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  • Articles  (47)
  • Temperature  (47)
  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009  (47)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994
  • 2007  (47)
  • Science. 315(5808): 49-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1137359.  (1)
  • Science. 315(5808): 87-91. doi: 10.1126/science.1134207.  (1)
  • Science. 315(5808): 95-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1135471.  (1)
  • Science. 315(5809): 198-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1137739.  (1)
  • Science. 315(5809): 247-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1132913.  (1)
  • Science. 315(5810): 361-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1134853.  (1)
  • Science. 315(5811): 506-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1133680.  (1)
  • Science. 315(5811): 521-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1135774.  (1)
  • Science. 315(5812): 625-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1135428.  (1)
  • Science. 315(5818): 1522-3. doi: 10.1126/science.315.5818.1522.  (1)
  • Science. 315(5818): 1527. doi: 10.1126/science.315.5818.1527.  (1)
  • Science. 315(5820): 1843-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1138544.  (1)
  • Science. 316(5821): 106-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1139099.  (1)
  • Science. 316(5821): 71. doi: 10.1126/science.1137489.  (1)
  • Science. 316(5823): 411. doi: 10.1126/science.1135925.  (1)
  • Science. 316(5824): 528. doi: 10.1126/science.316.5824.528b.  (1)
  • Science. 316(5824): 546-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1134134.  (1)
  • Science. 316(5825): 680-1. doi: 10.1126/science.316.5825.680.  (1)
  • Science. 316(5825): 703-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1142330.  (1)
  • Science. 316(5825): 747-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1140030.  (1)
  • 113
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  • Biology  (47)
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  • Articles  (47)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009  (47)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994
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  • 1
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    A sulfur dioxide climate feedback on early Mars (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: Ancient Mars had liquid water on its surface and a CO2-rich atmosphere. Despite the implication that massive carbonate deposits should have formed, these have not been detected. On the basis of fundamental chemical and physical principles, we propose that climatic conditions enabling the existence of liquid water were maintained by appreciable atmospheric concentrations of volcanically degassed SO2 and H2S. The geochemistry resulting from equilibration of this atmosphere with the hydrological cycle is shown to inhibit the formation of carbonates. We propose an early martian climate feedback involving SO2, much like that maintained by CO2 on Earth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halevy, Itay -- Zuber, Maria T -- Schrag, Daniel P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1903-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ihalevy@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Carbonates/chemistry ; Chemical Precipitation ; Climate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen Sulfide/chemistry ; *Mars ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Photolysis ; Sulfites/chemistry ; Sulfur Dioxide/*chemistry ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-15
    Description: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is expected to exceed 500 parts per million and global temperatures to rise by at least 2 degrees C by 2050 to 2100, values that significantly exceed those of at least the past 420,000 years during which most extant marine organisms evolved. Under conditions expected in the 21st century, global warming and ocean acidification will compromise carbonate accretion, with corals becoming increasingly rare on reef systems. The result will be less diverse reef communities and carbonate reef structures that fail to be maintained. Climate change also exacerbates local stresses from declining water quality and overexploitation of key species, driving reefs increasingly toward the tipping point for functional collapse. This review presents future scenarios for coral reefs that predict increasingly serious consequences for reef-associated fisheries, tourism, coastal protection, and people. As the International Year of the Reef 2008 begins, scaled-up management intervention and decisive action on global emissions are required if the loss of coral-dominated ecosystems is to be avoided.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoegh-Guldberg, O -- Mumby, P J -- Hooten, A J -- Steneck, R S -- Greenfield, P -- Gomez, E -- Harvell, C D -- Sale, P F -- Edwards, A J -- Caldeira, K -- Knowlton, N -- Eakin, C M -- Iglesias-Prieto, R -- Muthiga, N -- Bradbury, R H -- Dubi, A -- Hatziolos, M E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 14;318(5857):1737-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Marine Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia. oveh@uq.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18079392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa/growth & development/physiology ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; Dinoflagellida/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/physiology ; Fishes ; Forecasting ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Reefs in trouble. Spawning for a better life (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 14;318(5857):1712-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18079377" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/growth & development/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Cues ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/physiology ; Larva/growth & development ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Seawater ; Symbiosis ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Year of the Reef (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 14;318(5857):1695.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18079369" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Ecosystem ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Seawater ; Temperature ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Comment on "Synthesis of ultra-incompressible superhard rhenium diboride at ambient pressure" (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-08
    Description: Chung et al. (Reports, 20 April 2007, p. 436) reported the synthesis of superhard rhenium diboride (ReB2) at ambient pressure. We show that ReB2, first synthesized at ambient pressure 45 years ago, is not a superhard material. Together with the high cost of Re, this makes the prospect for large-scale industrial applications of ReB2 doubtful.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dubrovinskaia, Natalia -- Dubrovinsky, Leonid -- Solozhenko, Vladimir L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 7;318(5856):1550; author reply 1550.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mineralphysik und Strukturforschung, Mineralogisches Institut, Universitat Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. natalia.dubrovinskaia@min.uni-heidelberg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063772" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Boron Compounds/chemical synthesis/*chemistry ; Compressive Strength ; Hardness ; Pressure ; Rhenium/*chemistry ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    End-to-end stacking and liquid crystal condensation of 6 to 20 base pair DNA duplexes (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-11-24
    Description: Short complementary B-form DNA oligomers, 6 to 20 base pairs in length, are found to exhibit nematic and columnar liquid crystal phases, even though such duplexes lack the shape anisotropy required for liquid crystal ordering. Structural study shows that these phases are produced by the end-to-end adhesion and consequent stacking of the duplex oligomers into polydisperse anisotropic rod-shaped aggregates, which can order into liquid crystals. Upon cooling mixed solutions of short DNA oligomers, in which only a small fraction of the DNA present is complementary, the duplex-forming oligomers phase-separate into liquid crystal droplets, leaving the unpaired single strands in isotropic solution. In a chemical environment where oligomer ligation is possible, such ordering and condensation would provide an autocatalytic link whereby complementarity promotes the extended polymerization of complementary oligomers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakata, Michi -- Zanchetta, Giuliano -- Chapman, Brandon D -- Jones, Christopher D -- Cross, Julie O -- Pindak, Ronald -- Bellini, Tommaso -- Clark, Noel A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 23;318(5854):1276-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0390, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18033877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anisotropy ; Base Pairing ; Crystallization ; DNA/*chemistry ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry ; Phase Transition ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; X-Ray Diffraction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Energetic particles in the jovian magnetotail (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: When the solar wind hits Jupiter's magnetic field, it creates a long magnetotail trailing behind the planet that channels material out of the Jupiter system. The New Horizons spacecraft traversed the length of the jovian magnetotail to 〉2500 jovian radii (RJ; 1 RJ identical with 71,400 kilometers), observing a high-temperature, multispecies population of energetic particles. Velocity dispersions, anisotropies, and compositional variation seen in the deep-tail (greater, similar 500 RJ) with a approximately 3-day periodicity are similar to variations seen closer to Jupiter in Galileo data. The signatures suggest plasma streaming away from the planet and injection sites in the near-tail region (approximately 200 to 400 RJ) that could be related to magnetic reconnection events. The tail structure remains coherent at least until it reaches the magnetosheath at 1655 RJ.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNutt, R L Jr -- Haggerty, D K -- Hill, M E -- Krimigis, S M -- Livi, S -- Ho, G C -- Gurnee, R S -- Mauk, B H -- Mitchell, D G -- Roelof, E C -- McComas, D J -- Bagenal, F -- Elliott, H A -- Brown, L E -- Kusterer, M -- Vandegriff, J -- Stern, S A -- Weaver, H A -- Spencer, J R -- Moore, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):220-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723, USA. ralph.mcnutt@jhuapl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932283" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Electrons ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ions ; *Jupiter ; Oxygen ; Protons ; Spacecraft ; Sulfur ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Jupiter cloud composition, stratification, convection, and wave motion: a view from new horizons (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: Several observations of Jupiter's atmosphere made by instruments on the New Horizons spacecraft have implications for the stability and dynamics of Jupiter's weather layer. Mesoscale waves, first seen by Voyager, have been observed at a spatial resolution of 11 to 45 kilometers. These waves have a 300-kilometer wavelength and phase velocities greater than the local zonal flow by 100 meters per second, much higher than predicted by models. Additionally, infrared spectral measurements over five successive Jupiter rotations at spatial resolutions of 200 to 140 kilometers have shown the development of transient ammonia ice clouds (lifetimes of 40 hours or less) in regions of strong atmospheric upwelling. Both of these phenomena serve as probes of atmospheric dynamics below the visible cloud tops.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reuter, D C -- Simon-Miller, A A -- Lunsford, A -- Baines, K H -- Cheng, A F -- Jennings, D E -- Olkin, C B -- Spencer, J R -- Stern, S A -- Weaver, H A -- Young, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):223-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. dennis.c.reuter@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932284" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia ; Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; Spacecraft ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Widespread morning drizzle on Titan (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: Precipitation is expected in Titan's atmosphere, yet it has not been directly observed, and the geographical regions where rain occurs are unknown. Here we present near-infrared spectra from the Very Large Telescope and W. M. Keck Observatories that reveal an enhancement of opacity in Titan's troposphere on the morning side of the leading hemisphere. Retrieved extinction profiles are consistent with condensed methane in clouds at an altitude near 30 kilometers and concomitant methane drizzle below. The moisture encompasses the equatorial region over Titan's brightest continent, Xanadu. Diurnal temperature gradients that cause variations in methane relative humidity, winds, and topography may each be a contributing factor to the condensation mechanism. The clouds and precipitation are optically thin at 2.0 micrometers, and models of "subvisible" clouds suggest that the droplets are 0.1 millimeter or larger.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adamkovics, Mate -- Wong, Michael H -- Laver, Conor -- de Pater, Imke -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 9;318(5852):962-5. Epub 2007 Oct 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94611, USA. mate@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Methane ; *Saturn ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Odor-mediated push-pull pollination in cycads (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-06
    Description: The reproductive organs of some plants self-heat, release scent, and attract pollinators. The relations among these processes are not well understood, especially in the more ancient, nonflowering gymnosperm lineages. We describe the influence of plant volatiles in an obligate pollination mutualism between an Australian Macrozamia cycad (a gymnosperm with male and female individuals) and its specialist thrips pollinator, Cycadothrips chadwicki. Pollen-laden thrips leave male cycad cones en masse during the daily thermogenic phase, when cone temperatures and volatile emissions increase dramatically and thrips are repelled. As thermogenesis declines, total volatile emissions diminish and cones attract thrips, resulting in pollination of female cones. Behavioral and electrophysiological tests on thrips reveal that variations in b-myrcene and ocimene emissions by male and female cones are sufficient to explain the observed sequential thrips' repellence (push) and attraction (pull). These dynamic interactions represent complex adaptations that enhance the likelihood of pollination and may reflect an intermediate state in the evolution of biotic pollination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Terry, Irene -- Walter, Gimme H -- Moore, Chris -- Roemer, Robert -- Hull, Craig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 5;318(5847):70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. terry@biology.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Circadian Rhythm ; Cues ; Electrophysiology ; Flowers ; Insects/*physiology ; Monoterpenes ; *Odors ; *Pollen ; Polyenes ; Temperature ; Zamiaceae/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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