ALBERT

Note: Arrangement of Volume III: Part VIII Germany. - Part IX Federal Republic of Germany. - Part X Japan. - Part XI New Zealand. - Part XII Norway. - Part XIII Peru. - Part XIV Poland. - Part XV South Africa. - Part XVI Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. - Part XVII United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. - Part XVIII United States of America. - Part XIX Uruguay.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassungen in englischer Sprache , Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

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Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Equipment used Radar TDR Definitions Massive ice Results Artificial wedge: Norwich, Vermont Ice wedges in sand: Fish Creek, Alaska Ice wedges: Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Ice wedges under thawed fine-grained soils: North Slope, Alaska Wedge-like soil structures: Ft. Greely, Alaska TDR measurements Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Brief discussion of dispersion

Note: Contents: PREFACE. - SECTION I. HISTORY OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN IN THE CENOZOIC ERA. - Linear and Areal Morphostructures of the Arctic Ocean Floor / V. D. Dibner. - Fluctuations in Arctic Climate as Revealed by Floor Sediment Analysis / N. A. Belov, N. N. Lapina. - Stratification and Rate of Accumulation of Floor Sediments of the Soviet Arctic Seas / N. N. Kulikov, N. N. Lapina, Yu. P. Semenov, N. A. Belov, M. A. Spiridonov. - Palynologic Study of Kara Sea Floor Sediment Cores / N. N. Kulikov, R. M. Khitrova. - Geologic Structure of the Glacial Shelves of the Atlantic Province of the Arctic Basin / M. A. Spiridonov. - Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of Spitsbergen in the Pleistocene / Yu. A. Lavrushin. - Role of Glaciers in Franz Josef Land Relief Formation / V. L. Sukhodrovskii. - Reconstruction of the Late- and Post-Pleistocene Arctic Basin Ice Sheet / P. M. Borisov. - Changes in the Arctic Basin since the Last Glaciation Maximum / D. P. Chizhov. - SECTION II. ARCTIC FLORA AND FAUNA AND THE HISTORY OF THEIR FORMATION. - Some Problems of Study of the Early Cenophytic Arctic Flora / L. Yu. Budantsev. - Arctic Flora and Its Historical Link with the Arctic Ocean / A. I. Tolmachev, B. A. Yurtsev. - Wide Fluctuations in Ocean Level in the Quaternary period and Their Influence on the Arctic Ocean Basin and its biological community / G. U. Lindberg. - Fresh Data on the Food of the Siberian Woolly Rhinoceros / V. E. Garutt, E. P. Meteltseva, B. A. Tikhomirov. - Characteristics of the Arctic Ocean Fauna and their significance for understanding the History of its formation / E. F. Guryanova. - Formation of macroscopic marine algal flora of the Arctic Basin / A. D. Zinova, Yu. E. Petrov. - The Concept of the Arctic origin of Pinnipeds and other solutions of this problem / K. K. Chapskii. - Ecological Adaptations of Pinnipeds in the Atlantic Province of the Polar Basin / V. A. Potelov, Yu. K. Timoshenko. - A General Review of th PIeistocene Marine Faunas of the Northern Coast of Eurasia / S. L. Troitskii. - History of the Evolution of Marine Mollusk Fauna of the Late Cenozoic Atlantic Arctic / V. S. Zarkhidze. - Late Cenozoic History of Foraminifera of the Pechora Lowland and Northern West Siberia / O. F. Baranovskaya, V. Ya. Slobodin. - Species composition of Modern Foraminifera as an Indication of the Arctic Sea's hydrological regime / S. V. Tamanova. - SECTION Ill. PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORIES IN THE LATE CENOZOIC ERA. - Paleogeography of Northern USSR and contiguous areas of the Arctic Basin / G. S. Ganeshin. - North Eurasia in the Late Cenozoic Era / Yu. P. Degtyarenko, V. V. Zhukov, N. G. Zagorskaya, O. A. Ivanov, V. I. Kaiyalainen, Yu. N. Kulakov, A. P. Puminov, V. Ya. Slobodin, O. V. Suzdalskii. - On the History of the Migration of the Arctic Basin Shoreline in the Cenozoic Era / S. A. Strelkov. - Causes of Fluctuations in the Arctic Basin Level in the Neogene-Quaternary Period / J. L. Kuzin. - Spore-Pollen Analysis of Late Cenozoic Marine Sediments in the Reconstruction of the Paleogeography of the Arctic Coasts / N. G. Zagorskaya, F. M. Levina. - Forest Line Migration in North Asia in the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene (Based on Spore-Pollen Analysis) / R. E. Giterman, L. V. Golubeva, E. V. Koreneva, L. A. Skiba. - Holocene Transgressions and Variations in the Northern Coastline of the Kola Peninsula / B. I. Koshechkin, A. L. Kudlaeva. - Interpretation of Radiocarbon Datings of the Absolute Age of Organic Residues from the Upper Anthropogene Deposits of Fennoscandia / V. G. Chuvardinskii. - Structure and Stratigraphic Division of White Sea Bottom Deposits / V. S. Medvedev, E. N. Nevesskii, L. I. Govberg, E. S. Malyasova, R. N. Dzhinoridze, E. A. Kirienko. - Principal Stages in the History of the Vegetation of the Dvina Bay Coast of the White Sea during the Late- and Postglacial Transgression / E. S. Pleshivtseva. - Quaternary Transgressions in the Northern Russian Plain and Their Relationship with Continental Glaciations / E. N. Bylinskii. - Anthropogene Deposit-Forming Environments on Kolguev Island / O. F. Baranovskaya, T. A. Matveeva. - Cenozoic History of the Northern Coast of Europe / V. S. Zarkhidze. - Stages of Formation of the Southern Part of the Arctic Basin in Timan-Pechora Province in the Late Cenozoic Era / O. F. Baranovskaya, P. N. Safronov, G. N. Berdovskaya. - Pliocene-Pleistocene History of the Pechora Basin / V. L. Yakhimovich. - Paleogeography and Origin of Cenozoic Rocks in Soviet Europe as Revealed by Hydrochemical Data / V. D. Bezrodnov. - Study of Paleogeography and Neotectonics of Some Regions of the European Northeast by Coal Petrography / Yu. V. Stepanov. - History of the Formation of Arctic Shelf Foraminifer Fauna (Based on Data on the Timan-Ural Region) / I. N. Semenov. - Evolution of Pleistocene Marine Diatom Flora in the Northeast of Soviet Europe / E. I. Loseva. - Quaternary Deposits of the Middle Pechora and Vychegda River Basins / A. S. Lavrov. - Late Pleistocene Terraces in the Northeast of Soviet Europe and the Environments in which They were Formed / L. M. Potapenko, A. S. Lavrov. - Key Sections of the Lower Pechora and Their Importance for an Understanding of the Last Stages of the Geological Evolution of Northeastern Soviet Europe / V. S. Zarkhidze, I. I. Krasnov, M. A. Spiridonov, Yu. A. Lavrushin, I. I. Ryumina. - Siberian Elements in the Flora of the Far Northeast of Europe and Their Origin / O. V. Rebristaya. - Some Geographical Relationships of Ural Floras and Their Importance for Paleogeography / K. N. lgoshina. - Ostracod Complexes from the Late Cenozoic Marine Deposits of Northern Soviet Europe and West Siberia and Their Importance for Paleogeography / O. M. Lev. - Paleogeography of the Northern West Siberian Lowland and Russian Plain in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene / M. G. Kipiani, A. D. Kolbutov. - Mammals and Landscapes of the Northern Urals in the Late Anthropogene / I. E. Kuzmina. - Pleistocene Transgressions in Northern West Siberia and the Pechora Lowland / I. D. Danilov. - Salient Paleogeographic Features of the Pechora Lowland and Lower Ob Basin in the Neogene Epoch / P. P. Generalov, I. L. Kuzin, I. L. Zaionts, R. B. Krapivner. - Some Problems of the Quaternary Geology of Northern Soviet Europe and West Siberia / A. G. Kostyaev. - Northern West Siberia in the Pliocene and Pleistocene / O. V. Suzdalskii. - Boreal Transgressions and the Origin of Subsurface Sheet Ice Deposits / B. I. Vtyurin. - Dependence of Certain Types of Subsurface Glaciation in West Siberia on the Peculiarities of the Polar Sea / A .I. Popov. - History of Subsurface Freezing in West Siberia in the Light of Transgression of the Arctic Basin / V. V. Baulin. - New Data on the History of the Evolution of the Pre-Kazantseva and Kazantseva Vegetation in the Muzhi Urals and Southern Yamal (Based on Palynological Data) / E. E. Gurtovaya. - New Data on the Distribution of Recent Marine Deposits in West Siberia / I. L. Zaionts, Z. I. Kholodova. - Pleistocene Diatom Floras of the Yenisei North / Z. V. Aleshinskaya. - Some Upper Cenozoic Stratotypes of the Ust-Yenisei Depression / V. Ya. Slobodin. - Transgressions of the Arctic Basin and Evolution of the Yenisei North in the Pleistocene (Absolute Chronology of Events by 14C Dating) / N. V. Kind, L. D. Sulerzhitskii. - Kargin Diatoms from the Key Section of the Lower Yenisei / N. A. Khalfina. - Spread of Late Cenozoic Transgressions of the Arctic Basin in the Northwestern Central Siberian Tableland / V. D. Kryukov, V. V. Rogozhin. - Paleogeography of Northeastern Taimyr in the Quaternary Period (Based on Geological and Palynological Data) / G. N. Berdovskaya, N. A. Gei, V. M. Makeev. - Emergence and Development of Pleistocene Landscapes in the Eastern North Siberian Lowland / V. V. Zhukov, N. A. Pervuninskaya, L. Ya. Pinchuk. - History of Relief Formation in the Eastern North Siberian Lowland and the Adjoi

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Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 81-October 82. - II. Planned Activities, October 82-October 83. - References.

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Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction General behavior of underwater explosions Regression analysis for ice-blasting data General features of the regression curves Use of the regression curves as design curves for ice blasting Row charges and pattern charges Response of floating ice sheets to underwater explosions Specific energy and “powder factor” Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Basic data on ice blasting Appendix B: Scaled input data Appendix C: Initial regression analysis using complete polynomial Appendix D: Regression analysis with two coefficients of the original poly­nomial deleted

Note: Prefatory material in French

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Forest systems design Pretreatment Distribution systems Public health considerations Buffer zone requirements Toxic effects Public access Hydraulic loading Nutrient uptake and loading Introduction Nitrogen Phosphorus Trace metals Design considerations Hydraulic loading rates Nitrogen loading rates Forest management options Reforestation Existing forest ecosystems Short term rotation plantations Potential long term effects on forest ecosystems Longevity of forest systems Consequences of overloading Soil chemical, physical and hydrologic properties Productivity Summary Literature cited

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Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Refraction experiments Procedure Equipment Results P waves Low velocity zone SH waves Surface wave experiments Summary and discussion Literature cited Appendix A: P wave refraction data Appendix B: SH wave refraction data. Appendix C: Surface wave dispersion calculations

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Model description and application Results and discussion Wind and current fields Standard simulation Thermodynamic simulation Zero ice strength Zero ice import Zero currents Modified currents Zero winds Dynamics simulation Summary and concluding remarks Literature cite

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Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Experimental procedures Ice specimens Mechanical test equipment Acoustic emission equipment Data recording Acoustic emission sources in ice Acoustic events and visible fracturing Source mechanisms Tests on ice single crystals General acoustic emission response Analysis of data Transient response Steady-state response Amplitude distribution Combined transient and steady-state response in the time domain Discussion Summary Literature cited

Note: ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Введение 3 Глава 1. Природно-климатические условия 1.1. Геология и геоморфология 1.2. Многолетняя мерзлота 1.3. Почвообразующие породы 1.4. Климат 1.5. Поверхностные воды 1.6. Растительность Глава 2. Особенности почвообразования в аласах 2.1. Краткая история исследования почв аласов 2.2. Аласный термокарстовый рельеф 2.3. Влияние аласов на почвообразование 2.4. Аласный тип почвообразования Глава 3. Почвы 3.1. Зональные почвы 3.1.1. Мерзлотные палевые почвы 3.1.2. Мерзлотные палевые осолоделые почвы 3.1 .3. Мерзлотные таежные оподз аленные почвы 3.2. Почвы аласов 3.2.1. Аласные болотные и заболоченные почвы 3.2.2. Аласные луговые почвы 3.2.3. Аласные остепненные почвы Глава 4. Структура почвенного покрова аласов 4.1. Условия дифференциации почвенного покрова аласов 4.2. Структура почвенного покрова различных по рельефу аласов 4.3. Неоднородность почвенного покрова разновозрастных термокарстовых котловин Заключение Список литературы

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory of ground wave propagation from a horizontal electric dipole Equipment and methods Results Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Tritium in Antarctic precipitation - information on global distribution / D. Hebert. - On the physical geography of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica, Dronning Maud Land) / W. Richter. - Investigation of Deuterium concentration relations between atmospheric water vapour and precipitations in the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / P. Kowski. - Isotope-hydrological and hydrochemical characterization of lakes in the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter, U. Wand, G. Strauch, P. Kowski, W. Kurze. - Isotope-hydrological and hydrochemical studies of the interior Antarctic lake "Untersee" in the Wohlthat Massif, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / W.-D. Hermichen, M. Crelle, P. Kowski, W. Kurze, U. Wand. - The isotope-glaciological situation in the surroundings of the Schirmacher Oasis/Dronning Maud Land - a first overview / W.-D. Hermichen, P. Kowski, G. Strauch. - Radiocarbon dating of breeding places of petrels in the Antarctic / A. Hiller, U. Wand. - K - Ar dating of basalt dykes in the Schirmacher Oasis, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / G. Kaiser, U. Wand.

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Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Dielectric properties of sea ice Time-domain spectroscopy measurement Laboratory measurements Field measurements Analysis of ladder data Conductivity of brine and sea ice Complex dielectric constant of brine and sea ice Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test material and test specimens Test material Required dimensions for test specimens Acquisition and preparation of specimens Field core sampling Specimen preparation in the laboratory Application of forces and displacements to uniaxial specimens Compression Tension Squareness imperfections Loading devices Universal testing machine Gas actuator for constant load Weight-and-pulley system for constant tension Equipment for triaxial tests Measurement of force and displacement Force Displacement Readouts and recorders Literature cited Appendix A: Phenolic-resin end caps Appendix B: Compliant platens Appendix C: Theoretical factor for converting overall strain to gauge-length strain indumbbell specimens Appci dix D: Items developed but not used in Phase I Appendix E: Use of the Brazil test

Note: Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTERNAL CYCLING AND THROUGHPUT : Pathways from River Mouth to Sea Floor Depth Profiles of Sea Salt Composition Constituent Classification The Chemical Composition of Marine Organic Matter Composition of Particulate Matter Caught in Sediment Traps A Simple Model for Biologically Utilized CDnstituents The Distributions of Biointermediate Constituents Estimation of Input Rates Horizontal Segregation of CDnstituents in the Deep Sea Summary CHAPTER 2 THE SEDIMENTARY SINK Factors Influencing the Distribution of Sedimentary Constituents Introduction Sediment Types Distribution of Opal Production Opal Solution on the Sea Floor Distribution of Calcite in Marine Sediments Degree of Calcite Saturation Variation in the Carbonate Ion Content of Sea Water Spacial Variations in the CaC0 3 Saturation of Sea Water Factors Controlling the Rate of Calcite Solution Thickness and Shape of the Sublysocline Transition Zone Variation of Sediment Type with Time Manganese Nodules Summary CHAPTER 3 THE ATMOSPHERIC IMPRINT : The Cycles of Gases within the Sea Introduction Solubilities of Gases in Sea Water The Rate of Gas Exchange Stagnant Film Thickness Derived from Natural Radiocarbon Stagnant Film Thicknesses Determined by the Radon Method Oxygen Concentrations in Surface Ocean Water Oxygen Deficiencies in the Deep Sea The Marine N2O Cycle Excess Helium The Carbon Dioxide Content of Surface Ocean Water Origin of the Equatorial Pacific CO2 Anomaly Summary CHAPTER 4 REACTIVE METALS AND THE GREAT PARTICULATE SWEEP : The Cycle of Metals in the Sea Introduction Products of Uranium and Thorium Decay Thorium Isotopes in the Sea Protactinium-231 to Thorium-230 Activity Ratios The Distribution of Lead-210 The Distribution of Polonium-210 The Distribution of Radium-226 Anthropogenic Plutonium in the Sea Toward a Model of Metal Transport Distributions of Stable Metals in the Sea Stable Isotope Ratios in Reactive Metals Transport of Iron and Manganese in the Sea Lessons from Controlled Ecosystem Studies Distribution Coefficients Summary CHAPTER 5 HOW FAST DOES THE MILL GRIND? : Rates of Vertical Mixing and Sediment Accumulation Introduction Rate of Vertical Mixing Implication to the Distribution of Radium-226 Distribution of Radiocarbon in the Ocean Rate of Continental Runoff Sediment Accumulation Rates Radiocarbon Dating Uranium Series Dating Beryllium Dating Potassium-Argon Dating Agreement Among Dating Methods Comparison of Model and Observed Rates of CaC0 3 Solution Summary CHAPTER 6 WHAT KEEPS THE SYSTEM IN WHACK? : Control Mechanisms Operating in the Sea Introduction Phosphate Controls Silicate Controls Carbon Controls Interactions between the Phosphate and Carbon Controls Nitrate Controls Dissolved Oxygen Controls Major Anion Controls Major Cation Controls Possible Causes for Perturbations Recorders of Paleoocean Chemistry The Marine Geochemistry of Carbon-13 The Uranium Content of Coral Factors Influencing Nutrient Gradients in the Deep Sea Summary CBAPTER 7 FREIGHT TRAINS AND FICKIAN CONFUSION : The Movement of Water Through the Deep Sea Introduction Types of Motion One Dimensional Advection - Diffusion Model Tracers for Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Mixing Rates Based on Radon-222 and Radium-228 The Distribution of Helium-3 in the Deep Pacific Sources of Deep Water Northern Component Water Conservative Properties of NCW Initial Radiocarbon to Carbon Ratio in NCW Feed for NCW Production Southern Component Water Ventilation of the Deep Atlantic Ocean Ventilation of the Deep Pacific and Indian Oceans The Grand Cycle of Radiocarbon in the Deep Ocean Biological Short-Circuiting Temporal Variations in Radiocarbon Production Argon-39 Summary CHAPTER 8 THE ANTHROPOGENIC INVASION : The Movement of Water Through the Oceanic Thermocline Introduction Input Functions Hydrology of the Main Thermocline Tritium Distribution within the Thermocline Temporal Trends in Tritium Tritium as a Guide to Deep Water Formation Supplementary Information from Strontium-90 Bomb Carbon-14 Distribution within the Thermocline Explanations for Low Equatorial Bomb Carbon-14 Inventories Implications of Equatorial Upwelling to the Tritium Budget An Upwelling Rate Based on the Equatorial CO2 Anomaly Helium-3 Distribution in the Main Oceanic Thermocline Purposeful Tracers Summary CHAPTER 9 ICE SHEETS AND OCEAN PHOSPHATE : Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Chemistry Introduction Temperature and Salinity Changes Formation and Destruction of Organic Materials Changes in CaCO3 Storage Evidence for an Early Post-Glacial Lysocline Change Changes in Phosphate Concentration The Combined Evidence from Deep Sea Cores Cause of the Oceanic Phosphate Change An Alternate Scenario Wrap Up of the CO2 Record The Oxygen Record Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Mixing Rate Glacial to Interglacial Lysocline Changes Changes in the Distribution of Nutrients in the Deep Sea Summary CHAPTER 10 CAN MAN OVERRIDE THE CONTROLS? : The Buildup of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Atmosphere and Oceans Introduction CO2 Production in the Past CO2 Production in the Future Capacity of the Sea for Fossil Fuel CO2 Uptake Utilizable Capacity - Simplified Calculation Utilizable Capacity - Rigorous Calculation Kinetics of Fossil Fuel CO2 Uptake by the Sea Numerical Model crosschecks on the Validity of the Numerical Model Prediction of Future CO2 Levels Solution of Sea Floor Calcite Summary REFERENCES, CONSTANTS, DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND INDEX Introduction to the References Subject Outline for the References Annotated Reference List Frequently Used Constants Definitions of Isotope Notations Abbreviations Index Foldout Caption

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Profiling system Theoretical considerations Field program Discussion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited

Note: Contents Manual 1.1 Beta measurements 1.2 Measurement of the energy spectrum and range of α-radiation with semiconductor detectors 1.3 Error and statistical tests 1.4 Basic experiments of gamma spectroscopy 2.1 Determination of certain elements in sedimental atmospheric dust by x-ray fluorescence analysis 2.2 Calibration and efficiencies (see Supplement) 2.3 Thin-layer chromatographic separation and test of the purity of labelled compounds 2.4 Separation of Thorium-234 from Uranium-238 2.5 Separation of 137Ca/137mBa by precipitation and sorption 3.1 Determination of phosphate by simple isotope dilution analysis and determination of Zn in MgSO4 by substoichiometric isotope dilution analysis 3.2 The Szilard-Chalmers effect 3.3 Determination of the Ag content in slags by instrumental neutron activation analysis 4.1 Isotope exchange of Ethyl Iodide and Sodium Iodide 4.2 Liquid scintillation counting of Carbon-14 and Tritium 4.3 Autoradiography - Demonstration of Autoradiographic techniques Lectures 1.1 Fundamentals of radioactivity / G. K. Vormum 1.2 Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter / G. K. Vormum 1.4 Equations of radioactive decay / G. K. Vormum 1.5 Radiation detectors / M. Geisler 2.1 Radiation spectroscopy / M. Geisler 2.5 Handling of radioisotopes / G. K. Vormum 2.7 Behaviour of radionuclides in very low concentrations / H. Koch 3.6 Particle sources / J. W. Leonhardt 4.2 Tracers in chemical kinetics / J. Dermietzel 4.4 Liquid Scintillation Counting (LSC) / R. Trettin 5.1 Isotopic tracers in biology / H. Hübner 5.2 Low-level counting / R. Trettin 5.4 Basic concepts of radioimmunoassay (RIA) / G. K. Vormum 6.2 Radionuclide generators / R. Otto

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction A land cover map of the ANWR study area Legend development Mapping method Results Discussion Description of the ANWR study area General description Description of specific terrain types Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Descriptions of Landsat land cover categories for ANWR Appendix B: Area summaries Appendix C: Aproximate equivalent units in several systems of land cover, wetland and vegetation classifications used in northern Alaska Appendix D: Soil taxonomy Appendix E: Summary of principal Landsat land cover categories within the terrain types of the ANWR study area

Note: COTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Model characteristics and test conditions Ice-hull coefficient of friction Measurements of ice properties Experimental procedures Data acquisition system Test program and procedures for 1:10 model Test program and procedures for 1:24 model Analysis of test results Comparison of test results between 1:10 and 1:24 models Analysis of tests in broken or brash-filled ice channels Analysis of tests in level ice Full-scale prediction of level ice resistance Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature General background The problem Method of solution Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Evaluation of rn's in equation 25

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Taxonomic terms Appendix B: Differences in species composition and abundance in duplicate samples examined under optical and inverted light microscopes Appendix C: Morphologic descriptions and SEM micrographs

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Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Background Approach Influencing factors Field factors Laboratory Laboratory trafficking tests Force measurement and coefficient of friction Test tire slip Surface friction gauge Test procedure British portable tester Experimental results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Test pavements Appendix B. Pennsylvania State University field study Appendix C. Rochester Institute of Technology field study

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Abstract of events Earthquakes and frozen ground The response of freshwater ice sheets to earthquake shock The earthquake disturbance in glaciated mountains Disturbed wildlife Tidal waves Summary Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Symbols Introduction Purpose of the study Stating the problem Fracturing of the ice cover due to the passage of surge waves Basic assumptions Derivation of the bending moments Determination of the wave characteristics Deflection of the ice Discussion and field observations Summary Literature cited

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1 How the Ocean-Atmosphere System Is Driven. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 The Amount of Energy Received by the Earth. - 1.3 Radiative Equilibrium Models. - 1.4 The Greenhouse Effect. - 1.5 Effects of Convection. - 1.6 Effects of Horizontal Gradients. - 1.7 Variability in Radiative Driving of the Earth. - 2 Transfer of Properties between Atmosphere and Ocean. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Contrasts in Properties of Ocean and Atmosphere. - 2.3 Momentum Transfer between Air and Sea, and the Atmosphere's Angular Momentum Balance. - 2.4 Dependence of Exchange Rates on Air-Sea Velocity, Temperature, and Humidity Differences. - 2.5 The Hydrological Cycle. - 2.6 The Heat Balance of the Ocean. - 2.7 Surface Density Changes and the Thermohaline Circulation of the Ocean. - 3 Properties of a Fluid at Rest. - 3.1 The Equation of State. - 3.2 Thermodynamic Variables. - 3.3 Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ocean and Atmosphere. - 3.4 Phase Changes. - 3.5 Balance of Forces in a Fluid at Rest. - 3.6 Static Stability. - 3.7 Quantities Associated with Stability. - 3.8 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere. - 3.9 Graphical Representation of Vertical Soundings. - 4 Equations Satisfied by a Moving Fluid. - 4.1 Properties of a Material Element. - 4.2 Mass Conservation Equation. - 4.3 Balance for a Scalar Quantity like Salinity. - 4.4 The Internal Energy (or Heat) Equation. - 4.5 The Equation of Motion. - 4.6 Mechanical Energy Equation. - 4.7 Total Energy Equation. - 4.8 Bernoulli's Equation. - 4.9 Systematic Effects of Diffusion. - 4.10 Summary List of the Governing Equations. - 4.11 Boundary Conditions. - 4.12 A Coordinate System for Planetary Scale Motions. - 5 Adjustment under Gravity in a Nonrotating System. - 5.1 Introduction: Adjustment to Equilibrium. - 5.2 Perturbations from the Rest State for a Homogenous Inviscid Fluid. - 5.3 Surface Gravity Waves. - 5.4 Dispersion. - 5.5 Short-Wave and Long-Wave Approximations. - 5.6 Shallow-Water Equations Derived Using the Hydrostatic Approximation. - 5.7 Energetics of Shallow-Water Motion. - 5.8 Seiches and Tides in Channels and Gulfs. - 6 Adjustment under Gravity of a Density-Stratified Fluid. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The Case of Two Superposed Fluids of Different Density. - 6.3 The Baroclinic Mode and the Rigid Lid Approximation. - 6.4 Adjustments within a Continuously Stratified Incompressible Fluid. - 6.5 Internal Gravity Waves. - 6.6 Dispersion Effects. - 6.7 Energetics of internal waves. - 6.8 Internal Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary. - 6.9 Effects on Boundary-Generated Waves of Variations of Buoyancy Frequency with Height. - 6.10 Free Waves in the Presence of Boundaries. - 6.11 Waves of Large Horizontal Scale: Normal Modes. - 6.12 An Example of Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Fluid. - 6.13 Resolution into Normal Modes for the Ocean. - 6.14 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Compressible Fluid. - 6.15 Examples of Adjustment in a Compressible Atmosphere. - 6.16 Weak Dispersion of a Pulse. - 6.17 Isobaric Coordinates. - 6.18 The Vertically Integrated Perturbation Energy Equation in Isobaric Coordinates. - 7 Effects of Rotation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 The Rossby Adjustment Problem. - 7.3 The Transients. - 7.4 Applicability, to the Rotating Earth. - 7.5 The Rossby Radius of Deformation. - 7.6 The Geostrophic Balance. - 7.7 Relative Geostrophic Currents: The Thermal Wind. - 7.8 Available Potential Energy. - 7.9 Circulation and Vorticity. - 7.10 Conservation of Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer. - 7.11 Circulation in a Stratified Fluid and Ertel's Potential Vorticity. - 7.12 Perturbation Forms of the Vorticity Equations in a Uniformly Rotating Fluid. - 7.13 Initialization of Fields for Numerical Prediction Schemes. - 8 Gravity Waves in a Rotating Fluid. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Effect of Rotation on Surface Gravity Waves: Poincare Waves. - 8.3 Dispersion Properties and Energetics of Poincare Waves. - 8.4 Vertically Propagating Internal Waves in a Rotating Fluid. - 8.5 Polarization Relations. - 8.6 Energetics. - 8.7 Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary. - 8.8 Mountain Waves. - 8.9 Effects of Variation of Properties with Height. - 8.10 Finite-Amplitude Topographic Effects. - 8.11 Dissipative Effects in the Upper Atmosphere. - 8.12 The Liouville-Green or WKBJ Approximation. - 8.13 Wave Interactions. - 8.14 The Internal Wave Spectrum in the Ocean. - 8.15 Wave Transport and Effects on the Mean Flow. - 8.16 Quasi-geostrophic Flow (f Plane): The Isallobaric Wind. - 9 Forced Motion. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Forcing Due to Surface Stress: Ekman Transport. - 9.3 Wind-Generated Inertial Oscillations in the Ocean Mixed Layer. - 9.4 Ekman Pumping. - 9.5 Bottom Friction: Velocity Structure of the Boundary Layer. - 9.6 The Laminar Ekman Layer. - 9.7 The Nocturnal Jet. - 9.8 Tide-Producing Forces. - 9.9 Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Variations and Wind on Barotropic Motion in the Sea: The Forced Shallow-Water Equation. - 9.10 Baroclinic Response of the Ocean to Wind Forcing: Use of Normal Modes. - 9.11 Response of the Ocean to a Moving Storm or Hurricane. - 9.12 Spin-Down by Bottom Friction. - 9.13 Buoyancy Forcing. - 9.14 Response to Stationary Forcing: A Barotropic Example. - 9.15 A Forced Baroclinic Vortex. - 9.16 Equilibration through Dissipative Effects. - 10 Effects of Side Boundaries. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Effects of Rotation on Seiches and Tides in Narrow Channels and Gulfs. - 10.3 Poincare Waves in a Uniform Channel of Arbitrary Width. - 10.4 Kelvin Waves. - 10.5 The Full Set of Modes for an Infinite Channel of Uniform Width. - 10.6 End Effects: Seiches and Tides in a Gulf That Is Not Narrow. - 10.7 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Channel. - 10.8 Tides. - 10.9 Storm Surges on an Open Coastline: The Local Solution. - 10.10 Surges Moving along the Coast: Forced Kelvin Waves. - 10.11 Coastal Upwelling. - 10.12 Continental Shelf Waves. - 10.13 Coastally Trapped Waves. - 10.14 Eastern Boundary Currents. - 11. The Tropics. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Effects of Earth's Curvature: Shallow-Water Equations on the Sphere. - 11.3 Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer. - 11.4 The Equatorial Beta Plane. - 11.5 The Equatorial Kelvin Wave. - 11.6 Other Equatorially Trapped Waves. - 11.7 The Equatorial Waveguide: Gravity Waves. - 11.8 Planetary Waves and Quasi-geostrophic Motion. - 11.9 Baroclinic Motion near the Equator. - 11.10 Vertically Propagating Equatorial Waves. - 11.11 Adjustment under Gravity near the Equator. - 11.12 Transient Forced Motion. - 11.13 Potential Vorticity for Baroclinic Motion: The Steady Limit. - 11.14 Steady Forced Motion. - 11.15 The Tropical Circulation of the Atmosphere. - 11.16 Tropical Ocean Currents. - 12 Mid-latitudes. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 The Mid-latitude Beta Plane. - 12.3 Planetary Waves. - 12.4 Spin-Up of the Ocean by an Applied Wind Stress. - 12.5 Steady Ocean Circulation. - 12.6 Western Boundary Currents. - 12.7 Vertical Propagation of Planetary Waves in a Medium at Rest. - 12.8 Nonlinear Quasi-geostrophic Flow in Three Dimensions. - 12.9 Small Disturbances on a Zonal Flow Varying with Latitude and Height. - 12.10 Deductions about Vertical Motion from the Quasi-geostrophic Equations. - 13 Instabilities, Fronts, and the General Circulation. - 13.1 Introduction. - 13.2 Free Waves in the Presence of a Horizontal Temperature Gradient. - 13.3 Baroclinic Instability: The Eady Problem. - 13.4 Baroclinic Instability: The Charney Problem. - 13.5 Necessary Conditions for Instability. - 13.6 Barotropic Instability. - 13.7 Eddies in the Ocean. - 13.8 Fronts. - 13.9 The Life Cycle of a Baroclinic Disturbance. - 13.10 General Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Appendix One Units and Their SI Equivalents. - Appendix Two Useful

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Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.