ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 What is science?. - 3 Choices, choices, choices. - 4 The adviser and thesis committee. - 5 Questions drive research. - 6 Giving direction to our work. - 7 Turning challenges into opportunities. - 8 Ethics of research. - 9 Using the scientific literature. - 10 Communication. - 11 Publishing a paper. - 12 Time management. - 13 Writing proposals. - 14 The scientific career. - 15 Applying for a job. - 16 Concluding remarks. - Appendix A. Futher reading. - Appendix B. A sample curriculum. - Appendix C. The Refer and BibTeX format. - References. - About the authors. - Index.

Note: Studying democratic innovations : an analytical framework -- Popular assemblies : from New England town meetings to participatory budgeting -- Mini-publics : assemblies by random selection -- Direct legislation : direct democracy through the ballot box -- E-democracy : the promise of information and communication technology -- Realising the goods of democratic institutions..

Note: Contents: Introduction to federalism and the role of governments in federal economies -- The decentralization of government authority -- Expenditure assignment -- Revenue assignment -- Natural resources ownership and management in a federal system -- Local governance in theory -- Local governance in practice -- Revenue sharing -- The principles of intergovernmental transfers -- The practice of intergovernmental fiscal transfers -- Finance and provision of health and education -- Finance and provision of infrastructure -- Poverty alleviation in federations -- Fiscal federalism and macroeconomic governance -- Inter-regional competition and policies for regional cohesion and convergence -- Decentralized governance and corruption -- Adapting to a changing world..

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 The meteorology of monsoons. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Meteorology of the tropics. - 1.3 The Indian Ocean monsoon system. - 1.4 Theory of monsoons. - 2 Controls on the Asian monsoon over tectonic timescales. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 The influence of Tibet. - 2.3 Oceanic controls on monsoon intensity. - 2.4 Summary. - 3 Monsoon evolution on tectonic timescales. - 3.1 Proxies for monsoon intensity. - 3.2 Monsoon reconstruction by oceanic upwelling. - 3.3 Continental climate records. - 3.4 Eolian dust records. - 3.5 Evolving flora of East Asia. - 3.6 History of Western Pacific Warm Pool and the Monsoon. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 Monsoon evolution on orbital timescales. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Orbital controls on monsoon strength. - 4.3 Eolian records in North-east Asia. - 4.4 Monsoon records from cave deposits. - 4.5 Monsoon variability recorded in ice caps. - 4.6 Monsoon variability recorded in lacustrine sediments. - 4.7 Salinity records in marine sediments. - 4.8 Pollen records in marine sediments. - 4.9 Paleoproductivity as an indicator of monsoon strength. - 4.10 The Early Holocene monsoon. - 4.11 Mid–Late Holocene monsoon. - 4.12 Summary. - 5 Erosional impact of the Asian monsoon. - 5.1 Monsoon and oceanic strontium. - 5.2 Reconstructing erosion records. - 5.3 Reconstructing exhumation. - 5.4 Estimating marine sediment budgets. - 5.5 Erosion in Indochina. - 5.6 Erosion in other regions. - 5.7 Monsoon rains in Oman. - 5.8 Changes in monsoon-driven erosion on orbital timescales. - 5.9 Tectonic impact of monsoon strengthening. - 5.10 Climatic control over Himalaya exhumation. - 5.11 Summary. - 6 The Late Holocene monsoon and human society. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Holocene climate change and the Fertile Crescent. - 6.3 Holocene climate change and the Indus Valley. - 6.4 Holocene climate change and early Chinese cultures. - 6.5 Monsoon developments since 1000 AD. - 6.6 Monsoon and religion. - 6.7 Impacts of future monsoon evolution. - 6.8 Summary. - References. - Further reading. - Index.

Note: The conundrum of the case study -- What is a case study? the problem of definition -- What is a case study good for? case study versus large-n cross-case analysis -- Preliminaries -- Techniques for choosing cases -- Internal validity : an experimental template -- Internal validity : process tracing -- Epilogue : single-outcome studies..

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction ; 2. The political process ; 3. Administrative efficiency ; 4. Competition among governments ; 5. Fiscal policy and redistribution ; 6. Fiscal coordination and incentives ; 7. Citizens and government ; 8. Checks, balances, and freedom ; 9. Acquiring and using knowledge ; 10. Ethnic conflict and secession ; 11. Data to the rescue? ; 12. Conclusion: rethinking decentralization.

Note: Contents: 1. The rule we live by ; 2. Habits of the mind ; 3. A taste for fairness ; 4. Covenants without sword ; 5. Informational cascades and unpopular norms ; 6. The evolution of a fairness norm

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction and data manipulation. - 1.1. Why ordination?. - 1.2. Terminology. - 1.3. Types of analyses. - 1.4. Response variables. - 1.5. Explanatory variables. - 1.6. Handling missing values in data. - 1.7. Importing data from spreadsheets - WCanoImp program. - 1.8. Transformation of species data. - 1.9. Transformation of explanatory variables. - 2. Experimental design. - 2.1. Completely randomized design. - 2.2. Randomized complete blocks. - 2.3. Latin square design. - 2.4. Most frequent errors - pseudoreplications. - 2.5. Combining more than one factor. - 2.6. Following the development of objects in time - repeated observations. - 2.7. Experimental and observational data. - 3. Basics of gradient analysis. - 3.1. Techniques of gradient analysis. - 3.2. Models of species response to environmental gradients. - 3.3. Estimating species optima by the weighted averaging method. - 3.4. Calibration. - 3.5. Ordination. - 3.6. Constrained ordination. - 3.7. Basic ordination techniques. - 3.8. Ordination diagrams. - 3.9. Two approaches. - 3.10. Testing significance of the relation with environmental variables. - 3.11. Monte Carlo permutation tests for the significance of regression. - 4. Using the Canoco for Windows 4.5 package. - 4.1. Overview of the package. - 4.2. Typical flow-chart of data analysis with Canoco for Windows. - 4.3. Deciding on the ordination method: unimodal or linear?. - 4.4. PCA or RDA ordination: centring and standardizing. - 4.5. DCA ordination: detrending. - 4.6. Scaling of ordination scores. - 4.7. Running CanoDraw for Windows 4.0. - 4.8. New analyses providing new views of our data sets. - 5. Constrained ordination and permutation tests. - 5.1. Linear multiple regression model. - 5.2. Constrained ordination model. - 5.3. RDA: constrained PCA. - 5.4. Monte Carlo permutation test: an introduction. - 5.5. Null hypothesis model. - 5.6. Test statistics. - 5.7. Spatial and temporal constraints. - 5.8. Split-plot constraints. - 5.9. Stepwise selection of the model. - 5.10. Variance partitioning procedure. - 6. Similarity measures. - 6.1. Similarity measures for presence-absence data. - 6.2. Similarity measures for quantitative data. - 6.3. Similarity of samples versus similarity of communities. - 6.4. Principal coordinates analysis. - 6.5. Non-metric multidimensional scaling. - 6.6. Constrained principal coordinates analysis (db-RDA). - 6.7. Mantel test. - 7. Classification methods. - 7.1. Sample data set. - 7.2. Non-hierarchical classification (K-means clustering). - 7.3. Hierarchical classifications. - 7.4. TWINSPAN. - 8. Regression methods . - 8.1. Regression models in general. - 8.2. General linear model: terms. - 8.3. Generalized linear models (GLM). - 8.4. Loess smoother. - 8.5. Generalized additive models (GAM). - 8.6. Classification and regression trees. - 8.7. Modelling species response curves with CanoDraw. - 9. Advanced use of ordination. - 9.1. Testing the significance of individual constrained ordination axes. - 9.2. Hierarchical analysis of community variation. - 9.3. Principal response curves (PRC) method. - 9.4. Linear discriminant analysis. - 10. Visualizing multivariate data. - 10.1. What we can infer from ordination diagrams: linear methods. - 10.2. What we can infer from ordination diagrams: unimodal methods. - 10.3. Visualizing ordination results with statistical models. - 10.4. Ordination diagnostics. - 10.5. t-value biplot interpretation. - 11. Case study 1: Variation in forest bird assemblages. - 11.1. Data manipulation. - 11.2. Deciding between linear and unimodal ordination. - 11.3. Indirect analysis: portraying variation in bird community. - 11.4. Direct gradient analysis: effect of altitude. - 11.5.Direct gradient analysis: additional effect of other habitat characteristics. - 12. Case study 2: Search for community composition patterns and their environmental correlates: vegetation of spring meadows. - 12.1. The unconstrained ordination. - 12.2. Constrained ordinations. - 12.3. Classification. - 12.4. Suggestions for additional analyses. - 13. Case study 3: Separating the effects of explanatory variables. - 13.1. Introduction. - 13.2. Data. - 13.3. Data analysis. - 14. Case study 4: Evaluation of experiments in randomized complete blocks. - 14.1. Introduction. - 14.2. Data. - 14.3. Data analysis. - 15. Case study 5: Analysis of repeated observations of species composition from a factorial experiment. - 15.1. Introduction. - 15.2. Experimental design. - 15.3. Sampling. - 15.4. Data analysis. - 15.5. Univariate analyses. - 15.6. Constrained ordinations. - 15.7. Further use of ordination results. - 15.8. Principal response curves. - 16. Case study 6: Hierarchical analysis of crayfish community variation. - 16.1. Data and design. - 16.2. Differences among sampling locations. - 16.3. Hierarchical decomposition'of community variation. - 17. Case study 7: Differentiating two species and their hybrids with discriminant analysis. - 17.1. Data. - 17.2. Stepwise selection of discriminating variables. - 17.3. Adjusting the discriminating variables. - 17.4. Displaying results. - Appendix A: Sample datasets and projects. - Appendix B: Vocabulary. - Appendix C: Overview of available software. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Part I. Introduction: 1. Probabilistic risk analysis ; Part II. Theoretical Issues and Background: 2. What is uncertainty? ; 3. Probabilistic methods ; 4. Statistical inference ; 5. Weibull analysis ; Part II. System Analysis and Quantification: 6. Fault and event trees ; 7. Fault trees - analysis ; 8. Dependent failures ; 9. Reliability data bases ; 10. Expert opinion ; 11. Human reliability ; 12. Software reliability ; Part IV. Uncertainty Modeling and Risk Measurement: 13. Decision theory ; 14. Influence diagrams and belief nets ; 15. Project risk management ; 16. Probabilistic inversion ; 17. Uncertainty analysis ; 18. Risk measurement and regulation ; Bibliography ; Index.