ALBERT

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Features of the Arctic Seas of Russia and Their Ecosystems 2.1 Brief History of the Studies 2.2 Physical Geography 2.3 Features of Geological Structure and Sedimentation 2.4 Hydrology 2.5 Hydrochemistry 2.5.1 Oxygen 2.5.2 pH 2.5.3 Alkalinity 2.5.4 Nutrients (P, N, and Si) 3 Biological Production of the Arctic Seas of Russia 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Barents Sea 3.3 White Sea 3.4. Kara Sea 3.5. Seas of the East Arctic 4 Particulate Matter and Vertical Carbon Fluxes in the Water–Bottom System 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Barents Sea 4.3 White Sea 4.4 Kara Sea 4.5 Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas 4.6 Carbon Fluxes from the Photic Zone to the Seafloor 4.7 Conclusion 5 Horizontal Carbon Fluxes in the Land–Sea System 5.1 Riverine Runoff and Carbon Fluxes 5.1.1 Water Runoff and Particulate Matter Supply 5.1.2 Carbon runoff 5.2 Coastal Abrasion and Carbon Fluxes 5.3 Aerosols and Eolian Carbon Fluxes 5.4 Underground and Glacial Runoff 5.4.1 Underground Runoff 5.4.2 Ice and Glacial Discharge 5.4.3 Interstitial Waters 6 Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Brief History of the Studies of Carbon and Organic Matter Composition 6.3 Selected Features of the Polar Lithogenesis 6.4 Organo-Chemical Composition of the Sediments 6.5 Distribution and Accumulation Rate of Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.1 Contents of TOC and Ccarb in Different Types of the Sediments 6.5.2 Distribution of TOC and its Accumulation Rate in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.3 Distribution of Ccarb and its Accumulation Rates in the Bottom Sediments 7 Elements of Carbon Balance and Cycling in the Arctic Seas of Russia 7.1 Fluxes and Balance of Masses 7.2 Ecological Features of the Arctic Seas and their Influence on Carbon Cycling References Index

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Foreword by Paul J. Crutzen. - Preface by David Schimel. - Introduction. - 1 Uncertainties of Global Biogeochemical Predictions / E. D. Schulze, D. S. S. Schimel. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 The IGBP Transect Approach. - 1.2.1 The Patagonian Transect. - 1.2.2 The Australian Transect. - 1.2.3 The European Transect. - 1.3 Variability in Processes. - 1.4 Biome Approach and Functional Types. - 1.5 New Approaches to Functional Diversity. - 1.6 Conclusions. - References. - 2 Uncertainties of Global Climate Predictions / L. Bengtsson. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Observational Evidence. - 2.3 Physical Rationale. - 2.3.1 Stochastic Forcing. - 2.3.2 Solar irradiation Changes. - 2.3.3 Volcanic Effects. - 2.3.4 Anthropogenic Effects. - 2.4 Response to Forcing of the Climate System. - 2.5 Results from Climate Change Prediction Experiments. - 2.6 Summary and Conclusions. - References. - 3 Uncertainties in the Atmospheric Chemical System / G. P. Brasseur, E. A. H. Holland. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Synthetic View of Chemical Processes in the Troposphere. - 3.3 The IMAGES Model. - 3.4 Changes in the Chemical Composition of the Global Troposphere. - 3.5 Concluding Remarks. - References. - 4 Inferring Biogeochemical Sources and Sinks from Atmospheric Concentrations: General Consideration and Applications in Vegetation Canopies / M. Raupach. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Scalar and Isotopic Molar Balances. - 4.2.1 General Principles. - 4.2.2 Single-Point Eulerian Equations. - 4.2.3 Source Terms for CO2. - 4.2.4 Single-Point Lagrangian Equations. - 4.3 Inverse Methods for Inferring Scalar Sources and Sinks in Canopies. - 4.3.1 General Principles. - 4.3.2 Localized Near Field Theory. - 4.3.3 The Dispersion Matrix. - 4.3.4 Turbulent Velocity Field. - 4.3.5 Solutions for Forward, Inverse and Implicit Problems. - 4.3.6 Field Tests. - 4.4 Inverse Methods and Isotopes in Canopies. - 4.4.1 Path Integrals and Keeling Plots. - 4.4.2 Inverse Lagrangian Analysis of Isotopic Composition. - 4.5 Summary and Conclusions. - Appendix A. - Appendix B. - References. - 5 Biogeophysical Feedbacks and the Dynamics of Climate / M. Claussen. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Synergisms. - 5.2.1 High Northern Latitudes. - 5.2.2 Subtropics. - 5.3 Multiple Equilibria. - 5.4 Transient Interaction. - 5.5 Perspectives. - References. - 6 Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions and Monsoon Climate Change: A Paleo-Perspective / J. E. Kutzbach, Michael T. Coe, S. P. Harrison and M. T. Coe. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Response of the Monsoon to Orbital Forcing. - 6.3 Ocean Feedbacks on the Monsoon. - 6.4 Land-Surface Feedbacks on the Monsoon. - 6.5 Synergies between the Land, Ocean and Atmosphere. - 6.6 The Role of Climate Variability. - 6.7 Final Remarks. - References. - 7 Paleobiogeochemistry / I. C. Prentice, D. Raynaud. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Methane. - 7.3 Carbon Dioxide. - 7.4 Mineral Dust Aerosol. - 7.5 Scientific Challenges Posed by the Ice-Core Records. - 7.5.1 Methane. - 7.5.2 Carbon Dioxide. - 7.5.3 Mineral Dust Aerosol. - 7.6 Towards an Integrated Research Strategy for Palaeobiogeochemistry. - References. - 8 Should Phosphorus Availability Be Constraining Moist Tropical Forest Responses to Increasing CO2 Concentrations / J. Lloyd, M. I. Bird, E. M. Veenendaal and B. Kruijt. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Phosphorus in the Soils of the Moist Tropics. - 8.2.1 Soil Organic Phosphorus. - 8.2.2 Soil Inorganic Phosphorus. - 8.2.3 Soil Carbon/Phosphorus Interactions. - 8.3 States and Fluxes of Phosphorus in Moist Tropical Forests. - 8.3.1 Inputs and Losses of Phosphorus Through Rainfall, Dry Deposition and Weathering: Losses Via Leaching. - 8.3.2 Internal Phosphorus Flows in Moist Tropical Forests. - 8.3.3 Mechanisms for Enhanced Phosphorus Uptake in Low P Soils. - 8.4 Linking the Phosphorus and Carbon Cycles. - 8.4.1 To What Extent Does Phosphorus Availability Really Limit Moist Tropical Forest Productivity?. - 8.4.2 Tropical Plant Responses to Increases in Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations. - 8.4.3 Using a Simple Model to Examine CO2/Phosphorus Interactions in Tropical Forests. - References. - 9 Trees in Grasslands: Biogeochemical Consequences of Woody Plant Expansion / S. Archer, T. W. Boutton and K. A. Hibbard. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Woody Plant Encroachment in Grasslands and Savannas. - 9.3 The La Copita Case Study. - 9.3.1 Biogeographical and Historal Context. - 9.3.2 Herbaceous Retrogression and Soil Carbon Losses. - 9.3.3 Woody Plant Encroachment and Ecosystem Biogeochemistry. - 9.4 Degradation: Ecological Versus Socioeconomic. - 9.5 Implications for Ecosystem and Natural Resources Management. - 9.6 Summary. - References. - 10 Biogeochemistry in the Arctic: Patterns, Processes and Controls / S. Jonasson, F.S. Chapin, III and G. R. Shaver. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Tundra Organic Matter. - 10.2.1 Distribution of Organic Matter. - 10.2.2 Patterns and Controls of Organic Matter Turnover between Ecosystem Types. - 10.3 Tundra Nutrients. - 10.3.1 Nutrient Distribution and Controls of Nutrient Cycling. - 10.3.2 Nutrient Mineralization and Plant Nutrient Uptake. - 10.3.3 Are there Unaccounted Plant Sources of Limiting Nutrients?. - 10.4 Biogeochemical Responses to Experimental Ecosystem Manipulations. - 10.4.1 Applicability of Experimental Manipulations. - 10.4.2 Responses to Water Applications. - 10.4.3 Response to Nutrient Addition and Warming. - 10.4.4 Responses in Ecosystem Carbon Balance. - 10.5 Summary. - References. - 11 Evaporation in the Boreal Zone During Summer - Physics and Vegetation / F. M. Kelliher, I. Lloyd, C. Rebmann, C. Wirth and E. D. Schulze, D. D. Baldocchi. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Climate and Soil Water. - 11.3 Evaporation Theory. - 11.4 Evaporation During Summer and Rainfall. - 11.5 Forest Evaporation, Tree Life Form and Nitrogen. - 11.6 Conclusions. - References. - 12 Past and Future Forest Response to Rapid Climate Change / M.B. Davis. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Long-Distance Dispersal. - 12.3 Estimating Jump Distances. - 12.4 Interactions with Resident Vegetation - Constraints on Establishment. - 12.5 Interactions with Resident Vegetation - Competition for Light and Resulting Constraints on Population Growth. - 12.6 Conclusions. - References. - 13 Biogeochemical Models: Implicit vs. Explicit Microbiology / J. Schimel. - 13.1 Introduction. - 13.2 Microbiology in Biogeochemical Models. - 13.3 Dealing with Microbial Diversity in Models. - 13.4 Kinetic Effects of Microbial Population Size. - 13.5 Microbial Recovery from Stress. - 13.6 Conclusions. - References. - 14 The Global Soil Organic Carbon Pool / M. I. Bird, H. Santruckova, J. Lloyd and E. M. Veenendaal. - 14.1 Introduction: the Soil Carbon Pool and Global Change. - 14.2 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon. - 14.3 Global Variations in the SOC Pool. - 14.4 The Limitations of Available Observational SOC Data. - 14.5 A Stratified Sampling Approach. - 14.6 Conclusions: Sandworld and Clayworld. - References. - 15 Plant Compounds and Their Turnover and Stability as Soil Organic Matter / G. Gleixner, C. Czimczik, C. Kramer, B. M. Lühker and M. W. I. Schmidt. - 15.1 Introduction. - 15.2 Pathways of Soil Organic Matter Formation. - 15.2.1 Formation and Decomposition of Biomass. - 15.2.2 The Influence of Environmental Conditions on SOM Formation. - 15.2.3 For

Note: Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German cooperation System Laptev Sea : the expedition Lena-Anabar 2003 / edited by Lutz Schirrmeister, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Lars Kutzbach, Dirk Wagner and Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov , Enthaltener Beitrag: The Russian-German TRANSDRIFT IX Expedition of RV "Ivan Kireyev" 2003 / edited by Carolyn Wegner, Jens Hölemann and Vladimir Churun , Contents for "Russian-German cooperation System Laptev Sea : the expedition Lena-Anabar 2003" 1 Introduction 2 Expedition itinerary and general logistics 3 Ecological studies on permafrost soils and landscapes of the central Lena Delta6 3.1 Aims and study area 3.2 Energy and water budget of permafrost soils – long time soil survey station on Samoylov Island 3.3 Micrometeorological measurements of energy, water, and carbon exchange between Arctic tundra and the atmosphere 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Experimental set-up 3.3.3 The observation period 2003 3.3.3.1 Wind characteristics 3.3.3.2 Meteorological conditions 3.3.3.3 Turbulent fluxes 3.4 Microbial process studies on methane fluxes from permafrost environments 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Methane emission and microbial methane production 3.4.2.1 Methods and field experiments 3.4.2.2 Preliminary results 3.4.3 Process studies on methane oxidation 3.4.3.1 Introduction and objectives 3.4.3.2 Methods and field experiments 3.4.3.3 Preliminary results 3.4.4 Further investigations 3.5 Studies on recent cryogenesis 3.6 Seasonal progression of active-layer thickness dependent on microrelief 3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 Methods 3.6.3 First results 3.7 Air photography and surface classification of Samoylov Island 3.8 Hydrobiological investigations in the Lena Delta in summer 2003 3.8.1 Objectives 3.8.2 Research tasks 3.8.3 Material and methods 3.8.4 Preliminary results 3.9 Appendices Appendix 3-1 Collected variables determined by direct measurements within the micrometeorological campaign Samoylov, 2003 Appendix 3-2 Variables derived from calculations within the micrometeorological campaign Samoylov, 2003 Appendix 3-3 Constants required in calculations Appendix 3-4 List of samples for methane emission and microbial methane production studies Appendix 3-5 List of soil samples for methane oxidation studies 3.10 References 4 Periglacial studies around Cape Mamontov Klyk 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Geological and geographical background 4.3 Geomorphologic route along the Urasalakh River 4.3.1 Structure of Quaternary deposits along the Urasalakh River valley 4.3.2 Geomorphologic structure of the valley 4.3.3 Studies of lakes 4.4 Multi-sensor optical remote sensing of periglacial tundra landscapes 4.4.1 Research aim 4.4.2 Satellite data 4.4.3 General geomorphology in the Lena-Anabar interfluve 4.4.4 Geomorphology in the investigation area near Cape Mamontov Klyk 4.4.5 Field data 4.4.6 Tachymetric survey of periglacial surface features 4.4.7 Characterisation in situ surface properties with a soil probe at a typical elevated Edoma plain 4.5 Methane-related studies on recent tundra soils 4.5.1 Introduction and objectives 4.5.2 Methods 4.5.3 First results 4.6 The coastal section of Cape Mamontov Klyk 4.6.1 General profile 4.6.2 Cryolithological studies of permafrost deposits 4.6.2.1 The first composite profile 4.6.2.2 The second composite profile 4.6.2.3 Additional sampled subprofiles 4.6.3 Ice wedges of Cape Mamontov Klyk 4.6.3.1 Introduction 4.6.3.2 The ice wedges in the lower sands (Unit A) and in the sand-peat-complex (Unit B) 4.6.3.3 Ice wedges of the Late Pleistocene Ice Complex (Unit C) and of Holocene deposits (Unit D) 4.6.3.4 Ground ice of unknown origin 4.6.3.5 Ice wedge section west of the Nuchcha Dzhiele River mouth 4.6.3.6 General interpretation of the sampled profile 4.6.4 Geomicrobiological studies 4.6.4.1Introduction and objectives 4.6.4.2 Methods 4.6.4.3 First results: Methane content of permafrost samples 4.6.5 Paleontological studies 4.7 Studies of coastal dynamics and sub sea permafrost 4.7.1 Preliminary results of sub-sea permafrost drilling in the near-shore zone (spring 2003) 4.7.1.1 Introduction and background 4.7.1.2 Methods and preliminary results 4.7.1.3 Further investigations 4.7.2 Measurements of the coast relief in the area of Cape Mamontov Klyk and ice and sediment sampling 4.7.2.1 Introduction 4.7.2.2 Methods 4.7.2.3 Preliminary results 4.7.2.4 Further investigations 4.7.3 Shore face profiles in the area of Cape Mamontov Klyk: echo sounding, seawater and sea bottom deposits sampling 4.7.3.1 Introduction 4.7.3.2 Methods 4.7.3.3 Preliminary results 4.7.3.4 Further investigations 4.8 References 4.9 Appendices Appendix 4-1. Surface parameters for the studied geolocated sites around Cape Mamontov Klyk Appendix 4-2. Active layer data of the geo-located sites Appendix 4-3. List of soil samples (active layer); collected in the coastal lowland Appendix 4-4. List of permafrost sediment and paleosol samples for microbiological, molecular biological and biochemical analyses Appendix 4-5. List of sediment samples Appendix 4-6. List of ice and water samples Appendix 4-7. Collection of bone samples , Content for "The Russian-German TRANSDRIFT IX Expedition of RV "Ivan Kireyev" 2003" 1. Process Studies on Permafrost Dynamics in the Laptev Sea – An Introduction 2. The TRANSDRIFT IX Expedition: Process studies on submarine permafrost dynamics in the Laptev Sea 3. Motivation: Deployment of two seafloor observatories 4. Recent stability factors of submarine permafrost 4.1 Working program 4.2 Preliminary results 5. Hydrochemical structure of the water column 5.1 Working program 6. Diversity of nitrifying bacteria in submarine permafrost 6.1 Working program 6.2 Preliminary Results 7. Appendix: Station list of the TRANSDRIFT IX (IK03) expedition 8. References