ALBERT

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Advances in 40Ar/39Ar dating: from archaeology to planetary sciences – introduction / Fred Jourdan, Darren F. Mark and Chrystele Verati / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 1-8, 16 January 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.24 Perspectives on 40Ar/39Ar dating / Ian McDougall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 9-20, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.20 Methodological developments Some footnotes to the optimization-based calibration of the 40Ar/39Ar system / Paul R. Renne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 21-31, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.17 Neutron-induced 37Ar recoil ejection in Ca-rich minerals and implications for 40Ar/39Ar dating / F. Jourdan and P. R. Renne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 33-52, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.15 Direct measurement of recoil effects on 40Ar/39Ar standards / Chris M. Hall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 53-62, 13 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.7 FCs-EK: a new sampling of the Fish Canyon Tuff 40Ar/39Ar neutron flux monitor / L. E. Morgan, D. F. Mark, J. Imlach, D. Barfod and R. Dymock / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 63-67, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.21 Petrology and geochronology of ‘muscovite age standard’ B4M / Alexandra R. Heri, Martin Robyr and Igor M. Villa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 69-78, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.2 Argon extraction from geological samples by CO2 scanning laser step-heating / D. N. Barfod, D. F. Mark, A. Tait, R. C. Dymock and J. Imlach / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 79-90, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.23 The multi-diffusion domain model: past, present and future / T. Mark Harrison and Oscar M. Lovera / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 91-106, 13 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.9 Diffusion of Ar in K-feldspar: Present and absent / Igor M. Villa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 107-116, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.4 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and the diffusion of 39Ar in phengite–muscovite intergrowths during step-heating experiments in vacuo / Marnie A. Forster and Gordon S. Lister / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 117-135, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.16 Ar diffusion and solubility measurements in plagioclases using the ultra-violet laser depth-profiling technique / Jo-Anne Wartho, Simon P. Kelley and Stephen C. Elphick / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 137-154, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.13 Modelling effect of sericitization of plagioclase on the 40K/40Ar and 40Ar/39Ar chronometers: implication for dating basaltic rocks and mineral deposits / Chrystèle Verati and Fred Jourdan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 155-174, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.14 The other isotopes: research avenues based on 36Ar, 37Ar and 38Ar / Grenville Turner and Ray Burgess / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 175-188, 13 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.8 Applications: Tectonics 40Ar/39Ar Thermochronology on Central China Orogen: Cooling, uplift and implications for orogeny dynamics / Fei Wang, Rixiang Zhu, Quanlin Hou, Dewen Zheng, Liekun Yang, Lin Wu, Wenbei Shi, Huile Feng, Haiqing Sang, Hongyuan Zhang and Qing Liu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 189-206, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.3 40Ar/39Ar ages of crystallization and recrystallization of rock-forming polyhalite in Alpine rocksalt deposits / C. Leitner, F. Neubauer, J. Genser, S. Borojević-Šoštarić and G. Rantitsch / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 207-224, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.5 Persistent long-term (c. 24 Ma) exhumation in the Eastern Alaska Range constrained by stacked thermochronology / Jeff A. Benowitz, Paul W. Layer and Sam Vanlaningham / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 225-243, 20 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.12 40Ar/39Ar hornblende provenance clues about Heinrich event 3 (H3) / Greg E. Downing, Sidney R. Hemming, Anne Jost and Martin Roy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 245-263, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.18 Observation of centimetre-scale argon diffusion in alkali feldspars: implications for 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology / Stephanie Flude, Alison M. Halton, Simon P. Kelley, Sarah C. Sherlock, James Schwanethal and Camilla M. Wilkinson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 265-275, 10 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.25 Applications: Volcanology 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the Haifanggou and Lanqi formations: When did the first flowers bloom? / Su-Chin Chang, Haichun Zhang, Sidney R. Hemming, Gary T. Mesko and Yan Fang / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 277-284, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.1 Timing of geothermal activity in an active island-arc volcanic setting: First 40Ar/39Ar dating from Bouillante geothermal field (Guadeloupe, French West Indies) / C. Verati, P. Patrier-Mas, J. M. Lardeaux and V. Bouchot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 285-295, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.19 Applications: Planetary sciences Issues in dating young rocks from another planet: Martian shergottites / Jisun Park, Donald D. Bogard, Laurence E. Nyquist and G. F. Herzog / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 297-316, 20 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.10 A laser probe 40Ar/39Ar investigation of poikilitic shergottite NWA 4797: implications for the timing of shock metamorphism / Erin L. Walton, Simon Kelley, Christopher D. K. Herd and Anthony J. Irving / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 317-332, 20 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.11 40Ar/39Ar ages of impacts involving ordinary chondrite meteorites / Timothy D. Swindle, D. A. Kring and J. R. Weirich / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 333-347, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.6 A high-precision 40Ar/39Ar age for hydrated impact glass from the Dellen impact, Sweden / D. F. Mark, P. Lindgren and A. E. Fallick / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 349-366, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.22

Note: Part I: Introduction to Data Mining Chapter 1 - What's It All About? Chapter 2 - Input: Concepts, Instances, and Attributes Chapter 3 - Output: Knowledge Representation Chapter 4 - Algorithms: The Basic Methods Chapter 5 - Credibility: Evaluating What's Been Learned Part II: Advanced Data Mining Chapter 6 - Implementations: Real Machine Learning Schemes Chapter 7 - Data Transformations Chapter 8 - Ensemble Learning Chapter 9 - Moving on: Applications and Beyond Part III: The Weka Data Mining Workbench Chapter 10 - Introduction to Weka Chapter 11 - The Explorer Chapter 12 - The Knowledge Flow Interface Chapter 13 - The Experimenter Chapter 14 - The Command-Line Interface Chapter 15 - Embedded Machine Learning Chapter 16 - Writing New Learning Schemes Chapter 17 - Tutorial Exercises for the Weka Explorer

Note: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1 INTRODUCTION. - Study Context and Charge to the Committee. - Study Approach and Methodology. - Report Organization. - 2 RATIONALE FOR CONTINUED ARCTIC RESEARCH. - 3 EMERGING QUESTIONS. - Evolving Arctic. - Will Arctic communities have greater or lesser influence on their futures?. - Will the land be wetter or drier, and what are the associated implications for surface water, energy balances, and ecosystems?. - How much of the variability of the Arctic system is linked to ocean circulation?. - What are the impacts of extreme events in the new ice-reduced system?. - How will primary productivity change with decreasing sea ice and snow cover?. - How will species distributions and associated ecosystem structure change with the evolving cryosphere?. - Hidden Arctic. - What surprises are hidden within and beneath the ice?. - What is being irretrievably lost as the Arctic changes?. - Why does winter matter?. - What can "break or brake" glaciers and ice sheets?. - How unusual is the current Arctic warmth?. - What is the role of the Arctic in abrupt change?. - What has been the Cenozoic evolution of the Arctic Ocean Basin?. - Connected Arctic. - How will rapid Arctic warming change the jet stream and affect weather patterns in lower latitudes?. - What is the potential for a trajectory of irreversible loss of Arctic land ice, and how will its impact vary regionally?. - How will climate change affect exchanges between the Arctic Ocean andsubpolar basins?. - How will Arctic change affect the long-range transport and persistence of biota?. - How will changing societal connections between the Arctic and the rest of the world affect Arctic communities?. - Managed Arctic. - How will decreasing populations in rural villages and increasing urbanization affect Arctic peoples and societies?. - Will local, regional, and international relations in the Arctic move toward cooperation or conflict?. - How can 21st-century development in the Arctic occur without compromising the environment or indigenous cultures while still benefiting global and Arctic inhabitants?. - How can we prepare forecasts and scenarios to meet emerging management needs?. - What benefits and risks are presented by geoengineering and other large-scale technological interventions to prevent or reduce climate change and associated impacts in the Arctic?. - Undetermined Arctic. - Priority Setting. - 4 MEETING THE CHALLENGES. - Enhancing Cooperation. - Interagency. - International. - Interdisciplinary. - Intersectoral. - Cooperation through Social Media. - Sustaining Long-Term Observations. - Rationale for Long-Term Observations. - Coordinating Long-Term Observation Efforts. - Managing and Sharing Information. - Preserving the Legacy of Research through Data Preservation and Dissemination. - Creating a Culture of Data Preservation and Sharing. - Infrastructure to Ensure Data Flows from Observation to Users, Stakeholders, and Archives. - Data Visualization and Analysis. - Maintaining and Building Operational Capacity. - Mobile Platforms. - Fixed Platforms and Systems. - Remote Sensing. - Sensors. - Power and Communication. - Models in Prediction, Projection, and Re-Analyses. - Partnerships with Industry. - Growing Human Capacity. - Community Engagement. - Investing in Research. - Comprehensive Systems and Synthesis Research. - Non-Steady-State Research. - Social Sciences and Human Capacity. - Stakeholder-Initiated Research. - International Funding Cooperation. - Long-Term Observations. - 5 BUILDING KNOWLEDGE AND SOLVING PROBLEMS. - REFERENCES. - APPENDIXES. - A Acronyms and Abbreviations. - B Speaker and Interviewee Acknowledgments. - C Summary of Questionnaire Responses. - D Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.

Note: Contents: 1. Introducing transnational climate change governance ; 2. Mapping the world of transnational climate change governance 3. Theoretical perspectives on transnational governance ; 4. Origins, agency and the forms of transnational climate change governance ; 5. Constructing transnational climate change governance issues and producing governance spaces ; 6. The uneven geography of transnational climate change governance ; 7. Understanding authority and legitimacy in transnational climate change governance ; 8. Making a difference? Tracing the effects and effectiveness of transnational climate change governance ; 9. Conclusions - looking beyond transnational climate governance

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction and datatypes. - 1.1 Why ordination?. - 1.2 Datatypes. - 1.3 Data transformation and standardisation. - 1.4 Missing values. - 1.5 Types of analyses. - 2 Using Canoco 5. - 2.1 Philosophy of Canoco 5. - 2.2 Data import and editing. - 2.3 Defining analyses. - 2.4 Visualising results. - 2.5 Beware, CANOCO 4.x users!. - 3 Experimental design. - 3.1 Completely randomised design. - 3.2 Randomised complete blocks. - 3.3 Latin square design. - 3.4 Pseudo replicates. - 3.5 Combining more than one factor. - 3.6 Following the development of objects in time: repeated observations. - 3.7 Experimental and observational data. - 4 Basics of gradient analysis. - 4.1 Techniques of gradient analysis. - 4.2 Models of response to gradients. - 4.3 Estimating species optima by weighted averaging. - 4.4 Calibration. - 4.5 Unconstrained ordination. - 4.6 Constrained ordination. - 4.7 Basic ordination techniques. - 4.8 Ordination axes as optimal predictors. - 4.9 Ordination diagrams. - 4.10 Two approaches. - 4.11 Testing significance of the relation with explanatory variables. - 4.12 Monte Carlo permutation tests for the significance of regression. - 4.13 Relating two biotic communities. - 4.14 Community composition as a cause: using reverse analysis. - 5.1 Permutation tests: the philosophy. - 5.2 Pseudo-F statistics and significance. - 5.3 Testing individual constrained axes. - 5.4 Tests with spatial or temporal constraints. - 5.5 Tests with hierarchical constraints. - 5.6 Simple versus conditional effects and stepwises election. - 5.7 Variation partitioning. - 5.8 Significance adjustment for multiple tests. - 6 Similarity measures and distance-based methods. - 6.1 Similarity measures for presence-absence data. - 6.2 Similarity measures for quantitative data. - 6.3 Similarity of cases versus similarity of communities. - 6.4 Similarity between species in trait values. - 6.5 Principal coordinates analysis. - 6.6 Constrained principal coordinates analysis (db-RDA). - 6.7 Non-metric multidimensional scaling. - 6.8 Mantel test. - 7.1 Example data set properties. - 7.2 Non-hierarchical classification (K-means clustering). - 7.3 Hierarchical classification. - 7.4 TWINSPAN. - 8 Regression methods. - 8.1 Regression models in general. - 8.2 General linear model: terms. - 8.3 Generalized linear models (GLM). - 8.4 Loess smoother. - 8.5 Generalized additive models (GAM). - 8.6 Mixed-effect models (LMM, GLMM and GAMM). - 8.7 Classification and regression trees (CART). - 8.8 Modelling species response curves with Canoco. - 9 Interpreting community composition with functional traits. - 9.1 Required data. - 9.2 Two approaches in traits - environment studies. - 9.3 Community-based approach. - 9.4 Species-based approach. - 10 Advanced use of ordination. - 10.1 Principal response curves (PRC). - 10.2 Separating spatial variation. - 10.3 Linear discriminant analysis. - 10.4 Hierarchical analysis of community variation. - 10.5 Partitioning diversity indices into alpha and beta components. - 10.6 Predicting community composition. - 11 Visualising multivariate data. - 11.1 Reading ordination diagrams of linear methods. - 11.2 Reading ordination diagrams of unimodal methods. - 11.3 Attribute plots. - 11.4 Visualising classification, groups, and sequences. - 11.5 T-value biplot. - 12 Case study 1: Variation in forest bird assemblages. - 12.1 Unconstrained ordination: portraying variation in bird community. - 12.2 Simple constrained ordination: the effect of altitude on bird community. - 12.3 Partial constrained ordination: additional effect of other habitat characteristics. - 12.4 Separating and testing alpha and beta diversity. - 13 Case study 2: Search for community composition patterns and their environmental correlates: vegetation of spring meadows. - 13.1 Unconstrained ordination. - 13.2 Constrained ordination. - 13.3 Classification. - 13.4 Suggestions for additional analyses. - 13.5 Comparing two communities. - 14 Case study 3: Separating the effects of explanatory variables. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Data. - 14.3 Changes in species richness and composition. - 14.4 Changes in species traits. - 15 Case study 4: Evaluation of experiments in randomised complete blocks. - 15.1 Introduction. - 15.2 Data. - 15.3 Analysis. - 15.4 Calculating ANOVA using constrained ordination. - 16 Case study 5: Analysis of repeated observations of species composition from a factorial experiment. - 16.1 Introduction. - 16.2 Experimental design. - 16.3 Data coding and use. - 16.4 Univariate analyses. - 16.5 Constrained ordinations. - 16.6 Principal response curves. - 16.7 Temporal changes across treatments. - 16.8 Changes in composition of functional traits. - 17 Case study 6: Hierarchical analysis of crayfish community variation. - 17.1 Data and design. - 17.2 Differences among sampling locations. - 17.3 Hierarchical decomposition of community variation. - 18 Case study 7: Analysis of taxonomic data with discriminant analysis and distance-based ordination. - 18.1 Data. - 18.2 Summarising morphological data with PCA. - 18.3 Linear discriminant analysis of morphological data. - 18.4 Principal coordinates analysis of AFLP data. - 18.5 Testing taxon differences in AFLP data using db-RDA. - 18.6 Taking populations into account. - 19 Case study 8: Separating effects of space and environment on oribatid community with PCNM. - 19.1 Ignoring the space. - 19.2 Detecting spatial trends. - 19.3 All-scale spatial variation of community and environment. - 19.4 Variation partitioning with spatial predictors. - 19.5 Visualising spatial variation. - 20 Case study 9: Performing linear regression with redundancy analysis. - 20.1 Data. - 20.2 Linear regression using program R. - 20.3 Linear regression with redundancy analysis. - 20.4 Fitting generalized linear models in Canoco. - Appendix A Glossary. - Appendix B Sample data sets and projects. - Appendix C Access to Canoco and overview of other software. - Appendix D Working with R. - References. - Index to useful tasks in Canoco 5. - Subject index.

Note: Contents Preface Ackowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition and extent 1.2 The role of the cryosphere in the climate system 1.3 The organization of cryospheric observations and research 1.4 Remote sensing of the cryosphere Part I The terrestrial cryosphere 2A Snowfall and snow cover 2.1 History 2.2 Snow formation 2.3 Snow cover 2.4 Snow cover modeling in land surface schemes of GCMs 2.5 Snow interception by the canopy 2.6 Sublimation 2.7 Snow metamorphism 2.8 In situ measurements of snow 2.9 Remote sensing of snowpack properties and snow-cover area 2.10 Snowmelt modeling 2.11 Recent observed snow cover changes 2B Avalanches 2.12 History 2.13 Avalanche characteristics 2.14 Avalanche models 2.15 Trends' in avalanchf:' conditions 3 Glaciers and ice caps 3.1 History 3.2 Definitions 3.3 Glacier characteristics 3.4 Mass balance 3.5 Remote sensing 3.6 Glacier flow and flowlines 3.7 Scaling 3.8 Glacier modeling 3.9 Ice caps 3.10 Glacier hydrology 3.11 Changes in glaciers and ice caps 4 Ice sheets 4.1 History of exploration 4.2 Mass balance 4.3 Remote sensing 4.4 Mechanisms of ice sheet changes 4.5 The Greenland Ice Sheet 4.6 Antarctica 4.7 Overall ice sheet changes 4.8 Ice sheet models 4.9 Ice sheet and ice shelf interaction 4.10 Ice sheet contributions to sea level change 5 Frozen ground and permafrost 5.1 History 5.2 Frozen ground definitions and extent 5.3 Thermal relationships 5.4 Vertical characteristics of permafrost 5.5 Remote sensing 5.6 Ground ice 5.7 Permafrost models 5.8 Geomorphological features associated with permafrost 5.9 Changes in permafrost and soil freezing 6 Freshwater ice 6.1 History 6.2 Lake ice 6.3 Changes in lake ice cover 6.4 River ice 6.5 Trends in river ice cover 6.6 Icings Part II The marine cryosphere 7 Sea ice 7.1 History 7.2 Sea ice characteristics 7.3 Ice drift and ocean circulation 7.4 Sea ice models 7.5 Leads, polynyas, and pressure ridges 7.6 Ice thickness 7.7 Trends in sea ice extent and thickness 8 Ice shelves and icebergs 8.1 History 8.2 Ice shelves 8.3 Ice streams 8.4 Conditions beneath ice shelves 8.5 Ice shelf buttressing 8.6 Icebergs 8.7 Ice islands Part Ill The cryosphere past and future 9 The cryosphere in the past 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Snowball Earth and ice-free Cretaceous 9.3 Phanerozoic glaciations 9.4 Late Cenozoic polar glaciations 9.5 The Quaternary 9.6 The Holocene 10 The future cryosphere: impacts of global warming 10.1 Introduction 10.2 General observations 10.3 Recent cryospheric changes 10.4 Climate projections 10.5 Projected changes to Northern Hemisphere snow cover 10.6 Projected changes in land ice 10.7 Projected permafrost changes 10.8 Projected changes in freshwater ice 10.9 Projected sea ice changes Part IV Applications 11 Applications of snow and ice research 11.1 Snowfall 11.2 Freezing precipitation 11.3 Avalanches 11.4 Ice avalanches 11.5 Winter sports industry 11.6 Water resources 11.7 Hydropower 11.8 Snow melt floods 11.9 Freshwater ice 11.10 Ice roads 11.11 Sea ice 11.12 Glaciers and ice sheets 11.13 Icebergs 11.14 Permafrost and ground ice I 1.15 Seasonal ground freezing Glossary References Index

Note: Earthquakes and fault motion. pp. 1-21. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.002 --- Processing and analysis of recorded seismic signals. pp. 22-40. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.003 --- Mathematical representation of the source. pp. 41-62. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.004 --- Point source models. pp. 63-89. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.005 --- The seismic moment tensor. pp. 90-107. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.006 --- Determination of point source mechanisms. pp. 108-134. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.007 --- Kinematics of extended sources. pp. 135-162. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.008 --- Determination of source dimensions. pp. 163-188. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.009 --- Simple dynamic models. pp. 189-204. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.010 --- Dynamics of fracture. Homogeneous models. pp. 205-231. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.011 --- Fracture dynamics. Heterogeneous models. pp. 232-258. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.012 --- Modeling earthquakes using fracture dynamics. pp. 259-283. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139628792.013

Note: Contents: Series foreword. - Preface. - Select bibliography. - The authors. - 1 Observed flow in the Earth's midlalitudes. - 1.1 Vertical structure. - 1.2 Horizontal structure. - 1.3 Transient activity. - 1.4 Scales of motion. - 1.5 The Norwegian frontal model of cyclones. - Theme 1 Fluid dynamics of the midlatitude atmosphere. - 2 Fluid dynamics in an inertial frame of reference. - 2.1 Definition of fluid. - 2.2 Flow variables and the continuum hypothesis. - 2.3 Kinematics: characterizing fluid flow. - 2.4 Governing physical principles. - 2.5 Lagrangian and Eulerian perspectives. - 2.6 Mass conservation equation. - 2.7 First Law of Thermodynamics. - 2.8 Newton's Second Law of Motion. - 2.9 Bernoulli's Theorem. - 2.10 Heating and water vapour. - 3 Rotating frames of reference. - 3.1 Vectors in a rotating frame of reference. - 3.2 Velocity and Acceleration. - 3.3 The momentum equation in a rotating frame. - 3.4 The centrifugal pseudo-force. - 3.5 The Coriolis pseudo-force. - 3.6 The Taylor-Proudman theorem. - 4 The spherical Earth. - 4.1 Spherical polar coordinates. - 4.2 Scalar equations. - 4.3 The momentum equations. - 4.4 Energy and angular momentum.- 4.5 The shallow atmosphere approximation. - 4.6 The beta effect and the spherical Earth. - 5 Scale analysis and its applications. - 5.1 Principles of scaling methods. - 5.2 The use of a reference atmosphere. - 5.3 The horizontal momentum equations. - 5.4 Natural coordinates, geostrophic and gradient wind balance. - 5.5 Vertical motion. - 5.6 The vertical momentum equation. - 5.7 The mass continuity equation. - 5.8 The thermodynamic energy equation. - 5.9 Scalings for Rossby numbers that are not small. - 6 Alternative vertical coordinates. - 6.1 A general vertical coordinate. - 6.2 Isobaric coordinates. - 6.3 Other pressure-based vertical coordinates. - 6.4 Isentropic coordinates. - 7 Variations of density and the basic equations. - 7.1 Boussinesq approximation. - 7.2 Anelastic approximation. - 7.3 Stratification and gravity waves. - 7.4 Balance, gravity waves and Richardson number. - 7.5 Summary of the basic equation sets. - 7.6 The energy of atmospheric motions. - Theme 2 Rotation in the atmosphere. - 8 Rotation in the atmosphere. - 8.1 The concept of vorticity. - 8.2 The vorticity equation. - 8.3 The vorticity equation for approximate sets of equations. - 8.4 The solenoidal term. - 8.5 The expansion/contraction term. - 8.6 The stretching and tilting terms. - 8.7 Friction and vorticity. - 8.8 The vorticity equation in alternative vertical coordinates. - 8.9 Circulation. - 9 Vorticity and the barotropic vorticity equation. - 9.1 The barotropic vorticity equation. - 9.2 Poisson's equation and vortex interactions. - 9.3 Flow over a shallow hill. - 9.4 Ekman pumping. - 9.5 Rossby waves and the beta plane. - 9.6 Rossby group velocity. - 9.7 Rossby ray tracing. - 9.8 Inflexion point instability. - 10 Potential vorticity. - 10.1 Potential vorticity. - 10.2 Alternative derivations of Ertel's theorem. - 10.3 The principle of invertibility. - 10.4 Shallow water equation potential vorticity. - 11 Turbulence and atmospheric flow. - 11.1 The Reynolds number . - 11.2 Three-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number. - 11.3 Two-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number. - 11.4 Vertical mixing in a stratified fluid. - 11.5 Reynolds stresses. - Theme 3 Balance in atmospheric flow. - 12 Quasi-geostrophic flows. - 12.1 Wind and temperature in balanced flows. - 12.2 The quasi-geostrophic approximation. - 12.3 Quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity. - 12.4 Ertel and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticities. - 13 The omega equation. - 13.1 Vorticity and thermal advection form. - 13.2 Sutcliffe Form. - 13.3 Q-vector form. - 13.4 Ageostrophic flow and the maintenance of balance. - 13.5 Balance and initialization. - 14 Linear theories of baroclinic instability. - 14.1 Qualitative discussion. - 14.2 Stability analysis of a zonal flow. - 14.3 Rossby wave interpretation of the stability conditions. - 14.4 The Eady model. - 14.5 The Charney and other quasi-geostrophic models. - 14.6 More realistic basic states. - 14.7 Initial value problem. - 15 Frontogenesis. - 15.1 Frontal scales. - 15.2 Ageostrophic circulation. - 15.3 Description of frontal collapse. - 15.4 The semi-geostrophic Eady model. - 15.5 The confluence model. - 15.6 Upper-level frontogenesis. - 16 The nonlinear development of baroclinic waves. - 16.1 The nonlinear domain. - 16.2 Semi-geostrophic baroclinic waves. - 16.3 Nonlinear baroclinic waves on realistic jetson the sphere. - 16.4 Eddy transports and zonal mean flow changes. - 16.5 Energetics of baroclinic waves. - 17 The potential vorticity perspective. - 17.1 Setting the scene. - 17.2 Potential vorticity and vertical velocity. - 17.3 Life cycles of some baroclinic waves. - 17.4 Alternative perspectives. - 17.5 Midlatitude blocking. - 17.6 Frictional and heating effects. - 18 Rossby wave propagation and potential vorticity mixing. - 18.1 Rossby wave propagation. - 18.2 Propagation of Rossby waves into the stratosphere. - 18.3 Propagation through a slowly varying medium. - 18.4 The Eliassen-Palm flux and group velocity. - 18.5 Baroclinic life cycles and Rossby waves. - 18.6 Variations of amplitude. - 18.7 Rossby waves and potential vorticity steps. - 18.8 Potential vorticity steps and the Rhines scale. - Appendices. - Appendix A: Notation. - Appendix B: Revision of vectors and vector calculus. - B.1 Vectors and their algebra. - B.2 Products of vectors. - B.3 Scalar fields and the grad operator. - B.4 The divergence and curl operators. - B.5 Gauss' and Stokes' theorems. - B.6 Some useful vector identities. - Index.

Note: Contents: Part I Introductory Section. - 1 High-Resolution Paleoclimatology / Raymond S. Bradley. - 2 Dendroclimatology in High-Resolution Paleoclimatology / Malcolm K. Hughes. - Part II Scientific Bases of Dendroclimatology. - 3 How Well Understood Are the Processes that Create Dendroclimatic Records? A Mechanistic Model of the Climatic Control on Conifer Tree-Ring Growth Dynamics / Eugene A. Vaganov, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, and Michael N. Evans. - 4 Uncertainty, Emergence, and Statistics in Dendrochronology / Edward R. Cook and Neil Pederson. - 5 A Closer Look at Regional Curve Standardization of Tree-Ring Records: Justification of the Need, a Warning of Some Pitfalls, and Suggested Improvements in Its Application / Keith R. Briffa and Thomas M. Melvin. - 6 Stable Isotopes in Dendroclimatology: Moving Beyond ‘Potential’ / Mary Gagen, Danny McCarroll, Neil J. Loader, and Iain Robertson. - Part III Reconstruction of Climate Patterns and Values Relative to Today’s Climate. - 7 Dendroclimatology from Regional to Continental Scales: Understanding Regional Processes to Reconstruct Large-Scale Climatic Variations Across the Western Americas / Ricardo Villalba, Brian H. Luckman, Jose Boninsegna,Rosanne D. D’Arrigo, Antonio Lara, Jose Villanueva-Diaz, Mariano Masiokas, Jaime Argollo, Claudia Soliz, Carlos LeQuesne, David W. Stahle, Fidel Roig, Juan Carlos Aravena, Malcolm K. Hughes, Gregory Wiles, Gordon Jacoby, Peter Hartsough, Robert J.S. Wilson, Emma Watson, Edward R. Cook, Julian Cerano-Paredes, Matthew Therrell, Malcolm Cleaveland, Mariano S. Morales, Nicholas E. Graham, Jorge Moya, Jeanette Pacajes, Guillermina Massacchesi, Franco Biondi, Rocio Urrutia, and Guillermo Martinez Pastur. - Part IV Applications of Dendroclimatology. - 8 Application of Streamflow Reconstruction to Water Resources Management / David M. Meko and Connie A. Woodhouse. - 9 Climatic Inferences from Dendroecological Reconstructions / Thomas W. Swetnam and Peter M. Brown. - 10 North American Tree Rings, Climatic Extremes, and Social Disasters / David W. Stahle and Jeffrey S. Dean. - Part V Overview. - 11 Tree Rings and Climate: Sharpening the Focus / Malcolm K. Hughes, Henry F. Diaz, and Thomas W. Swetnam. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1 The environment of the polar regions. - 1.2 The role of the polar regions in the global climate system. - 1.3 Possible implications of high latitude climate change. - 2. Polar climate data and models. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Instrumental observations. - 2.3 Meteorological analysis fields. - 2.4 Remotely sensed data. - 2.5 Proxy climate data. - 2.6 Models. - 3. The high latitude climates and mechanisms of change. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Factors influencing the broadscale climated of the polar regions. - 3.3 Processes of the high latitude climates. - 3.4 The mechanisms of high latitude climate change. - 3.5 Atmospheric circulation. - 3.6 Temperature. - 3.7 Cloud and precipitation. - 3.8 Sea ice. - 3.9 The ocean circulation. - 3.10 Concluding remarks. - 4. The last million years. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 The Arctic. - 4.3 The Antarctic. - 4.4 Linking high latitude climate change in the two hemispheres. - 5. The Holocene. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Forcing of the climate system during the Holocene. - 5.3 Atmospheric circulation. - 5.4 Temperature. - 5.5 The ocean circulation. - 5.6 Sea ice and sea surface temperatures. - 5.7 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 5.8 The cryosphere, precipitation and sea level. - 5.9 Concluding remarks. - 6. The instrumental period. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The main meteorological elements. - 6.3 Changes in the atmospheric circulation. - 6.4 The ocean environment. - 6.5 Sea ice. - 6.6. Snow cover. - 6.7 Permafrost. - 6.8 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 6.9 Terrestrial ice and sea level. - 6.10 Attribution of recent changes. - 6.11 Concluding remarks. - 7. Predictions for the next 100 years. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Possible future greenhouse gas emission scenarios and the IPCC models. - 7.3 Changes in the atmospheric circulation and the modes of climate variability. - 7.4 The main meteorological elements. - 7.5 The ocean circulation and water masses. - 7.6 Sea ice. - 7.7 Seasonal snow cover and the terrestrial environment. - 7.8 Permafrost. - 7.9 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 7.10 Terrestrial ice, the ice shelves and sea level. - 7.11 Concluding remarks. - 8. Summary and future research needs. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Gaining improved understanding of past climate change. - 8.3 Modelling the high latitude climate system. - 8.4 Data required. - 8.5 Concluding remarks. - References. - Index.

Note: In engl., franz. und russ. Sprache. , Teilw. in kyrill. Schr.