
    Description: We demonstrate low-loss InGaAsP/InP surface ridge waveguides with loss as low as 0.81 dB/cm measured at 1550 nm for the fundamental TE mode. These waveguides are suitable for monolithic integration with active elements in InP-based photonic integrated circuits. We study the effect of proton implantation on waveguide loss for different ridge widths.
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  • 112
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    Optical Physical-Layer Digital Network Coding for 2.5-Gb/s RoF-Based FiWi Networks (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
    Description: We demonstrate the first digital optical physical-layer network coding (OPNC) scheme for 2.5-Gb/s ON/OFF keyed (OOK) subcarrier modulated (SCM) signals suitable for the application in fiber-wireless networks. The proposed OPNC scheme employs all optical XOR logic gates that rely on cross-phase modulation-based Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) Mach–Zehnder interferometers to perform encoding and decoding operations. The proposed encoding and decoding scheme is targeting deployment at the central office and the clients site at the remote antenna units, respectively. Proof of concept verification is experimentally demonstrated for 2.5-Gb/s OOK-SCM data using a 10-GHz subcarrier. Both synchronous and asynchronous operations are evaluated, achieving error free operation.
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  • 113
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    An Optoelectronic Oscillator for High Sensitivity Temperature Sensing (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
    Description: An optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) for high sensitivity temperature sensing is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The oscillation frequency of the OEO is determined by a single passband microwave photonic filter (MPF) in the OEO loop, which is implemented using a broadband light source, a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), a dispersion compensating fiber, and a photodetector. One arm of the MZI is used as a sensing arm, which is exposed to temperature variations and the other arm is used as a reference arm. When the temperature is changed, the length difference between the two arms is changed, which leads to the change of the free spectral range of the MZI. Since the central frequency of the MPF is a function of the FSR, the oscillation frequency of the OEO is affected by the temperature variations. By measuring the frequency change, the temperature change to the sensing arm is estimated. The proposed approach is experimentally evaluated. High sensitivity temperature sensing with a sensitivity of 3.7 MHz/°C is experimentally demonstrated.
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  • 114
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    Coherent-Optical In-Line Add/Drop of PDM Tributaries of Subcarrier Multiplexed Signals (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
    Description: We propose an extended coherent optical add/drop multiplexing scheme, in which an individual polarization tributary in a polarization-division multiplexed orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed signal is erased and added by frequency conversion in fiber, which is sequentially inserted in a transmission line. In the scheme, a polarization tributary can be inserted and replaced in a dual polarization spectrally overlapped ultra-dense multiplexed signal. In a proof-of-concept demonstration, we investigate the performance of the proposed optical add/drop multiplexing scheme. A 25-Gb/s quadrature phase-shift keying tributary within a dual-polarization three subcarrier orthogonal frequency division multiplexed signal is erased and added with negligible distortion of the orthogonal polarization tributary and the adjacent subcarriers.
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  • 115
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    Optical Interaction Between LED Backside Reflectors and Die Attach Adhesives (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
    Description: Adding optical reflectors to the backside of GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) chip has been adopted for enhancing the light output. The optical effectiveness of backside reflectors (BRs) in enhancing light output is investigated by studying the light output of packaged mid-power blue and white LED emitters based on BR-based and BR-free chips. It is found that the effectiveness is strongly dependent on the optical properties of die attach adhesive (DAA) materials. When epoxy-silver DAA is applied, the difference in light output between the gold BR-based and BR-free blue LED chips is about 9% points at 40% coverage. However, with optically clear or reflective DAAs, BR-free chips show higher light output than the gold BR-based chips. For the optically clear DAA with 40% coverage, a 20% point enhancement of the output power of blue LED chips is obtained by the high transmittance of the DAA and high reflectance of the silver plating on the leadframe. With the optically reflective DAA, the enhancement for blue LED chips is $sim 22$ % points due to the high reflectance of the DAA. This letter suggests a cost-effective method for enhancing the light output of mid-power LED emitters based on relatively low-cost BR-free LED chips by using optically clear or reflective DAAs depending on the applications and with a low fillet coverage for both materials.
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  • 116
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    Design of High-Precision ROIC for Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetector (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Read out integrated circuit (ROIC) design for quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) array requires large charge handling capacity, low readout noise, minimum detector bias voltage variations, and minimum power dissipation. ROIC design for such applications is challenging due to complex requirements and often needs iterative fabrications to meet all requirements. In this letter, we propose a decision matrix-based optimization method for large dynamic range ROIC implementation. The optimization method is based on trade off analysis, design, and simulation of identified ROIC parameters. This methodology has been applied to an actual case, and the optimum ROIC topology was selected using the optimization method described in this letter. The critical specifications are charge handling capacity of greater than 5 $text{M}overline {e}$ and low readout noise of less than 600 electrons, in 180-nm CMOS process. The large dynamic range ROIC consists of a charge integration stage, charge to voltage converters, correlated double samplers, sample and holds, column amplifiers, analog multiplexer, and a buffer amplifier stage. This letter also highlights the measured test chip results of an ROIC array of 30 $mu textrm {m} times 30~mu text{m}$ pixel size, in which we have been able to achieve a charge handling capacity of 9.8 $text{M}overline {e}$ and the noise of 350 electrons.
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  • 117
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    Hybrid Photodetector Based on ZnO Nanofiber Polymers With High Spectrum Selectivity (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: One-dimensional ZnO nanofibers were synthesized by the electrospinning method. Then, a high spectrum selectivity ultraviolet detector was fabricated based on poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and ZnO hybrids. At 4 V reverse bias, the dark current of the detector was as low as 9.6 nA. The device showed a large photo-to-dark current ratio of more than two orders of magnitude. Under the irradiation of 330 nm UV light, a peak responsivity of 2.62 A/W was achieved. The high photoresponse was attributed to the efficient carrier separation and convenient charge transport between ZnO and PVK. In addition, the detector possessed a narrow full-width at half-maximum of $sim 36$ nm.
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  • 118
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    Modulating Spatial Light by Grating Slot Waveguides With Transparent Conducting Oxides (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are emerging active materials for light modulating due to their special epsilon-near-zero effect. A novel spatial light modulating technique based on the guided mode resonance effect in a slot waveguide with TCOs is proposed, where both transmission and reflection can be manipulated by injecting or depleting carriers into the TCO layer. Temporal coupled mode theory and finite element method are used to analyze the light coupling and filtering. A modulation depth at 1550 nm as high as 0.85 is obtained due to the dramatic variations of modal properties in a TCO layer embedded slot waveguide. The wavelength bandwidth with a modulation depth above 0.5 is 8.6 nm. In addition, the resonant wavelength is sensitive to the bias on the TCO layer, which makes the device a tunable transmissive/reflective filter with a tuning range of 40 nm.
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  • 119
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    Design of a DWDM Multi/Demultiplexer Based on 2-D Photonic Crystals (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A multiplexer and demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX) based on 2-D photonic crystals (PhCs) for a dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system is presented. The designed MUX/DEMUX consists of narrow bandpass filters and magneto-optical circulators based on 2-D PhCs with triangular lattice of air holes, the parameters of which are analyzed by a finite element method. The simulation results show that the frequencies 193.4, 193.3, and 193.2 THz could be multi/demultiplexed with a low insertion loss (<0.5 dB) and large channel isolation (>18.4 dB). The proposed DWDM MUX/DEMUX could be used to provide transport solution for DWDM optical communication system with 100-GHz spacing.
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  • 120
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    Room Temperature 3.5- $mu text{m}$ Mid-Infrared InAs Photovoltaic Detector on a Si Substrate (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: We report a mid-infrared InAs p-i-n photovoltaic detector on a Si substrate operating at room temperature with a cutoff wavelength at 3.5 $mu text{m}$ . The large 11.6% lattice mismatch between the device layer (InAs) and the Si substrate is accommodated by employing a compositionally graded buffer layer technique using solid-source molecular beam epitaxy and a commercially available GeSi substrate. An Al x In 1– x As graded buffer layer is used to linearly scale the lattice constant from AlAs to InAs with an increasing $x$ value. The photovoltaic detector has a responsivity of 0.57 A/W, measured using a blackbody source maintained at 700 °C.
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  • 121
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    Impact of the Bending on the Electroluminescence of Flexible InGaN/GaN Light-Emitting Diodes (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: The role that the mother substrate plays to influence the performance of InGaN/GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) onto the adhesive flexible tapes is addressed in this letter. For this purpose, the electroluminescent (EL) spectra and current density–voltage ( $J$ – $V$ ) characteristics of flexi-LEDs are studied under different convex bending configurations (from a curvature radius of infinity to 1.4 cm), showing only one peak around 442 nm in all the cases. Both the EL spectra and $J$ – $V$ characteristics are affected by the applied tensile stress when the flexi-LED is bent. In fact, an increase of the applied tensile strain from 0.02% to 0.09% results in a red-shift of the EL peak energy by 3 meV at 0.7 mA, and a drop of the current at high forward bias. In addition, such flexi-LEDs exhibit a reversible response when a significant mechanical deformation is applied.
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  • 122
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    Tunable Triple Plasmon-Induced Transparencies in Dual T-Shaped Cavities Side-Coupled Waveguide (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-25
    Description: In this letter, all-optical dynamically tunable triple plasmon-induced transparency responses are proposed in an ultracompact plasmonic structure, which comprises dual T-shaped resonators side-coupled to a metal–insulator–metal waveguide in the near infrared range. High tunability in magnitudes of optical channel 1 and optical channel 3 can be achieved, when the waveguide is filled with a nonlinear optical Kerr material, while that of optical channel 2 remains the same approximately. It is also possible to realize low-power tunability in central wavelengths of all-optical channels, when the resonators are covered by a single graphene layer under excitation with a pump light at various intensities. This letter opens up the possibility for the realization of a dynamically tunable multichannel filter or slow light devices in highly integrated optical circuits.
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  • 123
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    Lateral Cavity Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Laser With Narrow Divergence Angle (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: We demonstrate an electrical injection lateral cavity photonic crystal surface emitting laser (LC-PCSEL) with a narrow divergence angle of less than 4.8° and nearly circular beam at communication wavelength. Different etching depth of PC air hole results in varied divergence angle for both PC element and PC array structure. Shallow-etching PC array structure has a great advantage in achieving a narrow divergence angle, nearly circular beam, high far-field intensity, and large fabrication tolerance. By rotating the device from 0° to 180°, the measured divergence angles are less than 4.8°. Therefore, a narrow divergence angle LC-PCSEL with circular beam is achieved due to six-fold rotational symmetry. This is a demonstration of the 2-D coherent oscillations, which reflects the nature of 2-D PC. Our demonstration promises to realize extensive applications in on-chip communication, and interconnects for surface emitting laser in communication wavelength.
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    Generation of a Frequency-Quadrupled Phase-Coded Signal With Large Tunability (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A photonic approach for frequency-quadrupled phase-coded signal generation with large tunability is proposed and demonstrated. In the proposed scheme, a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator is used to generate two second-order optical sidebands, which are made orthogonally polarized in a Sagnac loop incorporating a fiber Bragg grating. Then, a polarization modulator is employed to perform phase coding with high coding rate. A distinct advantage of this approach is the capability to generate a phase-coded signal with a large frequency tuning range, from several megahertz to more than 100 GHz. A proof-of-concept experiment is carried out. The generation of a 2.5-Gb/s phase-coded signal with a frequency tuning from 13 to 30 GHz is experimentally verified.
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    Design of an Efficient Pumping Scheme for Mid-IR Dy 3+ :Ga 5 Ge 20 Sb 10 S 65 PCF Fiber Laser (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: This letter illustrates the design of a novel medium infrared (Mid-IR) laser based on a photonic crystal fiber made of dysprosium-doped chalcogenide glass, Dy 3+ :Ga 5 Ge 20 Sb 10 S 65 . In order to perform a realistic investigation, the simulation is performed by taking into account the spectroscopic parameters measured on the rare earth-doped glass sample. The simulated results show that an optical beam emission close to 4400-nm wavelength can be obtained by employing two pump beams at 2850 nm (pump #1) and 4092 nm (pump #2) wavelengths. The pump beams can be provided by commercial quantum cascade lasers. As example, for the pump powers of 50 mW (pump #1) and 1 W (pump #2), the input mirror reflectivity of 99%, the output mirror reflectivity of 30%, and the optical cavity length of 50 cm, a signal power close to 350 mW at the wavelength of 4384 nm can be generated. This result indicates that the designed source configuration is feasible for high beam quality Mid-IR light generation and it is efficient enough to find applications in optical free propagation links, optical remote sensing, and medicine.
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    Synchronization Regime of Star-Type Laser Network With Heterogeneous Coupling Delays (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: The synchronization properties and the sensitivity of generalized lag synchronization (GLS) in all-optical star network with mutually coupled semiconductor laser in the presence of heterogeneous delays are investigated numerically. The hub node and the side nodes are optically coupled with asymmetrical injection strength. The dependence of GLS on the effects of lasers’ pump current, injection strength, asymmetrical injection factor, and frequency detuning distribution is examined. It is found that, except for the injection strength and frequency detuning, the pump current of hub laser and the asymmetrical injection factor are also key factors that determine the quality of GLS in star network with heterogeneous delays. Extremely asymmetrical injection as well as large pump current of hub laser is suggested to obtain high-quality GLS in wide parameter regions. Such GLS can also be obtained in a large-scale laser network with heterogeneous coupling delays, and is hardly affected by the time delay distribution, which opens possibilities for multi-user chaotic communication and synchronization-based secure key distribution network among the side nodes.
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    Core/Wavelength Selective Switching Based on Heterogeneous MCFs With LPGs (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In this letter, the light transfer promoted by long-period gratings (LPGs) inscribed in heterogeneous multicore fibers (HeMCFs) is theoretically analyzed. We determined the power evolution along the LPG in two different four-core HeMCFs. This letter demonstrates the selective switch of optical power between the identical cores of the HeMCFs with less than −40 dB of crosstalk to the other cores, regardless the position of the identical cores. The results show that the proposed technique can be used to produce inline selective core switching for multicore space division multiplexing.
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    Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing of Flexible All-Reduced Graphene Oxide FET (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Reported here is the facile fabrication of all-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) field-effect-transistor (FET) on flexible substrates using a solo femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) technology. By simply tuning the intensity of a femtosecond laser pulse, GO could be reduced in a controlled manner. Metallic and semiconducting RGO micro-patterns could be achieved by FsLDW under high and moderate laser power, respectively, which enables direct writing of source/drain and gate electrodes, as well as semiconducting channel of a FET on flexible substrates in ambient condition. In this way, a metal-free all-RGO FET was successfully fabricated by FsLDW without the use of any masks or chemical reagents. FsLDW of all-RGO devices shows unique advantages in both facile fabrication and flexible integration of graphene-based micro-devices, revealing great potential for the development of future electronics.
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    Speckle Analysis Method for Distributed Detection of Temperature Gradients With $Phi $ OTDR (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A method to extend the operation of traditional single-frequency phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry ( $Phi $ OTDR) to the monitoring of distributed temperature gradients along an optical fiber is proposed and experimentally validated. The measurement principle is derived from the perturbation response of a single-wavelength $Phi $ OTDR signal, which is analyzed as a unidimensional speckle pattern. The method could be implemented in parallel to standard $Phi $ OTDR systems used for distributed vibration sensing with a close to zero cost and without affecting its operation, as it only requires a low computational cost post-processing of the traces which are already acquired. Frequency scanning of the laser, heterodyning or additional hardware are not required. The distributed detection of a temperature gradient of 2.5 °C over 10 min is demonstrated.
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    $400~mu $ m Diameter APD OEIC in $0.35~mu text{m}$ BiCMOS (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: An optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) with a $400~mu text{m}$ diameter avalanche photodiode (APD) is present. The OEIC is designed for use in systems of optical wireless communication and communication over plastic optical fiber. The used APD reaches a quantum efficiency of 81.7% without an anti-reflection coating. In combination with the $0.35~mu text{m}$ bipolar complementary metal-oxide–semiconductor circuit, a data rate of 2 Gb/s can be reached with a sensitivity of −30.6 dBm (bit error rate $10^{mathrm {{-9}}})$ at a wavelength of 675 nm. The OEIC occupies an area of 960 $mu text{m} ,, times ,, 1540~mu text{m}$ and is supplied with 3.3 V with a current consumption of 74 mA.
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    Agarose Filled Fabry–Perot Cavity for Temperature Self-Calibration Humidity Sensing (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: An agarose-based fiber-optic Fabry–Perot (F-P) sensor is presented for relative humidity (RH) measurement. The reflectors are formed by two identical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), and the cavity is filled with the agarose gel. Because of the hydrophilic characteristics of the agarose, the humidity variation will induce the expansion and refraction index change of the agarose gel, which will lead to the shift of the F-P resonance peak. The FBG spectrum can be recovered by applying a fitting algorithm to the spectrum of the F-P cavity, and is used for temperature self-calibration to resolve the temperature cross-sensitivity problem. The average sensitivity is 22.5 pm/%RH. Benefiting from the tiny size of the RH sensitive element, the rise time and the fall time are tested to be 5.11 and 10.35 s, respectively.
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    Design and Optimization of Horizontal Slot Microdisk Sensors (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We report on the results of numerical investigations into the effects of slot geometry of horizontal slot microdisk resonators on their performance as optical biosensors. We find that for resonator-based biosensors, the mode overlap is the limiting factor for the performance. With this finding, we suggest that slot resonators are superior to conventional, evanescent-field based resonators primarily for the surface sensing, where a high optical field created by the thin slots can be used. Possible mixing of modes reduces the mode overlap and thus need to be avoided by proper design of the resonator structure. We further propose an optimized triple-slot structure to double the possible detector sensitivity.
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    Unrepeatered Transmission of 3.2-Tb/s (32 $,times,$ 120-Gb/s) Over 445-km Fiber Link (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We demonstrated 3.2-Tb/s (32 $,times,$ 120-Gb/s) unrepeatered transmission over 445-km fiber with ${rm A}_{rm eff}$ -managed-span. This was achieved by employing co-propagating second-order pumped Raman amplification and remote optically pumped amplifier, which was counter-propagating second-order Raman pumped. This letter also discusses design tradeoff on the nonlinear tolerance and Raman gain efficiency within ${rm A}_{rm eff}$ -managed-span for performance enhancement of unrepeatered transmission.
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    Single Phase Modulator for Binary Phase-Coded Microwave Signals Generation (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We report a new approach to photonic generation of binary phase-coded microwave signals based on the asymmetric phase modulation indexes of a phase modulator in the TE and TM polarization states. The proposed system is extremely simplified compared with any other techniques reported in the previous literature since we only use one phase modulator. The microwave carrier frequency is widely tunable, and the $pi$ phase shift of the microwave signal is independent of the amplitude of the electrical driving signal. The proposed technique is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified at carrier frequencies of 10 and 25 GHz, respectively.
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    12.4-Gb/s Adaptive OFDM Modulation of a Hybrid III/V-on-Silicon Laser Over 50-km SMF-Link (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: This letter reports a cost-effective transmitter solution for future generations of long reach passive optical networks (PONs). It is based on the direct adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation of a hybrid III/V-on-silicon laser. Because of low-noise and good linearity of the hybrid laser, modulation formats as high as 32-quadrature amplitude modulation are achieved. Data-rates of 21.5 and 12.4 Gb/s are demonstrated, respectively, in optical back-to-back and 50 km single-mode fiber (SMF)-link free from amplifiers, while on-off keying transmission is limited to ${〈}{rm 7}~{rm Gb}/{rm s}$ at 20 km SMF. The proposed solution stands as a cost-effective solution for next-generation time and wavelength division multiplexing PONs with extended reach, as the hybrid laser can further be made tunable.
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    Photonic MMW-UWB Signal Generation via DPMZM-Based Frequency Up-Conversion (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We propose a photonic technique for millimeter-wave ultra-wideband (MMW-UWB) signal generation via direct frequency up-conversion using a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DPMZM). By properly setting the dc bias voltages of the DPMZM, the baseband UWB pulse is up-converted to the MMW band without pulse distortion. In addition, the excessive residual local oscillator component is perfectly suppressed. The electrical spectrum of the up-converted UWB signal satisfies the Federal Communications Commission spectral mask very well.
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    Multi-Frame Observation of a Single Femtosecond Laser Pulse Propagation Using an Echelon and Optical Polarigraphy Technique (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We developed a multiframe observation method of femtosecond laser pulse propagating in transparent medium based on optical polarigraphy technique. An echelon was introduced into the probe light and divided it into multipulses both in time and space, allowing a multiframe detection of the intense laser pulse propagating in materials. Using this method, we realized a multiframe observation of a single femtosecond laser pulse propagating in CS2 with ultrafast self-modulation such as filamentation. This imaging method has been demonstrated to be of a femtosecond time resolution and a frame rate of ${sim}{rm THz}$ .
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    Plastic Optical Fiber Refractive Index Sensor Employing an In-Line Submillimeter Hole (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: An in-line submillimeter hole fabricated by micro-drilling plastic optical fiber (POF) directly has been proposed as a compact refractive index sensor. Since the hole behaves as a concave lens if it is filled with a liquid having lower refractive index than that of the fiber core, transmittance increases in proportion to the refractive index. Analysis of the sensor transmittance has been performed using a simple ray optics model. Through immersing a 1.5-mm POF with a 0.35-mm-radius hole into various liquids, transmittance of the sensor has been measured at 670 nm. It has been shown that the experimental and analytical results are in excellent agreement.
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    Silicon MMI-Coupled Slotted Conventional and MZI Racetrack Microring Resonators (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We experimentally demonstrate two types of silicon-on-insulator microring devices: 1) a slotted conventional microring resonator (MRR) using a multimode interferometer (MMI) coupler as the coupling element; and 2) an MMI-coupled slotted Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) racetrack microring. We achieved a high bandwidth of 1.1 nm and a quality factor Q of ${sim}{1300}$ at the wavelength of 1510 nm for the conventional MRRs with a radius of 20 $mu{rm m}$ . A high extinction ratio (17–25 dB) is exhibited over a wavelength range from 1490 to 1520 nm. At the 1515-nm resonance wavelength, the MMI-coupled MZI racetrack microring demonstrates a quasi-free spectral range of 22.6 nm with a high extinction ratio of 25 dB. The demonstrated devices have many applications such as biochemical and gas sensing and modulation in communication systems.
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    A Nonuniformly Spaced Microwave Photonic Filter Using a Spatially Discrete Chirped FBG (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We report an experimental demonstration of a nonuniformly spaced photonic microwave delay-line filter implemented using an incoherent broadband optical source and a spatially discrete chirped fiber Bragg grating (SD-CFBG). The SD-CFBG performs simultaneously three functions: 1) to slice the spectrum of the broadband optical source for generating the filter taps; 2) to provide nonuniform time delays; and 3) to control the weights of the filter taps. Since negative or complex coefficients are equivalently generated based on the nonuniform sampling, a filter with an arbitrary spectra response is achieved. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a flat-top bandpass microwave filter with seven all-positive nonuniformly spaced taps at 12 GHz is experimentally demonstrated. The proposed method offers a cost-effective and easy-to-implement solution for photonic microwave filters having arbitrary frequency responses.
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    A 25-Gb/s Monolithic Optical Transmitter With Micro-Ring Modulator in 130-nm SoI CMOS (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: An Si photonic transmitter is integrated in a 130-nm silicon-on-insulator complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology. A high-speed photonic ring modulator is designed for 25-Gb/s operation with an 8-dB extinction ratio. The ring is driven with a $2.4hbox{-}{rm V}_{rm pp}$ swing using a low-power inverter driver. With a reference receiver, the 25-Gb/s link is measured with a bit error rate (BER) of $10^{-12}$ . The total transmitter power consumption is 17 mW at 25 Gb/s for an energy efficiency of 680 fJ/b excluding laser and ring tuning power.
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    Wide-Range Continuously-Tunable Slow-Light Delay Line Based on Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: Through selectively controlling the stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers with different lengths, a continuously tunable time-delay scheme enabling to work in a large range is proposed in this letter. This is realized by connecting a fixed long single-mode fiber (SMF) to one of the several selectable short SMFs that successively have an equal increment in length. These short-length fibers are, respectively, fixed to the different channels between two identical optical switches. Therefore, a wide-range and continuously tunable slow-light delay line can be constructed by changing the power of the pump beam, assisted by switching to different channels. In the experiment, a time delay from 0 to 201.29 ns is demonstrated for a five-channel configuration. A further large-range time delay can be expected if one adds the number of channels accordingly.
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    Generation of a 481-W Single Frequency and Linearly Polarized Beam by Coherent Polarization Locking (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: We demonstrate active coherent polarization locking of two high power polarization-maintained fiber amplifiers using single frequency dithering technique. When the active phasing system is in the closed loop, a 481-W single frequency and polarization-maintained laser beam with near-diffraction-limited beam quality is generated in the circumstance of imbalanced power ratio of the two amplifiers. The beam quality ( ${rm M}^{2}$ factor) of the coherently polarization locked beam is measured to be ${〈}{1.2}$ and the polarization extinction ratio of the phasing beam can be as high as 10 dB (91%).
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    High Repetition Rate Gain-Switched Thulium Fiber Laser With an Acousto-Optic Modulator (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: We demonstrate a stable gain-switched thulium fiber laser pumped with an acousto-optically modulated Er, Yb co-doped fiber laser at 1.56 $mu{rm m}$ . The laser produced 1850 nm pulses with 2.5 $mu{rm J}$ pulse energy and 75 ns pulsewidth at a repetition rate of 500 kHz, resulting in a maximum average output power of 1.32 W and slope efficiency of 54.7% with respect to absorbed pump power. The dependence of laser output characteristics on the pump power and repetition rate was presented and discussed. Repetition rate of gain-switched pulses was tuned continuously from 68 kHz to over 1 MHz at the maximum pump power-level of 8 W. The broad tuning range of pulse repetition rate makes this laser suitable for various applications.
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    All Fiber Distributed Vibration Sensing Using Modulated Time-Difference Pulses (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: An optical fiber distributed sensing system merging Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer for vibration measurement with wide frequency response and spatial resolution is proposed and demonstrated. Two acoustic optical modulators are adopted to generate narrow and wide pulses, respectively, on both ends of sensing fiber with a time difference. Narrow pulses are used to generate Rayleigh backscattering light, which locates the vibration point, while wide pulses interfere with reference light as an MZI to obtain frequency response. To simulate the high frequency responses of crack in civil structures, the sudden break of pencils adjacent to the fiber loop has been measured. The experimental results show 5 m spatial resolution and up to 6.3 MHz frequency response with 50 ns pulse width are achieved in 1150 m sensing distance.
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    Lens Alignment Technique Using High-Power Laser for Hybrid Integrated Multi-Channel Transmitter Optical Sub-Assemblies (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: We propose a precise submicrometer alignment technique for lenses employing high-power laser irradiation. We investigate the mechanism in detail, and show that manipulation of the lenses is achieved in all directions, for the tightest positional tolerance. In particular, our proposed technique enables lens alignment by irradiating only the top of the lens holder making it suitable for high-density integrated multi-channel systems. With this technique, we have successfully developed the first lens-coupled hybrid integrated optical system for a 100 Gbit/s Ethernet transmitter optical sub-assembly.
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    High Brightness, Narrow Bandwidth DBR Diode Lasers at 1120 nm (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: In this letter, we report on monolithic distributed Bragg reflector ridge waveguide diode lasers. The lasers feature highly strained InGaAs quantum wells and fifth order surface gratings for a stabilized emission wavelength ${sim}{rm 1120}~{rm nm}$ . Output powers up to 1 W and a maximum conversion efficiency of ${sim}{34%}$ were achieved in a spatial and spectral single-mode. In a preliminary reliability test, at 0.4 W a lifetime of ${>}{rm 1000}~{rm h}$ could be demonstrated. Therefore, the laser sources should allow for an efficient non-linear frequency doubling to 560 nm.
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    Asymmetrically Corrugated Long-Period Gratings by Burning Fiber Coating and Etching Cladding (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: A novel method to form asymmetrically corrugated long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) by periodically scanning the unstripped optical fiber using the high-frequency ${rm CO}_{2}$ laser under side illumination as well as HF etching processing has been proposed and demonstrated in this letter. Microbends exist in the asymmetric structures when tensile force is applied that greatly enhance the refractive index modulation. Several asymmetrically corrugated LPFGs with a grating pitch of 600 $mu{rm m}$ are fabricated. A linearly step-changed period chirped corrugated LPFG has also been fabricated that well proves the flexibility of this method in fabricating nonuniform corrugated LPFGs.
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  • 149
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    Dynamic Control of Gain Profile in Fiber-Optical Parametric Amplifier by Gain-Transparent SBS (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: We propose and experimentally demonstrate dynamic control of gain profile in a single-pump fiber-optical parametric amplifier (FOPA) assisted by gain-transparent stimulated Brillouin scattering. The FOPA gain can be enhanced/reduced through controlling the phase-matching condition without disturbing the initial parameters of the FOPA. Both the maximum and minimum gain profiles are obtained, offering operational flexibility in randomly synthesizing the profile to satisfy different requirements. Our synthesis can turn the conventional M-shaped profile into spectrally flat gain with 0.1-dB variation over 24 nm. This scheme can be potentially applied to dual-pump FOPA and can benefit other applications of parametric processes.
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  • 150
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    Bidirectional Crosstalk and Back-Reflection Free WDM Active Optical Interconnects (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: In this letter, we present an integrated solution for bidirectional WDM optical interconnection based on semiconductor optical amplifiers and nonreciprocal micro-ring resonators in ${rm Si}_{3}{rm N}_{4}/{rm Ce}:{rm YIG}$ . The circuit performance has been numerically evaluated, demonstrating a reduction of crosstalk and back-reflection of ${>}{rm 20}~{rm dB}$ for a 10-channel 100-GHz-spaced WDM bidirectional active optical interconnect. Although a silicon-nitride platform has been considered, the proposed solution can be effective also on a silicon platform, where back-scattering induced by the waveguide roughness is much stronger.
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  • 151
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    Light Extraction Enhancement of GaN LEDs by Hybrid ZnO Micro-Cylinders and Nanorods Array (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: A hybrid patterned ZnO micro-cylinders and nanorods array (MCNR) was fabricated to improve the light extraction efficiency for high brightness GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The light extraction efficiency of the LEDs with the ZnO MCNR is increased by 86.4% compared with conventional planar LEDs. LEDs with ZnO MCNR have greater light extraction efficiency than those only with ZnO micro-cylinders or ZnO nanorods array. The optical-electrical characteristics and far-field radiation patterns are measured and analyzed. The local optical field distribution patterns of the LEDs with ZnO micro-cylinders, ZnO nanorods, and ZnO MCNR are investigated using confocal scanning electroluminescence microscopy. The higher light extraction enhancement effect of ZnO MCNR is attributed to that it combines the light outputting effect from side walls of ZnO micro-cylinders and the light scattering effect of ZnO nanorods array.
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  • 152
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    Low Threshold Lasing of GaN-Based VCSELs With Sub-Nanometer Roughness Polishing (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: Low threshold lasing at room temperature was achieved in optically pumped GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with sub-nanometer roughness polishing. The cavity region sandwiched by two dielectric distributed Bragg reflectors, incorporating InGaN/GaN multiquantum wells, a p-type AlGaN layer, and n- and p-type GaN layers, is a typical structure for electrically driven VCSELs. We observed lasing at a wavelength of 431.0 nm with a low threshold pumping energy density of ${sim}{rm 3.2}~{rm mJ}/{rm cm}^{2}$ and a high spontaneous emission coupling factor of ${sim}{rm 0.09}$ . These results were attributed to the significant reduction of the internal cavity loss by the removal of the high-dislocation GaN region, the reduction of cavity length, and the achievement of sub-nanometer level surface roughness (root mean square roughness of 0.3 nm) via inductively coupled plasma etching and chemical mechanical polishing. The loss mechanism is discussed and loss is quantitatively calculated in this letter.
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  • 153
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    Digital Linearization and Full Spectrum Utilization for Phase-Modulation Photonic Downconversion (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: Based on phase modulator, balanced photodetector, and fiber Bragg grating, we present a novel microwave downconversion method using direct-detection and post digital signal processing (DSP) to improve the gain and dynamic range of the link theoretically and experimentally. Both the reflection and transmission spectrum are used to increase the system gain. Experimental results show that this method increased the gain by 6 dB. In addition, the linearity of the system is improved by a simple strategy in the DSP module. This suppresses the third-order intermodulation by ${>}{rm 17}~{rm dB}$ without sacrificing system gain. The experimental results show that the third-order limited spurious-free dynamic range increases by 5 dB.
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  • 154
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    Orthogonal DPSK/CSK Modulation and Public-Key Cryptography-Based Secure Optical Communication (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: In this letter, the information security of an optical code-based communication system employing orthogonal differential phase-shift keying (DPSK)/code-shift keying (CSK) modulation is first investigated using two eaves dropping methods, one-bit delay interference detection and differential detection. The investigation results show that the security vulnerability exists only in the CSK channel while the DPSK channel can thwart these attacks. Therefore, the concept of public-key cryptography is introduced into the system to efficiently use these two orthogonal channels for both public key distribution and encrypted data transmission. The privacy of the transmitted data can be double guaranteed by public-key cryptography scheme logically and optical code-processing techniques physically.
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  • 155
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    High Power Soliton Self-Frequency Shift With Improved Flatness Ranging From 1.6 to 1.78 $mu{rm m}$ (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We report on the demonstration of a high power tunable femtosecond fiber laser based on soliton self-frequency shift in a large mode area photonic crystal fiber. The laser provides up to 13 nJ pulse energy, ${sim}{rm 550}~{rm mW}$ average power, and wavelength tuning range from 1600 to 1780 nm. The pulse duration is sub-100 fs over the entire tuning range. We have also demonstrated a novel way of tuning the laser output wavelength using chirp control which has allowed us to achieve higher average output power within the tuning range. We believe the laser system will be useful for high speed deep tissue multiphoton bio-imaging and difference frequency generation to create high power tunable mid-IR radiation.
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  • 156
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    Silicon Photonic Implementation of a Scalable O-OFDM Demultiplexer (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: An easily scalable eight channel photonic integrated circuit to demultiplex an optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol is presented. It is designed and fabricated using a silicon photonic platform. The measured filter response is in close agreement with the modeled results for an ideal device. Emulation using the measured response of the fabricated filter shows that the filter is capable of demultiplexing optical OFDM symbols comprising eight sub-carriers, each operating at 13.5 GBd.
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  • 157
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    VCSEL-Based Optical Frequency Combs: Toward Efficient Single-Device Comb Generation (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: Optical frequency combs generators (OFCGs) have demonstrated to be extremely useful tools in a wide variety of applications. The current research trends look toward compact devices that are able to offer high phase correlation between optical lines, and in this sense, mode-locked laser diodes (MLLDs), with repetition frequencies in the few gigahertz (GHz) range, and especially microresonators, with repetition frequencies of hundreds of GHz, are the most promising devices fulfilling these requirements. Nevertheless, focusing in the few GHz frequency rate, MLLDs cannot provide continuous tunability and require special devices that are still far from offering reliability and repeatability for commercial use. In this letter, we demonstrate for the first time the generation of a flat OFCG based on a single commercial vertical cavity surface emitting laser under gain-switching regime with 20 optical lines (spaced by 4.2 GHz) in a 3-dB bandwidth, offering wide tunability range and very high phase correlation between optical modes. This OFCG does not need any external modulator and it is the most energy-efficient OFCG reported to date.
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  • 158
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    A Novel Bias Angle Control System for ${rm LiNbO}_{3}$ Photonic Sensor Using Wavelength Tuning (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: A novel bias angle control technique to improve the performances of lithium niobate photonic $E$ -field sensor while not disturbing the measured electric field has been demonstrated. Using this technique, bias locking at linear position along the transfer function is achieved with better than 2.2 $^{circ}$ accuracy. In addition, this bias control technique has been proven to be robust and simple to implement in field applications.
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  • 159
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    High Power Efficient 3.81 $mu{rm m}$ Emission From a Fiber Laser Pumped Aperiodically Poled Cascaded Lithium Niobate (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: We experimentally demonstrated a high power mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator that was pumped by a linearly polarized, pulsed Ytterbium-doped fiber laser. Cascaded parametric conversion was realized to obtain a higher conversion efficiency from the pump of 1.06 $mu{rm m}$ to the expected idler ${sim}{rm 3.8}~mu{rm m}$ . A monolithic aperiodically poled magnesium-oxide doped lithium niobate was designed to compensate the phase mismatches of the nonlinear conversions from the pump to idler and the primary signal to idler simultaneously. The highest idler output power of 4.35 W at 3.81 $mu{rm m}$ was obtained under the pump power of 24.8 W at 1063.5 nm with pump-to-idler conversion efficiency of 17.5% and slope efficiency of 21.3%.
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  • 160
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    Broadband Watt-Level Mid-Infrared Fiber-Coupled Variable Optical Attenuator (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: Direct intensity modulation of laser systems in the mid-infrared is marred by instabilities in power output, emission wavelength, and mode profile. In particular, emission characteristics of current implementations of quantum cascade lasers are especially susceptible to modulations in the driving current. We present a broadband mid-infrared variable optical attenuator with large dynamic range and sub-millisecond response time. The modulator has demonstrated 52 dB dynamic range (limited by the detector noise) and ${>}{rm 1}~{rm kHz}$ frequency response, and has been tested at various wavelength covering 3.5–4.8 $mu{rm m}$ . The system is composed of a piezoelectric controlled tilt-mirror that images the laser beam into a mid-infrared transmitting optical fiber. The use of broadband anti-reflection optics in the system maintains a high throughput of ${>}{90%}$ . Power handling of the system has been confirmed up to 4 W (limited by the laser output power).
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  • 161
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    Broadband Guidance in a Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber With Polymer-Filled Cladding (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: In this letter, we report for the first time (to the best of our knowledge) the ability of a conventional hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) to guide light over a wide bandwidth by selectively filling the cladding of the fiber with polymeric material. The transmission spectrum of the new fiber was recorded using a supercontinuum source while the measured near-field profile, combined with the numerical analysis, verified the existence of a single white fundamental guided mode in the air-core. The main advantage of the proposed method is that broadband guidance in air can be easily achieved, avoiding complex and sophisticated designs as well as fabrication of the fiber cladding structure, thus opening new prospects for the HC-PCF.
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  • 162
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    Frequency Domain LED Compensation for Nonlinearity Mitigation in DMT Systems (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: In this letter, a novel linear frequency-domain compensation (FDC) of the resonant cavity light emitting diode (RC-LED) for discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulation has been used for the first time in the nonlinearity mitigation of step-index polymer optical fiber (SI-POF) communication systems. The proposed FDC method can be easily implemented in any multi-carrier communication system. Compared with the classical DMT scheme, FDC DMT benefits from higher power efficiency in terms of clipping for peak-to-average power ratio reduction. Two SI-POF experimental setups with different 3 dB POF bandwidths are built with the same RC-LED. Under the same experimental conditions, a higher transmission rate has been achieved with the proposed FDC DMT method compared with classical DMT at the same bit error rate level.
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  • 163
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    850-nm Edge-Illuminated Si Photodiodes Fabricated With CMOS-MEMS Technology (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: This letter examines edge-illuminated silicon photodiodes (PDs) fabricated using standard CMOS technology operated at 850-nm wavelength. A micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) process was employed to expose the illuminated surface and achieve edge illumination. A single-mode lensed fiber is employed to inject light into the depletion region of the PD directly, limiting and reducing the diffusive carriers within the bulk Si substrate. Through employing this procedure, this letter achieved a superior performance in the 3-dB bandwidth compared with that yielded by vertically illuminated PDs. The 5.4 GHz high bandwidth was obtained using an edge-illuminated PD with a 20 $mu{rm m}times,$ 15.6 $mu{rm m}$ active region.
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  • 164
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    Corrections to “Design of Few-Mode Fibers With Arbitrary and Flattened Differential Mode Delay” (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
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  • 165
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    Analytical Evaluation of Practical DBP-Based Intra-Channel Nonlinearity Compensators (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: We derive an analytical expression for the transmission performance of intra-channel nonlinearity compensated and dispersion unmanaged orthogonal frequency-divison multiplexing (OFDM) systems using practical digital back propagation (DBP) with span-length step size. The analytical expression is verified by numerical simulations with evaluation inaccuracy less than 0.4 dB for 1000-km 16-QAM modulated polarization division multiplexed-OFDM transmissions. Using the derived theory, the dependence of performance and optimum nonlinear compensation coefficient on system parameters is identified. The limitation of processing bandwidth on the performance improvement using practical intra-channel DBP is also investigated. Analytical results show that for achieving 1-dB improvement on maximum $Q^{2}$ factor, the processing signal bandwidth of span-length step size DBP should be within 55 GHz for 2000-km SSMF transmissions over 62.5-km spans.
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  • 166
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    Excess Loss Reduction in Low Cost Wide Waveguide Gap Polarization Mode Converter (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: We propose and experimentally demonstrate a segmented waveguide taper (SWT) mode adapter for a polarization mode converter to reduce excess loss induced by a 100- $mu{rm m}$ -wide waveguide gap housing a 92- $mu{rm m}$ -thick quartz half waveplate. The SWT mode adapter is a combination of periodically segmented waveguide taper and traditional taper formed in a silica-based waveguide. It is proved that this SWT mode adapter requires no vertical tapering process but can enlarge the mode size in both vertical and horizontal directions. Our newly designed SWT mode adapter based on the 0.75%- $Delta$ silica waveguide is able to reduce the excess loss significantly from 5 dB to less than 1.5 dB.
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  • 167
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    Optical Vector Network Analyzer Based on Unbalanced Double-Sideband Modulation (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: An optical vector network analyzer (OVNA) based on unbalanced double-sideband (UB-DSB) modulation with improved measurement accuracy is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. It is different from an OVNA based on optical single-sideband (OSSB) modulation in which one-to-one mapping between the optical and radio frequency responses is employed to measure the magnitude and phase responses of an optical component, the proposed technique measures the magnitude and phase responses by taking into consideration of the power of the other sideband through solving two equations that are associated with the UB-DSB modulation, thus the errors due to the residual power of the other sideband in an OSSB modulation based approach are completely eliminated. A mathematical model providing the transfer function of an optical component is derived. The measurement of a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating and a linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating is performed. Comparing with the measured results based on OSSB modulation, obvious improvement in measurement accuracy is demonstrated.
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  • 168
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    Generation and Detection of a 56 Gb/s Signal Using a DML and Half-Cycle 16-QAM Nyquist-SCM (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: A 16-QAM signal is generated using subcarrier modulation with a subcarrier frequency of half the symbol rate, Nyquist pulse shaping, and a directly modulated passive feedback laser at bit rates of 14, 28, and 56 Gb/s. Using polarization multiplexing emulation, a pre-amplified direct detection receiver and digital signal processing, loss margins of 12.6 and 8 dB are achieved for a 112 Gb/s dual polarization signal at back-to-back and after 4 km transmission, respectively.
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  • 169
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    Characterization of a Fiber Bragg Grating for Use in a THz Spectrometer (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: The scattering property of a terahertz fiber Bragg grating is characterized. The grating is written in subwavelength polymer fiber with a length of 160 periods. The measured full width at half maximum of the radiated beam is approximately 4 GHz, which may be extended by increasing the grating length. Such a grating shall be used in a spectrometer for the terahertz range.
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  • 170
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    Long Reach Hybrid Fiber-Wireless System With Remote Up-Conversion and Local Exchange (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: A long reach fiber wireless network is proposed for 60-GHz wireless application and all-optical routing/multicasting with simplified structure. This scheme is based on remote up-conversion and can provide flexible reach $({>}{rm 100}~{rm km})$ together with a reconfigurable platform for dynamic bandwidth allocation at the physical layer. The experimental results show that 60-GHz wireless signal with 5-Gbps OOK is successfully delivered over 102-km single mode fiber. Moreover, functionalities, such as all-optical routing and optical multicasting are also demonstrated.
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  • 171
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    Optimization of DSP to Generate Spectrally Efficient 16QAM Nyquist-WDM Signals (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: We investigate transmitter-side digital signal processing to generate 16-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulation (16QAM) Nyquist wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) signals by simulations. We first study required digital finite-impulse response (FIR) filter tap numbers and optimum roll-off factors to generate Nyquist 16QAM WDM signals. We show that a root-raised cosine spectrum with a roll-off factor of 0.1 is optimal for Nyquist 16QAM signals considering the tradeoff between the system performance and complexities, and a digital FIR filter with 37 taps is sufficient to generate such signals. Then we look into the effects of digital-to-analog converter (DAC) sampling speeds on the performance of Nyquist-WDM systems. We show that the electrical filter shape and spectral pre-emphasis have a big impact on the system performance. With a fourth-order super-Gaussian electrical filter and spectral pre-emphasis, DACs with 1.2 samples/symbol sampling speed can generate 16QAM Nyquist-WDM signals at 1.05-symbol-rate channel spacing, with an OSNR penalty below 0.2 dB compared with 2 samples/symbol DACs.
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  • 172
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    High-Speed Oxide Confined 850-nm VCSELs Operating Error-Free at 40 Gb/s up to 85 $^{circ}{rm C}$ (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: We present the temperature dependence of the performance characteristics of our latest generation high-speed oxide confined 850-nm vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). Using a 7- $mu{rm m}$ oxide aperture diameter VCSEL, we demonstrate a maximum modulation bandwidth of ${sim}{rm 27}~{rm GHz}$ at room temperature and ${sim}{rm 21}~{rm GHz}$ at 85 $^{circ}{rm C}$ . With a new high-speed optical receiver, these bandwidths enable error-free data transmission (defined as a bit-error-rate ${〈}10^{-12}$ ) at bit-rates up to 47 Gb/s at room temperature, and up to 40 Gb/s at 85 $^{circ}{rm C}$ .
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  • 173
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    Electrostatic Micromachined Resonating Micro-Scanner for Circumferential Endoscopic Bio-Imaging (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: An electrostatic actuation-based resonating microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) polygonal mirror micro-scanner is developed for endoscopic probes used in clinical investigations. Microassembly technology is utilized to construct this device, which consists of a micro-actuator of four sets of electrostatic comb-drive resonators and an eight-slanted-facet highly reflective pyramidal polygon micro-reflector. The pyramidal polygon micro-reflector is developed using high precision diamond turning and soft lithography molding technologies. An optical scan angle of near-360 degrees is achieved at a resonant frequency of 180 Hz when driven by electrostatic comb-drive resonators with 80 Vpp ac voltage.
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    Interrogation Sensing Scheme Based on a Figure-of-Eight Fiber Loop Mirror (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: A fiber optic interrogation sensor scheme based on a “figure-of-eight” configuration created from a single directional 3 $,times,$ 3 fiber optic coupler is proposed. Two loops are formed in each arm and one of them contains the sensing head and the other is used as reference signal. A theoretical study based on Jones matrix analysis of this fiber loop mirror combination is reported. The optical configuration is tested as an interrogation scheme for a fiber strain sensor where the spectral response arises from the combination of the reference signal modulated by the sensor signal. The strain sensor configuration shows a phase sensitivity of $6.7pm 4.38times 10^{-2}~{rm mrad/}mu{rm strain}$ by linear regression.
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    Effective Color Conversion of GaN-Based LEDs via Coated Phosphor Layers (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: Gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) equipped with distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) and covered with either red or green phosphor layers are fabricated to form quasi-monochromatic red or green light sources. Titanium oxide and silicon oxide layers are alternately deposited to form the DBR with high reflectivity of 94.6% at 450 nm on the top of the GaN LEDs. The upward propagating blue light is reflected back by the DBR to excite the red or green phosphor layer at the bottom of GaN LEDs, producing additional fluorescence. However, there is still some blue light emitted out from the DBR and the side wall of the LEDs. Therefore, to obtain more intensive and pure monochromatic red or green light, another red (or green) phosphor thin layer is coated on the DBR. Thus, fabricated LEDs with phosphor layers on both the top and bottom surface show satisfactory monochromaticity and conversion efficiency.
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  • 176
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    Multichannel 120-Gb/s Data Transmission Over 2 $,times,$ 2 MIMO Fiber-Wireless Link at W-Band (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: We experimentally demonstrated a seamlessly integrated fiber-wireless system that delivers multichannel 120-Gb/s data through 80-km fiber and 2-m 2 $,times,$ 2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless link at 92-GHz W-band adopting polarization division multiplexing quadrature phase shift keying (PDM-QPSK) modulation. The three-channel 3 $,times,$ 40-Gb/s optical PDM-QPSK signals with 12.5-GHz channel spacing are simultaneously upconverted to 92-GHz wireless carrier by optical polarization-diversity heterodyne beating and then transmitted and received by two pairs of transmitter and receiver antennas, which form a full 2 $,times,$ 2 MIMO wireless link. At the wireless receiver, a two-stage analog and digital downconversion is performed. Polarization and wireless 2 $,times,$ 2 MIMO demultiplexing are realized by constant modulus algorithm based on digital signal processing. The bit-error ratio performance for the 120-Gb/s PDM-QPSK signal is measured after 80-km single-mode fiber-28 and 2-m wireless transmission.
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  • 177
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    Modeling and Simulation of Chaos-Based Security-Enhanced WDM-PON (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: A physical security-enhanced wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) based on chaos synchronization between twin laser pairs is introduced. Differing from the conventional WDM-PON systems, the downstream and upstream data are physically encrypted by chaotic carriers, and the decryption processes are performed based on WDM chaos synchronization. We numerically demonstrate that with sufficient wavelength spacing, a high quality chaos synchronization between the chaotic carriers with identical wavelength can be maintained, which enables the proposed WDM-PON to afford multichannel chaotic communications at high bit rates in both the downstream and upstream directions; in addition, the security of the physical layer can be greatly enhanced. The proposed scheme shows a potential way for implementing physically-secure PONs.
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  • 178
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    3-D Solar Cells Based on Radial Silicon Heterojunctions Exploiting Microhole Lattices (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: In this letter, 3-D solar cells based on radial amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunctions (SHJs), which are formed on 2-D lattices of vertical high aspect-ratio microholes (MHs) etched in crystalline silicon (c-Si) substrates, are realized with conversion efficiency of ${sim}{3}%$ . Silicon high aspect-ratio MH lattices, with hole diameter of a few micrometers and hole depth of tens micrometers, are produced on n-type c-Si substrates by electrochemical micromachining (ECM) technology with low reflectance ( ${〈}{10}%$ depending on diameter and depth) in the wavelength range between 400 and 900 nm, which is commonly exploited for solar cell application. The radial SHJ solar cells are obtained by successive quasi-conformal deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) $i$ -layer and $p$ -layer, respectively, via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition at 200 $^{circ}{rm C}$ , within the MH lattices, and subsequent indium tin oxide and Ag deposition for the formation of electrical front and back contacts, respectively. Experimental conversion efficiencies up to 2.72% are obtained under standard AM1.5 illumination with intensity of 100 ${rm mW}/{rm cm}^{2}$ , thus envisaging that ECM technology can be successfully adopted to realize efficient 3-D solar cells based on radial p-n junctions exploiting high aspect-ratio MH lattices, in particular, or other microstructures, in general.
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    Constellation Expansion for 100G Transmission (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: In this letter, we focus on coherently detected, non differentially encoded, polarisation division multiplexed 100G communication systems; through incorporating phase noise in the channel model, we assess the net coding gain achievable by various constellations that can be used in lieu of the conventional quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK). Whereas the optical community put much effort into the optimization of the forward error correction codes for QPSK, trying to reduce the gap to the Shannon limit, we show that a potential gain of more than 2 dB is still available if different constellations are adopted.
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    Pilot-Aided Channel Equalization in RGI-PDM-CO-OFDM Systems (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: A pilot-aided channel equalizer (PACE) is proposed to mitigate the impairments caused by the polarization mode dispersion and laser phase noise simultaneously in reduced-guard-interval polarization-division-multiplexing coherent-optical orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (RGI-PDM-CO-OFDM) transmission systems. Since PACE updates the channel state information symbol-by-symbol, it enables us to track the drifts in the optical channel. Adaptive PACE (APACE) and boosted PACE (BPACE) are then proposed to further improve the performance of PACE. Numerical simulations are carried out to compare the performance of APACE and BPACE with a conventional training symbols aided channel equalizer (TSACE) and adaptive decision-direct channel equalizer for a 108-Gb/s (56-GS/s) RGI-PDM-CO-OFDM system. It is revealed that both APACE and BPACE offer superior performances over the other two equalizers in the presence of laser phase noise, and they can tolerate lasers with a line width around $beta=2000~{rm k}$ ( $2pibeta T_{s}=2.24times 10$ when it is normalized to the symbol rate $1/T_{s}$ ). We also show that only small additional computation efforts are required for APACE and BPACE when compared with TSACE.
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    Dispersion-Tuned Harmonically Mode-Locked Fiber Laser (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: A dispersion-tuned harmonically mode-locked fiber laser is demonstrated using a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) and a chirped fiber Bragg grating. The laser is controlled by modulating the RSOA with a RF signal. The laser performance in terms of tunable bandwidth, pulsewidth, spectral width, output power, and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) is studied with respect to their dependence on the injected current levels to the RSOA. This letter indicates that lasing at higher harmonic order results in broaden temporal pulse width, larger spectral width, and lower OSNR. Narrower spectral width is obtained with lower modulation current causing less longitudinal modes to lase. A second synchronously gated RSOA is used to further amplify the laser with peak power up to 0 dBm with a constant output spectrum maintained at all wavelengths and reduced noise between pulses.
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  • 182
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    Understanding Soliton Spectral Tunneling as a Spectral Coupling Effect (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: Soliton eigenstate is found corresponding to a dispersive phase profile under which the soliton phase changes induced by the dispersion and nonlinearity are instantaneously counterbalanced. Much like a waveguide coupler relying on a spatial refractive index profile that supports mode coupling between channels, here we suggest that the soliton spectral tunneling effect can be understood supported by a spectral phase coupler. The dispersive wave number in the spectral domain must have a coupler-like symmetric profile for soliton spectral tunneling to occur. We show that such a spectral coupler exactly implies phase as well as group-velocity matching between the input soliton and tunneled soliton, namely a soliton phase matching condition. Examples in realistic photonic crystal fibers are also presented.
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    High-Sensitivity In-Band OSNR Monitoring System Integrated on a Silicon Photonics Chip (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: We report on a compact ( ${〈}{rm 0.06}~{rm mm}^{2}$ footprint) silicon photonics integrated system performing high-sensitivity monitoring of in-band optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). The system, including a thermally tunable racetrack resonator filter and an unbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer, performs the autocorrelation measurement of a filtered fraction of the noisy signal spectrum. Monitor performance is evaluated on a 10 Gb/s ON/OFF keying nonreturn to zero signal, demonstrating an accuracy of 0.4 dB over a wide OSNR range from 8 to 28 dB. We also demonstrate that the proposed system induces a tiny distortion of the optical signal, making it suitable for in-line monitoring of signal quality.
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  • 184
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    Angle-of-Arrival Measurement of a Microwave Signal Using Parallel Optical Delay Detector (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: A novel parallel optical delay detector is proposed for angle-of-arrival (AOA) measurement of a microwave signal with accuracy monitoring. A theoretical model is built up to analyze the proposed system, including measurement accuracy monitoring. The measurements of AOA are then experimentally investigated with monitored measurement accuracy.
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  • 185
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    Planar Concave Grating Demultiplexers on an InP-Membrane-on-Silicon Photonic Platform (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: We present measurement results of a 0.25 ${rm mm}^{2}$ footprint eight-channel planar concave grating demultiplexer fabricated in a 300-nm-thick InP membrane adhesively bonded to silicon. The measured cross-talk between the different channels of the device is better than ${-}{rm 18}~{rm dB}$ , while the insertion loss is 2.8 dB. The power non-uniformity between the channels is 1.2 dB.
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  • 186
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    Equi-Reflectance Dual Mode Resonance Using Bimetallic Loaded Dielectric Plasmonic Structure (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: Theoretical study of the reflectance response of an asymmetrically-clad bimetallic film that supports coupled surface plasmon polariton modes has been presented. Through adjusting the relative thickness of the two metal film components, the relative coupling strength to the long range (LR) and short range plasmon modes can be altered. It is possible to obtain optimal and equi coupling (zero reflectivity) to both modes for given incident wavelength by further adjusting the overall thickness of bimetallic film. Simultaneous angular and spectral sensitivity calculations of resonance of the LR mode have been demonstrated for sensing application. Tailoring of the structure of individual metal films realizing equi- and non-equi-reflectance modes has been proposed which may further be used for plasmonic trinary logic using binary di-bit images.
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  • 187
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    Fabrication of a Low-Loss Fused Fiber Spatial-Mode Coupler for Few-Mode Transmission (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: Spatial-mode couplers (SMCs) are critical devices for mode-division-multiplexed (MDM) systems. In this letter, we report a low-loss symmetric SMC fabricated with custom-designed two-mode fiber and commercially available standard fused biconical taper station. Sophisticated hydrofluoric etching or pre-pulling on the fiber sample is not needed for fabrication. We characterize the performance of the fabricated SMC, which shows a low loss of 1.1–2 dB and high modal extinction ratio of ${geq}{rm 20}~{rm dB}$ for a broad wavelength range from 1539 to 1555 nm. We demonstrate transmission of 69.2-Gb/s ${rm LP}_{01}/{rm LP}_{11}$ dual-mode MDM coherent optical orthogonal-frequency division multiplexing signal over 4.5-km two-mode fiber using the fabricated SMC as mode multiplexer. The signal is successfully received at low (0.1/0.5 dB) optical signal-to-noise ratio penalty, and the estimated channel matrix confirms that there is very low modal crosstalk in both the SMC and the fiber.
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  • 188
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    High-Power Operation of Quantum-Dot Semiconductor Disk Laser at 1180 nm (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-02
    Description: In this letter, we report on a high-power operation of an optically pumped quantum-dot semiconductor disk laser designed for emission at 1180 nm. As a consequence of the optimization of the operation conditions, a record-high continuous-wave output power exceeding 7 W is obtained for this wavelength at a heat-sink temperature of 2 °C. A wavelength tuning over a range of 37 nm is achieved using a birefringent filter inside the cavity.
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  • 189
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    Refractive Index in Ti:LiNbO 3 Fabricated by Ti Diffusion and Post-Li-Rich VTE (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-02
    Description: Multimode near-stoichiometric (NS) Ti:LiNbO 3 planar waveguide was fabricated by Ti-diffusion followed by post-Li-rich vapor transport equilibration. The crystalline phase, composition and guided modes in the planar waveguide were characterized. The refractive index profile in the waveguide is constructed from the measured mode indices using the inverse Wentzel–Krames–Brillouin method and correlated with the Ti profile obtained from secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis. The results show that the LiNbO 3 phase dominates in the waveguide layer and the waveguide has an NS composition. The index increase has a linear relation to Ti-concentration for both cases of ordinary and extraordinary rays, and the relationship is considerably different from those of some congruent or NS bulk materials or waveguides. A comparison of various congruent and NS bulk materials or waveguides allows to conclude that the relationship changes from congruent to NS composition, from one fabrication method to another and from bulk material to waveguide configuration.
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  • 190
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    Corrections to “Optical Design of Distributed Feedback Lasers-on-Thin-Film-Silicon” (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-02
    Description: In the above letter [1] , the values of slope efficiency are erroneous in Fig. 6 . So, we here present the correct plot. We apologize for the error. However, the corrected plot does not impact any of our conclusions.
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    Fiber Bragg Grating Inscription in a Thin-Core Fiber for Displacement Measurement (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-02
    Description: A compact power-referenced fiber displacement sensor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. It comprises a simple structure in which a section of a photosensitive thin-core fiber (TCF) containing a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is spliced into another single-mode fiber. Both the core mode and cladding mode of TCF are coupled at the core-mismatch junction and appear as two well-defined resonance bands in reflection spectrum from the downstream FBG. The cladding modes exhibit strong bending dependence due to bending-induced loss in the recoupling from the cladding modes to the core mode. The cladding modes in reflection are collected to measure the bending of fiber. Meanwhile, the intensity of the core mode is virtually unaffected by the bending of fiber and, thus, can be used as a power reference to cancel out any light source fluctuations. In addition, temperature change just makes the reflection spectrum shift and does not change its intensity, making it a good candidate for measuring displacement and temperature simultaneously.
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  • 192
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    Link-Level Resource Allocation for Flexible-Grid Nonlinear Fiber-Optic Communication Systems (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-16
    Description: Resource allocation for transport optical networks has traditionally used a transmission reach constraint to estimate physical impairments. For flexible-grid networks, nonlinear impairments are not sufficiently well characterized by the transmission reach since various modulations and bandwidths can coexist on the same link. We propose a resource allocation algorithm for a single flexible-grid fiber link based on a nonlinear signal distortion model, as a first step toward whole-network design. An optimization problem is formulated to provide a close-to-optimal resource allocation that guarantees the quality of transmission for every channel. Compared with a simpler algorithm based on transmission reach, our proposed algorithm shows the potential of bandwidth savings. It is demonstrated to be insensitive to channel ordering.
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  • 193
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    Maximum Achievable Constrained Power Efficiencies of MPPM- $L$ QAM Techniques (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-16
    Description: The maximum achievable power efficiency of a multipulse pulse-position modulation- $boldsymbol L$ -ary quadrature-amplitude modulation (MPPM- $boldsymbol L$ QAM) technique under a constraint on its spectral efficiency is obtained. Variations to this technique that include polarization multiplexing and switching are considered as well. A simple characterization to the maximum achievable power efficiency is derived under the above constraint. Our results are compared with that of traditional QAM techniques under same constraints. The results reveal that at spectral efficiency constraints of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 bit/sym/pol, the power efficiency of MPPM- $boldsymbol L$ QAM technique is better than that of traditional QAM technique by $sim boldsymbol {3.9}$ , 2.2, and 1.4 dB, respectively.
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    Ge Photodetector Monolithically Integrated on Si by Rapid-Melting-Growth Technique (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-16
    Description: Germanium-based optoelectronic devices have the potential applications in optical communication and detections. In this letter, we demonstrated that high-quality Ge quasi-epilayer can be achieved by rapid-melting-growth and integrated-circuit compatible process. Raman and microscopy techniques revealed that the as-deposited Ge on the silicon substrate became quasi-single crystalline while nanocrystallites embedded within the Ge layer. The Ge/Si heterostructure photodetectors were fabricated with desirable responsivity of 0.22 A/W at −1 V reverse bias and the ratio of photocurrent and dark current is up to 2000 at −0.65 V. This technique demonstrated the possibility of monolithic integration of Ge photodetector for future optical communications at $1.31~mu text{m}$ in wavelength with Si electronic circuitry.
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    W-Band 8QAM Vector Signal Generation by MZM-Based Photonic Frequency Octupling (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-16
    Description: We propose a novel scheme for photonic multiamplitude quadrature-amplitude-modulation (QAM) vector signal generation at microwave/millimeter-wave bands enabled by Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM)-based adaptive photonic frequency multiplication. In order to attain an electrical millimeter-wave vector signal displaying multiamplitude QAM modulation, such as 8QAM, after square-law photodiode detection, the driving radio-frequency (RF) signal, carrying multiamplitude QAM transmitter data, should be both amplitude- and phase-precoded before used to drive the MZM. We experimentally demonstrate 8QAM vector signal generation at W-band adopting photonic frequency octupling (x8) enabled by our proposed scheme. The MZM is driven by a 12-GHz precoded RF signal carrying 1-GBaud 8QAM transmitter data. The generated 1-GBaud 8QAM vector signal at W-band is air transmitted over 2-m distance. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to realize the generation and reception of multiamplitude QAM vector signal by one external modulator at W-band.
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    Digitally Controlled Phase Shifter Using an SOI Slot Waveguide With Liquid Crystal Infiltration (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-16
    Description: We demonstrate a phase shifter using a silicon slot waveguide infiltrated with liquid crystal. For a 1-mm long device we achieve $73pi $ phase shift with a 5 V voltage, with a voltage-length product of 0.0224 $text{V}cdot $ mm $sim 1$ V. We drive the phase shifter with a digital 1 V, duobinary pulsewidth-modulated signal, or a 1 V frequency-modulated signal. This enables direct digital CMOS control of an analog optical phase shifter.
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    An Uncooled Infrared Microbolometer Array for Low-Cost Applications (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-16
    Description: This letter describes the implementation of a low-cost $32times 32$ uncooled infrared microbolometer array using a standard 0.5- $mu text{m}$ CMOS process and a surface sacrificial layer technique, in which the CMOS metal interconnection layers are used as the infrared sensitive material. The sacrificial layer embedded during the CMOS fabrication can be etched using a simple wet etching process following the CMOS processes, without the need for any lithography or material deposition steps. The CMOS metal interconnect layers are aluminum, with a temperature coefficient of resistance of 0.398%/K. The 32 $times $ 32 focal plane array (FPA) has a pixel size of 65 $mu {rm m}times 65~mu text{m}$ and a fill factor of 29%. The thermal conductance of the FPA was measured to be $3.47times 10^{-6}$ W/K, with a thermal time of 3.85 ms, and a dc responsivity of 1050 V/W at a 10-Hz chopper frequency. The total measured rms noise of the microbolometer is 0.706 $mu text{V}$ for a 10-kHz bandwidth, resulting in a detectivity of $5.2times 10^{8}$ cmHz $^{1/2}$ /W.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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  • 198
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    Fiber-Wireless-Fiber Link for DFT-Spread OFDM Signal Transmission at $W$ -Band (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-16
    Description: In this letter, we propose to transmit a discrete Fourier transform-spread (DFT-spread) optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal in a fiber-wireless-fiber integration system at $W$ -band enabled by photonic millimeter-wave generation and demodulation techniques. Experimental results show that the bit error ratio performance of the OFDM signal over fiber-wireless-fiber link is significantly improved after the DFT-spread technique is applied to simultaneously overcome power attenuation in frequency domain and reduce the peak-to-average power ratio of the OFDM signal.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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    Ergodic Capacity of SIM-Based DF Relayed Optical Wireless Communication Systems (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-02
    Description: In this letter, we consider a dual-hop, subcarrier intensity modulation-based relayed optical wireless communication system under the combined influence of atmospheric turbulence and pointing error impairments. The turbulence-induced fading is modeled by independent but not necessarily identically distributed Gamma–Gamma fading statistics with misalignment fading. The relaying protocol followed by the relay is decode and forward. We first, derive the statistics of instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio at the destination, followed by the novel and exact analytical expressions for ergodic capacity of the system in terms of mathematically tractable Meijer’s G-function and extended generalized bivariate Meijer’s G-function.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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    Graphene Assisted TE/TM-Independent Polarizer Based on Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-02
    Description: We presented a versatile polarizer, independent on the polarization of the incident light, by coating the silicon waveguide with graphene. The proposed polarizer works in two operation states, namely, TE-pass state and TM-pass state, which are based on the different effective mode index variations. Therefore, it is able to combine both TE-pass and TM-pass functionalities into one single component. The proposed device provides a compact size of 70 $mu text{m},times ,2mu text{m}$ , a high extinction ratio of 19 dB for the TE-pass state and of 21 dB for the TM-pass state. Furthermore, this device exhibits a wide working bandwidth from 1500 to 1800 nm.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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