ALBERT

Description: Data from autonomous, drifting buoy with a floating chamber to measure insitu air-sea carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes during RV Falkor cruise FK191120 in the southern Pacific during November-December 2019. The technique is described in detail in Ribas-Ribas et al. (2018) (https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.275). The buoy is equipped with a sensor to measure aqueous and atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), and to monitor the increase or loss of CO2 inside the chamber. One complete cycle including two chamber measurements last 70 minutes. The buoy can be deployed for more than 15 hours, and at wind speeds of up to 10 m/s. Floating chambers are known to overestimate fluxes due to the creation of additional turbulence at the water surface. We check that by measuring turbulence with two Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV), one directly underneath the center of the floating chamber (equipped with an inertial motion unit) and the other one positioned sideways to measure turbulence outside the perimeter of the buoy.

Description: This dataset contains the seasonal composition of intact phospholipids as well as of free fatty acids from the digestive system of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. Krill was caught with a continuous krill pumping system in May of 2021 in the Bransfield Strait and in January and March of 2022 at the South Orkney Islands. The stomach, digestive gland and hind gut were dissected and analysed individually. Samples were extracted with an optimized Bligh&Dyer protocol. Intact phospholipids were measured with liquid chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Identification of intact phospholipids was based on characteristic fragments of the head group in MS2 experiments in positive electrospray ionization mode, while the fatty acid composition of intact phospholipids were determined by characteristic fragments occurring during MS2 measurements with negative electrospray ionization. Free fatty acids from the total lipid extract were measured as methyl esters were via gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and identified with standards and based on their retention order.

Description: Low-salinity stress can severely affect the fitness of marine organisms. As desalination has been predicted for many coastal areas with ongoing climate change, it is crucial to gain more insight in mechanisms that constrain salinity acclimation ability. Low-salinity induced depletion of the organic osmolyte pool has been suggested to set a critical boundary in osmoconforming marine invertebrates. Whether inorganic ions also play a persistent role during low-salinity acclimation processes is currently inconclusive. We investigated the salinity tolerance of six marine invertebrate species following a four-week acclimation period around their low-salinity tolerance threshold. The species investigated were Asterias rubens, Mytilus edulis, Littorina littorea, Diadumene lineata, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and Psammechinus milliaris. To obtain complete osmolyte budgets of seawater, body fluids and tissues we quantified total osmolality (via osmometer), organic osmolytes (methylamine and free amino acids) via 1H-NMR spectroscopy and inorganic osmolytes (anions and cations) via flame photometry and a novel protocol using ion-chromatography. We further determined the fitness proxies survival, growth and tissue water content. Our data show the importance of the organic and inorganic osmolyte pool during low-salinity acclimation. It also shows the importance of specific compounds in some species. This data can be used in future osmolyte and salinity tolerance research. This type of data is essential to establish reliable physiological limits of species in order to estimate consequences of future salinity changes with ongoing climate change. It can be used to assess the salinity tolerance capacity and to obtain a better understanding of the basic mechanisms that are utilized in a wide range of species. The established cellular inorganic and organic osmolyte profiles can build a foundation for applied cellular physiological research, for example for designing suitable buffers for in vitro assays as these buffers need to incorporate complex organic and inorganic osmolyte changes. Knowledge about cellular and whole-organism biochemistry and physiology is absolutely crucial for characterizing the functions of genes that are under selection by climate change stressors. A quantitative knowledge of cellular osmolyte systems is key to understand the evolution of euryhalinity and to characterize targets of selection during rapid adaptation to ongoing desalination.

Description: Data presented here were collected between January 2021 to October 2021 within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems, https://uol.de/dynacom/ ) of the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were created in the back barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog. Local tide and wave conditions were recorded with a RBRduo TDǀwave sensor (RBR Ltd., Ontario/Canada). The sensor was bottom mounted in a shallow tidal creek (0.78 m NHN) through a steel girder (buried 0.3m deep in the sediment) and was positioned 10 cm above sediment surface, as was determined by using a portable differential GPS. This resulted in the sensor falling dry during low tide. For accurate depth calculations, raw pressure data were manually corrected for atmospheric pressure derived from a locally installed weather station. The sensor was pre-calibrated by the manufacturer and the sampling rate was 3 Hz with 1024 samples per burst at a sample interval of 10 min. Recorded data were internally logged until the readout with the Ruskin (V1.13.13) software. Date and time is given in UTC. Data handling was performed according to Zielinski et al. (2018): Post-processing of collected data was done using MATLAB (R2018a). Quality control was performed by (a) erasing data covering maintenance activities, (b) removing outliers, and (c) visually checks. Low-tide data is not removed, but were easily identified through the manually calculated water depth data, where all depths 〈 0.05m represented low tide data.

Description: This data includes the dissolved organic matter (DOM) molecular composition data obtained via Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and the accompanying metadata (cruise, station number, geographic coordinates, water depth, temperature, salinity and solid-phase extracted dissolved organic carbon concentrations (SPE-DOC)) for multiple oceanographic cruises (HOTS, BATS, SO254, SO245, SO248, ANT 28-II, ANT 28-IV, and 28-V). This data was analyzed in Bercovici et al., 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007740). DOM composition data for the cruise SO245 was previously published in Osterholz et al., 2021 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2021.103955). In order to maximize comparability among data, we reanalyzed the same set of samples from SO245 on the FT-ICR-MS together with the samples from the other cruises and sites. SPE-DOC concentrations were determined on a Shimadzu TOC-VPCH total organic carbon analyzer. DOM composition was determined on a SolariX XR FT-ICR-MS (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany) equipped with a 15 Tesla superconducting magnet and an electrospray ionization source (ESI; Bruker Apollo II ion source). The metadata were compiled from the CTD bottle data of multiple cruises, some of which are available on PANGAEA at the following links: SO248: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.864673, SO245: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.890394, SO254: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.890453.

Description: This data set represents a simultaneously taken data set for overlying air, sea surface microlayer (SML, 〈 1 mm depth), and underlying water (ULW, 1 m depth) for microplastic (MP) including tire wear particles (TWP). Samples were taken in three different Swedish fjords of varying anthropogenic impact (urban (UB), industrial (AF), and rural (GF)) with a remote-controlled research catamaran (Sea Surface Scanner (S³), doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-17-0017.1). Each day, one air sample was taken by actively sampling air during the entire daily GPS track of the S³. For the water samples, every day three SML (3x10 L) and three ULW (3x10 L) samples were taken, while the S³ was driving along the respective GPS tracks and pooled together for each day. GPS tracks are available for each day, except day 5. Here, weather conditions did not allow a deployment of the S³ and it was operated while being tied to the quay. The analysis was conducted with pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Details concerning the measurements, quantification, and calibration are found in the related study (Goßmann et al., 2023; doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c05002). The indicator used for identification and quantification of the polyvinyl chloride cluster (C-PVC) is rather unspecific. Therefore, C-PVC might be interfered by additional anthropogenic sources and the given C-PVC concentration only represents an order of magnitude. Enrichment factors (EF) of MP and TWP were calculated by dividing the concentration in the SML by the concentration of the ULW. EF above one describe an enrichment in the SML, EF below one indicate a depletion.

Description: This data set provides mass quantitative data of microplastics (MP) including tire wear particles (TWP) in northern Atlantic air. Air samples were taken with two different active air sampling devices (low- and high-volume samplers) during seven transects on a research cruise along the Norwegian coast up to Bear Island. Identification and quantification of MP was performed with pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). More information about the measurement technique is found in the related paper (Goßmann et al., 2023; doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39340-5). MP was detected in all transects (max. 37.5 ng m-3). Particularly interesting was the ubiquity of the polyethylene terephthalate cluster (C-PET, max. 1.5 ng m-3). TWP was detected only twice, but in comparably high concentrations (max. 35 ng m-3). A close relationship of C-PET occurrence and possible re-emission processes from the ocean were suspected. The results for some polymer clusters had to be excluded due to sampling related interferences. The respective background is discussed in the related publication. The indicator used for identification and quantification of the polyvinyl chloride cluster (C-PVC) is rather unspecific. Therefore, C-PVC might be interfered by additional anthropogenic sources and the given C-PVC concentration only represents an order of magnitude.

Description: We provide data from experiments with artificial rain over a 5100-liter basin with a retractable roof, where temperature and conductivity (to calculate salinity) were measured at different depths in the upper sea surface, as well as rain properties (intensity, rain temperature, droplet size and velocity). Three different nozzle types were used to investigate the impacts of droplet properties on temperature and salinity anomalies at the sea surface. To measure droplet sizes and velocities, we made calibration measurements with an optical laser disdrometer before the actual experiments. In the first experiments, we excluded external influences such as wind-driven mixing to show on a very small vertical and horizontal scale how very different rainfall intensities and properties such as droplet sizes and velocities affect sea surface temperature and salinity. In a second series of experiments, we used different stages of a flow pump to add turbulence to the basin and find out how quickly the rain water mixes with the seawater at the near-surface layer. The duration of the artificial rain was 15 minutes for all experiments. We used an acoustic doppler velocimeter (ADV) to calculate turbulent kinetic energy at two different depths (14 and 44 cm) within the basin. Additional samples from the sea surface microlayer (SML) were collected before and after the artificial rain in both experiments.

Description: To choose the treatment temperatures for an indoor mesocosm temperature experiment at the ICBM in Wilhelmshaven (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.961155), a thermal performance curve assay was performed from the 8th of March until the 16th of March. It was started one day after filling the mesocosms with seawater from Helgoland Roads (https://deims.org/1e96ef9b-0915-4661-849f-b3a72f5aa9b1) by randomly spreading pooled sample water in 50 ml culture flasks across ten temperatures (3 °C to 30 °C in 3 °C steps) in triplicates. Their fluorescence (395/680 Excitation/Emission) was measured daily using a SYNERGY H1 microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, Vermont, USA).

Description: This dataset contains one snow covered digital elevation model (DEM) and one snow depth product from April 10, 2019 over the Trail Valley Creek research watershed, Northwest Territories, Canada (68°44'25 N, 133°29'36 W). The products are derived from airborne laser scanner data that was collected with a Riegl VQ-580 on board the Alfred Wegener Institute's POLAR-6 science aircraft. The snow covered DEM contains the snow covered landscape elevations, i.e. the terrain and the snow. To obtain snow depth, a snow-free digital terrain model (DTM) needs to be subtracted from the snow covered DEM. We also provide a snow depth product, which we obtained by subtracting snow-free DTMs of Trail Valley Creek and the Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk Highway (ITH) (both from August 2018) from the DEM including snow cover. Please note that the snow depth product covers only parts of the complete snow covered DEM. The data can be used for analysing spatial snow accumulation patterns.