ALBERT

Note: Literaturverz. S. 265 - 280

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction and data manipulation. - 1.1. Why ordination?. - 1.2. Terminology. - 1.3. Types of analyses. - 1.4. Response variables. - 1.5. Explanatory variables. - 1.6. Handling missing values in data. - 1.7. Importing data from spreadsheets - WCanoImp program. - 1.8. Transformation of species data. - 1.9. Transformation of explanatory variables. - 2. Experimental design. - 2.1. Completely randomized design. - 2.2. Randomized complete blocks. - 2.3. Latin square design. - 2.4. Most frequent errors - pseudoreplications. - 2.5. Combining more than one factor. - 2.6. Following the development of objects in time - repeated observations. - 2.7. Experimental and observational data. - 3. Basics of gradient analysis. - 3.1. Techniques of gradient analysis. - 3.2. Models of species response to environmental gradients. - 3.3. Estimating species optima by the weighted averaging method. - 3.4. Calibration. - 3.5. Ordination. - 3.6. Constrained ordination. - 3.7. Basic ordination techniques. - 3.8. Ordination diagrams. - 3.9. Two approaches. - 3.10. Testing significance of the relation with environmental variables. - 3.11. Monte Carlo permutation tests for the significance of regression. - 4. Using the Canoco for Windows 4.5 package. - 4.1. Overview of the package. - 4.2. Typical flow-chart of data analysis with Canoco for Windows. - 4.3. Deciding on the ordination method: unimodal or linear?. - 4.4. PCA or RDA ordination: centring and standardizing. - 4.5. DCA ordination: detrending. - 4.6. Scaling of ordination scores. - 4.7. Running CanoDraw for Windows 4.0. - 4.8. New analyses providing new views of our data sets. - 5. Constrained ordination and permutation tests. - 5.1. Linear multiple regression model. - 5.2. Constrained ordination model. - 5.3. RDA: constrained PCA. - 5.4. Monte Carlo permutation test: an introduction. - 5.5. Null hypothesis model. - 5.6. Test statistics. - 5.7. Spatial and temporal constraints. - 5.8. Split-plot constraints. - 5.9. Stepwise selection of the model. - 5.10. Variance partitioning procedure. - 6. Similarity measures. - 6.1. Similarity measures for presence-absence data. - 6.2. Similarity measures for quantitative data. - 6.3. Similarity of samples versus similarity of communities. - 6.4. Principal coordinates analysis. - 6.5. Non-metric multidimensional scaling. - 6.6. Constrained principal coordinates analysis (db-RDA). - 6.7. Mantel test. - 7. Classification methods. - 7.1. Sample data set. - 7.2. Non-hierarchical classification (K-means clustering). - 7.3. Hierarchical classifications. - 7.4. TWINSPAN. - 8. Regression methods . - 8.1. Regression models in general. - 8.2. General linear model: terms. - 8.3. Generalized linear models (GLM). - 8.4. Loess smoother. - 8.5. Generalized additive models (GAM). - 8.6. Classification and regression trees. - 8.7. Modelling species response curves with CanoDraw. - 9. Advanced use of ordination. - 9.1. Testing the significance of individual constrained ordination axes. - 9.2. Hierarchical analysis of community variation. - 9.3. Principal response curves (PRC) method. - 9.4. Linear discriminant analysis. - 10. Visualizing multivariate data. - 10.1. What we can infer from ordination diagrams: linear methods. - 10.2. What we can infer from ordination diagrams: unimodal methods. - 10.3. Visualizing ordination results with statistical models. - 10.4. Ordination diagnostics. - 10.5. t-value biplot interpretation. - 11. Case study 1: Variation in forest bird assemblages. - 11.1. Data manipulation. - 11.2. Deciding between linear and unimodal ordination. - 11.3. Indirect analysis: portraying variation in bird community. - 11.4. Direct gradient analysis: effect of altitude. - 11.5.Direct gradient analysis: additional effect of other habitat characteristics. - 12. Case study 2: Search for community composition patterns and their environmental correlates: vegetation of spring meadows. - 12.1. The unconstrained ordination. - 12.2. Constrained ordinations. - 12.3. Classification. - 12.4. Suggestions for additional analyses. - 13. Case study 3: Separating the effects of explanatory variables. - 13.1. Introduction. - 13.2. Data. - 13.3. Data analysis. - 14. Case study 4: Evaluation of experiments in randomized complete blocks. - 14.1. Introduction. - 14.2. Data. - 14.3. Data analysis. - 15. Case study 5: Analysis of repeated observations of species composition from a factorial experiment. - 15.1. Introduction. - 15.2. Experimental design. - 15.3. Sampling. - 15.4. Data analysis. - 15.5. Univariate analyses. - 15.6. Constrained ordinations. - 15.7. Further use of ordination results. - 15.8. Principal response curves. - 16. Case study 6: Hierarchical analysis of crayfish community variation. - 16.1. Data and design. - 16.2. Differences among sampling locations. - 16.3. Hierarchical decomposition'of community variation. - 17. Case study 7: Differentiating two species and their hybrids with discriminant analysis. - 17.1. Data. - 17.2. Stepwise selection of discriminating variables. - 17.3. Adjusting the discriminating variables. - 17.4. Displaying results. - Appendix A: Sample datasets and projects. - Appendix B: Vocabulary. - Appendix C: Overview of available software. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Contents: 1. A long, dark shadow over democratic politics ; 2. The doctrine of democratic irrationalism ; 3. Is democratic voting inaccurate? ; 4. The Arrow general possibility theorem ; 5. Is democracy meaningless? Arrow's condition of unrestricted domain ; 6. Is democracy meaningless? Arrow's condition of the independence of irrelevant alternatives ; 7. Strategic voting and agenda control ; 8. Multidimensional chaos ; 9. Assuming irrational actors: the Powell Amendment ; 10. Assuming irrational actors: the Depew amendment ; 11. Unmanipulating the manipulation: the Wilmot proviso ; 12. Unmanipulating the manipulation: the election of Lincoln ; 13. Antebellum politics concluded ; 14. More of Riker's cycles debunked ; 15. Other cycles debunked ; 16. New dimensions ; 17. Plebiscitarianism against democracy : 18. Democracy resplendent

Note: Contents Preface Part 1 Mathematical tools M 1 Algebra of vectors M 1.1 Basic concepts and definitions M 1.2 Reference frames M 1.3 Vector multiplication M 1.4 Reciprocal coordinate systems M 1.5 Vector representations M 1.6 Products of vectors in general coordinate systems M 1.7 Problems M 2 Vector functions M 2.1 Basic definitions and operations M 2.2 Special dyadics M 2.3 Principal-axis transformation of symmetric tensors M 2.4 Invariants of a dyadic M 2.5 Tensor algebra M 2.6 Problems M 3 Differential relations M 3.1 Differentiation of extensive functions M 3.2 The Hamilton operator in generalized coordinate systems M 3.3 The spatial derivative of the basis vectors M 3.4 Differential invariants in generalized coordinate systems M 3.5 Additional applications M 3.6 Problems M 4 Coordinate transformations M 4.1 Transformation relations of time-independent coordinate systems M 4.2 Transformation relations of time-dependent coordinate systems M 4.3 Problems M 5 The method of covariant differentiation M 5.1 Spatial differentiation of vectors and dyadics M 5.2 Time differentiation of vectors and dyadics M 5.3 The local dyadic of vP M 5.4 Problems M 6 Integral operations M 6.1 Curves, surfaces, and volumes in the general qi system M 6.2 Line integrals, surface integrals, and volume integrals M 6.3 Integral theorems M 6.4 Fluid lines, surfaces, and volumes M 6.5 Time differentiation of fluid integrals M 6.6 The general form of the budget equation M 6.7 Gauss' theorem and the Dirac delta function M 6.8 Solution of Poisson's differential equation M 6.9 Appendix: Remarks on Euclidian and Riemannian spaces M 6.10 Problems M 7 Introduction to the concepts of nonlinear dynamics M 7.1 One-dimensional flow M 7.2 Two-dimensional flow Part 2 Dynamics of the atmosphere 1 The laws of atmospheric motion 1.1 The equation of absolute motion 1.2 The energy budget in the absolute reference system 1.3 The geographical coordinate system 1.4 The equation of relative motion 1.5 The energy budget of the general relative system 1.6 The decomposition of the equation of motion 1.7 Problems 2 Scale analysis 2.1 An outline of the method 2.2 Practical formulation of the dimensionless flow numbers 2.3 Scale analysis of large-scale frictionless motion 2.4 The geostrophic wind and the Euier wind 2.5 The equation of motion on a tangential plane 2.6 Problems 3 The material and the local description of flow 3.1 The description of Lagrange 3.2 Lagrange's version of the continuity equation 3.3 An example of the use of Lagrangian coordinates 3.4 The local description of Euler 3.5 Transformation from the Eulerian to the Lagrangian system 3.6 Problems 4 Atmospheric flow fields 4.1 The velocity dyadic 4.2 The deformation of the continuum 4.3 Individual changes with time of geometric fluid configurations 4.4 Problems 5 The Navier-Stokes stress tensor 5.1 The general stress tensor 5.2 Equilibrium conditions in the stress field 5.3 Symmetry of the stress tensor 5.4 The frictional stress tensor and the deformation dyadic 5.5 Problems 6 The Helmholtz theorem 6.1 The three-dimensional Helmholtz theorem 6.2 The two-dimensional Helmholtz theorem 6.3 Problems 7 Kinematics of two-dimensional flow 7.1 Atmospheric flow fields 7.2 Two-dimensional streamlines and normals 7.3 Streamlines in a drifting coordinate system 7.4 Problems 8 Natural coordinates 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Differential definitions of the coordinate lines 8.3 Metric relationships 8.4 Blaton's equation 8.5 Individual and local time derivatives of the velocity 8.6 Differential invariants 8.7 The equation of motion for frictionless horizontal flow 8.8 The gradient wind relation 8.9 Problems 9 Boundary surfaces and boundary conditions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Differential operations at discontinuity surfaces 9.3 Particle invariance at boundary surfaces, displacement velocities 9.4 The kinematic boundary-surface condition 9.5 The dynamic boundary-surface condition 9.6 The zeroth-order discontinuity surface 9.7 An example of a first-order discontinuity surface 9.8 Problems 10 Circulation and vorticity theorems 10.1 ErteFs form of the continuity equation 10.2 The baroclinic Weber transformation 10.3 The baroclinic Ertel-Rossby invariant 10.4 Circulation and vorticity theorems for frictionless baroclinic flow 10.5 Circulation and vorticity theorems for frictionless barotropic flow 10.6 Problems 11 Turbulent systems 11.1 Simple averages and fluctuations 11.2 Weighted averages and fluctuations 11.3 Averaging the individual time derivative and the budget operator 11.4 Integral means 11.5 Budget equations of the turbulent system 11.6 The energy budget of the turbulent system 11.7 Diagnostic and prognostic equations of turbulent systems 11.8 Production of entropy in the microturbulent system 11.9 Problems 12 An excursion into spectral turbulence theory 12.1 Fourier Representation of the continuity equation and the equation of motion 12.2 The budget equation for the amplitude of the kinetic energy 12.3 Isotropie conditions, the transition to the continuous wavenumber space 12.4 The Heisenberg spectrum 12.5 Relations for the Heisenberg exchange coefficient 12.6 A prognostic equation for the exchange coefficient 12.7 Concluding remarks on closure procedures 12.8 Problems 13 The atmospheric boundary layer 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Prandtl-layer theory 13.3 The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory of the neutral Prandtl layer 13.4 The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory of the diabatic Prandtl layer 13.5 Application of the Prandtl-layer theory in numerical prognostic models 13.6 The fluxes, the dissipation of energy, and the exchange coefficients 13.7 The interface condition at the earth's surface 13.8 The Ekman layer - the classical approach 13.9 The composite Ekman layer 13.10 Ekman pumping 13.11 Appendix A: Dimensional analysis 13.12 Appendix B: The mixing length 13.13 Problems 14 Wave motion in the atmosphere 14.1 The representation of waves 14.2 The group velocity 14.3 Perturbation theory 14.4 Pure sound waves 14.5 Sound waves and gravity waves 14.6 Lamb waves 14.7 Lee waves 14.8 Propagation of energy 14.9 External gravity waves 14.10 Internal gravity waves 14.11 Nonlinear waves in the atmosphere 14.12 Problems 15 The barotropic model 15.1 The basic assumptions of the barotropic model 15.2 The tinfiltered barotropic prediction model 15.3 The filtered barotropic model 15.4 Barotropic instability 15.5 The mechanism of barotropic development 15.6 Appendix 15.7 Problems 16 Rossby waves 16.1 One-and two-dimensional Rossby waves 16.2 Three-dimensional Rossby waves 16.3 Normal-mode considerations 16.4 Energy transport by Rossby waves 16.5 The influence of friction on the stationary Rossby wave 16.6 Barotropic equatorial waves 16.7 The principle of geostrophic adjustment 16.8 Appendix 16.9 Problems 17 Inertial and dynamic stability 17.1 Inertial motion in a horizontally homogeneous pressure field 17.2 Inertial motion in a homogeneous geostrophic wind field 17.3 Inertial motion in a geostrophic shear wind field 17.4 Derivation of the stability criteria in the geostrophic wind field 17.5 Sectorial stability and instability 17.6 Sectorial stability for normal atmospheric conditions 17.7 Sectorial stability and instability with permanent adaptation 17.8 Problems 18 The equation of motion in general coordinate systems 18.1 Introduction 18.2 The covariant equation of motion in general coordinate systems 18.3 The contravariant equation of motion in general 18.4 The equation of motion in orthogonal coordinate systems 18.5 Lagrange's equation of motion 18.6 Hamilton's equation of motion 18.7 Appendix 18.8 Problems 19 The geographical coordinate systems 19.1 The equation of motion 19.2 Application of Lagrange's equation of motion 19.3 The first metric simplification 19.4 The coordinate simplification 19.5 The continuity equation 19.6 Problems 20 The stereographic coordinate system 20.1 The stereographic projection 20.2 Metric forms in stereographic coordinates 20.