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  • 1
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 621-631: One-Bit Quantization and Distributed Detection with an Unknown Scale Parameter (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-12
    Description: We examine a distributed detection problem in a wireless sensor network, where sensor nodes collaborate to detect a Gaussian signal with an unknown change of power, i.e., a scale parameter. Due to power/bandwidth constraints, we consider the case where each sensor quantizes its observation into a binary digit. The binary data are then transmitted through error-prone wireless links to a fusion center, where a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detector is employed to perform a global decision. We study the design of a binary quantizer based on an asymptotic analysis of the GLRT. Interestingly, the quantization threshold of the quantizer is independent of the unknown scale parameter. Numerical results are included to illustrate the performance of the proposed quantizer and GLRT in binary symmetric channels (BSCs).
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 2
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 632-644: Data Fusion Modeling for an RT3102 and Dewetron System Application in Hybrid Vehicle Stability Testing (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-13
    Description: More and more hybrid electric vehicles are driven since they offer such advantages as energy savings and better active safety performance. Hybrid vehicles have two or more power driving systems and frequently switch working condition, so controlling stability is very important. In this work, a two-stage Kalman algorithm method is used to fuse data in hybrid vehicle stability testing. First, the RT3102 navigation system and Dewetron system are introduced. Second, a modeling of data fusion is proposed based on the Kalman filter. Then, this modeling is simulated and tested on a sample vehicle, using Carsim and Simulink software to test the results. The results showed the merits of this modeling.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 3
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    Performance analysis of cooperative cognitive MIMO multiuser downlink transmission with perfect and imperfect CSI over Rayleigh fading channels (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-17
    Description: In this paper, a comprehensive comparison analysis in terms of outage probability and average symbol error ratio (SER) is presented for cooperative cognitive multiple-input and multiple-output (CC-MIMO) multiuser systems with amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol. Specially, we consider two scenarios where the CC-MIMO multiuser systems have the perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI). The CC-MIMO multiuser systems consist of one multi-antenna source, one single-antenna relay, and multiple multi-antenna destinations. At the secondary source and destinations, the maximal ratio transmission (MRT) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) are employed, respectively. For such CC-MIMO multiuser systems, we first obtain the exact closed-form expressions of outage probability under the two cases where the CC-MIMO multiuser systems have the perfect and imperfect CSI. Then, to reduce the implementation complexity, the tight lower bounds of outage probability and average SER are derived. Finally, to obtain insight, by using the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximation, the asymptotic estimations of outage probability are achieved. The numerical results show that the derivations are agreed with the simulations, which validate our derivations. At the same time, the results show that, for the systems without perfect CSI, the achievable diversity order reduces to one, regardless of the number of antennas at the cognitive source and destinations as well as the number of the cognitive destinations. Nevertheless, these key parameters affect the coding gain of the CC-MIMO multiuser systems. When the systems have the perfect CSI (or without feedback delay), the achievable diversity gain is determined by the minimum between the number of source’s antennas and the product of the number of destinations and the number of destination’s antennas. For the effect of PU’s parameters, our results indicate that primary systems only affect the coding gain but not the diversity gain.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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  • 4
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 562-572: Modeling Documents with Event Model (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-05
    Description: Currently deep learning has made great breakthroughs in visual and speech processing, mainly because it draws lessons from the hierarchical mode that brain deals with images and speech. In the field of NLP, a topic model is one of the important ways for modeling documents. Topic models are built on a generative model that clearly does not match the way humans write. In this paper, we propose Event Model, which is unsupervised and based on the language processing mechanism of neurolinguistics, to model documents. In Event Model, documents are descriptions of concrete or abstract events seen, heard, or sensed by people and words are objects in the events. Event Model has two stages: word learning and dimensionality reduction. Word learning is to learn semantics of words based on deep learning. Dimensionality reduction is the process that representing a document as a low dimensional vector by a linear mode that is completely different from topic models. Event Model achieves state-of-the-art results on document retrieval tasks.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 5
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 680-696: Network Community Detection on Metric Space (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Community detection in a complex network is an important problem of much interest in recent years. In general, a community detection algorithm chooses an objective function and captures the communities of the network by optimizing the objective function, and then, one uses various heuristics to solve the optimization problem to extract the interesting communities for the user. In this article, we demonstrate the procedure to transform a graph into points of a metric space and develop the methods of community detection with the help of a metric defined for a pair of points. We have also studied and analyzed the community structure of the network therein. The results obtained with our approach are very competitive with most of the well-known algorithms in the literature, and this is justified over the large collection of datasets. On the other hand, it can be observed that time taken by our algorithm is quite less compared to other methods and justifies the theoretical findings.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 6
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 656-668: Fifth-Order Iterative Method for Solving Multiple Roots of the Highest Multiplicity of Nonlinear Equation (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-21
    Description: A three-step iterative method with fifth-order convergence as a new modification of Newton’s method was presented. This method is for finding multiple roots of nonlinear equation with unknown multiplicity m whose multiplicity m is the highest multiplicity. Its order of convergence is analyzed and proved. Results for some numerical examples show the efficiency of the new method.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 7
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    ADCNC-MAC: asynchronous duty cycle with network-coding MAC protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-23
    Description: To reduce the energy cost of underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWSNs), the duty cycle (i.e., periodic wake-up and sleep) concept has been used in several medium access control (MAC) protocols. Although these protocols are energy efficient, they sacrifice bandwidth utilization, which leads to lower transmission rate. In order to solve this problem, asynchronous duty cycle with network-coding Asynchronous Duty Cycle with Network-Coding MAC (ADCNC-MAC) is proposed. It contains initialization of the MAC protocol phase and data transmission phase. In the first phase, we use an asynchronous duty cycle to find a rendezvous time for exchanging data. A strategy to select network coder nodes is presented to confirm the number of network coder nodes and distribution in the network coder layer. In the data transmission phase, the network coder nodes transmit using the proposed network-coding-based algorithm and a higher volume of packet will be transmitted to the Sink with the same number of transmissions. Simulation results show that ADCNC-MAC achieves higher power efficiency, improves packet delivery ratio (PDR), and network throughput.
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  • 8
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    Wireless indoor network planning for advanced exposure and installation cost minimization (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: The possibility of having information access anytime and anywhere has caused a huge increase of the popularity of wireless networks. Requirements of users and owners have been ever-increasing. However, concerns about the potential health impact of exposure to radio frequency (RF) sources have arisen and are getting accounted for in wireless network planning. In addition to adequate coverage and reduced human exposure, the installation cost of the wireless network is also an important criterion in the planning process. In this paper, a hybrid algorithm is used to optimize indoor wireless network planning while satisfying three demands: maximum coverage, minimal full installation cost (cabling, cable gutters, drilling holes, labor, etc.), and minimal human exposure. For the first time, wireless indoor networks are being optimized based on these advanced and realistic conditions. The algorithm is investigated for three scenarios and for different configurations. The impact of different exposure requirements and cost scenarios is assessed.
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  • 9
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    Coordinated beamforming design for multicell systems with transceiver impairments: from perspective of spectral efficiency to energy efficiency (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: Physical transceiver implementations for wireless communication systems usually suffer from transmit-radio frequency (Tx-RF) and receiver-RF (Rx-RF) impairments. In this paper, we aim to design efficient coordinated beamforming for multicell multiuser multi-antenna systems by fully taking into account the residual transceiver impairments. Our design objectives include both spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. In particular, we first derive the closed-form expression of the mean square error (MSE) which includes the impact of transceiver impairments. Based on that, we propose an alternating optimization algorithm to solve the coordinated multicell beamforming problems with the goal of minimizing the worst user MSE, and the sum MSE. Then, by exploiting the relationship between the minimum mean square error (MMSE) and the achievable rate, we develop a new algorithm to address the sum rate maximization problem. This approach is further generalized to solve the more intractable energy efficiency optimization problem. We prove that all the proposed iterative algorithms guarantee to converge to a stationary point. Numerical results show that our proposed schemes achieve a better performance than conventional coordinated beamforming algorithms that were designed ignoring the transceiver impairments.
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  • 10
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 552-561: Some Improvements to a Third Order Variant of Newton’s Method from Simpson’s Rule (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-30
    Description: In this paper, we present three improvements to a three-point third order variant of Newton’s method derived from the Simpson rule. The first one is a fifth order method using the same number of functional evaluations as the third order method, the second one is a four-point 10th order method and the last one is a five-point 20th order method. In terms of computational point of view, our methods require four evaluations (one function and three first derivatives) to get fifth order, five evaluations (two functions and three derivatives) to get 10th order and six evaluations (three functions and three derivatives) to get 20th order. Hence, these methods have efficiency indexes of 1.495, 1.585 and 1.648, respectively which are better than the efficiency index of 1.316 of the third order method. We test the methods through some numerical experiments which show that the 20th order method is very efficient.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 11
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 541-551: Target Detection Algorithm Based on Two Layers Human Visual System (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-30
    Description: Robust small target detection of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is very important in infrared search and track applications for self-defense or attacks. Due to the complex background, current algorithms have some unsolved issues with false alarm rate. In order to reduce the false alarm rate, an infrared small target detection algorithm based on saliency detection and support vector machine was proposed. Firstly, we detect salient regions that may contain targets with phase spectrum Fourier transform (PFT) approach. Then, target recognition was performed in the salient regions. Experimental results show the proposed algorithm has ideal robustness and efficiency for real infrared small target detection applications.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 12
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 573-589: Robust Rank Reduction Algorithm with Iterative Parameter Optimization and Vector Perturbation (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-06
    Description: In dynamic propagation environments, beamforming algorithms may suffer from strong interference, steering vector mismatches, a low convergence speed and a high computational complexity. Reduced-rank signal processing techniques provide a way to address the problems mentioned above. This paper presents a low-complexity robust data-dependent dimensionality reduction based on an iterative optimization with steering vector perturbation (IOVP) algorithm for reduced-rank beamforming and steering vector estimation. The proposed robust optimization procedure jointly adjusts the parameters of a rank reduction matrix and an adaptive beamformer. The optimized rank reduction matrix projects the received signal vector onto a subspace with lower dimension. The beamformer/steering vector optimization is then performed in a reduced dimension subspace. We devise efficient stochastic gradient and recursive least-squares algorithms for implementing the proposed robust IOVP design. The proposed robust IOVP beamforming algorithms result in a faster convergence speed and an improved performance. Simulation results show that the proposed IOVP algorithms outperform some existing full-rank and reduced-rank algorithms with a comparable complexity.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 13
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 590-620: An Overview of a Class of Clock Synchronization Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Statistical Signal Processing Perspective (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have drawn great interest due to their outstanding monitoring and management potential in medical, environmental and industrial applications. Most of the applications that employ WSNs demand all of the sensor nodes to run on a common time scale, a requirement that highlights the importance of clock synchronization. The clock synchronization problem in WSNs is inherently related to parameter estimation. The accuracy of clock synchronization algorithms depends essentially on the statistical properties of the parameter estimation algorithms. Recently, studies dedicated to the estimation of synchronization parameters, such as clock offset and skew, have begun to emerge in the literature. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art clock synchronization algorithms for WSNs from a statistical signal processing point of view. This article focuses on describing the key features of the class of clock synchronization algorithms that exploit the traditional two-way message (signal) exchange mechanism. Upon introducing the two-way message exchange mechanism, the main clock offset estimation algorithms for pairwise synchronization of sensor nodes are first reviewed, and their performance is compared. The class of fully-distributed clock offset estimation algorithms for network-wide synchronization is then surveyed. The paper concludes with a list of open research problems pertaining to clock synchronization of WSNs.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 14
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    Network coding techniques for VANET advertising applications (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-09
    Description: Network coding is an emerging technique known to improve the network performance in many aspects. In Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET), the bandwidth is considered to be one of the most important network resources. In this paper, we propose a network coding technique to improve the bandwidth utilization for non-safety applications in VANET. In a scenario where there are two sources broadcasting the data into the same area at the same time, the relay will use the network coding technique to decrease the number of rebroadcasting events and the consumption of the bandwidth, However, a fundamental problem for the relay when it receives a packet, is whether to wait for a coding opportunity and save the bandwidth or send the packet directly and reduce the delay. In order to address such tradeoff, we introduce two versions of our protocol, namely buffer size control scheme (BSCS) and time control scheme (TCS); by both versions we aim to control the delay that is experienced by the packet at each hop, while achieving better bandwidth utilization.Up to 38 % improvement in the bandwidth utilization has been recorded, and both schemes have shown a considerable amount of control on the imposed delay.
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  • 15
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    A performance analysis on packet scheduling schemes based on an exponential rule for real-time traffic in LTE (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Long-Term Evolution (LTE) was implemented to fulfill and satisfy users’ needs as well as their demands for an improvised, fast and efficient Quality of service (QoS). A minimal aggregate of waiting time in return would give users a better Quality of experience (QoE). Real-time service packet scheduling is an important process in allocating resources to users. An efficient packet scheduling scheme will be able to cater fairly and efficiently to its users in the LTE network. Hence, studies are performed focusing on real-time traffic which includes video as well as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) transmissions. In this work, the existing exponential rule (EXP rule) is utilized to benchmark our proposed packet scheduling techniques so that we are able to further evaluate the scheduling performance. In response to the increasing likelihood of losing packets in the EXP rule’s algorithm and maximizing the throughput rate, several schemes have been experimented with. The proposed schemes include 1) simplified EXP rule (sEXP Rule), 2) modified EXP rule (mEXP Rule), 3) EXP rule with maximum throughput (MT) (EXP_MT Rule), and 4) enhanced EXP rule with MT (E2M). By adding MT as a weight to the EXP rule, the throughput is maximized, thus providing higher throughput rates for real-time and non-real-time traffic. The simulation results show that the sEXP rule has a better performance in throughput, packet loss rate (PLR), and spectral efficiency for video traffic. Aside from this, our proposed E2M rule performs better than the benchmark EXP rule and outperforms the other proposed schemes, as well. It is observed that the E2M rule has better QoS support for real-time transmission in terms of delay, packet loss, throughput and spectral efficiency, within the LTE network. Hence, our proposed E2M rule is an enhancement of the benchmark EXP rule, which is commonly used in LTE packet scheduling.
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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  • 16
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    Routing in delay tolerant networks with periodic connections (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: In delay tolerant networks (DTNs), the network may not be fully connected at any instant of time, but connections occurring between nodes at different times make the network connected through the entire time continuum. In such a case, traditional routing methods fail to operate because there are no contemporaneous end-to-end paths between sources and destinations. This study examines the routing in DTNs where connections arise in a periodic nature. We analyze various levels of periodicity in order to meet the requirements of different network models. We propose different routing algorithms for different kinds of periodic connections. Our proposed routing methods guarantee the earliest delivery time and minimum hop-count, simultaneously. We evaluate our routing schemes via extensive simulation experiments and compare them to some other popular routing approaches proposed for DTNs. Our evaluations show the feasibility and effectiveness of our schemes as viable routing methods for delay tolerant networks.
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  • 17
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    Partial path extension scheme for mobile content source in content-centric networking (CCN) (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-12
    Description: Due to rapid developments in mobile technology as well as various multimedia features like messaging, browsing, and streaming, user-created mobile contents are increasing, both in terms of quantity and quality, and at the same time are shared in real time. To get into step with such movements, new content-centric networking (CCN) has appeared. However, CCN has not taken the effect of consumer device movements into consideration. So, this paper proposes a partial path extension scheme to provide lower communication overhead, shorter download time, and lower network resource consumption in mobile consumer environments.
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  • 18
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 774-785: Parallel Variants of Broyden’s Method (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-16
    Description: In this paper we investigate some parallel variants of Broyden’s method and, for the basic variant, we present its convergence properties. The main result is that the behavior of the considered parallel Broyden’s variants is comparable with the classical parallel Newton method, and significantly better than the parallel Cimmino method, both for linear and nonlinear cases. The considered variants are also compared with two more recently proposed parallel Broyden’s method. Some numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the advantages and limits of the proposed algorithms.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 19
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 799-809: Reweighted Factor Selection for SLMS-RL1 Algorithm under Gaussian Mixture Noise Environments (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: The sign least mean square with reweighted L1-norm constraint (SLMS-RL1) algorithm is an attractive sparse channel estimation method among Gaussian mixture model (GMM) based algorithms for use in impulsive noise environments. The channel sparsity can be exploited by SLMS-RL1 algorithm based on appropriate reweighted factor, which is one of key parameters to adjust the sparse constraint for SLMS-RL1 algorithm. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, a reweighted factor selection scheme has not been developed. This paper proposes a Monte-Carlo (MC) based reweighted factor selection method to further strengthen the performance of SLMS-RL1 algorithm. To validate the performance of SLMS-RL1 using the proposed reweighted factor, simulations results are provided to demonstrate that convergence speed can be reduced by increasing the channel sparsity, while the steady-state MSE performance only slightly changes with different GMM impulsive-noise strengths.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
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  • 20
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    Generation of 2D correlated random shadowing based on the deterministic MR-FDPF model (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: In modern mobile telecommunications, shadow fading has to be modeled by a two-dimensional (2D) correlated random variable since shadow fading may present both cross-correlation and spatial correlation due to the presence of similar obstacles during the propagation. In this paper, 2D correlated random shadowing is generated based on the multi-resolution frequency domain ParFlow (MR-FDPF) model. The MR-FDPF model is a 2D deterministic radio propagation model, so a 2D deterministic shadowing can be firstly extracted from it. Then, a 2D correlated random shadowing can be generated by considering the extracted 2D deterministic shadowing to be a realization of it. Moreover, based on the generated 2D correlated random shadowing, a complete 2D semi-deterministic path loss model can be proposed. The proposed methodology of this paper can be implemented into system-level simulators where it will be very useful due to its ability to generate realistic shadow fading.
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  • 21
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 1076-1087: Local Convergence of an Efficient High Convergence OrderMethod Using Hypothesis Only on the First Derivative (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-21
    Description: We present a local convergence analysis of an eighth order three step methodin order to approximate a locally unique solution of nonlinear equation in a Banach spacesetting. In an earlier study by Sharma and Arora (2015), the order of convergence wasshown using Taylor series expansions and hypotheses up to the fourth order derivative oreven higher of the function involved which restrict the applicability of the proposed scheme.However, only first order derivative appears in the proposed scheme. In order to overcomethis problem, we proposed the hypotheses up to only the first order derivative. In this way,we not only expand the applicability of the methods but also propose convergence domain.Finally, where earlier studies cannot be applied, a variety of concrete numerical examplesare proposed to obtain the solutions of nonlinear equations. Our study does not exhibit thistype of problem/restriction.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
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  • 22
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 1088-1110: Computer Aided Diagnosis System for Early Lung Cancer Detection (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-21
    Description: Lung cancer continues to rank as the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. One of the most promising techniques for early detection of cancerous cells relies on sputum cell analysis. This was the motivation behind the design and the development of a new computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system for early detection of lung cancer based on the analysis of sputum color images. The proposed CAD system encompasses four main processing steps. First is the preprocessing step which utilizes a Bayesian classification method using histogram analysis. Then, in the second step, mean shift segmentation is applied to segment the nuclei from the cytoplasm. The third step is the feature analysis. In this step, geometric and chromatic features are extracted from the nucleus region. These features are used in the diagnostic process of the sputum images. Finally, the diagnosis is completed using an artificial neural network and support vector machine (SVM) for classifying the cells into benign or malignant. The performance of the system was analyzed based on different criteria such as sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The evaluation was carried out using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the SVM classifier over other classifiers, with 97% sensitivity and accuracy as well as a significant reduction in the number of false positive and false negative rates.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
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  • 23
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 1052-1075: A New Approach for Automatic Removal of Movement Artifacts in Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Time Series by Means of Acceleration Data (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-20
    Description: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) enables the non-invasive measurement of changes in hemodynamics and oxygenation in tissue. Changes in light-coupling due to movement of the subject can cause movement artifacts (MAs) in the recorded signals. Several methods have been developed so far that facilitate the detection and reduction of MAs in the data. However, due to fixed parameter values (e.g., global threshold) none of these methods are perfectly suitable for long-term (i.e., hours) recordings or were not time-effective when applied to large datasets. We aimed to overcome these limitations by automation, i.e., data adaptive thresholding specifically designed for long-term measurements, and by introducing a stable long-term signal reconstruction. Our new technique (“acceleration-based movement artifact reduction algorithm”, AMARA) is based on combining two methods: the “movement artifact reduction algorithm” (MARA, Scholkmann et al. Phys. Meas. 2010, 31, 649–662), and the “accelerometer-based motion artifact removal” (ABAMAR, Virtanen et al. J. Biomed. Opt. 2011, 16, 087005). We describe AMARA in detail and report about successful validation of the algorithm using empirical NIRS data, measured over the prefrontal cortex in adolescents during sleep. In addition, we compared the performance of AMARA to that of MARA and ABAMAR based on validation data.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 24
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 712-722: Gradient-Based Iterative Identification for Wiener Nonlinear Dynamic Systems with Moving Average Noises (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-27
    Description: This paper focuses on the parameter identification problem for Wiener nonlinear dynamic systems with moving average noises. In order to improve the convergence rate, the gradient-based iterative algorithm is presented by replacing the unmeasurable variables with their corresponding iterative estimates, and to compute iteratively the noise estimates based on the obtained parameter estimates. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively estimate the parameters of Wiener systems with moving average noises.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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    Algorithms, Vol. 8, Pages 271-279: Dynamics and Fractal Dimension of Steffensen-Type Methods (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-02
    Description: In this paper, the dynamical behavior of different optimal iterative schemes for solving nonlinear equations with increasing order, is studied. The tendency of the complexity of the Julia set is analyzed and referred to the fractal dimension. In fact, this fractal dimension can be shown to be a powerful tool to compare iterative schemes that estimate the solution of a nonlinear equation. Based on the box-counting algorithm, several iterative derivative-free methods of different convergence orders are compared.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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    Trust management in vehicular ad hoc network: a systematic review (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-24
    Description: The basis of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is the exchange of data between entities, and making a decision on received data/event is usually based on information provided by other entities. Many researchers utilize the concept of trust to assess the trustworthiness of the received data. Nevertheless, the lack of a review to sum up the best available research on specific questions on trust management in vehicular ad hoc networks is sensible. This paper presents a systematic literature review to provide comprehensive and unbiased information about various current trust conceptions, proposals, problems, and solutions in VANETs to increase quality of data in transportation. For the purpose of the writing of this paper, a total of 111 articles related to the trust model in VANETs published between 2005 and 2014 were extracted from the most relevant scientific sources (IEEE Computer Society, ACM Digital Library, Springer Link, Science Direct, and Wiley Online Library). Finally, ten articles were eventually analyzed due to several reasons such as relevancy and comprehensiveness of discussion presented in the articles. Using the systematic method of review, this paper succeeds to reveal the main challenges and requirements for trust in VANETs and future research within this scope.
    Print ISSN: 1687-1472
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-1499
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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    Baseband and RF hardware impairments in full-duplex wireless systems: experimental characterisation and suppression (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-24
    Description: Hardware imperfections can significantly reduce the performance of full-duplex wireless systems by introducing non-idealities and random effects that make it challenging to fully suppress self-interference. Previous research has mostly focused on analysing the impact of hardware imperfections on full-duplex systems, based on simulations and theoretical models. In this paper, we follow a measurement-based approach to experimentally identify and isolate these hardware imperfections leading to residual self-interference in full-duplex nodes. Our measurements show the important role of images arising from in-phase and quadrature (IQ) imbalance in the transmitter and receiver mixers. We also observe baseband non-linearities in the digital-to-analog converters (DAC), which can introduce strong harmonic components in the transmitted signal that have not been considered previously. A corresponding general mathematical model to suppress these components of the self-interference signal arising from the hardware non-idealities is developed from the observations and measurements. Results from a 10 MHz bandwidth full-duplex system, operating at 2.48 GHz, show that up to 13 dB additional suppression, relative to state-of-the-art implementations, can be achieved by jointly compensating for IQ imbalance and DAC non-linearities.
    Print ISSN: 1687-1472
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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    A unified approach for detecting and eliminating selfish nodes in MANETs using TBUT (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-24
    Description: Recent years have witnessed the increasing efforts toward making architecture standardization for the secured wireless mobile ad hoc networks. In this scenario when a node actively utilizes the other node resources for communicating and refuses to help other nodes in their transmission or reception of data, it is called a selfish node. As the entire mobile ad hoc network (MANETs) depends on cooperation from neighboring nodes, it is very important to detect and eliminate selfish nodes from being part of the network. In this paper, token-based umpiring technique (TBUT) is proposed, where every node needs a token to participate in the network and the neighboring nodes act as umpire. This proposed TBUT is found to be very efficient with a reduced detection time and less overhead. The security analysis and experimental results have shown that TBUT is feasible for enhancing the security and network performance of real applications.
    Print ISSN: 1687-1472
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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    Joint user clustering and resource allocation for device-to-device communication underlaying MU-MIMO cellular networks (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-24
    Description: In this paper, multiple device-to-device (D2D) communication underlaying cellular multiuser multiple inputs multiple outputs (MU-MIMO) systems is investigated. This type of communication can improve spectral efficiency to address future demand, but interference management, user clustering, and resource allocation are three key problems related to resource sharing. Interference alignment (IA) is proposed to better mitigate in-cluster interference compared with a multiplex scheme, and user clustering and resource allocation are jointly investigated using binary-integer programming. In addition to an exhaustive search for a maximum throughput, we propose a two-step suboptimal algorithm by reducing the search space and applying branch-and-bound searching (BBS). To further obtain a good trade-off between performance and complexity, we propose a novel algorithm based on distance-constrained criteria for user clustering. The simulation results show that the IA and multiplex schemes acquiring user clustering gains outperform the orthogonal scheme without user clustering. Besides, the proposed two-step and location-based algorithms achieve little losses compared with the optimal algorithm under low complexities.
    Print ISSN: 1687-1472
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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    DECA: distributed energy conservation algorithm for process reconstruction with bounded relative error in wireless sensor networks (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-10
    Description: When a wireless sensor network (WSN) is employed to monitor environmental data, efficient energy usage is demanded so that the WSN lifetime can be extended. In this context, we propose a distributed energy con...
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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    Sentiment processing of social media information from both wireless and wired network (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Recent years, information spreading under the environment of wireless communication has attracted increasing interest. Microblog platform on mobile terminals, as one product of wireless communication, facilita...
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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    Mobility management for IoT: a survey (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Internet of Thing (IoT) or also referred to as IP-enabled wireless sensor network (IP-WSN) has become a rich area of research. This is due to the rapid growth in a wide spectrum of critical application domains...
    Print ISSN: 1687-1472
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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    [Perspective] Thinking abstractly like a duck(ling) (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In the film O Brother, Where Art Thou?, when one of a trio of bungling prison escapees angrily asks another, “Who elected you leader of this outfit?” his buddy smugly quips, “I figured it should be the one with the capacity for abstract thought.” Indeed, abstract conceptual thought is held to be so central to being human that the idea of someone being incapable of this kind of thinking is a subject for (sometimes rather cruel) humor. Interest in understanding the capacity for abstract thought has been a matter of serious consideration that dates back at least three centuries to the famous English philosopher John Locke. Locke confidently contended that “brutes abstract not” (1) and insisted that exhibiting abstract thought definitively divided humans from all other animals. However, no science then existed to confirm or refute Locke's contention. On page 286 of this issue, Martinho and Kacelnik (2) put the claim that animals are incapable of abstract thought to a strong behavioral test. Author: Edward A. Wasserman
    Keywords: Cognition
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Depth] First farmers' motley roots (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Farming was such a good idea when it was invented 10,000 to 12,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent that it was quickly adopted by several different groups of people. According to three teams who used new techniques to gain glimpses of the nuclear DNA of the world's very first farmers, farming was adopted by at least three genetically distinct groups scattered across the Middle East and Anatolia. The research found that early farmers of Israel and Jordan were genetically distinct from those in the Zagros Mountains, and that both populations were distinct from the western Anatolians. This shows that farming wasn't spread initially by just one group of people, but that it was invented more than once—or was an idea that spread rapidly between groups. Author: Ann Gibbons
    Keywords: Ancient DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Policy Forum] Crisis informatics—New data for extraordinary times (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Crisis informatics is a multidisciplinary field combining computing and social science knowledge of disasters; its central tenet is that people use personal information and communication technology to respond to disaster in creative ways to cope with uncertainty. We study and develop computational support for collection and sociobehavioral analysis of online participation (i.e., tweets and Facebook posts) to address challenges in disaster warning, response, and recovery. Because such data are rarely tidy, we offer lessons—learned the hard way, as we have made every mistake described below—with respect to the opportunities and limitations of social media research on crisis events. Authors: Leysia Palen, Kenneth M. Anderson
    Keywords: Social Media Research
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] How much biodiversity loss is too much? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: How much of something do we need to keep people safe and well? This question is frequently asked by those working in risk management. Across diverse sectors from flood protection to health care, practitioners assess risk as the product of the impact of a given event and the probability of its occurrence. Although these estimates are often uncertain, policy-makers must ultimately make spending decisions aimed at averting these risks, because the costs of inaction to society can be substantial. Biodiversity loss is a similarly critical, yet uncertain, issue. On page 288 of this issue, Newbold et al. (1) quantify global biodiversity losses, providing much-needed information on the encroachment of proposed “safe limits.” Author: Tom H. Oliver
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Book Review] A toxic timeline (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In the 1970s, residents of a Niagara Falls neighborhood realized that chemicals from a toxic waste dump had leached into their homes, parks, and neighborhood school. Their cancers, miscarriages, and myriad chronic ailments told the tale, and in 1978 they organized, filed lawsuits, and demanded intervention. The federal government eventually complied, evacuating the residents and creating the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as the Superfund Act, which provides a framework for cleaning up such sites. In his new book, Love Canal: A Toxic History from Colonial Times to the Present, Richard S. Newman urges us to see the Love Canal disaster stretched out in time, rooted in the long history of the Niagara Falls area. The crisis itself, he says, was an outcome of patterns established generations earlier that pitted developmental pressures against environmental and human health and created a "cycle of disposable land use that had long dominated area politics and economics." Author: Jacob Darwin Hamblin
    Keywords: Environmental Policy
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    [Introduction to Special Issue] Nature's Fury (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Authors: Brent Grocholski, Robert Coontz
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Letter] Mining undermining Brazil's environment (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Authors: Hani Rocha El Bizri, Jonathan Christopher Bausch Macedo, Adriano Pereira Paglia, Thaís Queiroz Morcatty
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Special Issue News] Doomsday Machines (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In San Diego, California, a six-story tower riddled with strain gauges and accelerometers rises from the platform of one of the world's biggest earthquake machines. This device—a sort of bull ride for buildings—is one in a network built around the United States to advance natural disaster science with more realistic and sophisticated tests. The National Science Foundation initiative has helped scientists simulate some of the most powerful and destructive forces on Earth, including earthquakes, tsunamis, and landslides. The work has led to new building standards and better ways to build or retrofit everything from wharves to older concrete buildings. Now, in a new $62 million, 5-year program, the network of doomsday machines is expanding to simulate hurricanes and tornadoes and is joining forces with computer modeling to study how things too big for a physical test—such as nuclear reactors or even an entire city—will weather what Mother Nature throws at them. Author: Warren Cornwall
    Keywords: Natural Hazards
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Special Issue News] Thinking the Unthinkable (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: What are the greatest threats to humanity and human civilization? Scholars think a self-induced catastrophe such as nuclear war or a bioengineered pandemic is most likely to do us in. But extreme natural hazards—including threats from space and geologic upheavals here on Earth—could also do the job. Although common, moderately severe disasters such as earthquakes attract far more funding and attention than low-probability apocalyptic ones, a handful of researchers persists in thinking the unthinkable. With knowledge and planning, they say, it's possible to prepare for—or in some cases prevent—rare but devastating natural disasters such as blasts of particles from the sun, collisions with near-Earth asteroids like the one that wiped out the dinosaurs, and supervolcanoes that dwarf any eruptions in recorded history. Author: Julia Rosen
    Keywords: Natural Hazards
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] The innate wisdom of ducklings (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Evolutionary Cognition
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Special Issue Review] Global trends in satellite-based emergency mapping (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Over the past 15 years, scientists and disaster responders have increasingly used satellite-based Earth observations for global rapid assessment of disaster situations. We review global trends in satellite rapid response and emergency mapping from 2000 to 2014, analyzing more than 1000 incidents in which satellite monitoring was used for assessing major disaster situations. We provide a synthesis of spatial patterns and temporal trends in global satellite emergency mapping efforts and show that satellite-based emergency mapping is most intensively deployed in Asia and Europe and follows well the geographic, physical, and temporal distributions of global natural disasters. We present an outlook on the future use of Earth observation technology for disaster response and mitigation by putting past and current developments into context and perspective. Authors: Stefan Voigt, Fabio Giulio-Tonolo, Josh Lyons, Jan Kučera, Brenda Jones, Tobias Schneiderhan, Gabriel Platzeck, Kazuya Kaku, Manzul Kumar Hazarika, Lorant Czaran, Suju Li, Wendi Pedersen, Godstime Kadiri James, Catherine Proy, Denis Macharia Muthike, Jerome Bequignon, Debarati Guha-Sapir
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Special Issue Review] Human influence on tropical cyclone intensity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Recent assessments agree that tropical cyclone intensity should increase as the climate warms. Less agreement exists on the detection of recent historical trends in tropical cyclone intensity. We interpret future and recent historical trends by using the theory of potential intensity, which predicts the maximum intensity achievable by a tropical cyclone in a given local environment. Although greenhouse gas–driven warming increases potential intensity, climate model simulations suggest that aerosol cooling has largely canceled that effect over the historical record. Large natural variability complicates analysis of trends, as do poleward shifts in the latitude of maximum intensity. In the absence of strong reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, future greenhouse gas forcing of potential intensity will increasingly dominate over aerosol forcing, leading to substantially larger increases in tropical cyclone intensities. Authors: Adam H. Sobel, Suzana J. Camargo, Timothy M. Hall, Chia-Ying Lee, Michael K. Tippett, Allison A. Wing
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] The heat is on (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: H. Jesse Smith
    Keywords: Glaciers
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    [This Week in Science] Adaptors conduct the EGFR symphony (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Leslie K. Ferrarelli
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    [Editors' Choice] Why pay more for medicine in some places? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Brad Wible
    Keywords: Health Economics
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    [Editors' Choice] A less personal cancer therapy? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Paula A. Kiberstis
    Keywords: Tumor Immunology
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    [Editors' Choice] Immigration and admixture in Europe (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Andrew M. Sugden
    Keywords: Paleogenomics
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
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    [Report] Discovery of robust in-plane ferroelectricity in atomic-thick SnTe (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Stable ferroelectricity with high transition temperature in nanostructures is needed for miniaturizing ferroelectric devices. Here, we report the discovery of the stable in-plane spontaneous polarization in atomic-thick tin telluride (SnTe), down to a 1–unit cell (UC) limit. The ferroelectric transition temperature Tc of 1-UC SnTe film is greatly enhanced from the bulk value of 98 kelvin and reaches as high as 270 kelvin. Moreover, 2- to 4-UC SnTe films show robust ferroelectricity at room temperature. The interplay between semiconducting properties and ferroelectricity in this two-dimensional material may enable a wide range of applications in nonvolatile high-density memories, nanosensors, and electronics. Authors: Kai Chang, Junwei Liu, Haicheng Lin, Na Wang, Kun Zhao, Anmin Zhang, Feng Jin, Yong Zhong, Xiaopeng Hu, Wenhui Duan, Qingming Zhang, Liang Fu, Qi-Kun Xue, Xi Chen, Shuai-Hua Ji
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    [Working Life] Wearing my disability with pride (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Zachary S. Wiersma
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    [Report] Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In recent decades, hundreds of glaciers draining the Antarctic Peninsula (63° to 70°S) have undergone systematic and progressive change. These changes are widely attributed to rapid increases in regional surface air temperature, but it is now clear that this cannot be the sole driver. Here, we identify a strong correspondence between mid-depth ocean temperatures and glacier-front changes along the ~1000-kilometer western coastline. In the south, glaciers that terminate in warm Circumpolar Deep Water have undergone considerable retreat, whereas those in the far northwest, which terminate in cooler waters, have not. Furthermore, a mid-ocean warming since the 1990s in the south is coincident with widespread acceleration of glacier retreat. We conclude that changes in ocean-induced melting are the primary cause of retreat for glaciers in this region. Authors: A. J. Cook, P. R. Holland, M. P. Meredith, T. Murray, A. Luckman, D. G. Vaughan
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    [Report] Return to quiescence of mouse neural stem cells by degradation of a proactivation protein (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Quiescence is essential for long-term maintenance of adult stem cells. Niche signals regulate the transit of stem cells from dormant to activated states. Here, we show that the E3-ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 (HECT, UBA, and WWE domain–containing 1) is required for proliferating stem cells of the adult mouse hippocampus to return to quiescence. Huwe1 destabilizes proactivation protein Ascl1 (achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1) in proliferating hippocampal stem cells, which prevents accumulation of cyclin Ds and promotes the return to a resting state. When stem cells fail to return to quiescence, the proliferative stem cell pool becomes depleted. Thus, long-term maintenance of hippocampal neurogenesis depends on the return of stem cells to a transient quiescent state through the rapid degradation of a key proactivation factor. Authors: Noelia Urbán, Debbie L. C. van den Berg, Antoine Forget, Jimena Andersen, Jeroen A. A. Demmers, Charles Hunt, Olivier Ayrault, François Guillemot
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Modeling packet loss probability and busy time in multi-hop wireless networks (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-17
    Description: Throughput imbalances among contending flows are known to occur when any carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)-based protocol is employed in multi-hop wireless networks. These imbalances may vary from slight di...
    Print ISSN: 1687-1472
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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    Algorithms, Vol. 9, Pages 46: Affinity Propagation Clustering Using Path Based Similarity (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Clustering is a fundamental task in data mining. Affinity propagation clustering (APC) is an effective and efficient clustering technique that has been applied in various domains. APC iteratively propagates information between affinity samples, updates the responsibility matrix and availability matrix, and employs these matrices to choose cluster centers (or exemplars) of respective clusters. However, since it mainly uses negative Euclidean distance between exemplars and samples as the similarity between them, it is difficult to identify clusters with complex structure. Therefore, the performance of APC deteriorates on samples distributed with complex structure. To mitigate this problem, we propose an improved APC based on a path-based similarity (APC-PS). APC-PS firstly utilizes negative Euclidean distance to find exemplars of clusters. Then, it employs the path-based similarity to measure the similarity between exemplars and samples, and to explore the underlying structure of clusters. Next, it assigns non-exemplar samples to their respective clusters via that similarity. Our empirical study on synthetic and UCI datasets shows that the proposed APC-PS significantly outperforms original APC and other related approaches.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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    [This Week in Science] Show me a sign of sweetness to come (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Behavioral Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Cyclin suppresses antitumor immunity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Keywords: Cancer Immunotherapy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Eliminating paternal mitochondria (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Beverly A. Purnell
    Keywords: Mitochondria
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] How to link and separate memories (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Peter Stern
    Keywords: Memory Research
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Algorithms, Vol. 9, Pages 48: Semi-Supervised Classification Based on Low Rank Representation (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Graph-based semi-supervised classification uses a graph to capture the relationship between samples and exploits label propagation techniques on the graph to predict the labels of unlabeled samples. However, it is difficult to construct a graph that faithfully describes the relationship between high-dimensional samples. Recently, low-rank representation has been introduced to construct a graph, which can preserve the global structure of high-dimensional samples and help to train accurate transductive classifiers. In this paper, we take advantage of low-rank representation for graph construction and propose an inductive semi-supervised classifier called Semi-Supervised Classification based on Low-Rank Representation (SSC-LRR). SSC-LRR first utilizes a linearized alternating direction method with adaptive penalty to compute the coefficient matrix of low-rank representation of samples. Then, the coefficient matrix is adopted to define a graph. Finally, SSC-LRR incorporates this graph into a graph-based semi-supervised linear classifier to classify unlabeled samples. Experiments are conducted on four widely used facial datasets to validate the effectiveness of the proposed SSC-LRR and the results demonstrate that SSC-LRR achieves higher accuracy than other related methods.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Algorithms, Vol. 9, Pages 47: A Hybrid Course Recommendation System by Integrating Collaborative Filtering and Artificial Immune Systems (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: This research proposes a two-stage user-based collaborative filtering process using an artificial immune system for the prediction of student grades, along with a filter for professor ratings in the course recommendation for college students. We test for cosine similarity and Karl Pearson (KP) correlation in affinity calculations for clustering and prediction. This research uses student information and professor information datasets of Yuan Ze University from the years 2005–2009 for the purpose of testing and training. The mean average error and confusion matrix analysis form the testing parameters. A minimum professor rating was tested to check the results, and observed that the recommendation systems herein provide highly accurate results for students with higher mean grades.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Energy efficiency and sum rate tradeoffs for massive MIMO systems with underlaid device-to-device communications (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-31
    Description: In this paper, we investigate the coexistence of two technologies that have been put forward for the fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks, namely, network-assisted device-to-device (D2D) communications a...
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    Solving resource allocation problems in cognitive radio networks: a survey (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-31
    Description: Cognitive radio networks (CRN), in their quest to become the preferred next-generation wireless communication paradigm, will depend heavily on their ability to efficiently manage the limited resources at their...
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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    Algorithms, Vol. 9, Pages 51: A Multi-Objective Harmony Search Algorithm for Sustainable Design of Floating Settlements (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-31
    Description: This paper is concerned with the application of computational intelligence techniques to the conceptual design and development of a large-scale floating settlement. The settlement in question is a design for the area of Urla, which is a rural touristic region located on the west coast of Turkey, near the metropolis of Izmir. The problem at hand includes both engineering and architectural aspects that need to be addressed in a comprehensive manner. We thus adapt the view as a multi-objective constrained real-parameter optimization problem. Specifically, we consider three objectives, which are conflicting. The first one aims at maximizing accessibility of urban functions such as housing and public spaces, as well as special functions, such as a marina for yachts and a yacht club. The second one aims at ensuring the wind protection of the general areas of the settlement, by adequately placing them in between neighboring land masses. The third one aims at maximizing visibility of the settlement from external observation points, so as to maximize the exposure of the settlement. To address this complex multi-objective optimization problem and identify lucrative alternative design solutions, a multi-objective harmony search algorithm (MOHS) is developed and applied in this paper. When compared to the Differential Evolution algorithm developed for the problem in the literature, we demonstrate that MOHS achieves competitive or slightly better performance in terms of hyper volume calculation, and gives promising results when the Pareto front approximation is examined.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
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    On the human body communications: wake-up receiver design and channel characterization (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: By modulating the electric field induced to a human body, it is possible to transfer data wirelessly using the body as a transmission medium. This method is referred to as human body communication (HBC), which...
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    Multi-objective enhanced particle swarm optimization in virtual network embedding (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In network virtualization, one of its core challenges lies in how to map the virtual networks (VNs) to the shared substrate network (SN) that is managed by an infrastructure provider, termed as the virtual net...
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    Equilibrium is priceless: selfish task allocation for mobile crowdsourcing network (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Recent years have witnessed major innovations in mobile crowdsourcing networks. For selfish participants, conventional methods resort to incentive mechanism design for resource utilization, which might overloo...
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    [In Depth] A time capsule from Bronze Age Britain (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Reconstructing daily life in the Bronze Age has been difficult in northern Europe. Most houses were poorly preserved, traced out by postholes or barren remains of hearths, and offer up only meager fragments of pottery. A major excavation near Peterborough, U.K., promises to fill in the picture. Archaeologists have dug up 3000-year-old roundhouses that were perched on stilts above a river, perhaps for defense or facilitating trade. The building materials and much of the contents are well-preserved because the five houses were quickly abandoned during a fire and then collapsed into a river. The rich array of artifacts includes textiles, wooden objects, metal tools, and complete sets of pottery. The arrangement of artifacts could indicate how various sections of the houses were used and perhaps new details about diet. The fact that all the buildings burned down, apparently at the same time, and the belongings were left behind, suggests the fires may have been part of an attack. Author: Erik Stokstad
    Keywords: Archaeology
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    [Feature] The Avenger (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: David Fajgenbaum was in his third year of medical school at the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) 6 years ago, on an obstetrics-gynecology rotation, when he was first hit by night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss. His eventual diagnosis: a deadly form of Castleman disease, a rare immune disorder for which knowledge was in depressingly short supply. So Fajgenbaum decided to dedicate himself to taking down this disease. He abandoned plans to become an oncologist, skipped medical residency, and enrolled in business school instead—building a powerhouse network of hundreds of physicians, researchers, and drug company employees around the world to help him decipher Castleman. He co-authored papers with his doctor, wrote a case study about himself, proposed a new model of the disease, and currently coordinates a dozen Castleman studies from his small office at UPenn, where he is an assistant professor. Author: Jennifer Couzin-Frankel
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    [Perspective] Butterfly communities under threat (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Butterflies are better documented and monitored worldwide than any other nonpest taxon of insects (1). In the United Kingdom alone, volunteer recorders have sampled more than 750,000 km of repeat transects since 1976, equivalent to walking to the Moon and back counting butterflies (2). Such programs are revealing regional extinctions and population declines that began before 1900 (3, 4). In a recent study, Habel et al. report a similar story based on inventories of butterflies and burnet moths since 1840 in a protected area in Bavaria, Germany (5). The results reveal severe species losses: Scarce, specialized butterflies have largely disappeared, leaving ecosystems dominated by common generalist ones. Similar trends are seen across Europe (6) and beyond, with protected areas failing to conserve many species for which they were once famed. Author: Jeremy A. Thomas
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Perspective] Chromatin controls behavior (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Chromatin structure stabilizes and compacts the genome to package it within the nucleus. This structure also serves as a dynamic regulator of gene expression, silencing or activating transcription depending on molecular signals impinging upon it. It has been understood for the past two decades that chromatin stabilizes gene readout after cell-fate determination, establishing and perpetuating the precise pattern of genes transcribed in a given cell to maintain its phenotype (1, 2). But what about dynamic regulation of chromatin structure and its biological role? On page 300 of this issue, Yang et al. (3) describe how dynamic regulation of chromatin remodeling controls cerebellar circuit development, function, and cerebellum-dependent learning and memory, and challenge prevailing epigenetics dogma in the central nervous system. Author: J. David Sweatt
    Keywords: Gene Expression
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    [In Depth] Brain scans are prone to false positives, study says (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A new study suggests that common settings used in software for analyzing brain scans may lead to false positive results. Researchers led by Anders Eklund, an electrical engineer at Linköping University in Sweden, analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from several public databases. Certain software settings, the team found, could give rise to a false positive result up to 70% of the time. In the context of a typical fMRI experiment, that could lead researchers to wrongly conclude that activity in a certain area of the brain plays a role in a cognitive function such as perception or memory. Author: Greg Miller
    Keywords: Neuroscience
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In science news around the world, the United States sets final safety regulations for oil and gas drilling in its Arctic waters, Australian researchers announce that the AIDS epidemic in the country is over—but caution that too many people are still being infected with HIV, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration halts a trial of a cancer drug following the deaths of three young adults with leukemia, French researchers sharply criticize the nomination of a policy expert rather than a scientist as the next head of the country's agricultural research institute, and more. Also, an Italian judge clears bird flu expert Ilaria Capua of a series of criminal charges brought against her 2 years ago. And the world's largest population of chinstrap penguins may be in peril because of an erupting volcano on their remote south Atlantic island.
    Keywords: SCI COMMUN
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    [Editorial] Hazards without disasters (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A natural hazard need not become a human disaster if society learns and applies lessons in preparation and resilience. Earthquake history speaks well to this—engineered structures need to stand up to strong shaking. Chile learned this lesson before its 2010 earthquake of magnitude 8.8. Because it had already enforced seismic provisions of building codes, there was little loss of life due to damage to buildings. Engineered structures also performed very well during the giant 2011 Tohoku earthquake in northeast Japan; however, approximately 20,000 lives were lost to the ensuing tsunami. What survival strategies are available for communities at risk for tsunamis? Author: Marcia McNutt
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    [Perspective] Ferroelectric chalcogenides—materials at the edge (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A ferroelectric material possesses an intrinsic electric dipole (polarization) whose direction can be reversed with an applied field. Applications of ferroelectrics include nonvolatile memories and sensors, but for high-density electronic devices or nanoscale devices, a limitation has been that as a ferroelectric film gets thinner, the maximum temperature for retaining the dipole—the Curie temperature Tc—decreases (often well below room temperature). On page 274 of this issue, Chang et al. (1) show that ultrathin layers of tin telluride (SnTe) can display robust, room-temperature, ferroelectric properties with higher Tc than that of the bulk material. Authors: Bart J. Kooi, Beatriz Noheda
    Keywords: Ferroelectrics
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    [Book Review] Big data meets human health (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: There is a "veritable explosion" in the number of people using digital and wearable devices to record, analyze, and reflect upon data created by their own bodies and behaviors. In their new book, Self-Tracking, Gina Neff and Dawn Nafus tread carefully between the twin pitfalls of techno-utopianism and techno-dystopianism to develop a nuanced position that acknowledges both the opportunities and the challenges raised by this trend. Elad Yom-Tov's Crowdsourced Health discusses a different field of digital health, in which data are generated not through the use of wearable devices but from queries entered in search engines. Based on the premise that these searches mirror our offline behavior and that the Internet offers greater privacy and accessibility than many other possible sources of information, he shows how these data could reveal information about health that would be difficult or impossible to gather in other ways. The question that has yet to be answered is what should ultimately be done with all of these data—and by whom. Author: Conor Farrington
    Keywords: Health Analytics
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    [Letter] NextGen Voices: Submit Now (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
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    [Special Issue Review] Connecting slow earthquakes to huge earthquakes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Slow earthquakes are characterized by a wide spectrum of fault slip behaviors and seismic radiation patterns that differ from those of traditional earthquakes. However, slow earthquakes and huge megathrust earthquakes can have common slip mechanisms and are located in neighboring regions of the seismogenic zone. The frequent occurrence of slow earthquakes may help to reveal the physics underlying megathrust events as useful analogs. Slow earthquakes may function as stress meters because of their high sensitivity to stress changes in the seismogenic zone. Episodic stress transfer to megathrust source faults leads to an increased probability of triggering huge earthquakes if the adjacent locked region is critically loaded. Careful and precise monitoring of slow earthquakes may provide new information on the likelihood of impending huge earthquakes. Authors: Kazushige Obara, Aitaro Kato
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    [Editors' Choice] Smashing bits to show asteroid strength (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Keith T. Smith
    Keywords: Planetary Science
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    [Business Office Feature] Structural biology shapes up (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Despite advances in the field of proteomics, protein folding still remains a mystery. Yet innovations in X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and data analysis (think robots and Google) are yielding answers about protein structures faster than ever before.Read the Feature (Full-Text HTML)Read the Feature (PDF)Read New Products (PDF) Author: Alan Dove
    Keywords: Business Office Feature
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    Algorithms, Vol. 9, Pages 45: Designing a Framework to Improve Time Series Data of Construction Projects: Application of a Simulation Model and Singular Spectrum Analysis (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-19
    Description: During a construction project life cycle, project costs and time estimations contribute greatly to baseline scheduling. Besides, schedule risk analysis and project control are also influenced by the above factors. Although many papers have offered estimation techniques, little attempt has been made to generate project time series data as daily progressive estimations in different project environments that could help researchers in generating general and customized formulae in further studies. This paper, however, is an attempt to introduce a new simulation approach to reflect the data regarding time series progress of the project, considering the specifications and the complexity of the project and the environment where the project is performed. Moreover, this simulator can equip project managers with estimated information, which reassures them of the execution stages of the project although they lack historical data. A case study is presented to show the usefulness of the model and its applicability in practice. In this study, singular spectrum analysis has been employed to analyze the simulated outputs, and the results are separated based on their signal and noise trends. The signal trend is used as a point-of-reference to compare the outputs of a simulation employing S-curve technique results and the formulae corresponding to earned value management, as well as the life of a given project.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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    [In Depth] African HIV/tuberculosis institutes merge (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Two prominent biomedical research institutes in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province announced that they plan to merge and form the Africa Health Research Institute. One of the partners, the Africa Centre for Population Health, has long focused on epidemiological and demographic studies. Its funder is the Wellcome Trust. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute founded the second partner, the KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV. The Africa Health Research Institute is a new lease on life for both struggling institutes, which plan to combine their clinical and basic research skills to address major research questions in both HIV and tuberculosis. The Wellcome Trust is eventually expected to take over, but, for now, both philanthropies are backing the endeavor. Author: Jon Cohen
    Keywords: Public Health
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Depth] To save caribou, Alberta wants to fence them in (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: An imperiled caribou herd in western Alberta province in Canada could become a high-profile test case for a controversial plan to save some of Canada's woodland caribou from extinction: herding them into pens enclosing 100 square kilometers or more and ringed with electric fences, and killing or removing every predator inside. The approach, proposed last month by Alberta's government, is an attempt to arrest the decline of the animals, threatened by development and preyed on by wolves. But some caribou advocates are skeptical that the expensive pens will work. They also fear that the strategy, which the energy industry has helped fund, will undermine efforts to curb habitat destruction. Author: Warren Cornwall
    Keywords: Conservation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Depth] Do genomic conflicts drive evolution? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Two billion years ago, an early cell swallowed an energy-producing microbe, giving birth to the mitochondria that are the hallmarks of all eukaryotes. Evolutionary biologists now think that was just the start of the influence that the cell's "powerhouses" have on the tree of life. Mitochondria, which can exist by the scores in a eukaryotic cell, have their own set of genes, which can replicate and mutate faster than the cell's better-known complement in the nucleus. Yet both genomes code for products that have to work together in the mitochondria. Researchers are now finding hints that cells' efforts to keep nuclear and mitochondrial genes in sync could play a major role in evolution. At a recent meeting, biologists suggested out-of-sync nuclear and mitochondrial genomes may explain many biological puzzles—from why some female birds prefer the reddest mates to the evolution of new species in both plants and animals. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Evolutionary Biology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Depth] Vaginal microbiome affects HIV risk (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: South African teen girls and young women have astonishingly high rates of HIV infection, and researchers for years have suspected that there might be biological factors making them unusually susceptible to infection. New studies presented at the International AIDS Conference being held in Durban, South Africa—located in KwaZulu-Natal province, the hardest hit region in the country—suggest a possible culprit, Prevotella bivia, a bacterium found in the vagina that causes inflammation. The close examination of the vaginal microbiome found a second bacterium, Gardnerella, may help explain why a microbicide gel that contained the anti-HIV drug tenofovir failed to protect many uninfected women who used it in a clinical trial. In test tube experiments, Garnderella "gobbled up" tenofovir, rapidly reducing levels of the drug. Author: Jon Cohen
    Keywords: Infectious Disease
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Depth] Wild bird comes when honey hunters call for help (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Of all relationships between wild animals and people, few are more heartwarming than that of African honey hunters and a robin-sized bird called the greater honeyguide. Flitting and calling, the bird leads the way to a bee's nest and feasts on the wax after the honey hunters have raided it. Researchers have discovered that this mutualistic relationship is even tighter than it seemed, with the bird recognizing and responding to specific calls from its human partners. In the new work, the researchers quantify the benefit to people helped by the birds and test how much more guiding occurs when the honey hunters attract the birds first with a "trill-grunt" call. This work was done in Mozambique, but it seems honey hunters elsewhere also have special calls, albeit different ones. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Animal Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [In Depth] A lichen ménage à trois (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Lichen isn't much to look at—often just a gray, yellow-green, or garish orange crust on rock or bark. Yet lichens cover up to 6% of Earth's surface, by one estimate. Now, modern genomics is revealing that lichens are startlingly complex. For some 140 years, scientists have understood lichens to be a symbiosis between a fungus, which provides a physical structure and supplies moisture, and a photosynthesizing alga or cyanobacterium, which produces nutrients. Studies of gene activity have now revealed that many lichens are instead a threesome, with two fungi in the mix. The role of the second fungus, a yeast, is uncertain, and some lichen aficionados aren't convinced it is a true symbiotic partner. But others say it's time to throw the textbook understanding of lichens out the window. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Feature] Rules of the game (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Proteins consist of long chains of building blocks known as amino acids that fold up into precise 3D shapes that govern their function. David Baker, a computational biochemist at the University of Washington, Seattle, has spent years deciphering the rules that govern how these amino acid chains fold, and develop software to predict the 3D shape unknown amino acid chains are likely to take. Recent improvements to this software from Baker and others now make it possible to extend such prediction to the majority of proteins in nature. That's likely to lead to novel insights for biochemists working to understand what all these proteins do. It is also allowing Baker and his colleagues to design novel proteins to work as everything from medicines to materials, and catalysts to biochemical sensors. Author: Robert F. Service
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Feature] Red star rising (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: China is in the midst of launching a clutch of space science missions, with four put into space within a 13-month span. Its lunar exploration program is also increasingly science-driven, with a sample return mission scheduled for next year and the first ever landing on the far side of the moon planned for 2018. Beginning in 2020, China will launch another round of four science missions and the nation's first Mars probe. Chinese space administrators say that to build on these advances, the space science program needs reliable annual funding, instead of the 5-year lump sums now provided. They also think merging the country's different space agencies could maximize the scientific impact and lead to greater efficiencies. Author: Dennis Normile
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: In science news around the world, a United Nations panel rules against China's claim to a vast swath of the South China Sea, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research reverses course on its controversial online peer-review system, a U.S. federal appeals court finds that the Navy failed to protect whales from its low-frequency sonar, and researchers at the International Space Station prepare to test a DNA sequencer in orbit. Also, U.K. science and universities minister Jo Johnson keeps his job amid a shakeup in the cabinet, researchers demonstrate single-atom memory storage using chlorine and copper, and scientists from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III unveil the largest 3D map of the universe to date.
    Keywords: SCI COMMUN
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Depth] Huge statue suggests early rise for Buddhism (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Archaeologists excavating at the sprawling Buddhist complex of Bhamala Stupa, north of Islamabad, at first thought they were digging up yet another stone wall. But they soon realized they had discovered the shattered remains of a massive statue—a monumental reclining Buddha that stretched more than 15 meters, the length of a shipping container. Radiocarbon dates on wood recovered from the site came back at 240 C.E. to 390 C.E.—several centuries before Buddhists were thought to have created the massive sculptures common in temples across Asia. If confirmed, the early date would make this the oldest evidence of monumental Buddhist sculpture. And big statues have big implications, because they require wealthy patrons and rulers to fund their creation. Author: Andrew Lawler
    Keywords: Archaeology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Algorithms, Vol. 9, Pages 49: Data Filtering Based Recursive and Iterative Least Squares Algorithms for Parameter Estimation of Multi-Input Output Systems (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-27
    Description: This paper discusses the parameter estimation problems of multi-input output-error autoregressive (OEAR) systems. By combining the auxiliary model identification idea and the data filtering technique, a data filtering based recursive generalized least squares (F-RGLS) identification algorithm and a data filtering based iterative least squares (F-LSI) identification algorithm are derived. Compared with the F-RGLS algorithm, the proposed F-LSI algorithm is more effective and can generate more accurate parameter estimates. The simulation results confirm this conclusion.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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    One-shot cooperative beamforming for downlink multicell systems (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: We propose a one-shot (non-iterative) cooperative beamforming scheme for downlink multicell systems. Unlike previous non-iterative beamforming schemes, the proposed cooperative beamforming strives to balance m...
    Print ISSN: 1687-1472
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-1499
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
    Published by Springer
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    ARIMA-based time variation model for beneath the chassis UWB channel (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: Intra-vehicular wireless sensor network (IVWSN) enables the integration of the wireless sensor network technology into the vehicle architecture through either eliminating the wires between the existing sensors...
    Print ISSN: 1687-1472
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-1499
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
    Published by Springer
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    Algorithms, Vol. 9, Pages 53: Faster Force-Directed Graph Drawing with the Well-Separated Pair Decomposition (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: The force-directed paradigm is one of the few generic approaches to drawing graphs. Since force-directed algorithms can be extended easily, they are used frequently. Most of these algorithms are, however, quite slow on large graphs, as they compute a quadratic number of forces in each iteration. We give a new algorithm that takes only O ( m + n log n ) time per iteration when laying out a graph with n vertices and m edges. Our algorithm approximates the true forces using the so-called well-separated pair decomposition. We perform experiments on a large number of graphs and show that we can strongly reduce the runtime, even on graphs with less than a hundred vertices, without a significant influence on the quality of the drawings (in terms of the number of crossings and deviation in edge lengths).
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4893
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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    Timing and carrier synchronization in wireless communication systems: a survey and classification of research in the last 5 years (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: Timing and carrier synchronization is a fundamental requirement for any wireless communication system to work properly. Timing synchronization is the process by which a receiver node determines the correct ins...
    Print ISSN: 1687-1472
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-1499
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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    CMCS: a cross-layer mobility-aware MAC protocol for cognitive radio sensor networks (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) are multi-channel-capable networks that inherit some of the challenges of traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs), such as limited power source and hardware capacity...
    Print ISSN: 1687-1472
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-1499
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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    Reliable low-energy group formation for infrastructure-less public safety networks (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: In this paper, we study an infrastructure-less public safety network (IPSN) where energy efficiency and reliability are critical requirements in the absence of cellular infrastructure, i.e., base stations and ...
    Print ISSN: 1687-1472
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-1499
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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    High-efficiency and low-consumption underwater sonar transmitter with improved triple-pulse HP-PWM signal model based on class D amplifier (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: An improved triple-pulse high-power pulse-width modulation (HP-PWM) signal model is proposed to enhance the performance of current underwater sonar transmitter. The presented model is based on reducing the thi...
    Print ISSN: 1687-1472
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-1499
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
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