ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Part 1: Introduction and Background Chapter 1. Introduction to the Arctic: Significance and History 1.1 The Arctic Ocean and Its Significance for the Earth's Climate System 1.2 History of Arctic Ocean Research 1.3 Plate Tectonic Evolution and Palaeogeography 1.4 Glaciations in Earth's History Chapter 2. Modern Physiography, Hydrology, Climate, and Sediment Input 2.1 Bathymetry and Physiography 2.2 Oceanic Circulation Pattern and Water-Mass Characteristics 2.3 Sea-Ice Cover: Extent, Thickness, and Variability 2.4 Primary Production and Vertical Carbon Fluxes in the Arctic Ocean 2.5 River Discharge 2.6 Permafrost 2.7 Coastal Erosion 2.8 Aeolian Input 2.9 Modern Sediment Input: A Summary Part 2: Processes and Proxies Chapter 3. Glacio-Marine Sedimentary Processes 3.1 Sea-Ice Processes: Sediment Entrainment and Transport 3.2 Ice Sheet- and Iceberg-Related Processes 3.3 Sediment Mass-Wasting Processes 3.4 Turbidite Sedimentation in the Central Arctic Ocean Chapter 4. Proxies Used for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstructions in the Arctic Ocean 4.1 Lithofacies Concept 4.2 Grain-Size Distribution 4.3 Proxies for Sources and Transport Processes of Terrigenous Sediments 4.4 Trace Elements Used for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction 4.5 Micropalaeontological Proxies and Their (Palaeo-) Environmental and Stratigraphical Significance 4.6 Stable Isotopes of Foraminifers 4.7 Organic-Geochemical Proxies for Organic-Carbon Source and Palaeoenvironment Part 3: The Marine-Geological Record 5 Modern Environment and its record in surface sediments 5.1 Terrigenous (non-biogenic) components in Arctic Ocean surface sediments: Implications for provenance and modern transport processes 5.2 Organic-Carbon Content: Terrigenous Supply versus Primary Production Chapter 6. Quaternary Variability of Palaeoenvironment and Its Sedimentary Record 6.1 The Stratigraphic Framework of Arctic Ocean Sediment Cores: Background, Problems, and Perspectives 6.2 Variability of Quaternary Ice Sheets and Palaeoceanographic Characteristics: Terrestrial, Model, and Eurasian Continental Margin Records 6.3 Circum-Arctic Glacial History, Sea-Ice Cover, and Surface-Water Characteristics: Quaternary Records from the Central Arctic Ocean 6.4 Accumulation of Particulate Organic Carbon at the Arctic Continental Margin and Deep-Sea Areas During Late Quaternary Times Chapter 7. Mesozoic to Cenozoic Palaeoenvironmental Records of High Northern Latitudes 7.1 Mesozoic High-Latitude Palaeoclimate and Arctic Ocean Palaeoenvironment 7.2 Cenozoic High-Latitude Palaeoclimate and Arctic Ocean Palaeoenvironment Chapter 8. Open Questions and Future Geoscientific Arctic Ocean Research 8.1 Quaternary and Neogene Climate Variability on Sub-Millennial to Milankovich Time Scales 8.2 The Mesozoic-Cenozoic History of the Arctic Ocean References Index

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1. The CO2-Carbonic Acid System and Solution Chemistry Basic Concepts Activity Coefficients in Solutions Influences of Temperature and Pressure The Carbonic Acid System in Seawater Calculation of the Saturation State of Seawater with Respect to Carbonate Minerals Concluding Remarks Chapter 2. Interactions Between Carbonate Minerals and Solutions Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals Basic Concepts Characteristics of Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals Solubility Behavior of Carbonate Minerals General Considerations Calcite and Aragonite Solubility Methods for the Calculation of Equilibrium Solution Composition Under Different Conditions Surface Chemistry of Carbonate Minerals Basic Principles Adsorption of Ions on Carbonate Surfaces Carbonate Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics Basic Principles Reaction Kinetics in Simple Solutions Reaction Kinetics in Complex Solutions Concluding Remarks Chapter 3. Coprecipitation Reactions and Solid Solutions of Carbonate Minerals General Concepts Background Information Basic Chemical Considerations Coprecipitation of "Foreign" Ions in Carbonate Minerals Examples of Coprecipitation Reactions General Models for Partition Coefficients in Carbonates Magnesian Calcite General Considerations The Fundamental Problems Experimental Observations Hypothesis of a Hydrated Magnesian Calcite Stable Isotope Chemistry General Considerations Oxygen Isotopes Carbon Stable Isotopes Concluding Remarks Chapter 4. The Oceanic Carbonate System and Calcium Carbonate Accumulation in Deep Sea Sediments An Overview of Major Processes The CO2 System in Oceanic Waters The Upper Ocean The Deep Sea Saturation State of Deep Seawater with Respect to CaCO3 Sources and Sedimentation of Deep Sea Carbonates Sources Sedimentation The Distribution of CaCO3 in Deep Sea Sediments and Carbonate Lithofacies General Considerations The Distribution of CaCO3 in Surface Sediments Factors Controlling the Accumulation of Calcium Carbonate in Deep Sea Sediments General Relations Factors Leading to Variability Near Interfacial Processes Variability of Calcium Carbonate Deposition in Deep Sea Sediments with Time Influence of Glacial Times The Impact of Fossil Fuel CO2 on the Ocean-Carbonate System Concluding Remarks Chapter 5. Composition and Source of Shoal-Water Carbonate Sediments Introduction Shoal-Water Carbonates in Space and Time Carbonate Grains and Skeletal Parts Overview and Examples Sediment Classification Depositional Environments Concluding Statement Biomineralization General Aspects Environmental Controls on Mineralogy Stable Isotopes Coprecipitation Precipitation of Carbonates from Seawater Carbonate Chemistry of Shallow Seawater Abiotic Precipitation of CaCO3 from Seawater Sources of Aragonite Needle Muds Formation of Oöids Concluding Remarks 238 Chapter 6. Early Marine Diagenesis of Shoal-Water Carbonate Sediments Introduction Some Preliminary Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations Very Early Diagenesis Major Diagenetic Processes Pore Water Chemistry Precipitation of Early Carbonate Cements Dissolution of Carbonates Concluding Remarks Chapter 7. Early Non-Marine Diagenesis of Sedimentary Carbonates Introduction Plate-Tectonic Controls on Diagenesis General Considerations for Early Non-Marine Diagenesis Major Types of Non-Marine Environments Water Chemistry Reactivity of Sedimentary Carbonates Major Phase Transformations The Transformation of Aragonite to Calcite Dolomite Formation Summary Remarks Mass Transfer During Diagenesis General Considerations Geochemical Constraints on Mass Transfer Beachrock Formation Lithification in the Meteoric Environment Introduction The Meteoric Environment and Cement Precipitates Bermuda: A Case Study of a Meteoric Diagenetic Environment Introduction Geological Framework Limestone Chemistry and Isotopic Composition Water Chemistry Carbonate Mass Transfer A Brief Synthesis of Meteoric Diagenesis Diagenetic Stages Effect of Original Mineralogy Climatic Effects Rock-Water Relationships Mixed Meteoric-Marine Regime Concluding Remarks Chapter 8. Carbonates as Sedimentary Rocks in Subsurface Processes Introduction P,T, and X and Carbonate Mineral Stability Subsurface Water Chemistry in Sedimentary Basins Continuous Processes Pressure Solution Dolomitization Mud to Spar Neomorphism Secondary Porosity Cementation in the Subsurface Examples of "Models" of Long-Term Diagenesis The Present Ocean Setting The Present Continental Setting Concluding Remarks Chapter 9. The Current Carbon Cycle and Human Impact Introduction Modern Biogeochemical Cycle of Carbon A Model for the Cycle of Carbon Methane and Carbon Monoxide Fluxes CO2 Fluxes Human Impact on Carbon Fluxes The Fossil Fuel and Land Use Fluxes Observed Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Increase Future'Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Trends Consequences of Increased Atmospheric CO2 Levels The Oceanic System Sources of Calcium, Magnesium, and Carbon for Modern Oceans Mass Balance of Ca, Mg, and C in Present Oceans Oceanic Mass Balance of Elements Interactive with Ca, Mg, and C Concluding Remarks Chapter 10. Sedimentary Carbonates in the Evolution of Earth's Surface Environment Introduction Sedimentary Rock Mass-Age Distributions Secular Trends in Sedimentary Rock Properties Lithologic Types Chemistry and Mineralogy Carbon Cycling Modeling Introduction and Development of a Global Model Glacial-Interglacial Changes of Carbon Dioxide Long-Term Changes of Atmospheric CO2 Phanerozoic Cycling of Sedimentary Carbonates Synopsis of the Origin and Evolution of the Hydrosphere-Atmosphere-Sedimentary Lithosphere Origin of the Hydrosphere The Early Stages The Transitional Stage Modern Conditions Concluding Remarks Epilogue Introduction The Road Traveled The State of the Art Ever Onward References Index