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  • Articles  (1,172)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  (1,172)
  • 2010-2014  (1,172)
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  • IEEE Photonics Technology Letters  (1,172)
  • 1264
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (1,172)
  • Technology
  • 1
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    On-Chip, Single-Shot Characterization of GHz-Rate Complex Optical Signals (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-08
    Description: Phase reconstruction based on optical ultrafast differentiation is implemented using an integrated-waveguide Mach–Zehnder interferometer to demonstrate self-referenced phase characterization of gigahertz-rate complex modulated signals (e.g., quadrature phase shift keying and amplitude phase shift keying modulation formats), through a single-shot and real-time technique. This method is transparent to both modulation format and bit rate, limited only by the bandwidth capabilities of the temporal intensity measurement instrumentation.
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  • 2
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    3D Integrated Optical E-Field Sensor for Lightning Electromagnetic Impulse Measurement (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-08
    Description: A 3D lithium niobate integrated electro-optical electric field (E-field) sensor utilizing three optical waveguide Mach–Zehnder interferometers has been designed, fabricated, and characterized for the measurement of lightning electromagnetic impulse (EMP). The linear detected E-fields with the sensor are 15–370 kV/m. Experimental results demonstrate that the half wave E-fields of the 3D probe are all more than 4000 kV/m which means the maximal detectable E-field can be exceed 1000 kV/m. Based on the time domain response for applying the nanosecond EMP, the frequency response of the sensor has been calculated up to 500 MHz.
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  • 3
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    Fiber-Optic Michelson Accelerometer Based on Frequency Modulation (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-08
    Description: A high-accuracy fiber-optic Michelson accelerometer based on frequency modulation is demonstrated and a new type of sensing elements is designed in this letter. The interference optical waves are modulated and demodulated. In theory, the sensitivity of the accelerometer goes up with the increase of frequency. The experimental results demonstrate that when the modulation frequency increases from 200 to 800 Hz, the sensitivity increases from 0.188 to 0.751 rad/g and the average error of acceleration measurement is $sim 1$ %.
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  • 4
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    Mode and Polarization Multiplexing in a Si Photonic Chip at 40Gb/s Aggregate Data Bandwidth (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: An on-chip error-free 40-Gb/s-aggregated-data-rate link is achieved by transmitting a single wavelength of dual polarization-multiplexed (pol-mux) data at 10 Gb/s through a two-mode mode-division-multiplexing (MDM) chip, with a power penalty of <5 dB/channel. This is the first system-level experimental demonstration of combining pol-mux with MDM to enhance the performance of an on-chip Si photonics network, illustrating the potential to reduce total system electrical power budget by enabling multiple data channels with a single laser.
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  • 5
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    Multisymbol QPSK Partitioning for Improved Frequency Offset Estimation of 16-QAM Signals (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: We propose and investigate a generalized quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) partitioning algorithm for carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation in coherent optical 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) receivers. The algorithm utilizes the phase difference between the samples with different time-domain separations, so that the estimation accuracy can be significantly enhanced. We propose a computationally efficient procedure to implement the generalized CFO estimation algorithm. In a 28-GBd coherent 16-QAM system, simulation results and complexity analysis show that the time span of 16 can realize an optimal balance between performance and complexity. With the optimal time span, the complexity to achieve a normalized variance of $10^{mathrm {mathbf {-8}}}$ for the CFO estimation error can be reduced by 150 times compared with the conventional QPSK partitioning algorithm.
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  • 6
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    Magnetic Field Sensor Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber Taper Coated With Ferrofluid (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: A novel and compact magnetic field sensor based on a tapered photonic crystal fiber (PCF) coated with ferrofluid is proposed. It consists of a section of tapered PCF, which is spliced between two single-mode fibers with a waist diameter of $24~mu $ m. The ferrofluid is filled in the capillary to coat the PCF taper. Experimentally, the refractive index (RI) of the ferrofluid increased under increasing magnetic field intensity ( ${H}$ ) with a sensitivity of $mathbf {4 times 10}^{mathbf {-5}}$ RIU/Gs and the RI sensitivity in the evanescent field is 401 nm/RIU. Therefore, the interference spectrum is shifted as the change of $boldsymbol {H}$ ranged from 100 to 600 Gs with a sensitivity of 16.04 pm/Gs and resolution of 0.62 Gs. The proposed magnetic field sensor is attractive due to its compact size, low cost, and immunity to electromagnetic interference beyond what conventional magnetic field sensors can offer.
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  • 7
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    Efficient Chromatic Dispersion Precompensation for Coherent Optical OFDM (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: To reduce the guard interval, short-cyclic-prefix coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) divides a band into two subbands and precompensates for chromatic dispersion (CD) with timing offset. Implementation using full band inverse discrete Fourier transformations (IDFTs), however, can excessively increase hardware complexity. We propose an efficient hardware implementation of IDFT with timing offsets for short-cyclic-prefix CO-OFDM. In addition, the residual intersubband CD induced by quantized timing offset is compensated using subcarrier-based phase rotation. By increasing the number of subbands efficiently and compensating for the residual intersubband CD, the transmission performance can be improved. Simulation results show 112-Gb/s single-channel transmission over a 2250-km standard single-mode-fiber with polarization division multiplexing 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (PDM-16 QAM) using 128 DFT with a 16 guard interval.
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  • 8
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    An Effective Integration Solution for 100 Gb/s DP-QPSK Coherent Receiver With a Small Skew (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: We propose and develop a simple hybrid integration solution for a 100 Gb/s dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying coherent receiver. The cost-effective, precise, and passive alignment technique can be used to couple four output waveguides of planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) based 90 $^{circ}$ optical hybrid (OH) with a 1 $,times,$ 4 photodiode (PD) array directly, adopting an infrared charge-coupled device camera to monitor the light spots, a beam of infrared light to illuminate the light spots and the active areas of PD array, and an epoxy glue to adhere the PLC-based 90 $^{circ}$ OH to the heat sink. Based on this proposed coupling scheme, the responsivity variation for the coherent receiver is less than ${pm}{rm 0.18}~{rm dB}$ for all PD channels in an environment temperature range of ${-}{rm 5}^{circ}{rm C}$ –80 $^{circ}{rm C}$ and the skew of this coherent receiver is only 1.96 ps.
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  • 9
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    Magnetic Fluid-Filled Optical Fiber Fabry–Pérot Sensor for Magnetic Field Measurement (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: Magnetic fluid is a new type of optical functional material, which has interesting optical characteristics under an external magnetic field. In this letter, the magneto-optical characteristic of the magnetic fluid was adopted to form a novel fiber-optic magnetic field sensor. The sensor probe was composed of an extrinsic fiber Fabry–Pérot interferometer and magnetic fluid. The refractive index of the magnetic fluid would be changed with the increase of magnetic field. Preliminary experiment was carried out to verify the feasibility of the sensor. The magnetic field measurement sensitivity was 0.0431 nm/Gs in the experiment. The measurement resolution was better than 0.5 Gs at the measurement range from 0 to 400 Gs. The sensor has the advantages of simple structure, compact size, and easy fabrication.
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  • 10
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    A Novel Speckle Analysis Scheme for Coherence Measurement Using a Standard Phase Modulator (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: This letter describes a novel configuration and theory for the degree of coherence measurement based on the statistical speckle analysis in coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry. The difference from the previous letter is using a standard phase modulator instead of a single-sideband modulator, which not only simplifies the system configuration, but also yields modulation efficiency, resulting in the operation with lower light source power. A novel theory is presented to describe the operation of the proposed configuration, and experimental results show the validity of the new configuration and theory.
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  • 11
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    Relative Intensity Noise Transfer Reduction in Raman-Assisted BOTDA Systems (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: Raman-assistance (RA) has been identified as a promising technique to extend the measurement range of Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA)-based distributed sensors. Unfortunately, Raman amplification introduces a great amount of relative intensity noise (RIN) to the detected low-frequency probe wave. This RIN transfer problem has been widely identified as a major limitation in RA-BOTDA. In vector BOTDA (VBOTDA), the detected signal is transferred to a high-frequency carrier where the Raman RIN transfer turns out to be much less harmful. In addition, a VBOTDA can also provide information about the phase-shift induced by the local stimulated Brillouin scattering gain curve, paving the way for dynamic measurements. In this letter, we demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, the RA in a VBOTDA obtaining gain and phase measurements. Our results show a significant reduction of the RIN transfer effect in RA-VBOTDA compared with standard RA-BOTDA, making this type of scheme particularly interesting for long-range and dynamic distributed sensing.
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  • 12
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    High Frequency Modulation of Transverse-Coupled-Cavity VCSELs for Radio Over Fiber Applications (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: We demonstrate a high-speed and efficient direct modulation of a novel transverse-coupled-cavity vertical cavity surface emitting laser for radio over fiber applications. A bow-tie joint connection between two oxide apertures results in a leaky traveling wave in the lateral direction between the two cavities. The measured L/I characteristics and lasing spectra demonstrate coherent coupling of the two cavities. The small signal response of the fabricated device shows a large enhancement of over 30 dB in the modulation amplitude at frequencies ${>}{rm 25}~{rm GHz}$ . The resonantly enhanced modulation response is suitable for efficient narrow-band modulation in the millimeter wave range over 25 GHz far beyond the intrinsic modulation bandwidth of the laser without optical feedback.
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  • 13
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    Multi-Wavelength Operation of a Single Broad Area Diode Laser by Spectral Beam Combining (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: Stabilized multi-wavelength emission from a single emitter broad area diode laser (BAL) is realized by utilizing an external cavity with a spectral beam combining architecture. Self-organized emitters that are equidistantly spaced across the slow axis are enforced by the spatially distributed wavelength selectivity of the external cavity. This resulted in an array like near-field emission although the BAL is physically a single emitter without any epitaxial sub-structuring and only one electrical contact. Each of the self-organized emitters is operated at a different wavelength and the emission is multiplexed into one spatial mode with near-diffraction limited beam quality. With this setup, multi-line emission of 31 individual spectral lines centered around and a total spectral width of 3.6 nm is realized with a 1000 &mu;m wide BAL just above threshold. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of such a self-organization of emitters by optical feedback utilizing a spectral beam combining architecture.
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  • 14
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    850 nm Oxide-VCSEL With Low Relative Intensity Noise and 40 Gb/s Error Free Data Transmission (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: We have designed and fabricated a high speed 850 nm oxide-confined vertical cavity surface emitting laser with an oxide aperture dimension of ${sim}{rm 4}~mu{rm m}$ and a threshold current $I_{rm TH}=0.53~{rm mA}$ at room temperature (20 $^{circ}{rm C}$ ). It demonstrates a modulation bandwidth of 21.2 GHz, and achieves a laser relative intensity noise reaching standard quantum limit $2{rm h}nu/{rm P}_{0}=-154.3~{rm dB}/{rm Hz}$ at high bias ${rm I}/{rm I}_{rm TH}=10$ . Furthermore, error-free data transmission at 40 Gb/s is obtained at $I=6.5~{rm mA}$ which corresponds to an energy/data efficiency of 431 fJ/bit.
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  • 15
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    Wide Locking Range and Multi-Channel Clock Recovery Using a Silicon Microring Resonator (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: An all-optical clock recovery (CR) scheme with wide locking range is demonstrated, based on a silicon microring resonator (MRR) and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). The MRR with a free spectral range of 40 GHz works as a comb filter, which removes the modulation information, whereas the SOA operating in the saturation regime performs amplitude equalization to achieve a good optical clock signal. The design of the MRR is investigated according to the tolerance of the subsequent equalizer. Based on the fabricated MRR, single and dual channels CR from 40 Gb/s input data streams can be achieved successfully with root mean square time jitter of ${sim}{rm 900}~{rm fs}$ . Because of the moderate finesse of the MRR, the CR can be achieved with a wide range of several gigahertz.
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  • 16
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    Experimental Demonstration of Soliton Cascade in Higher-Order-Mode Fibers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: We experimentally demonstrate a soliton wavelength shift of 145 nm through a concatenated pair of higher-order-mode fibers (HOMFs). An input pulse at 1030 nm is used to produce a soliton at 1175 nm that has 3.5 nJ energy and 55 fs duration. Previously, the mode-crossing wavelength of the HOMF limited the range of wavelengths over which soliton shift could be achieved. In this letter, we use two fibers to extend the shifting range beyond the mode-crossing wavelengths of both fibers. Our experiment demonstrates the feasibility of combining HOMFs of different dispersion profiles to provide another degree of freedom for dispersion control.
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  • 17
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    Simultaneous Force and Temperature Measurement Using S Fiber Taper in Fiber Bragg Grating (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: An ultracompact optical fiber sensor based on an S fiber taper Mach–Zehnder interferometer (SFT-MZI) embedded in fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for simultaneous force and temperature measurement. Experimental results show distinctive spectral sensitivities of ${-}{rm 48.56842}~{rm nm}/{rm N}~({sim}{rm 54.97}~{rm pm}/muvarepsilon)$ and 14.71 pm/ $^{circ}{rm C}$ by the SFT-MZI, and 1.30588 nm/N and 10.13 pm/ $^{circ}{rm C}$ by the FBG. The SFT-MZI, exhibiting an opposite force response as compared with that of the FBG, is highly sensitive to force. The force and temperature calculated by the sensor matrix agree well with the actual force and temperature in the experiment.
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  • 18
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    Performance of a Printed Photodetector on a Paper Substrate (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: A multilayer polymeric photodetector fabricated on a paper substrate by inkjet and aerosol jet printing has been demonstrated. It employs a poly(3-hexylthiophene) and C61-butyric acid methyl ester blend (P3HT:PCBM) as a photoactive layer sandwiched between a silver bottom electrode and a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) top electrode. A deoxyribonucleic acid biopolymer interlayer between P3HT:PCBM and PEDOT:PSS top electrode enables the printing of the PEDOT:PSS on P3HT:PCBM. The printed photodetector exhibits a photoresponse when photoexcited by four different light emitting diodes with center wavelengths of 405, 465, 525, and 635 nm. The highest responsivity was observed at 405 nm. The responsivity to pulsed light reveals a strong frequency dependence from 25 to 1000 Hz.
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  • 19
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    Fast Wavelength Switching 6 GBd Dual Polarization 16QAM Digital Coherent Burst Mode Receiver (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: A commercially available digital supermode distributed Bragg reflector tunable laser is employed as a fast wavelength switching local oscillator (LO) in a dual polarization (DP) 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) coherent burst mode receiver. A digital coherence enhancement technique is used to compensate both the Lorentzian and non-Lorentzian distributed phase noise of the tunable LO laser. It is shown that differential decoding is not sufficient to overcome the substantial bit errors caused by the LO laser phase noise. However, the coherence enhancement technique enables the reception of low symbol rate DP-16QAM bursts, with an average optical signal to noise ratio penalty of 3.5 dB observed relative to theory at the forward error correction threshold $(1.5times 10^{-2})$ .
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  • 20
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    Power-Efficient Thermo-Optic Tunable Filters Based on Polymeric Waveguide Bragg Gratings (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: Tunable polymer Bragg grating filters with extremely high tuning efficiency are demonstrated. A buried heating scheme is used to achieve fairly uniform heating conditions in the polymer waveguide. Thermal simulation results indicate that the temperature change per unit heating power at the core of the waveguide can be significantly increased by implementing sufficient thermal buffers around it. Simulated and experimental results are in very good agreement. Tuning efficiency has been improved to a record 425 nm/W, corresponding to a tuning power of 88 mW for a wavelength tuning range of close to 40 nm.
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  • 21
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    Long-Term Observation of PMD and SOP on Installed Fiber Routes (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: We present 18 months of field observations on the state-of-polarization (SOP) and polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) on three routes monitored using deployed coherent 40 Gb/s transponders. Two fiber paths were monitored on each of three different routes, ranging from 30 km with one amplified span to 273 km with seven amplified spans. In general, the changes in SOP and PMD were slow, with the autocorrelation half-width-half-maxima ranging from 1.3 to 4.1 days for the differential-group-delay and from 0.18 to 1.7 days for the SOP. We observed the largest correlation of active periods between fiber paths sharing the same cable and weak correlation with fiber paths sharing an office. With over 10,000 hours of measurements spanning an 18-month period, we believe this to be the most extensive study published on the polarization behavior of buried fiber.
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  • 22
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    All-Raman-Amplified, 73 nm Seamless Band Transmission of 9 Tb/s Over 6000 km of Fiber (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: We report wavelength-division-multiplexed transmission of ninety 128-Gb/s polarization-multiplexed quadrature-phase-shift-keyed channels in a seamless 73 nm band over 60 $,times,$ 100 km of ultra-large-area fiber. Co- and counter-pumped all-Raman amplification in the fiber spans, single-stage discrete Raman amplifiers, and broadband wavelength selective switch and channel equalizer were utilized to achieve optical signal-to-noise-ratio margin of more than 3 dB after 6000 km transmission of the 9 Tb/s capacity.
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  • 23
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    Real-Time Angular Sensitivity Compensation of Guided-Mode Resonance Filter (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: Guided-mode resonant filters (GMRFs) are promising narrowband filters with high peak efficiency, but their practical applications have been restricted by their natural high angular sensitivity. We investigated the influence of incident angle and azimuthal angle on the spectral response of GMRF, and found that the resonant peaks are mainly influenced by the incident angle. A polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer was introduced to compensate the shift of resonant wavelength through applying proper voltage in real time, and numerical results show that a large angular compensation range of about ${pm}{rm 4.2}^{circ}$ can be obtained while maintaining high performance of the spectral response.
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  • 24
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    Output Characterization of Random Fiber Laser Formed by Dispersion Compensated Fiber (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: Random lasing (RL) characteristics of second-order random fiber laser formed solo by dispersion compensated fiber are studied. It is found that the threshold of first-order RL is only 0.45 W. In addition, a special route to stable second-order lasing is revealed, i.e., a special arc-shape output spectrum of second-order RL and three chaotic regimes during evolution from the first RL to the second-order one with increased pump power.
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  • 25
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    FIB-Milled Gold-Coated Singlemode-Multimode- Singlemode Fiber Tip Refractometer (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: A compact singlemode-multimode-singlemode fiber tip (SMST) refractive index sensor is demonstrated. Focused ion beam milling is exploited to have a clean fiber tip cut which is then coated by a layer of gold to increase reflection. An average sensitivity of 265 nm/RIU and a resolvable index change of $3.77times 10^{-5}$ are obtained experimentally with a ${sim}{rm 2.94}~mu{rm m}$ diameter SMST. Because of its compactness, ease of fabrication, linear response, good sensitivity, easy connectivity to other in-fiber optical components, and low cost, this refractometer could find various applications in chemical and biological sensing.
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  • 26
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    Optimized Coupler Design for Slot Waveguide Ring Resonators (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: The highly sensitive nature of slot waveguide micro-resonator power couplers is discussed with respect to the resonator geometry and evanescent coupler design. A modified, tri-bar, evanescent field coupler is demonstrated that shows reduced sensitivity to ring radius as compared with conventional couplers, while maintaining a compact beat-length of only a few micrometers. With the measurement of bending losses of curved slot waveguides, critically coupled ring resonators were designed and fabricated, exhibiting a resonance extinction exceeding 22 dB.
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    Proposal for a 2 $,times,$ 2 Optical Switch Based on Graphene-Silicon-Waveguide Microring (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: We propose a new method to change the resonant status of the microring by modifying the light-absorption ability of the waveguide. A conception of a 2 $,times,$ 2 microring switch based on the graphene-silicon-waveguide is presented by inserting a single graphene flake inside the lateral slot waveguide. The resonance procedure of the microring is thoroughly blocked when the graphene is tuned to be a zero-permittivity material, which significantly enhances the waveguide's loss. Neither a high quality factor nor a large driving voltage of the microring is needed. According to the numerical analysis, an extinction ratio for ${>}{rm 50}~{rm dB}$ is obtained in the drop port with a broad bandwidth. The extinction ratio in the through port is 34 dB. The radius of the microring is 5.1 $mu{rm m}$ and the driving voltage is 2.38 V.
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  • 28
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    Wavelength Conversion of a 9.35-Gb/s RZ OOK Signal in an InP Photonic Crystal Nanocavity (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: Wavelength conversion of a 10-Gb/s (9.35 Gb/s net rate) return-to-zero ON-OFF keying signal is demonstrated using a simple InP photonic crystal H0 nanocavity with Lorentzian line shape. The shifting of the resonance induced by the generation of free-carriers enables the pump intensity modulation to be transferred to a continuous-wave probe with a sufficiently high quality so that the converted signal can be detected with a conventional telecommunication receiver. A clear eye diagram is observed for the converted signal showing a pre-forward error correction bit-error-ratio down to $10^{-3}$ .
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  • 29
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    Time-Domain Adaptive Decision-Directed Channel Equalizer for RGI-DP-CO-OFDM (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: We propose an efficient time-domain adaptive decision-directed channel equalizer (TD-ADDCE) for reduced-guard-interval dual-polarization coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexing (RGI-DP-CO-OFDM) transmission systems. TD-ADDCE estimates the phase noise in a decision-directed scheme by extracting and averaging the phase drift of OFDM subcarriers. It updates the channel state information (CSI) using the decision data and previous estimated CSI in time domain on a symbol-by-symbol basis. In addition, TD-ADDCE can perform efficiently without any matrix inversion. We numerically compare the performance of TD-ADDCE with frequency domain ADDCE (FD-ADDCE) for a 112-Gb/s RGI-DP-CO-OFDM system at laser linewidth of 100 kHz. The simulation results show that TD-ADDCE attains a superior performance than FD-ADDCE. At a forward error correction threshold of $38times 10^{{-3}}$ , TD-ADDCE can increase the maximum transmission reach by ${sim}{29%}$ as compared with FD-ADDCE. We also show that only small additional computational efforts are required for TD-ADDCE as compared with FD-ADDCE.
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  • 30
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    Four-Wave Mixing in a Microfiber Attached Onto a Graphene Film (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: We demonstrate effective four-wave mixing in a 2- $mu{rm m}$ microfiber attached onto a graphene film by using two continuous-wave pump lasers at wavelengths near 1550 nm. With a contact length of 10 mm between the microfiber and the graphene film and input powers of 600 and 100 mW for the two pumps, we achieve a conversion efficiency that varies from ${-}{28}$ to ${-}{rm 34}~{rm dB}$ as the wavelength difference between the two pump lasers varies from 0.5 to 4.5 nm. Graphene-attached microfibers could find applications as miniaturized nonlinear devices in optical signal processing.
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  • 31
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    Dual Stage CPE for 64-QAM Optical Systems Based on a Modified QPSK-Partitioning Algorithm (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: In this letter, a novel two-stage digital feed forward carrier recovery algorithm for 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is proposed and analyzed. Due to the absence of any feedback loop, the approach shows a high tolerance toward laser phase noise. Different steps involving partition, selection, and rotation of symbols are also discussed. For an OSNR penalty of 1 dB at bit error rate of $10^{-3}$ , the proposed scheme can tolerate linewidth times symbol duration product equal to $3.3times 10^{-5}$ and hence can be used with the commercially available state-of-the-art tunable lasers for 64-QAM transmission at 400 Gb/s.
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  • 32
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    Integrated Optical $E$ -Field Sensor for Intense Nanosecond Electromagnetic Pulse Measurement (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: A lithium niobate $({rm LiNbO}_{3})$ -based integrated optical $E$ -field sensor utilizing Mach-Zehnder optical waveguide interferometer and bow-tie antenna has been designed and fabricated for the detection of nanosecond intense pulsed electric field. Experimental data demonstrate that the average rise time, fall time, and pulsewidth of the input/output electromagnetic pulse (EMP) are 1.31/1.28, 3.63/3.61, and 34.19/34.25 ns, respectively. Correspondingly, the relative errors are 2.3%, 0.6%, and 0.2%, respectively. In addition, the input/output of the sensor system shows a linear relationship as the correlation coefficient between measured and fitting is 0.9991. The minimum and maximum measured EMP fields are approximately equal to 3 and 50 kV/m, respectively.
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  • 33
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    High-Efficient Beam Combining of Polarized High Power Lasers by Time Multiplexing Technique (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: We demonstrated a novel highly efficient polarized combining technique, enabling combing power scaling by increasing the number of individual lasers. With commercial polarization rotators, up to 98.7% combining efficiency has been obtained using three linearly polarized pulsed lasers. The beam quality of the combined laser was 12 ${rm mm}cdot{rm mrad}$ at 109 W, which was comparable with starting ones. To the best of our knowledge, these results represent the highest power combining efficiency to date for scalable polarized combining system.
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  • 34
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    In-Fiber Modal Interferometer Based on Coaxial Dual-Waveguide Fiber for Temperature Sensing (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: An in-fiber modal interferometer based on coaxial dual-waveguide optical fiber was demonstrated for temperature sensing. The modal interferometer is composed of a coaxial fiber, which is sandwiched in between two single mode fibers with small lateral core-offsets. Such a modal interferometer is insensitive to external refractive index (RI) and can work when the surrounding RI is larger than the RI of the fiber cladding. It has high temperature sensitivity of 78 ${rm pm}/^{circ}{rm C}$ and low cross-sensitivity to strain of 0.004 $^{circ}{rm C}/muvarepsilon$ .
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    Ultra High Capacity Self-Homodyne PON With Simplified ONU and Burst-Mode Upstream (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: In this letter, we demonstrate a proof of concept fully loaded bidirectional ultrahigh capacity coherent passive optical network (2 $,times,$ 1008 $,times,$ 8.3 Gb/s). This was achieved using partial spectrum overlap, Nyquist shaping, digital frequency shifting, self-homodyne detection, and pilot tone remodulation. Upstream burst mode operation is also demonstrated.
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    A Next-Generation Optical Packet-Switching Node Based on Hybrid III-V/Silicon Optical Gates (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: We report a hybrid silicon optical gate array based on a silicon waveguide with a III-V gain medium and two vertical grating couplers. The gates show a fast switching time, a high extinction ratio, and a positive fiber-to-fiber optical gain. The dynamic behavior of such a device is evaluated under electrically controlled gating. We further focus on a single gate performance in a packet-switched network. We demonstrate subwavelength switching operations with multiformat and multibit-rate optical packet based on direct and coherent detection.
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    Wavelength Conversion of Incoherent Broadband Sources by Intracavity Difference Frequency Mixing (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: We demonstrate a broadband wavelength converting system for incoherent amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) sources. It is based on single-pass difference frequency generation using a periodically poled stoichiometric lithium tantalate crystal placed inside the cavity of a tuneable self-injection-locked diode-pumped ${rm Cr}^{3+}{:}{rm LiCAF}$ laser. A spectral bandwidth of ${sim}{rm 30}~{rm nm}$ around 1550 nm is converted within a tuneable shift of ${sim}{rm 12}~{rm nm}$ . The technique we propose does not only provide ASE sources in new spectral allocations but it also opens up a way to perform spectral shaping.
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  • 38
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    Long Period Fiber Gratings Inscribed by Periodically Tapering a Fiber (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: A promising technique for inscribing long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) was demonstrated by only using a commercial splicer. The commercial splicer was developed secondarily to build up a new program for periodically tapering a single mode fiber. High-quality LPFGs with a low insertion loss of ${sim}{rm 1}~{rm dB}$ and a large resonant attenuation of more than ${-}{rm 30}~{rm dB}$ were achieved. The achieved periodic tapers exhibited an excellent reproducibility with a small error of less than ${pm}{rm 0.3}~mu{rm m}$ . To the best of our knowledge, it is the minimum reproducibility error of tapers achieved by arc discharge technique so far. Near mode fields of three LPFG samples with different pitches were observed to investigate the mode coupling in the taper-inscribed LPFGs. In addition, the resonant wavelengths of our taper-inscribed LPFGs exhibited a blue shift first and then red shift with an increased number of grating periods, resulting from residual stress relaxation together with physical deformation.
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    A Three-Dimensional Silicon Nitride Polarizing Beam Splitter (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: A 3-D polarizing beam splitter based on a silicon nitride $({rm Si}_{3}{rm N}_{4})$ vertical directional coupler is experimentally demonstrated. A new planarization technique by incorporating conventional chemical-mechanical lapping with a dry-etching process is developed, in order to obtain a flat film surface for the second ${rm Si}_{3}{rm N}_{4}$ core deposition after the first-layer waveguide is formed. Both the ${rm Si}_{3}{rm N}_{4}$ layer thicknesses are 200 nm. As there is a material refractive index mismatch between the vertically separated waveguides, the polarization splitter can be realized with a bottom waveguide width of 1.55 $mu{rm m}$ and a top core width of 1.35 $mu{rm m}$ . The transverse electric (TE) polarized light can be transmitted completely to the cross-layer output-port, whereas the transverse magnetic (TM) polarized wave outputs mostly from the port at the input layer. A high-extinction ratio and a wide operation bandwidth can be achieved. An extinction ratio of 26 dB for the cross-layer output-port at 1550-nm wavelength and that of 16 dB for the input-layer output-port are obtained. There is an excess coupling loss of ${〈}{rm 0.1}~{rm dB}$ for the TE light, but a 1-dB loss for the TM wave.
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  • 40
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    AWG-Based Photonic Transmitter With DBR Mirrors and Mach–Zehnder Modulators (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: In this letter, we demonstrate a novel monolithically integrated photonic multiwavelength transmitter that was realized by integrating an arrayed waveguide grating-based laser with selective distributed Bragg reflector mirrors and Mach-Zehnder modulators. The integrated circuit was designed according to a generic integration model, by utilizing standardized photonic building blocks, and was fabricated on an InP-based platform in a multiproject wafer run. The device delivers above 1 mW of optical power into the fiber with a side mode suppression ratio better than 40 dB. The linewidth of the generated signals is 275 kHz. We achieved error free 50-km transmission at the modulation data rate of 10 Gb/s per channel, for a received power of ${-}{26.5}~{rm dBm}$ .
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  • 41
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    50 Gb/s Silicon Photonics Receiver With Low Insertion Loss (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: Optical (de)multiplexers that can provide low insertion loss, low crosstalk, high thermal stability, and insensitivity to fabrication tolerances are essential components for silicon photonics integration. In this letter, we demonstrate the integration of an angled multimode interferometer coarse wavelength division multiplexer with germanium $phbox{-}{rm i}hbox{-}n$ photodetectors to form a 50 Gb/s receiver with a low insertion loss of ${〈}{-}{rm 0.5}~{rm dB}$ and crosstalk of ${〈}{-}{rm 15}~{rm dB}$ . The angled multimode interferometer has the flexibility to be designed on a platform with a wide range of waveguide thicknesses with little variation in performance, which allows for the optimization of other optical components in the photonics integrated circuit.
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  • 42
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    Effect of Mask Discretization on Performance of Silicon Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: We studied the impact of the lithography mask discretization on silicon arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) performance. When we decreased the mask grid from 5 to 1 nm, we observed an experimental improvement in crosstalk of 2.7–6 dB and cumulative crosstalk improvement of 1.2–5 dB, depending on the wavelength channel spacing and the number of output channels. We demonstrate the effect for the AWGs with 200- and 400-GHz channel spacing, with 4, 8, and 16 output wavelength channels. With 1-nm mask grid, the average crosstalk is ${-}{26}$ and ${-}{rm 23}~{rm dB}$ for 400- and 200-GHz devices, respectively. This is the lowest crosstalk for silicon AWGs reported to the best of our knowledge. A simulation study is performed by looking specifically at phase errors due to mask grid snapping (ignoring other phase error sources), which shows an expected improvement in crosstalk of 12 dB.
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    Widely Tunable Optical Decision Circuit Using a Monolithically Integrated SOA-SGDBR Laser (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: A widely tunable optical decision scheme using a monolithically integrated semiconductor optical amplifier-sampled-grating distributed Bragg reflector laser diode is proposed. Wavelength tunable optical decision is realized for both the cases of input wavelength detuning and output wavelength detuning. Within an input wavelength detuning range of 28 nm, or within an output wavelength detuning range of 24 nm, a maximum ON/OFF static contrast ratio of 42 dB over a 5-dB input power change is obtained. Dynamic performance up to 10 Gb/s is also demonstrated though numerical simulation using this scheme.
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    Detection of Object Existence From a Single Reconstructed Plane Obtained by Integral Imaging (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: We use 3D computational reconstructed integral imaging to detect the existence objects at a 3D space. In order to find the precise location of the objects, we apply an efficient wavelet-based filtering with adaptive thresholding to identify and outline focused regions, which relate to object surfaces located at a single examined reconstructed plane. Finally, we present experimental results of 3D object detection, both in good illumination and under photon-starved conditions.
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  • 45
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    Orthogonal Polarization Coupling for Transverse Strain Measurement Using a Polarimetric Mirror (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: An inline fiber-optic polarimetric transverse strain sensor based on the coupling of two orthogonal modes is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensing device comprises a section of polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber containing a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Two resonant wavelengths corresponding to two orthogonal modes are reflected by the FBG along the fast- and slow-axes of the PM fiber. The transverse strain induced on a short PM fiber region effectively modulates the coupling of orthogonally polarized modes, resulting in the intensities redistribution of resonant wavelengths without producing a wavelength shift. Orientation and sensitivity of the transverse strain are unambiguously determined using this compact PM-FBG-based configuration.
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    Continuous-Wave Laser Emission of Pr: ${rm LiYF}_{4}$ at 695.8 nm (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: We present a diode-pumped Pr: ${rm LiYF}_{4}$ (Pr:YLF) laser at 695.8 nm by suppressing the higher gain transitions near 640, 670, 698, and 721 nm. With an InGaN laser diode as the pump source, the output power of the laser centered at 695.8 nm in $sigma$ polarization was up to 51 mW, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 12.6% and a threshold power of 229 mW with respect to absorbed pump power. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Pr:YLF laser emitting at 695.8 nm in $sigma$ polarization.
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  • 47
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    780 nm Oxide-Confined VCSEL With 13.5 Gb/s Error-Free Data Transmission (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: A 780 nm emission wavelength (far-red) oxide-confined vertical cavity surface-emitting laser with a threshold current of 0.6 mA at 20 $^{circ}{rm C}$ is demonstrated. The device shows an 11.2 GHz modulation bandwidth when biased at $I=8~{rm mA}~({I/I_{rm TH}}=13.3)$ , and it achieves the error-free data transmission at 13.5 Gb/s.
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    Picosecond Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Doubly Resonant Optical Parametric Oscillator (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: A picosecond photonic crystal fiber-based doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator is demonstrated. A four-wavelength oscillator can be obtained by selecting a wavelength in signal cavity and a wavelength in idler cavity phase-mismatched with the one in signal cavity to oscillate simultaneously. The output light beams are improved significantly when the signal wavelength and the phase-matched idler wavelength are selected to oscillate simultaneously in the two cavities. In particular, the peak intensities of the output signal and idler are increased by 2.53–5.77 dB, the 3-dB bandwidths of the signal and idler are narrowed by 0.05–2.98 nm, and the pump-to-idler conversion efficiencies are improved by 2.2–3.8 times.
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    Simultaneous 60-GHz RoF Transmission of Lightwaves Emitted by ECL, DFB, and VCSEL (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: Simultaneous 60-GHz radio over fiber upconversion and fiber transmission of lightwaves produced by an external cavity laser, a distributed feedback laser, and a $C$ -band vertical cavity surface emitting laser are demonstrated. The 1.25-Gb/s data are transmitted concurrently on each of the lightwaves attaining a bit error rate performance ${〈}10^{-9}$ level. Carrier suppression of 20 dB is achieved for all three lightwaves placed in a wide wavelength range. The $10^{-9}$ receiver sensitivity level for detection of three lightwaves falls in a ${〈}{rm 3}hbox{-}{rm dB}$ region. Reported close performance of the investigated techniques enables diversification of options for lightwave generation in millimeter-wave fiber-wireless networks.
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  • 50
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    Inkjet Printable Flexible Thin-Film NCQD Photodetectors on Unmodified Transparency Films (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a cost-efficient and easy-to-fabricate flexible thin-film nanocrystal quantum dot (NCQD) photodetector, by sandwiching a piece of NCQD-soaked tracing paper between two PEDOT:PSS electrodes. The highly conductive and transparent multilayer polymer electrodes are printed with an office inkjet printer without further patterning on commercial unmodified transparency films. The tracing paper is able to act as both the bed for NCQD attachment and the interspacing layer to prevent short-circuiting in vertical devices. Consistent increase in device performance is observed when the bending radius becomes smaller. Linear I-V characteristics are obtained, which show our device structure works as a photoconductor.
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    UWB Monocycle Generator Based on the Non-Linear Effects of an SOA-Integrated Structure (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: In this letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel and single structure to generate ultra-wideband (UWB) pulses by means of the cross-phase modulation present in a semiconductor optical amplifier unified structure. The key components of this system is an integrated Mach–Zehnder interferometer with two semiconductor optical amplifiers and an optical processing unit. The fusion of these two components permits the generation and customization of UWB monocycle pulses. The polarity of the output pulses is easily modified through the single selection of a specific input port. Moreover, the capacity of transmitting several data sequences is demonstrated and the potentiality to adapt the system to different modulation formats is analyzed.
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    High-Speed Silicon Electro-Optic Microring Modulator for Optical Interconnects (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: A silicon microring modulator for ON-OFF keying intensity modulation is presented and experimentally characterized. Modulation operation is based on carrier depletion effect in a p-n junction. The resonance wavelength shift is measured for bias voltages in the range between 0 and ${-}{rm 7}~{rm V}$ and modulation is demonstrated by employing electrical signals with data rates of 25 and 30 Gb/s and peak-to-peak voltage of 3.75 V. Performance in terms of bit error rate as a function of the optical signal-to-noise ratio for point-to-point transmission over 10 km of single mode fiber at both the data rates is experimentally evaluated, manifesting to be suitable for short- and medium-reach optical interconnects applications.
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  • 53
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    Over 10-GHz Peak-Equalized Pulse Train Source With Pulsewidth Shortening (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: Peak-flattened and width-shortened pulses have been successfully generated in an improved rational harmonic mode-locking (RHML) fiber laser in which an intensity modulator is driven by square waveform signals at gigahertz (GHz) repetition rates rather than typically used sinusoidal radio frequency (RF) signals. The repetition frequency of a fifth-order RHML under a driving signal at 3.125 GHz has been up to 15.7 GHz in our system. The equalized peaks of pulses generated reached to a minimum standard deviation of 0.2%, which is the best performance to our knowledge. The pulsewidth is shortened to 17.8 ps in the same RHML fiber laser driven by the square-wave signals compared with 30.3 ps driven by traditional sine-wave signals. The 3-dB spectral width of the RHML pulses was increased almost two times and the spectrum has a clear comb-like structure which can be developed into a frequency comb with GHz frequency spacing.
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    Temperature-Insensitive Real-Time Inclinometer Based on an Etched Fiber Bragg Grating (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: We propose and experimentally demonstrate a compact temperature-insensitive inclinometer, which is constructed by connecting a chemically etched fiber Bragg grating to a hollow-core fiber filled with tin. The optical power reflected from the grating is linearly proportional to the inclination angle of the grating and can provide a real-time measure of the inclination angle. Our experimental sensor can measure the inclination angle from 0 $^{circ}$ to 20 $^{circ}$ with an uncertainty of ${pm}{0.35}^{circ}$ and negligible temperature interference.
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    All-Fiber Optofluidic Component to Combine Light and Fluid (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: A component is presented that combines light and fluid in an optical fiber arrangement for optofluidics. The component couples light from a standard telecom fiber (STF) to the solid-core of a microstructured fiber, and delivers fluid from a capillary to the holes of the same microstructured fiber. The light is then made to interact longitudinally with the delivered fluid in a hollow-core fiber or capillary. The component is all-spliced, hermetic and allows for fluid flow without interrupting the optical beam. Light is brought from the STF to the solid-core/fluid interface with a loss ${〈}{rm 0.1}~{rm dB}$ .
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  • 56
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    CRIT-Alternative Narrow-Passband Waveguide Filter for Microwave Photonic Signal Processors (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: This letter presents a novel use of a waveguide circuit consisting of a two-ring resonator-assisted asymmetrical Mach-Zehnder interferometer, which realizes a narrow-passband filter in the context of microwave photonics (MWP). The filter principle is an alternative to the coupled resonator induced transparency and features easy implementation and robust performance. In the experimental demonstration, such a circuit fabricated in ${rm SiO}_{2}/{rm Si}_{3}{rm N}_{4}$ waveguide technology exhibits a narrow transmission window surrounded by a region of significant suppression. The transmission window features a ${-}{rm 3}hbox{-}{rm dB}$ bandwidth of 1 GHz and a ${-}{rm 20}hbox{-}{rm dB}$ bandwidth of 3.5 GHz, equivalently a 20-dB roll-off enhancement of three times as compared with a regular add-drop ring resonator. In addition, the investigated waveguide circuit features full reconfigurability based on tunable phase shifters and power couplers. This allows the proposed filter functionality to be combined with other functionalities in a common device, which is of high interest for the realization of flexible on-chip MWP signal processors.
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    Effect of Beveled SiC Substrate on Light Extraction of Flip-Chip Light-Emitting Diodes (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: We fabricated GaN-based flip-chip light-emitting diodes (FC-LEDs), which were grown on both conventional and high purity SiC substrates. The influence of beveling, thickness, and absorption of the SiC substrate on the light extraction efficiency (LEE) of the FC-LED was investigated by simulation and experiment. From the simulation results, the LEE of the FC-SLED with a 60 $^{circ}$ beveling angle is higher than that on a rectangular substrate. The experimental results demonstrate that about 15% enhancement of the LEE was achieved by increasing the thickness of the high purity SiC substrate from 120 to 470 $mu{rm m}$ . A sample with an X pattern on the top face exhibits the highest light output power. The LEE of the FC-SLED can be efficiently enhanced by suitably beveling the substrate with no degradation of the electrical properties.
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    Narrow Linewidth 177.3-nm Nanosecond Laser With High Efficiency and High Power (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: We demonstrate a high-efficiency high average power vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) 177.3-nm laser with a narrow linewidth generated by second harmonic (SH) generation from a nanosecond (ns) 355-nm laser in the ${rm KBe}_{2}{rm BO}_{3}{rm F}_{2}$ crystal. The 355-nm pumping source was a frequency-tripled $Q$ -switched 1064-nm Nd:YAG oscillator–amplifier laser system, in which a quartz etalon was used to compress the linewidth of 1064-nm laser. Under a pump power of 5.2 W at 355 nm with a linewidth of 2 pm, a high average power of 146.5 mW at 177.3 nm with a linewidth of ${sim}{rm 0.71}~{rm pm}$ was obtained, corresponding to an SH conversion efficiency as high as 2.8%. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest output power and highest SH conversion efficiency for the ns 177.3-nm lasers. This VUV coherent light can be used as light source for fine precision spectroscopy and semiconductor photolithography owing to its narrow linewidth, high energy resolution, and high average power.
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    Wideband Microfiber Fabry–Pérot Filter and Its Application to Multiwavelength Fiber Ring Laser (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: A microfiber Fabry–Pérot (MFP) filter consisting of two microfiber Sagnac loop mirrors as the reflectors and a section of microfiber as the cavity is proposed and fabricated. Owing to the high coupling efficiency induced by the large evanescent field of the microfiber, a broadband comb spectrum with high extinction ratio and flat amplitude can be obtained. The MFP with the extinction ratio of 15 dB as well as the free spectrum range of 0.18 nm is fabricated by bending and twisting a microfiber tapered from a single mode fiber. Consequently, the MFP is applied to an erbium-doped fiber ring laser as the wavelength filter. Assisted by a section of highly nonlinear fiber to suppress the mode competition, 42-wavelength lasing oscillations are achieved at room temperature.
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    Direct Phase Modulation DFBs for Cost-Effective ONU Transmitter in udWDM PONs (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: A technique for direct phase modulating a low-cost distributed feedback laser is presented for user transmitter in ultra dense wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks. It consists of a simple RC network, which equalizes the phase response. The method is tested with differential phase-shift keying modulation and heterodyne coherent detection at 1.25 and 2.5 Gb/s showing a penalty ${〈}{rm 1}~{rm dB}$ at ${rm BER}=10^{-3}$ compared with external phase modulation.
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    Stable $Q$ -Switched Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Based on Topological Insulator Covered Microfiber (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: We demonstrated a stable passively $Q$ -switched Er-doped fiber laser around the optical communication band with a microfiber-based topological insulator (TI) ${rm Bi}_{2}{rm Te}_{3}$ saturable absorber. The saturable absorber was fabricated by the optical deposition method and its nonlinear transmission ${sim}{rm 1568}~{rm nm}$ was characterized. By virtue of the TI saturable absorber, stable $Q$ -switched pulses can be formed with pulse repetition rate increasing from 2.6 to 12 kHz, and pulse duration decreasing from 50 $mu{rm s}$ to 9.5 $mu{rm s}$ through altering the pump strength. Our results evidently show the effectiveness of ${rm Bi}_{2}{rm Te}_{3}$ -based saturable absorber and its potential applications for pulsed laser generation.
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    Electronically Variable Optical Attenuator Enabled by Self-Sensing in Vanadium Dioxide (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: A fully electronic variable optical attenuator in the near-infrared region is reported. The observed attenuation varied from 0 to 19.24 dB. The device is enabled by the strong correlation between the electrical and optical properties in vanadium dioxide thin films across its phase transition. A self-sensing feedback approach is used to significantly reduce the inherently hysteretic behavior of the film. The reduction of the hysteresis, sensing the electrical resistance with respect to the optical transmission, allowed for a relatively simple approach for the modeling and control of the system.
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    Dual-Wavelength Harmonically Mode-Locked Fiber Laser With Topological Insulator Saturable Absorber (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: Dual-wavelength passively harmonic mode locking (HML) operation is demonstrated in an erbium-doped fiber laser with a microfiber-based topological insulator (TI) saturable absorber. It was found that the dual-wavelength pulse-trains possess different HML orders due to the different cavity nonlinear effects experienced by the two wavelengths. By properly adjusting the cavity parameters, dual-wavelength HML pulses with repetition rates of 388 and 239 MHz were achieved. Moreover, wavelength switchable operation of dual-wavelength HML pulses was also obtained. The experimental results reveal that the microfiber-based TI could indeed be employed as a high-performance dual-function photonic device with the saturable absorption and high nonlinear effects for the applications in fields of ultrafast and nonlinear photonics.
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    Enhanced Resonance Frequency and Modulation Bandwidth in a Cavity Soliton Laser (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: Cavity solitons in a driven vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) above threshold can amplify the modulation of the injected field over a bandwidth larger than 100 GHz by exploiting the combined low frequency amplification of a bistable optical system with the enhanced relaxation oscillation frequency of an injection-locked laser.
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    Low Power Operation of a Vertical Cavity Transistor Laser via the Reduction of Collector Offset Voltage (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: Data are presented on low-power operation in a vertical cavity transistor laser via reduced collector offset voltage by placing the emitter contact on the top of four pairs of the GaAs/AlGaAs DBR to reduce emitter resistance and subsequently depositing 11 ${rm SiO}_{2}/{rm TiO}_{2}$ DBR pairs to improve cavity quality. Consequently, the device demonstrates a reduced collector offset voltage of 1.65 V and a low-power dissipation of 6.32 mW under laser operation.
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    High Brightness 556 nm Laser by Frequency Doubling of a 1112 nm Nd:YAG Laser (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: We demonstrate an efficient high power and high brightness yellow-green 556-nm laser generated from second harmonic generation (SHG) of a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) laser system at 1112 nm. The oscillator was a pulsed laser diode (LD) pumped and Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 1112 nm operated at ${rm TEM}_{00}$ mode with an average output power of 35 W, providing 200- $mu{rm s}$ long macropulses and constituting 700-ns micropulses. The seed laser was amplified by two LD side-pumped Nd:YAG amplifiers and the MOPA system delivered a maximum output power of 78 W. Using a type-I phase-matching lithium triborate nonlinear crystal, the SHG maximum output power of 48 W was obtained at 556 nm with a conversion efficiency as high as 61.5%. The beam quality factor was measured to be $M^{2}=1.53$ and the corresponding brightness was as high as $6.63times 10^{9}~{rm W}/{rm cm}^{2}cdot{rm sr}$ .
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    Congestion Aware Routing in Nonlinear Elastic Optical Networks (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: In elastic optical networks, digital coherent transceivers modify their symbol rate, modulation format, and forward error correction to best serve the network demands. In a nonlinear elastic optical network, these parameters are inherently coupled with the routing algorithm. We propose to use congestion aware routing in a nonlinear elastic optical network and demonstrate its efficacy for the NSFNET reference network (14 nodes, 22 links). The network is sequentially loaded with 100 GbE demands until a demand becomes blocked, this procedure being repeated 10000 times to estimate the network blocking probability (NBP). Three routing algorithms are considered: 1) shortest path routing; 2) simple congestion aware algorithm; and 3) weighted congestion aware routing algorithm with 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 GHz resolution flexgrids. For ${rm NBP}={1%}$ using a 50 GHz grid, congestion aware routing doubles the network capacity compared with the shortest path routing. When congestion aware routing is combined with a 6.25 GHz resolution flexgrid, a fivefold increase in network capacity is afforded.
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    Decision-Directed Costas Loop Stable Homodyne Detection for 10-Gb/s BPSK Signal Transmission (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: This letter demonstrates decision-directed Costas loop stable homodyne detection for 10-Gb/s binary phase shift keying signal fiber-transmission of over 100 km utilizing frequency-stabilized several kilohertz spectral linewidth external cavity laser diodes (E-LDs). We design a phase-locked loop circuit that adopts an injection-current controlled E-LD as its local oscillator; its low phase error allows it to achieve the standard deviation of 1.9 $^{circ}$ . Owing to this phase-lock performance and the highly coherent light source, the receiver sensitivity approaches within 6 dB of the shot noise limit and the phase-locked loop recovers the optical carrier stably even if the waveform is distorted by the chromatic dispersion of 880 ps/nm after fiber transmission.
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    Electrical Injection Schemes for Nanolasers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: Three electrical injection schemes based on recently demonstrated electrically pumped photonic crystal nanolasers have been numerically investigated: 1) a vertical p-i-n junction through a post structure; 2) a lateral p-i-n junction with a homostructure; and 3) a lateral p-i-n junction with a buried heterostructure. Self-consistent laser-diode simulations reveal that the lateral injection scheme with a buried heterostructure achieves the best lasing characteristics at a low current, whereas the vertical injection scheme performs better at a higher current for the chosen geometries. For this analysis, the properties of different schemes, i.e., electrical resistance, threshold voltage, threshold current, and internal efficiency as energy requirements for optical interconnects are compared and the physics behind the differences is discussed.
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    1.8-W Room Temperature Pulsed Operation of Substrate-Emitting Quantum Cascade Lasers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: High-power broad area substrate-emitting distributed feedback (DFB) quantum cascade laser emitting at $lambdasim 4.6~mu{rm m}$ is reported. Proper second-order DFB grating coupling, low waveguide loss mechanism, and epilayer-down mounting bring about a high vertical radiative optical power. The maximum peak power is as high as 1.82 W at 20 $^{circ}{rm C}$ and still 1.22 W at 50 $^{circ}{rm C}$ operated in pulsed mode with a pulsed width of 1 $mu{rm s}$ and duty cycle of 0.2%. A single-lobed radiation far-field with a divergence angle of 7.9 $^{circ}$ in the ridge-width direction and two-lobed radiation far-field with a divergence angle of 0.61 $^{circ}$ in the cavity-length direction are achieved by depositing the high-reflection coatings on both facets. Robust single-mode emission is continuously tunable by the heat sink temperature up to 115 $^{circ}{rm C}$ .
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    Signal-to-Noise Ratio Improvement in BOTDA Using Balanced Detection (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) relies typically on the interaction among two counter-propagating waves: 1) a pulsed pump wave and 2) a modulated probe wave. The modulated probe wave has typically two sidebands, located at ${pm}nu_{B}$ with respect to the pump frequency. Conventional systems detect the time-resolved gain/loss by detecting only the upper/lower wavelength sideband. In this letter, we show that BOTDA can strongly benefit from the use of balanced detection among the two sidebands. In particular, the detected signal can be doubled while the noise only grows by a factor of $(2)^{1/2}$ , leading to a $(2)^{1/2}$ signal-to noise ratio (SNR) increase. Moreover, any common-mode noise in the probe signal path (e.g., master laser noise, modulator drifts, and so forth) is eliminated, rendering the system more robust. We validate the principle by experimental results that highlight the benefits of the technique in terms of the SNR.
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    Optical SEFDM System; Bandwidth Saving Using Non-Orthogonal Sub-Carriers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: We propose and demonstrate a new optical spectrally efficient frequency division multiplexing (O-SEFDM) system, where non-orthogonal and overlapping sub-carriers are employed to provide higher spectral efficiency relative to optical-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM). The O-SEFDM technique can increase spectral efficiency in both the electrical and optical domains. It is experimentally shown that for bandwidth saving up to 25%, we can achieve the same performance as O-OFDM. This is the first experimental verification of 25% optical faster than the Nyquist rate. Furthermore, for approximately the same spectral efficiency, 4QAM O-SEFDM outperforms standard 8QAM by 1.6 dB. It is experimentally shown that a lower-order modulation format can achieve a better performance by replacing a higher one.
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    Pulse-Width Tuning in a Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Laser With Graphene Saturable Absorber (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: An absorption-adjustable graphene saturable absorber is used in a simple fiber laser system for an active control of the pulse-width of optical pulses. Such a saturable absorber is created by tightly attaching the graphene film onto the upper surface of the microfiber, thus an enhanced evanescence-field interaction between the propagating light along the microfiber length and graphene can be achieved. By tuning the polarization state of the light beam launched into the saturable absorber from TE to TM mode, the pulse-width of the pulses is varied between ${sim}{rm 9.24}$ and ${sim}{rm 2.32}~{rm ps}$ .
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    Monolithic InP Receiver Chip With a Variable Optical Attenuator for Colorless WDM Detection (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: We demonstrate a monolithically integrated quadrature coherent receiver photonic integrated circuit (PIC) on an InP substrate. The PIC comprises a 90 $^{circ}$ optical hybrid, a variable optical attenuator (VOA), and four RF photodetectors. With a dynamic range of 25 dB, the VOA enables the usage of the receiver PIC for colorless WDM detection.
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    Tunable Optoelectronic Oscillator Incorporating a Single Passband Microwave Photonic Filter (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: A wideband and continuously tunable optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) incorporating a single passband microwave photonic filter (MPF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The single passband MPF is implemented using a broadband light source, a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) in which a phase modulator is incorporated in one arm, a dispersion compensating fiber (DCF), and a photodetector (PD). The light wave from the broadband light source is sent to the MZI, and the output signal from the MZI is sent to the DCF and then detected at the PD. The overall operation is equivalent to a single passband MPF with the central frequency of the passband tunable by tuning the length difference between the two arms of the MZI. By incorporating the MPF into an OEO, a microwave signal with a tunable frequency is generated. The proposed OEO is experimentally evaluated. A microwave signal with a tunable frequency from 1 to 12 GHz and a tuning step of 0.5 GHz is generated. The phase noise performance of the generated microwave signal is evaluated. At 6.02 GHz, the phase noise is measured to be ${-}{rm 107}~{rm dBc}/{rm Hz}$ at an offset of 10 kHz.
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    Polarization-Dependent Loss Impact on Coherent Optical Systems in Presence of Fiber Nonlinearity (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: We investigate the interaction of polarization-dependent loss (PDL) with Kerr nonlinearities by decoupling single- and cross-channel nonlinear distortions in a homogeneous 100-G polarization division multiplexing quadrature phase shift keying (PDM-QPSK) and a hybrid 100-G PDM-QPSK/10-G on/off keying system. Because of the decoupling method, we provide reasons for the interaction, using basic comprehensive examples. Both average Q-factor and its distribution are investigated in both dispersion-managed and dispersion-unmanaged links, showing that realistic PDL values affect outage probabilities notwithstanding a negligible average penalty.
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  • 77
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    Variational Approximations for ${rm LP}_{l1}$ Modes of Graded-Index Few-Mode Fibers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: Two parameter variational fields for the ${rm LP}_{l1}$ modes of a graded index few-mode fiber have been proposed. Using these, the propagation constant, the normalized group delay and the normalized dispersion parameter have been calculated for few representative modes. The accuracies of the results have been calculated by comparison with the exact results obtained from the numerical solution of the scalar wave equation. As expected, the two parameter fields give better accuracies than the single-parameter fields available in the literature. Furthermore, it is observed that the accuracy decreases for higher order ${rm LP}_{l1}$ modes. Thus, these fields may be used in few-mode fiber-based photonic devices, which utilize lower order ${rm LP}_{l1}$ modes.
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  • 78
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    All-Polarization-Maintaining Femtosecond Fiber Lasers Using Graphene Oxide Saturable Absorber (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: We demonstrate the mode-locking operation in an all-polarization-maintaining (all-PM) erbium-doped fiber laser by exploiting graphene oxide saturable absorber for the first time. The self-started, environmentally stable laser directly generates linearly polarized soliton pulses of 502 fs duration at a repetition rate of 48.2 MHz with an extinction ratio of 21.3 dB. The optical spectrum centered at 1555.92 nm has 3-dB bandwidth of 6 nm. This unique combination of the all-PM configuration and the novel graphene oxide saturable absorber offers an ideal approach to fabricate a compact single-polarization femtosecond source with high environmental stability.
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  • 79
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    80-km Coherent DWDM-PON on 20-GHz Grid With Injected Gain Switched Comb Source (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated a 6 $,times,$ 40-Gb/s long reach dense wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network downlink system operating over 80 km of standard single mode fiber. The six optical channels with 20 GHz spacing are generated by an externally injected gain switched optical comb source. Each comb line is imposed with a 6-GBd polarization division multiplexed quadrature amplitude modulation, which included a 20% overhead for forward error correction. A worst case channel sensitivity of ${-}{rm 35.6}~{rm dBm}$ (54 photons/bit) at a bit error rate of $1.5times 10^{-2}$ was achieved, yielding a system loss budget of 40 dB.
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  • 80
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    Entanglement-Preserving Photonic Switching: Full Cross-Bar Operation With Quantum Data Streams (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: As the field of quantum communications matures and adopts larger network topologies, it will require switches capable of multiplexing and demultiplexing entangled photons between network nodes. Such switches will need to operate at high speeds, with low loss, and minimal signal-band noise, while also retaining the quantum state of the routed photons. We present an all-optical, fiber-based, dual-in, dual-out switch that has a switching window of 45 ps and an insertion loss of ${〈}{rm 3.0}~{rm dB}$ . In addition, the switch introduces minimal degradation $(〈!1.5%)$ to the quantum state of the routed entangled photons. As a test of the switch's utility, we demultiplex a single quantum channel from a 6.5-GHz dual-channel quantum data stream. The recovered quantum state exhibits a fidelity of $96.2%pm 1.2%$ with the prepared state.
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  • 81
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    Performance Characteristics of UV-C AlGaN-Based Lasers Grown on Sapphire and Bulk AlN Substrates (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: The performance characteristics of optically pumped laser heterostructures emitting in the UV-C spectral range between 272 and 279 nm are investigated. The laser heterostructures were grown by metal–organic vapor phase epitaxy on (0001) planar AlN/sapphire, epitaxially laterally overgrown (ELO) AlN/sapphire, and bulk AlN substrates with threading dislocation densities ranging from $2times 10^{10}$ to $10^{4}~{rm cm}^{-2}$ . We found that the defect density strongly affects the laser performance. The lowest pulse threshold energy density of 50 ${rm mJ}/{rm cm}^{2}$ under resonant optical pumping condition was obtained for an AlGaN multiple quantum well laser grown pseudomorphically on low defect density bulk AlN substrate. Lasing was also observed for AlGaN MQW heterostructures grown on ELO AlN/sapphire templates. The laser emission in all lasers was TE polarized. However, no lasing was observed for heterostructures grown on high defect density AlN/sapphire.
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  • 82
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    A Single-Input Multiple-Output Optical System for Mobile Communication: Modeling and Validation (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: A single-input multiple-output optical communication system based on an LED transmitter and a receiving pixel grid of a camera is considered. The LED image received at a reference distance is modeled using a Gaussian mixture and the pixel values at any other desired distance are estimated using the reference image. Both optimal and suboptimal pixel combining techniques are analyzed. The experimental validation includes placement of the camera on a motorized translation stage to analyze the effects of random locations of the LED image on the pixel grid. Results show excellent agreement between proposed model and the experiment. When random image locations over the pixel grid due to mobility are considered, a receiver that uses only the best pixel is found to lose more than 50% of the received power over a maximal ratio combiner at a distance of 2 m.
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  • 83
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    Optical-Time-Division Demultiplexing of 172 Gb/s to 43 Gb/s in a-Si:H Waveguides (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: We demonstrate optical-time-division demultiplexing of 172–43 Gb/s based on degenerate four-wave mixing in a 17-mm-long hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) wire waveguide. The a-Si:H wire waveguide has a record-low propagation loss of 1.0 dB/cm and a low two-photon-absorption loss of 0.2 cm/GW, and the nonlinear figure of merit is estimated to be 0.97, which is more than twice as effective as conventional crystalline silicon wire waveguides. We achieved successful error-free demultiplexing with an ON/OFF conversion efficiency of ${-}{rm 10}~{rm dB}$ and a power penalty of only 1.1 dB at a bit error rate of $10^{-9}$ . No optical damage to the a-Si:H waveguide was observed even after a continuous pump injection at an average power of several tens of mW for a couple of hours.
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  • 84
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    Dual Mach-Zehnder Based Integrated X-Type Ratiometric Wavelength Monitor on Glass (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: We design and fabricate an integrated ratiometric wavelength monitor based on ion-exchange waveguides on glass. The device consists of two unbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometers acting as edge filters. They are designed to have X-type spectral response. Their output ratio is monotonic to the wavelength in the functional range of the wavelength monitor. The measured resolution is ${sim}{rm 0.1}~{rm nm}$ ranging from 1522 to 1576 nm, which can potentially be improved to 15 pm after packaged. The polarization dependency of the device is also discussed. Our work makes it possible to build a high performance integrated sensing and detecting optical system on one single chip.
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  • 85
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    Switching Characteristics of a 100-GHz-Spacing Integrated 40- $lambda$ 1 $,times,$ 4 Wavelength Selective Switch (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: We designed and fabricated an integrated 1 $,times,$ 4 wavelength selective switch using a silica planar lightwave circuit. The channel spacing is 100 GHz and the number of channels is 40. Signal switching experiments show the switch to be error-free and have low power penalty bit-error rate performance.
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  • 86
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    Proposal for Ultra-Compact Silicon-on-Insulator Waveguide Polarization Converter (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: We propose an asymmetric silicon-plasmonic hybrid waveguide, which supports two eigen modes with linearly polarized-like electric field distributions and large difference between their propagation constants. Exploiting these mode characteristics of the hybrid waveguide, an ultra-compact and high-performance silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide polarization converter based on multimode interference is designed, which converts quasi-TE polarization mode to quasi-TM polarization mode. Simulation results show that polarization extinction ratio up to 27 dB is reached for an ultra-short conversion length of 610 nm. The bandwidth is 140 nm for an extinction ratio larger than 20 dB. This asymmetric silicon-plasmonic hybrid waveguide may open promising prospects for further minimizing integrated optical circuits on SOI platform.
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  • 87
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    A Fully Integrated Radio-Fiber Interface in 65 nm CMOS Technology (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: In this letter, we present a fully integrated radio-fiber interface implemented in 65-nm CMOS, intended for remote antenna units (RAUs) in distributed antenna systems. To relax the requirements on the optical components, an intermediate frequency signal (100 MHz) is transmitted over the multimode fiber, which is then up-converted to 2.2 GHz inside the RAU. Local oscillator (LO) signals to the mixers are generated by an on-chip frequency synthesizer. The measured optical to electrical conversion gain $(V/W)$ is 59 dB, whereas the input referred current noise is 3.5 ${rm pA}/sqrt{rm Hz}$ and SFDR is 96.5 ${rm dB}cdot~{rm Hz}{^{2{/}3}}$ . An LO leakage of ${-}{rm 40}~{rm dBc}$ and an image rejection ratio of 43 dB is measured. The circuit achieves an adjacent channel leakage ratio of ${-}{39}$ and ${-}{rm 41}~{rm dB}$ , for a 10-MHz 32 quadrature amplitude modulation signal at output power of 1 dBm, and a 3.84-MHz quadrature phase shift keying signal at 4 dBm, respectively.
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  • 88
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    Engineering 1DPC Defect Mode With GRIN Lenses to Design Beam Shapers (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: In this letter, we introduce beam shapers that are designed using 1-D photonic crystals with a defect layer. We use two different radial gradient refractive index lenses as defect layers. Using the transfer matrix method, the properties of the structures are investigated. As a result, the proposed devices can shape and modulate the phase and intensity of plane waves on the output plane. It is possible to engineer different parameters, such as the refractive index distribution function of the defect layer and incident wave frequency, to achieve desired and useful beam shapes that are required for a given application.
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  • 89
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    Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Modal Interferometer for Refractive Index Sensing (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
    Description: A core-cladding-mode interferometer is fabricated by splicing a single-mode fiber to an endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber (ESM-PCF). The optimum collapsed length of ESM-PCF is investigated to ensure a higher order cladding mode of ESM-PCF to be excited, serving as a sensing beam. At the end of ESM-PCF, a spherical end-facet with big radius is proposed to ensure from where the higher order cladding mode is to be reflected and then it interferes with the core mode serving as a reference beam. Such a device has an enhanced refractive index sensitivity of ${sim}{rm 199}~{rm nm}$ /RIU, offering potentials in biological and chemical applications.
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  • 90
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    All-Optical Simultaneous Multilevel Amplitude and Phase Regeneration (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
    Description: Simultaneous amplitude and phase noise reduction of multiple signal states using a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror with integrated directional phase-sensitive amplifier are presented for the star-eight quadrature amplitude modulation transmission format as an example. The performance of this combined regenerator scheme is compared with that of a cascade of separate phase and amplitude regenerators. It could be shown that an improvement in the error vector magnitude of 4 dB for the high-power states with simultaneous improvement of 5 dB for the low-power states is possible in both cases. Transmission improvement by regeneration is considered for two noise types: 1) amplified spontaneous emission and 2) nonlinear phase noise. Both schemes can either improve the bit error rate by an order of magnitude or enable an increase of the fiber launch power by 3 dB.
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  • 91
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    Multichannel Up-Conversion Based on Polarization-Modulated Optoelectronic Oscillator (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
    Description: Photonic microwave multichannel up-conversion based on a polarization-modulated optoelectronic oscillator is proposed and demonstrated. The scheme produces a high-quality local oscillation signal, implements photonic microwave multichannel up-conversion at arbitrary optical wavelengths, and realizes dispersion penalty compensation for multichannel radio over fiber links with different transmission distances in different channels simultaneously. An experiment is carried out. The 50-Mb/s 16 QAM signals at 3.5 and 7.5 GHz are successfully up-converted to 13.436 and 17.436 GHz, and transmitted over 20- and 15-km fibers with dispersion-induced power penalty removed in two independent channels, respectively. The phase noise curves with or without IF signals applied are superimposed, with the value being lower than ${-}{rm 110}~{rm dBc}/{rm Hz}$ at 10-kHz offset.
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  • 92
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    Dual SOA-MZI Wavelength Converters Based on III-V Hybrid Integration on a $mu{rm m}$ -Scale Si Platform (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
    Description: We report on the simultaneous wavelength conversion operation of a dual-element semiconductor optical amplifier-Mach–Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) array hybridly integrated on a 4- $mu{rm m}$ silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide platform through thermocompression bonding. The SOAs are part of a six-element SOA array with both facets coupled on SOI through vertical and horizontal alignments. The device achieves almost two orders of magnitude reduction in footprint compared with state-of-the-art hybridly integrated SOA-MZI structures. We present for the first time experimental proof of the successful operation of a dual-element SOA-MZI device based on III-V technology on SoI that serves as a wavelength converter, with one SOA-MZI yielding error-free performance with a 0.8-dB power penalty at 12.5 Gb/s and the second SOA-MZI operating error-free at 10 Gb/s with a 2-dB power penalty.
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  • 93
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    High-Performance Low-Divergence Angled Laser Diodes With Two-Dimensionally Tilted Sidewalls (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
    Description: High-performance low-divergence angled laser diodes are proposed and fabricated at a wavelength of 910 nm. Light is reflected both inward to the waveguide and downward to the lower cladding layer by the 2-D tilted sidewalls along its zigzag path in the waveguide, and thus the mode field is extended and the transverse divergence angle is greatly reduced. Experimentally, reduced transverse divergence angles by over 20 $^{circ}$ are demonstrated in both pulse and continuous wave modes, and stable and narrow lateral divergence angles are simultaneously achieved. This device shows a promising future for improving the transverse far-field pattern by surface structure with easy fabrication.
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  • 94
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    Polarization-Independent Receivers for Low-Cost Coherent OOK Systems (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
    Description: We demonstrate analytically a novel scheme to obtain polarization-independent operation in low-cost coherent OOK receivers, suitable for access networks. We move from a well-known phase-diversity receiver, exploiting a 3 $,times,$ 3 coupler, three photodiodes, and basic analogue processing. If that receiver is modified to inject the local oscillator (or the signal) into two inputs with proper polarization states, we show, by both mathematical derivation and numerical simulations, that the resulting electrical signal can be polarization-independent; this is attained only if the frequency-detuning between the signal carrier and the local oscillator is high enough, so that intrinsic second order distortions can be spectrally isolated and suppressed by the low-pass filtering of the receiver.
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  • 95
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    Nonresonant-Type Refractive Index Sensor Based on an Ultrasmall Plasmonic Cavity (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-26
    Description: We propose a nonresonant-type refractive index sensor based on a plasmonic cavity, consisting of high/low-indexes dielectric rod surrounded by silver. Surface plasmon polaritons with a wavelength of 1550 nm are confined in an ultrasmall high-index region of 200 $,times,$ 200 $,times,$ 200 ${rm nm}^{3}$ by mode gaps of two low-index mirrors. The reflectivity of one mirror decreases as the index of the mirror made by analyte increases due to the reduction of the mode gap. The difference in the emission efficiencies through the two mirrors caused by the change in reflectivity depends directly on the index of the mirror. Therefore, the measurement of the output powers of the plasmonic cavity enables the estimations of the index of an analyte without using an external spectrometer or tunable laser.
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  • 96
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    SPR Biosensor Based on Polymer PCF Coated With Conducting Metal Oxide (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-26
    Description: We propose a biosensor based on photonic crystal fiber made of polymethyl methacrylate using surface plasmon resonance. The proposed sensor consists of a layer of air holes as cladding and a central hole for phase matching between plasmon mode and core guided mode. Alternate holes in the second layer coated with conducting metal oxide, i.e., indium tin oxide (ITO), contain analyte. We found that the optimized thickness of the ITO for optimum performance is 70 nm, which matches with reported result. Unlike other metal coated structures, here the resonance is around telecommunication window and can be tuned by varying the intrinsic properties of the ITO as per requirement. The proposed sensor shows refractive index sensitivity as high as 2000 nm/RIU and has resolution of $5times 10^{-5}$ RIU.
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  • 97
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    Reflection-Reduced Two-Layer Grating With Nearly 100% Diffraction Efficiency (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-08
    Description: A novel reflection-reduced two-layer grating is described with nearly 100% diffraction efficiency. The efficiency of the conventional grating should be improved, or some reported high-efficiency grating can work only for one polarization. The reflection-reduced grating can achieve high efficiency with a covering layer on the surface-relief grating. In addition, the two-layer grating can have wideband property compared with the single-layer grating. The presented novel grating can have merits of high efficiency of reflection-reduced grating and wideband property of two-layer grating. The modal method is applied to analyze the physical mechanism of high efficiency for both TE and TM polarizations. With the optimized grating parameters, efficiencies of 99.69% and 99.64% can be diffracted into the first order for the TE and TM polarizations, respectively. The moderate tolerance should make it possible to be fabricated easily for such a reflection-reduced two-layer grating, which can achieve nearly 100% diffraction efficiency for both the TE and TM polarizations.
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  • 98
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    A Smooth and Gradual Evolution to Next Generation PON Based on Simple Line-Coding (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
    Description: We propose a smooth and gradual evolution method to next generation passive optical network (PON) based on simple line-coding. At the beginning, a new OLT and some new ONUs are added into the existing PON without changing the existing ONUs. The evolution is gradual. The existing ONUs can be upgraded with demand. The coding is operated by software and requires no extra equipment. During different evolution stages, different line-codes are applied to reduce the crosstalk induced by the upgrade service to the existing service. The crosstalk is tested and shown not serious in the experiment.
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  • 99
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    Polymer Optical Fiber Termination With Use of Liquid Nitrogen (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
    Description: In this letter, we present a new method for preparing perpendicular end faces in polymer optical fibers on a base of polymethyl metacrylate. Initially, a scratch is circumferentially made around the fiber. Then, the fiber is briefly cooled with liquid nitrogen or liquid nitrogen vapor, and subsequently bent over a curved surface to obtain a perpendicular fracture. We demonstrate a significant improvement in insertion loss for such faces, which are comparable with those of polished fibers.
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    Intensity-Modulated Strain Sensor Based on Fiber In-Line Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (2014)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
    Description: We demonstrated a novel intensity-modulated strain sensor based on a fiber in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer with a large fringe visibility of up to 17 dB, which was fabricated by splicing a section of thin core fiber between two sections of single mode fibers with one misalignment-spliced joint. Such a strain sensor exhibited an ultrahigh sensitivity of ${-}{0.023}~{rm dBm}/muvarepsilon$ within a measurement range of 500 $muvarepsilon$ , which is about one order of magnitude higher than that reported in references. Displacement and stress distributions at the misalignment spliced joint were simulated by use of finite element method. In addition, the proposed strain sensor has an advantage of compact size of ${sim}{rm 10}~{rm mm}$ .
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0174
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Photonics Society.
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