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  • Articles  (755)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  (755)
  • Public Library of Science
  • 2010-2014  (755)
  • IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology (J-LT)  (755)
  • 1259
  • 1
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    Scalable, Low-Energy Hybrid Photonic Space Switch (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: A scalable monolithically integrated photonic space switch is proposed which uses a combination of Mach–Zehnder modulators and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) for improved crosstalk performance and reduced switch loss. This architecture enables the design of high-capacity, high-speed, large-port count, low-energy switches. Extremely low crosstalk of better than −50 dB can be achieved using a 2 × 2 dilated hybrid switch module. A “building block” approach is applied to make large port count optical switches possible. Detailed physical layer multiwavelength simulations are used to investigate the viability of a 64 × 64 port switch. Optical signal degradation is estimated as a function of switch size and waveguide induced crosstalk. A comparison between hybrid and SOA switching fabrics highlights the power-efficient, high-performance nature of the hybrid switch design, which consumes less than one-third of the energy of an equivalent SOA-based switch. The significantly reduced impairments resulting from this switch design enable scaling of the port count, compared to conventional SOA-based switches.
    Print ISSN: 0733-8724
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-2213
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 2
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    Plasmonic Slot Nanoresonators Embedded in Metal-Coated Plasmonic Microfibers (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: We have studied plasmonic slot nanoresonators (PSNRs) embedded in a gold-coated microfiber. Light is coupled from the plasmonic waveguide into the PSNR, showing strong localization in three dimensions. Single bow-tie and rectangular PSNRs, as well as cascades of multiple bow-tie PSNRs, have been considered. The intensity enhancement and the resonance wavelength depend on both the PSNR and microfiber dimensions. The PSNRs embedded in plasmonic microfibers could find wide range of applications, such as surface enhanced Raman scattering, optical filtering, bio-sensing, and spectroscopy.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 3
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    Robust Network Design for Stochastic Traffic Demands (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper addresses the problem of logical topology design for optical backbone networks subject to stochastic traffic demands. The network design problem is broken into three tasks: traffic routing, capacity allocation, and link placement. While the routing and capacity allocation subproblem can be formulated using convex optimization, it is prohibitive to add the link placement component to the nonlinear formulation since the link placement problem involves integer variables. To address this issue, we develop a linear formulation for the routing and capacity allocation subproblem by applying tools from robust optimization. We show that this linear formulation performs comparably to the optimal nonlinear formulation. Our formulation can then be used to solve the link-placement subproblem for stochastic traffic. We show that optimal logical topologies for deterministic traffic demands are not necessarily optimal for stochastic traffic demands. We develop algorithms for finding logical topologies optimized for stochastic traffic.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 4
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    Rocking Long Period Gratings in Single Mode Fibers (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: We report novel rocking long period gratings (R-LPGs) made by introducing permanent periodic twist along a standard single mode fiber. Very high coupling efficiency of 32.5 dB was achieved with 23 periods and a 2° rocking angle. The responses of R-LPGs to temperature, strain, and torsion were tested. Compared with a normal LPG written under the same conditions, the R-LPGs were found to have a similar sensitivity to temperature, five times smaller sensitivity to strain, and insensitive to twist.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 5
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    Complete Modeling of Nonlinear Distortion in OFDM-Based Optical Wireless Communication (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper presents a complete analytical framework for modeling memoryless nonlinear effects in an intensity modulation and direct detection optical wireless communication system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. The theory employs the Bussgang theorem, which is widely accepted as a means to characterize the impact of nonlinear distortions on normally distributed signals. This paper proposes a new method to generalize this approach, and it describes how a closed-form analytical expression for the system bit error rate can be obtained for an arbitrary memoryless distortion. Major distortion effects at the transmitter stage such as quantization and nonlinearity from the light emitting diode are analyzed. Four known orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing-based modulation schemes for optical communication are considered in this paper: direct-current-biased optical OFDM, asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM, pulse-amplitude-modulated discrete multitone modulation, and unipolar orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.
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  • 6
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    Feasibility Study on a Scheme for Coexistence of DSP-Based PON and 10-Gbps/λ PON Using Hierarchical Star QAM Format (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper presents a downlink scheme that permits the coexistence, on a passive optical network branch, of future DSP-based optical network units (ONUs) that can receive advanced modulation signals and legacy ONUs that can receive only on–off keying (OOK) signals. In the proposed scheme, the two types of signals, advanced modulation signals and OOK signals, are multiplexed by using a hierarchical star quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) format and transmitted simultaneously on a single carrier. The design criteria and the feasibility of the proposal are discussed. The coexistence of 10G-class ONUs and DSP-based ONUs using hierarchical star 8-QAM format is numerically analyzed and experimentally evaluated. The results confirm that a 10-Gbps OOK signal and 30-Gbps star 8-QAM signal can be received with 30.5-dB loss budget by an APD and intradyne detector with DSP, respectively. The ability of the proposed approach to expand the coverage area is also introduced.
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  • 7
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    Characterization of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Polymer Optical Fibers Based on Lock-in-Free Pump–Probe Technique (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: We observe stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in polymer optical fibers (POFs) using a pump–probe technique without lock-in detection, and fully investigate the dependences of the Brillouin gain spectrum on the POF length, pump power, probe power, and temperature. Since the POF has relatively high propagation loss of 250 dB/km at 1.55 μm, an optimal POF length exists for SBS observation, which is found to be approximately 3.8 m with 21.1-dBm pump and 22.2-dBm probe waves. As the probe and pump powers are increased, the Stokes power is also raised but nonlinearly. The temperature dependence of the Brillouin frequency shift is –4.02 MHz/K, which agrees well with the previous report. These results indicate that the Brillouin signal in POFs observed with this technique can be directly applied to the development of POF-based Brillouin optical time-domain analysis systems for high-precision temperature sensing.
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  • 8
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    Exact Analytical Formulism for Erbium Doped Fiber Lasers (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: An exact analytical formulism obtained directly by solving a system of rate and propagation equations in the presence of pump excited-state absorption is presented on the basis of four-band transition scheme in radially symmetric and longitudinally uniform monomode erbium doped silica fiber lasers. The exact analytical expressions are determined for overall gain, small-signal gain, pump intensity threshold, lasing threshold condition, and optimal fiber length in terms of alleviative measurable quantities of photon intensities, transition rates, absorption and emission cross sections, and reflectivity of mirrors. Mutatis mutandis, the formulas bear a verisimilitude to analytical expressions appearing in the literature for these parameters.
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  • 9
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    Green Provisioning of Many-to-Many Sessions Over WDM Optical Networks (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: In a many-to-many session, a participant distributes and receives traffic flows to/from all others in the same session. It is desirable to achieve both high resource utilization and low power consumption when such sessions are provisioned. In wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks, traffic grooming has been widely applied as the key technology for aggregating sessions to improve resource utilization. However, the current many-to-many grooming approaches, the lightpath circle and hubbed light-tree, do not make an effort to reduce the power consumption of many-to-many sessions. In this paper, we formulate the green routing and aggregation of many-to-many sessions problem and prove its NP-completeness. For problem solving in WDM optical networks, we apply a rational combined method of lightpaths. Both an integer linear programming-based approach and a novel graph-based heuristic are devised. We further provide an illustrative comparison between our heuristic and the existing benchmarks in terms of power consumption. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the benchmarks, our heuristic improves the average power efficiency in the range of 13–19%.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 10
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    Position Accuracy of Time-of-Arrival Based Ranging Using Visible Light With Application in Indoor Localization Systems (2013)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: This paper analyzes an indoor positioning system that uses white lighting LEDs. Modulated signals transmitted by the LEDs are used as the basis of time-of-arrival-based distance estimation. The theoretical limits on the accuracy of estimation are calculated by deriving the Cramer–Rao bound for intensity modulated windowed sinusoidal signals. Calculations for a typical indoor scenario, assuming perfect synchronization between transmitter and receiver, but using realistic values for other parameters show that very accurate distance estimates are achievable, with typical errors being in the order of centimeters depending on the frequency and power of the sinusoidal signals, the distance from the LED and the properties of the LED and the photoreceiver.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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