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  • The MIT Press  (216)
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  • English  (216)
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  • 2020-2024  (216)
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  • 1
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    The Constitution of Algorithms (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: A laboratory study that investigates how algorithms come into existence. Algorithms—often associated with the terms big data, machine learning, or artificial intelligence—underlie the technologies we use every day, and disputes over the consequences, actual or potential, of new algorithms arise regularly. In this book, Florian Jaton offers a new way to study computerized methods, providing an account of where algorithms come from and how they are constituted, investigating the practical activities by which algorithms are progressively assembled rather than what they may suggest or require once they are assembled. Drawing on a four-year ethnographic study of a computer science laboratory that specialized in digital image processing, Jaton illuminates the invisible processes that are behind the development of algorithms. Tracing what he terms a set of intertwining courses of actions sharing common finalities, he describes the practical activity of creating algorithms through the lenses of ground-truthing, programming, and formulating. He first presents the building of ground truths, referential repositories that form the material basis for algorithms. Then, after considering programming's resistance to ethnographic scrutiny, he describes programming courses of action he attended at the laboratory. Finally, he offers an account of courses of action that successfully formulated some of the relationships among the data of a ground-truth database, revealing the links between ground-truthing, programming, and formulating activities—entangled processes that lead to the shaping of algorithms. In practice, ground-truthing, programming, and formulating form a whirlwind process, an emergent and intertwined agency.
    Keywords: Algorithms and data structures ; Information technology: general topics ; Ethical and social aspects of IT ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMB Algorithms and data structures ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBJ Digital and information technologies: social and ethical aspects
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Educating for the Anthropocene (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: The work of environmental educators and activists in India and South Africa offers new models for schooling and environmental activism. Education has never played as critical a role in determining humanity's future as it does in the Anthropocene, an era marked by humankind's unprecedented control over the natural environment. Drawing on a multisited ethnographic project among schools and activist groups in India and South Africa, Peter Sutoris explores education practices in the context of impoverished, marginal communities where environmental crises intersect with colonial and racist histories and unsustainable practices. He exposes the depoliticizing effects of schooling and examines cross-generational knowledge transfer within and beyond formal education. Finally, he calls for the bridging of schooling and environmental activism, to find answers to the global environmental crisis. The onset of the Anthropocene challenges the very definition of education and its fundamental goals, says Sutoris. Researchers must look outside conventional models and practices of education for inspiration if education is to live up to its responsibilities at this critical time. For decades, environmental activist movements in some countries have wrestled with questions of responsibility and action in the face of environmental destruction; they inhabited the mental world of the Anthropocene before much of the rest of the world. Sutoris highlights an innovative research methodology of participatory observational filmmaking, describing how films made by children in the Indian and South African communities provide a window into the ways that young people make sense of the future of the Anthropocene. It is through their capacity to imagine the world differently, Sutoris argues, that education can reinvent itself.
    Keywords: Environmental education ; education for sustainable development ; the Anthropocene ; environmental crisis ; climate change ; India ; South Africa ; activism ; visual ethnography ; observational film ; Uttarakhand ; Tehri Dam ; South Durban ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNA Philosophy & theory of education ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy & protocols
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    When Things Don't Fall Apart (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: An account of the significant though gradual, uneven, disconnected, ad hoc, and pragmatic innovations in global financial governance and developmental finance induced by the global financial crisis. In When Things Don't Fall Apart, Ilene Grabel challenges the dominant view that the global financial crisis had little effect on global financial governance and developmental finance. Most observers discount all but grand, systemic ruptures in institutions and policy. Grabel argues instead that the global crisis induced inconsistent and ad hoc discontinuities in global financial governance and developmental finance that are now having profound effects on emerging market and developing economies. Grabel's chief normative claim is that the resulting incoherence in global financial governance is productive rather than debilitating. In the age of productive incoherence, a more complex, dense, fragmented, and pluripolar form of global financial governance is expanding possibilities for policy and institutional experimentation, policy space for economic and human development, financial stability and resilience, and financial inclusion. Grabel draws on key theoretical commitments of Albert Hirschman to cement the case for the productivity of incoherence. Inspired by Hirschman, Grabel demonstrates that meaningful change often emerges from disconnected, erratic, experimental, and inconsistent adjustments in institutions and policies as actors pragmatically manage in an evolving world. Grabel substantiates her claims with empirically rich case studies that explore the effects of recent crises on networks of financial governance (such as the G-20); transformations within the IMF; institutional innovations in liquidity support and project finance from the national to the transregional levels; and the “rebranding” of capital controls. Grabel concludes with a careful examination of the opportunities and risks associated with the evolutionary transformations underway.
    Keywords: emerging economies ; global economy ; international economics ; international relations ; political science ; financial governance ; policy ; multipolarity ; reform ; development economics ; IMF ; International Monetary Fund ; neoliberal ; neoliberalism ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance::KFFL Credit & credit institutions ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCL International economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations::JPSN International institutions::JPSN2 EU & European institutions ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics & emerging economies
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Trace Metals and Infectious Diseases (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Experts explore the influence of trace metals on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Many parts of the world in which common infectious diseases are endemic also have the highest prevalence of trace metal deficiencies or rising rates of trace metal pollution. Infectious diseases can increase human susceptibility to adverse effects of metal exposure (at suboptimal or toxic levels), and metal excess or deficiency can increase the incidence or severity of infectious diseases. The co-clustering of major infectious diseases with trace metal deficiency or toxicity has created a complex web of interactions with serious but poorly understood health repercussions, yet has been largely overlooked in animal and human studies. This book focuses on the distribution, trafficking, fate, and effects of trace metals in biological systems. Its goal is to enhance our understanding of the relationships between homeostatic mechanisms of trace metals and the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Drawing on expertise from a range of fields, the book offers a comprehensive review of current knowledge on vertebrate metal-withholding mechanisms and the strategies employed by different microbes to avoid starvation (or poisoning). Chapters summarize current, state-of-the-art techniques for investigating pathogen-metal interactions and highlight open question to guide future research. The book makes clear that improving knowledge in this area will be instrumental to the development of novel therapeutic measures against infectious diseases. Contributors M. Leigh Ackland, Vahid Fa Andisi, Angele L. Arrieta, Michael A. Bachman, J. Sabine Becker, Robert E. Black, Julia Bornhorst, Sascha Brunke, Joseph A. Caruso, Jennifer S. Cavet, Anson C. K. Chan, Christopher H. Contag, Heran Darwin, George V. Dedoussis, Rodney R. Dietert, Victor J. DiRita, Carol A. Fierke, Tamara Garcia-Barrera, David P. Giedroc, Peter-Leon Hagedoorn, James A. Imlay, Marek J. Kobylarz, Joseph Lemire, Wenwen Liu, Slade A. Loutet, Wolfgang Maret, Andreas Matusch, Trevor F. Moraes, Michael E. P. Murphy, Maribel Navarro, Jerome O. Nriagu, Ana-Maria Oros-Peusquens, Elisabeth G. Pacyna, Jozef M. Pacyna, Robert D. Perry, John M. Pettifor, Stephanie Pfaffen, Dieter Rehder, Lothar Rink, Anthony B. Schryvers, Ellen K. Silbergeld, Eric P. Skaar, Miguel C. P. Soares, Kyrre Sundseth, Dennis J. Thiele, Richard B. Thompson, Meghan M. Verstraete, Gonzalo Visbal, Fudi Wang, Mian Wang, Thomas J. Webster, Jeffrey N. Weiser, Günter Weiss, Inga Wessels, Bin Ye, Judith T. Zelikoff, Lihong Zhang
    Keywords: Public health and preventive medicine ; Infectious and contagious diseases ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health & preventive medicine::MBNH Personal & public health::MBNH2 Environmental factors ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MJ Clinical & internal medicine::MJC Diseases & disorders::MJCJ Infectious & contagious diseases::MJCJ3 Hospital infections
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Young People, Ethics, and the New Digital Media (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Social networking, blogging, vlogging, gaming, instant messaging, downloading music and other content, uploading and sharing their own creative work: these activities made possible by the new digital media are rich with opportunities and risks for young people. This report, part of the GoodPlay Project, undertaken by researchers at Harvard Graduate School of Education's Project Zero, investigates the ethical fault lines of such digital pursuits. The authors argue that five key issues are at stake in the new media: identity, privacy, ownership and authorship, credibility, and participation. Drawing on evidence from informant interviews, emerging scholarship on new media, and theoretical insights from psychology, sociology, political science, and cultural studies, the report explores the ways in which youth may be redefining these concepts as they engage with new digital media. The authors propose a model of "good play" that involves the unique affordances of the new digital media; related technical and new media literacies; cognitive and moral development and values; online and offline peer culture; and ethical supports, including the absence or presence of adult mentors and relevant educational curricula. This proposed model for ethical play sets the stage for the next part of the GoodPlay project, an empirical study that will invite young people to share their stories of engagement with the new digital media. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Reports on Digital Media and Learning
    Keywords: Impact of science and technology on society ; Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Digital Work in the Planetary Market (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: Understanding the embedded and disembedded, material and immaterial, territorialized and deterritorialized natures of digital work. Many jobs today can be done from anywhere. Digital technology and widespread internet connectivity allow almost anyone, anywhere, to connect to anyone else to communicate and exchange files, data, video, and audio. In other words, work can be deterritorialized at a planetary scale. This book examines the implications for both work and workers when work is commodified and traded beyond local labor markets. Going beyond the usual “world is flat” globalization discourse, contributors look at both the transformation of work itself and the wider systems, networks, and processes that enable digital work in a planetary market, offering both empirical and theoretical perspectives. The contributors—leading scholars and experts from a range of disciplines—touch on a variety of issues, including content moderation, autonomous vehicles, and voice assistants. They first look at the new experience of work, finding that, despite its planetary connections, labor remains geographically sticky and embedded in distinct contexts. They go on to consider how planetary networks of work can be mapped and problematized, discuss the productive multiplicity and interdisciplinarity of thinking about digital work and its networks, and, finally, imagine how planetary work could be regulated. Contributors Sana Ahmad, Payal Arora, Janine Berg, Antonio A. Casilli, Julie Chen, Christina Colclough, Fabian Ferrari, Mark Graham, Andreas Hackl, Matthew Hockenberry, Hannah Johnston, Martin Krzywdzinski, Johan Lindquist, Joana Moll, Brett Neilson, Usha Raman, Jara Rocha, Jathan Sadowski, Florian A. Schmidt, Cheryll Ruth Soriano, Nick Srnicek, James Steinhoff, Jara Rocha, JS Tan, Paola Tubaro, Moira Weigel, Lin Zhang
    Keywords: Labour / income economics ; E-commerce: business aspects ; Central / national / federal government policies ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNX Industrial relations, health & safety::KNXB Industrial relations::KNXB3 Industrial arbitration & negotiation ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJE E-commerce: business aspects ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    The Theoretical Foundation of Dendritic Function (2022)
    The MIT Press | A Bradford Book
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This collection of fifteen previously published papers, some of them not widely available, have been carefully chosen and annotated by Rall's colleagues and other leading neuroscientists. Wilfrid Rall was a pioneer in establishing the integrative functions of neuronal dendrites that have provided a foundation for neurobiology in general and computational neuroscience in particular. This collection of fifteen previously published papers, some of them not widely available, have been carefully chosen and annotated by Rall's colleagues and other leading neuroscientists. It brings together Rall's work over more than forty years, including his first papers extending cable theory to complex dendritic trees, his ground-breaking paper introducing compartmental analysis to computational neuroscience, and his studies of synaptic integration in motoneurons, dendrodendritic interactions, plasticity of dendritic spines, and active dendritic properties. Today it is well known that the brain's synaptic information is processed mostly in the dendrites where many of the plastic changes underlying learning and memory take place. It is particularly timely to look again at the work of a major creator of the field, to appreciate where things started and where they have led, and to correct any misinterpretations of Rall's work. The editors' introduction highlights the major insights that were gained from Rall's studies as well as from those of his collaborators and followers. It asks the questions that Rall proposed during his scientific career and briefly summarizes the answers. The papers include commentaries by Milton Brightman, Robert E. Burke, William R. Holmes, Donald R. Humphrey, Julian J. B. Jack, John Miller, Stephen Redman, John Rinzel, Idan Segev, Gordon M. Shepherd, and Charles Wilson.
    Keywords: Neurology and clinical neurophysiology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKJ Neurology and clinical neurophysiology
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  • 8
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    Good Faith Collaboration (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: How Wikipedia collaboration addresses the challenges of openness, consensus, and leadership in a historical pursuit for a universal encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, is built by a community—a community of Wikipedians who are expected to “assume good faith” when interacting with one another. In Good Faith Collaboration, Joseph Reagle examines this unique collaborative culture. Wikipedia, says Reagle, is not the first effort to create a freely shared, universal encyclopedia; its early twentieth-century ancestors include Paul Otlet's Universal Repository and H. G. Wells's proposal for a World Brain. Both these projects, like Wikipedia, were fuelled by new technology—which at the time included index cards and microfilm. What distinguishes Wikipedia from these and other more recent ventures is Wikipedia's good-faith collaborative culture, as seen not only in the writing and editing of articles but also in their discussion pages and edit histories. Keeping an open perspective on both knowledge claims and other contributors, Reagle argues, creates an extraordinary collaborative potential. Wikipedia's style of collaborative production has been imitated, analyzed, and satirized. Despite the social unease over its implications for individual autonomy, institutional authority, and the character (and quality) of cultural products, Wikipedia's good-faith collaborative culture has brought us closer than ever to a realization of the century-old pursuit of a universal encyclopedia.
    Keywords: Library and information services ; Information technology: general topics ; Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general::GPJ Coding theory and cryptology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics
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  • 9
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    Wikipedia @ 20 (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Wikipedia's first twenty years: how what began as an experiment in collaboration became the world's most popular reference work. We have been looking things up in Wikipedia for twenty years. What began almost by accident—a wiki attached to a nascent online encyclopedia—has become the world's most popular reference work. Regarded at first as the scholarly equivalent of a Big Mac, Wikipedia is now known for its reliable sourcing and as a bastion of (mostly) reasoned interaction. How has Wikipedia, built on a model of radical collaboration, remained true to its original mission of “free access to the sum of all human knowledge” when other tech phenomena have devolved into advertising platforms? In this book, scholars, activists, and volunteers reflect on Wikipedia's first twenty years, revealing connections across disciplines and borders, languages and data, the professional and personal. The contributors consider Wikipedia's history, the richness of the connections that underpin it, and its founding vision. Their essays look at, among other things, the shift from bewilderment to respect in press coverage of Wikipedia; Wikipedia as “the most important laboratory for social scientific and computing research in history”; and the acknowledgment that “free access” includes not just access to the material but freedom to contribute—that the summation of all human knowledge is biased by who documents it. Contributors Phoebe Ayers, Omer Benjakob, Yochai Benkler, William Beutler, Siko Bouterse, Rebecca Thorndike-Breeze, Amy Carleton, Robert Cummings, LiAnna L. Davis, Siân Evans, Heather Ford, Stephen Harrison, Heather Hart, Benjamin Mako Hill, Dariusz Jemielniak, Brian Keegan, Jackie Koerner, Alexandria Lockett, Jacqueline Mabey, Katherine Maher, Michael Mandiberg, Stephane Coillet-Matillon, Cecelia A. Musselman, Eliza Myrie, Jake Orlowitz, Ian A. Ramjohn, Joseph Reagle, Anasuya Sengupta, Aaron Shaw, Melissa Tamani, Jina Valentine, Matthew Vetter, Adele Vrana, Denny Vrandecic
    Keywords: Wikipedia ; wiki ; encyclopedia ; technology ; internet ; web ; information ; knowledge ; data ; teaching ; education ; libraries ; journalism ; history ; collaboration ; bias ; activism ; access ; equity ; art ; racism ; sexism ; colonialism ; economics ; utopia ; ethics ; business ; authority ; academia ; open education ; free knowledge ; connection ; creative commons ; volunteer ; archive ; research ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GL Library and information sciences / Museology::GLF IT, Internet and electronic resources in libraries ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBW Internet: general works ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UD Digital Lifestyle and online world: consumer and user guides::UDB Internet guides and online services
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Grounding Urban Natures (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Case studies from cities on five continents demonstrate the advantages of thinking comparatively about urban environments. The global discourse around urban ecology tends to homogenize and universalize, relying on such terms as “smart cities,” “eco-cities,” and “resilience,” and proposing a “science of cities” based largely on information from the Global North. Grounding Urban Natures makes the case for the importance of place and time in understanding urban environments. Rather than imposing a unified framework on the ecology of cities, the contributors use a variety of approaches across a range of of locales and timespans to examine how urban natures are part of—and are shaped by—cities and urbanization. Grounding Urban Natures offers case studies from cities on five continents that demonstrate the advantages of thinking comparatively about urban environments. The contributors consider the diversity of urban natures, analyzing urban ecologies that range from the coastal delta of New Orleans to real estate practices of the urban poor in Lagos. They examine the effect of popular movements on the meanings of urban nature in cities including San Francisco, Delhi, and Berlin. Finally, they explore abstract urban planning models and their global mobility, examining real-world applications in such cities as Cape Town, Baltimore, and the Chinese “eco-city” Yixing. Contributors Martín Ávila, Amita Baviskar, Jia-Ching Chen, Henrik Ernstson, James Evans, Lisa M. Hoffman, Jens Lachmund, Joshua Lewis, Lindsay Sawyer, Sverker Sörlin, Anne Whiston Spirn, Lance van Sittert, Richard A. Walker
    Keywords: environmental studies ; environmental history ; urban ecology ; urban studies ; urbanism ; southern urbanism ; postcolonial studies ; worlding ; comparative urban environmentalism ; urban environmental history ; citizen science ; urban political ecology ; more-than-human ; infrastructure ; New Orleans ; urban ecosystems ; Louisiana ; hybridity ; Lagos ; Nigeria ; megacity ; contestation ; beautification ; urbanization ; landscape ; language ; literacy ; water ; landscape architecture ; urban design ; urban planning ; collectives ; political ecology ; affective ecology ; design-driven research ; speculation ; environmentalism ; conservation ; nature ; green cities ; San Francisco ; China ; volunteers ; environment ; citizen mobilization ; invasive species ; Delhi ; India ; green areas ; Berlin ; urban gardening ; South Africa ; Cape Town ; Rondevlei ; birds ; sanctuary ; Middlemiss ; Langley ; resilience ; ecological governance ; transformation ; experiments ; eco-urbanization ; rural transformation ; spatial planning ; dispossession ; situating ; articulating ; texturizing ; retrosembling ; Cordoba ; Baltimore ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RP Regional & area planning::RPC Urban & municipal planning
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Touch Screen Theory (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: Technology companies claim to connect people through touchscreens, but by conflating physical contact with emotional sentiments, they displace the constructed aspects of devices and women and other oppressed individuals' critiques of how such technologies function. Technology companies and device designers correlate touchscreens and online sites with physical contact and emotional sentiments, promising unmediated experiences in which the screen falls away in favor of visceral materiality and connections. While touchscreens are key elements of most people's everyday lives, critical frameworks for understanding the embodied experiences of using them are wanting. In Touch Screen Theory, Michele White focuses on the relation between physically touching and emotionally feeling to recenter the bodies and identities that are empowered, produced, and displaced by these digital technologies and settings. Drawing on detailed cases and humanities methods, White shows how and why gender, race, and sexuality should be further analyzed in relation to touchscreen use and design. White delves into such details as how women are informed that their bodies and fingernails are not a fit for iPhones, how cellphone surfaces are correlated with skin and understood as erotic, the ways social networks use heart buttons and icons to seem to physically and emotionally connect with individuals, how online references to feminine and queer feelings are resisted by many men, and how women producers of autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) videos use tactile strategies and touchscreens to emotionally bond with viewers. Proposing critical methods for studying touchscreens and digital engagement, Touch Screen Theory expands a variety of research areas, including digital and internet cultures, hardware, interfaces, media and screens, and popular culture.
    Keywords: body ; cellphone ; close reading ; direct address ; embodiment ; feel ; fingernail ; feminism ; gender script ; hand ; Internet ; iPhone ; online ; sensation ; skin ; tactile ; technology ; textual analysis ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies::JFDV Advertising & society ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society
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  • 12
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    Digital Youth with Disabilities (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: An examination of media and technology use by school-aged youth with disabilities, with an emphasis on media use at home. Most research on media use by young people with disabilities focuses on the therapeutic and rehabilitative uses of technology; less attention has been paid to their day-to-day encounters with media and technology—the mundane, sometimes pleasurable and sometimes frustrating experiences of “hanging out, messing around, and geeking out.” In this report, Meryl Alper attempts to repair this omission, examining how school-aged children with disabilities use media for social and recreational purposes, with a focus on media use at home. In doing so, she reframes common assumptions about the relationship between young people with disabilities and technology, and she points to areas for further study into the role of new media in the lives of these young people, their parents, and their caregivers. Alper considers the notion of “screen time” and its inapplicability in certain cases—when, for example, an iPad is a child's primary mode of communication. She looks at how young people with various disabilities use media to socialize with caregivers, siblings, and friends, looking more closely at the stereotype of the socially isolated young person with disabilities. And she examines issues encountered by parents in selecting, purchasing, and managing media for youth with such specific disabilities as ADHD and autism. She considers not only children's individual preferences and needs but also external factors, including the limits of existing platforms, content, and age standards.
    Keywords: Teaching of students with different educational needs ; Graphical and digital media applications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UD Digital Lifestyle and online world: consumer and user guides::UDV Digital TV and media centres: consumer / user guides
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  • 13
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    If Schools Didn't Exist (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: A classic in the philosophy of education, considering the fundamental purpose and function of schools, translated into English for the first time. This classic 1971 work on the fundamental purpose and function of schools belongs on the same shelf as other landmark works of the era, including Ivan Illich's Deschooling Society, Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed, and John Holt's How Children Fail. Nils Christie's If School Didn't Exist, translated into English for the first time, departs from these works by not considering schooling (and deschooling) as much as schools and their specific community and social contexts. Christie argues that schools should be proving grounds for how to live together in society rather than assembly lines producing future citizens and employees. Christie presents three examples of schools in different settings—a French village school that became the bedrock of its community; federal government–run schools for Native Americans that facilitated the experience of inferiority; and a British secondary school that reinforced class stratification. He considers the school's function as a storage space (for an unproductive segment of society), as a means for differentiation (based on merit), and as distributor of knowledge. He introduces the idea of the school-society, a self-governing body of students, teachers, parents, and community; and he offers a vision of a society based on normalizing the needs and values of local communities.
    Keywords: unschooling ; norwegian ; norway ; sociology ; critical pedagogy ; social justice pedagogy ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNA Philosophy & theory of education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBK Sociology: family & relationships::JHBK5 Sociology: sexual relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    The Good Drone (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: How small-scale drones, satellites, kites, and balloons are used by social movements for the greater good. Drones are famous for doing bad things: weaponized, they implement remote-control war; used for surveillance, they threaten civil liberties and violate privacy. In The Good Drone, Austin Choi-Fitzpatrick examines a different range of uses: the deployment of drones for the greater good. Choi-Fitzpatrick analyzes the way small-scale drones—as well as satellites, kites, and balloons—are used for a great many things, including documenting human rights abuses, estimating demonstration crowd size, supporting anti-poaching advocacy, and advancing climate change research. In fact, he finds, small drones are used disproportionately for good; nonviolent prosocial uses predominate. Choi-Fitzpatrick's broader point is that the use of technology by social movements goes beyond social media—and began before social media. From the barricades in Les Misérables to hacking attacks on corporate servers to the spread of #MeToo on Twitter, technology is used to raise awareness, but is also crucial in raising the cost of the status quo. New technology in the air changes politics on the ground, and raises provocative questions along the way. What is the nature and future of the camera, when it is taken out of human hands? How will our ideas about privacy evolve when the altitude of a penthouse suite no longer guarantees it? Working at the leading edge of an emerging technology, Choi-Fitzpatrick takes a broad view, suggesting social change efforts rely on technology in new and unexpected ways.
    Keywords: Impact of science and technology on society ; Sociology ; Warfare and defence ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBK Sociology: family & relationships::JHBK5 Sociology: sexual relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society
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    Translational Neuroscience (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: Experts from academia and industry discuss how to create a new, more effective translational neuroscience drawing on novel technology and recent discoveries. Today, translational neuroscience faces significant challenges. Available therapies to treat brain and nervous system disorders are extremely limited and dated, and further development has effectively ceased. Disinvestment by the private sector occurred just as promising new technologies in genomics, stem cell biology, and neuroscience emerged to offer new possibilities. In this volume, experts from both academia and industry discuss how novel technologies and reworked translation concepts can create a more effective translational neuroscience. The contributors consider such topics as using genomics and neuroscience for better diagnostics and biomarker identification; new approaches to disease based on stem cell technology and more careful use of animal models; and greater attention to human biology and what it will take to make new therapies available for clinical use. They conclude with a conceptual roadmap for an effective and credible translational neuroscience—one informed by a disease-focused knowledge base and clinical experience. Contributors Tobias M. Böckers, Thomas Bourgeron, Karl Broich, Nils Brose, Bruce N. Cuthbert, Ilka Diester, Gül Dölen, Guoping Feng, Richard Frackowiak, Raquel E. Gur, Stephan Heckers, Franz Hefti, David M. Holtzman, Steven E. Hyman, Nancy Ip, Cynthia Joyce, Tobias Kaiser, Edward H. Koo, Walter J. Koroshetz, Katja S. Kroker, Robert C. Malenka, Isabelle Mansuy, Eliezer, Masliah, Yuan Mei, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Lennart Mucke, Pierluigi Nicotera, Karoly Nikolich, Michael J. Owen, Menelas N. Pangalos, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Joel S. Perlmutter, Trevor W. Robbins, Lee L. Rubin, Akira Sawa, Mareike Schnaars, Bernd Sommer, Maria Grazia Spillantini, Laura Spinney, Matthew W. State, Marius Wernig
    Keywords: Strüngmann Forum Reports ; translational neuroscience ; diagnostics ; biomarkers ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKJ Neurology and clinical neurophysiology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKL Psychiatry
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    Researching Internet Governance (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: A multidisciplinary book that takes internet governance research as a research subject in its own right, discussing methods and conceptual approaches. The design and governance of the internet has become one of the most pressing geopolitical issues of our era. The stability of the economy, democracy, and the public sphere depend on the stability and security of the internet. Revelations about election hacking, facial recognition technology, and government surveillance have gotten the public's attention and made clear the need for scholarly research that examines internet governance both empirically and conceptually. In this volume, scholars from a range of disciplines consider research methods, theories, and conceptual approaches in the study of internet governance. The contributors show that internet governance is not only about governments; it is enacted through technical design, resource coordination, and conflicts at various invisible control points. They discuss such topics as the emergence of “internet governance” as an area of academic study and a real-world policy arena; the scholarly perspectives of STS, the law, computer science, and political science; the use of big data and text mining in internet governance studies; and cybersecurity. Contributors Farzaneh Badiei, Davide Beraldo, Sandra Braman, Ronald J. Deibert, Dame Wendy Hall, Jeanette Hofmann, Eric Jardine, Rikke Frank Jørgensen, Aastha Madaan, Stefania Milan, Milton Mueller, Kieron O'Hara, Niels ten Oever, Rolf H. Weber
    Keywords: Internet Governance ; Cybersecurity ; Internet of Things ; Research Methods ; Communication Policy ; Science and Technology Studies ; STS ; Data Governance ; Big Data Analytics ; Text Mining ; Information Policy ; Information Security ; Multistakeholder Governance ; Discourse Analysis ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTN Network security
    Language: English
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    Learning in Governance (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: An investigation of the role of learning and its impact on policy change, as exemplified in European Union climate policy integration. Although learning is often considered an important factor in effective environmental governance, it is not clear to what extent learning affects decision making and policy outcomes. In this book, Katharina Rietig examines the role of learning—understood as additional knowledge or experience that is taken into account by policymakers—in earth system governance and policy change. She does this by examining learning in European Union climate policy integration, looking in detail at the examples of the Renewable Energy Directive, its controversial biofuels component, and the greening measures in the Common Agricultural Policy. To examine how learning occurs in the policy process, how to differentiate aspects of learning, and under what conditions learning matters for policy outcomes, Rietig introduces the Learning in Governance Framework, applying it to analyze the EU examples. She finds that policy outcomes are affected through leadership of policy entrepreneurs, who use previously acquired knowledge and past experience to achieve outcomes aligned with their deeper beliefs and policy objectives. She concludes that learning does matter in governance as an intervening variable and can affect policy outcomes in combination with dedicated leadership by policy entrepreneurs who act as learning brokers. Bargaining dominates the policymaking process among actors who represent the interests of different organizations. Rietig's theoretical framework, empirical studies, and nuanced analysis offer a new perspective on the relevance of learning in earth system governance.
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Earth System Governance ; European Union ; Learning ; Public Policy ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy & protocols ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology::TQD Environmental monitoring
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    Out of the Shadows, Into the Streets! (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: An exploration of social movement media practices in an increasingly complex media ecology, through richly detailed cases of immigrant rights activism. For decades, social movements have vied for attention from the mainstream mass media—newspapers, radio, and television. Today, many argue that social media power social movements, from the Egyptian revolution to Occupy Wall Street. Yet, as Sasha Costanza-Chock reports, community organizers know that social media enhance, rather than replace, face-to-face organizing. The revolution will be tweeted, but tweets alone do not the revolution make. In Out of the Shadows, Into the Streets! Costanza-Chock traces a much broader social movement media ecology. Through a richly detailed account of daily media practices in the immigrant rights movement, the book argues that there is a new paradigm of social movement media making: transmedia organizing. Despite the current spotlight on digital media, Costanza-Chock finds, social movement media practices tend to be cross-platform, participatory, and linked to action. Immigrant rights organizers leverage social media creatively, even as they create media ranging from posters and street theater to Spanish-language radio, print, and television. Drawing on extensive interviews, workshops, and media organizing projects, Costanza-Chock presents case studies of transmedia organizing in the immigrant rights movement over the last decade. Chapters focus on the historic mass protests against the anti-immigrant Sensenbrenner Bill; coverage of police brutality against peaceful activists; efforts to widen access to digital media tools and skills for low-wage immigrant workers; paths to participation in DREAM activism; and the implications of professionalism for transmedia organizing. These cases show us how savvy transmedia organizers work to strengthen movement identity, win political and economic victories, and transform public consciousness forever.
    Keywords: Media studies ; Civics and citizenship ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies::JFDV Advertising & society ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPV Political control & freedoms::JPVH Human rights::JPVH1 Civil rights & citizenship
    Language: English
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    Innovation Matters (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: A proposal for moving from price-centric to innovation-centric competition policy, reviewing theory and evidence on economic incentives for innovation. Competition policy and antitrust enforcement have traditionally focused on prices rather than innovation. Economic theory shows the ways that price competition benefits consumers; and courts, antitrust agencies, and economists have developed tools for the quantitative evaluation of price impacts. Antitrust law does not preclude interventions to encourage innovation, but over time the interpretation of the laws has raised obstacles to enforcement policies for innovation. In this book, economist Richard Gilbert proposes a shift from price-centric to innovation-centric competition policy. Antitrust enforcement should be concerned with protecting incentives for innovation and preserving opportunities for dynamic, rather than static, competition. In a high-technology economy, Gilbert argues, innovation matters. Gilbert considers both theory and available empirical evidence on the relationships among market structure, firm behavior, and the production of new products and services. He reviews the distinctive features of the high-tech economy and why current analytical tools used by antitrust enforcers aren't up to the task of assessing innovation concerns. He considers, from the perspective of innovation competition, Kenneth Arrow's “replacement effect” and the Schumpeterian theory of market power and appropriation; discusses the effect of mergers on innovation and future price competition; and reviews the empirical literature on competition, mergers, and innovation. He describes examples of merger enforcement by US and European antitrust agencies; examines cases brought against Microsoft and Google; and discusses the risks and benefits of interoperability standards. Finally, he offers recommendations for competition policy.
    Keywords: competition ; innovation ; antitrust ; mergers ; acquisitions ; research and development ; R&D ; monopoly ; antitrust policy ; Google ; Microsoft ; European Commission ; Justice Department ; FTC ; Arrow ; Schumpeter ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCD Economics of industrial organisation ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNC Company, commercial & competition law::LNCH Competition law / Antitrust law ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society
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    CBD (2022)
    The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: A comprehensive review of the scientific literature on the possible benefits of CBD, describing findings from both preclinical and human clinical studies. CBD (cannabidiol), a nonintoxicating compound derived from the cannabis plant, can be found in products ranging from lotion and smoothies to chewable gummies and pet treats. It's been promoted—but not always scientifically validated—as a treatment for medical conditions including psychosis, anxiety, pain, and even cancer. In this book, three leading cannabis researchers look at the science of CBD, offering a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on the possible benefits of CBD and describing their findings from both preclinical and human clinical studies. As it turns out, the current CBD fad has some basis in preclinical animal research that indicates potential beneficial effects. Clinical studies, hampered by regulations governing research with cannabis, have lagged behind the basic animal research. The authors examine what research shows about chemical and pharmacological aspects of CBD and CBD's interaction with THC, the main psychotropic compound found in cannabis. They go on to review the current state of knowledge about CBD's effectiveness in treating epilepsy, cancer, nausea, pain, anxiety, PTSD, depression, sleep disorders, psychosis, and addiction.
    Keywords: CBD;treatment;therapy;oil;pain;anxiety;neuroprotection;cancer;addiction;cannabis;PTSD ; thema EDItEUR::V Health, Relationships and Personal development::VX Mind, body, spirit::VXH Complementary therapies, healing and health::VXHT Traditional medicine and herbal remedies ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
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    Musical Bodies, Musical Minds (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: An enactive account of musicality that proposes new ways of thinking about musical experience, musical development in infancy, music and evolution, and more. Musical Bodies, Musical Minds offers an innovative account of human musicality that draws on recent developments in embodied cognitive science. The authors explore musical cognition as a form of sense-making that unfolds across the embodied, environmentally embedded, and sociomaterially extended dimensions that compose the enactment of human worlds of meaning. This perspective enables new ways of understanding musical experience, the development of musicality in infancy and childhood, music's emergence in human evolution, and the nature of musical emotions, empathy, and creativity. Developing their account, the authors link a diverse array of ideas from fields including neuroscience, theoretical biology, psychology, developmental studies, social cognition, and education. Drawing on these insights, they show how dynamic processes of adaptive body-brain-environment interactivity drive musical cognition across a range of contexts, extending it beyond the personal (inner) domain of musical agents and out into the material and social worlds they inhabit and influence. An enactive approach to musicality, they argue, can reveal important aspects of human being and knowing that are often lost or obscured in the modern technologically driven world.
    Keywords: Music perception ; cognitive musicology ; 4E cognitive science ; enactivism ; phenomenology ; musicality ; perspectives on music cognition ; antecedents to enactivism ; language and music ; embodied music cognition ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AV Music::AVA Theory of music and musicology ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTK Cognitive studies
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    The Digital Closet (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: An exploration of how heteronormative bias is deeply embedded in the internet, hidden in algorithms, keywords, content moderation, and more. In The Digital Closet, Alexander Monea argues provocatively that the internet became straight by suppressing everything that is not, forcing LGBTQIA+ content into increasingly narrow channels—rendering it invisible through opaque algorithms, automated and human content moderation, warped keywords, and other strategies of digital overreach. Monea explains how the United States' thirty-year “war on porn” has brought about the over-regulation of sexual content, which, in turn, has resulted in the censorship of much nonpornographic content—including material on sex education and LGBTQ+ activism. In this wide-ranging, enlightening account, Monea examines the cultural, technological, and political conditions that put LGBTQ+ content into the closet. Monea looks at the anti-porn activism of the alt-right, Christian conservatives, and anti-porn feminists, who became strange bedfellows in the politics of pornography; investigates the coders, code, and moderators whose work serves to reify heteronormativity; and explores the collateral damage in the ongoing war on porn—the censorship of LGBTQIA+ community resources, sex education materials, art, literature, and other content that engages with sexuality but would rarely be categorized as pornography by today's community standards. Finally, he examines the internet architectures responsible for the heteronormalization of porn: Google Safe Search and the data structures of tube sites and other porn platforms. Monea reveals the porn industry's deepest, darkest secret: porn is boring. Mainstream porn is stuck in a heteronormative filter bubble, limited to the same heteronormative tropes, tagged by the same heteronormative keywords. This heteronormativity is mirrored by the algorithms meant to filter pornographic content, increasingly filtering out all LGBTQIA+ content. Everyone suffers from this forced heteronormativity of the internet—suffering, Monea suggests, that could be alleviated by queering straightness and introducing feminism to dissipate the misogyny.
    Keywords: Gay and Lesbian studies / LGBTQ studies ; Media studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSK Gay & Lesbian studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies::JFDV Advertising & society
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    What Have We Learned? (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Top economists consider how to conduct policy in a world where previous beliefs have been shattered by the recent financial and economic crises. Since 2008, economic policymakers and researchers have occupied a brave new economic world. Previous consensuses have been upended, former assumptions have been cast into doubt, and new approaches have yet to stand the test of time. Policymakers have been forced to improvise and researchers to rethink basic theory. George Akerlof, Nobel Laureate and one of this volume's editors, compares the crisis to a cat stuck in a tree, afraid to move. In April 2013, the International Monetary Fund brought together leading economists and economic policymakers to discuss the slowly emerging contours of the macroeconomic future. This book offers their combined insights. The editors and contributors—who include the Nobel Laureate and bestselling author Joseph Stiglitz, Federal Reserve Vice Chair Janet Yellen, and the former Governor of the Bank of Israel Stanley Fischer—consider the lessons learned from the crisis and its aftermath. They discuss, among other things, post-crisis questions about the traditional policy focus on inflation; macroprudential tools (which focus on the stability of the entire financial system rather than of individual firms) and their effectiveness; fiscal stimulus, public debt, and fiscal consolidation; and exchange rate arrangements.
    Keywords: Macroeconomics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics
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    Sexual Consent (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: An introduction to issues of sexual consent, covering key strands of feminist thought, how sexual consent is negotiated in practice, the influence of popular culture, and more. The #MeToo movement has focused public attention on the issue of sexual consent. People of all genders, from all walks of life, have stepped forward to tell their stories of sexual harassment and violation. In a predictable backlash, others have taken to mass media to inquire plaintively if “flirting” is now forbidden. This volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series offers a nuanced introduction to sexual consent by a writer who is both a scholar and an activist on this issue. It has become clear from discussions of the recent high-profile cases of Harvey Weinstein, Bill Cosby, and others that there is no clear agreement over what constitutes consent or non-consent and how they are expressed and perceived in sexual situations. This book presents key strands of feminist thought on the subject of sexual consent from across academic and activist communities and covers the history of research on consent in such fields as psychology and feminist legal studies. It discusses how sexual consent is negotiated in practice, from “No means no” to “Yes means yes,” and describes what factors might limit individual agency in such negotiations. It examines how popular culture, including pornography, romance fiction, and sex advice manuals, shapes our ideas of consent; explores the communities at the forefront of consent activism; and considers what meaningful social change in this area might look like. Going beyond the conventional cisgender, heterosexual norm, the book lists additional resources for those seeking to improve their practice of consent, survivors of sexual violence, and readers who want to understand contemporary debates on this issue in more depth.
    Keywords: Sexual consent ; rape culture ; sexual violence ; consent ; feminism ; sex ; bodily autonomy ; rape myths ; gender ; sexuality ; sexual orientation ; race ; religion ; disability ; intersectionality ; consent negotiation ; relationships ; unwanted sex ; sexual scripts ; identity ; marginalisation ; popular culture ; sex advice ; pornography ; romance ; sex education ; activism ; BDSM ; transformative justice ; #MeToo ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFE Violence in society::JFFE2 Sexual abuse & harassment
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    Assetization (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: How the asset—anything that can be controlled, traded, and capitalized as a revenue stream—has become the primary basis of technoscientific capitalism. In this book, scholars from a range of disciplines argue that the asset—meaning anything that can be controlled, traded, and capitalized as a revenue stream—has become the primary basis of technoscientific capitalism. An asset can be an object or an experience, a sum of money or a life form, a patent or a bodily function. A process of assetization prevails, imposing investment and return as the key rationale, and overtaking commodification and its speculative logic. Although assets can be bought and sold, the point is to get a durable economic rent from them rather than make a killing on the market. Assetization examines how assets are constructed and how a variety of things can be turned into assets, analyzing the interests, activities, skills, organizations, and relations entangled in this process. The contributors consider the assetization of knowledge, including patents, personal data, and biomedical innovation; of infrastructure, including railways and energy; of nature, including mineral deposits, agricultural seeds, and “natural capital”; and of publics, including such public goods as higher education and “monetizable social ills.” Taken together, the chapters show the usefulness of assetization as an analytical tool and as an element in the critique of capitalism. Contributors Thomas Beauvisage, Kean Birch, Veit Braun, Natalia Buier, Béatrice Cointe, Paul Robert Gilbert, Hyo Yoon Kang, Les Levidow, Kevin Mellet, Sveta Milyaeva, Fabian Muniesa, Alain Nadaï, Daniel Neyland, Victor Roy, James W. Williams
    Keywords: Economic history ; Impact of science and technology on society ; Business ethics and social responsibility ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCZ Economic history ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJG Business ethics & social responsibility ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society
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    Development of Linguistic Linked Open Data Resources for Collaborative Data-Intensive Research in the Language Sciences (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: Making diverse data in linguistics and the language sciences open, distributed, and accessible: perspectives from language/language acquistiion researchers and technical LOD (linked open data) researchers. This volume examines the challenges inherent in making diverse data in linguistics and the language sciences open, distributed, integrated, and accessible, thus fostering wide data sharing and collaboration. It is unique in integrating the perspectives of language researchers and technical LOD (linked open data) researchers. Reporting on both active research needs in the field of language acquisition and technical advances in the development of data interoperability, the book demonstrates the advantages of an international infrastructure for scholarship in the field of language sciences. With contributions by researchers who produce complex data content and scholars involved in both the technology and the conceptual foundations of LLOD (linguistics linked open data), the book focuses on the area of language acquisition because it involves complex and diverse data sets, cross-linguistic analyses, and urgent collaborative research. The contributors discuss a variety of research methods, resources, and infrastructures. Contributors Isabelle Barrière, Nan Bernstein Ratner, Steven Bird, Maria Blume, Ted Caldwell, Christian Chiarcos, Cristina Dye, Suzanne Flynn, Claire Foley, Nancy Ide, Carissa Kang, D. Terence Langendoen, Barbara Lust, Brian MacWhinney, Jonathan Masci, Steven Moran, Antonio Pareja-Lora, Jim Reidy, Oya Y. Rieger, Gary F. Simons, Thorsten Trippel, Kara Warburton, Sue Ellen Wright, Claus Zinn
    Keywords: open source ; open data ; open knowledge ; open access ; open science ; Language data and metadata ; Linguistic Linked Open Data ; research data management ; Semantic Web ; sustainability ; interoperability ; language acquisition ; linguistic annotation ; multilingualism ; communities of practice ; data-intensive research ; CHILDES ; Data Transcription and AnalysisTool ; digital curation ; preservation ; and scholarship ; knowledge infrastructure ; linguistic ontology ; linked data cloud ; metadata interchange ; metatagging ; morphosyntax ; multimedia ; Open Linguistics Working Group ; phonological development ; RDF ; standards ; stewardship ; TALKBANK ; terminology ; under-resourced languages ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFM Lexicography ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GL Library and information sciences / Museology::GLF IT, Internet and electronic resources in libraries
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    Boosting (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: An accessible introduction and essential reference for an approach to machine learning that creates highly accurate prediction rules by combining many weak and inaccurate ones. Boosting is an approach to machine learning based on the idea of creating a highly accurate predictor by combining many weak and inaccurate “rules of thumb.” A remarkably rich theory has evolved around boosting, with connections to a range of topics, including statistics, game theory, convex optimization, and information geometry. Boosting algorithms have also enjoyed practical success in such fields as biology, vision, and speech processing. At various times in its history, boosting has been perceived as mysterious, controversial, even paradoxical. This book, written by the inventors of the method, brings together, organizes, simplifies, and substantially extends two decades of research on boosting, presenting both theory and applications in a way that is accessible to readers from diverse backgrounds while also providing an authoritative reference for advanced researchers. With its introductory treatment of all material and its inclusion of exercises in every chapter, the book is appropriate for course use as well. The book begins with a general introduction to machine learning algorithms and their analysis; then explores the core theory of boosting, especially its ability to generalize; examines some of the myriad other theoretical viewpoints that help to explain and understand boosting; provides practical extensions of boosting for more complex learning problems; and finally presents a number of advanced theoretical topics. Numerous applications and practical illustrations are offered throughout.
    Keywords: Artificial intelligence ; Algorithms and data structures ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMB Algorithms and data structures ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning
    Language: English
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    Living and Learning with New Media (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This report summarizes the results of an ambitious three-year ethnographic study, funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, into how young people are living and learning with new media in varied settings—at home, in after school programs, and in online spaces. It offers a condensed version of a longer treatment provided in the book Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out (MIT Press, 2009). The authors present empirical data on new media in the lives of American youth in order to reflect upon the relationship between new media and learning. In one of the largest qualitative and ethnographic studies of American youth culture, the authors view the relationship of youth and new media not simply in terms of technology trends but situated within the broader structural conditions of childhood and the negotiations with adults that frame the experience of youth in the United States. The book that this report summarizes was written as a collaborative effort by members of the Digital Youth Project, a three-year research effort funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and conducted at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Southern California. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Reports on Digital Media and Learning
    Keywords: Impact of science and technology on society ; Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)
    Language: English
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    Certified Programming with Dependent Types (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: A handbook to the Coq software for writing and checking mathematical proofs, with a practical engineering focus. The technology of mechanized program verification can play a supporting role in many kinds of research projects in computer science, and related tools for formal proof-checking are seeing increasing adoption in mathematics and engineering. This book provides an introduction to the Coq software for writing and checking mathematical proofs. It takes a practical engineering focus throughout, emphasizing techniques that will help users to build, understand, and maintain large Coq developments and minimize the cost of code change over time. Two topics, rarely discussed elsewhere, are covered in detail: effective dependently typed programming (making productive use of a feature at the heart of the Coq system) and construction of domain-specific proof tactics. Almost every subject covered is also relevant to interactive computer theorem proving in general, not just program verification, demonstrated through examples of verified programs applied in many different sorts of formalizations. The book develops a unique automated proof style and applies it throughout; even experienced Coq users may benefit from reading about basic Coq concepts from this novel perspective. The book also offers a library of tactics, or programs that find proofs, designed for use with examples in the book. Readers will acquire the necessary skills to reimplement these tactics in other settings by the end of the book. All of the code appearing in the book is freely available online.
    Keywords: Computer programming / software engineering ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMS Mobile and handheld device programming / Apps programming
    Language: English
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    Safe Spaces, Brave Spaces (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: How the essential democratic values of diversity and free expression can coexist on campus. Safe spaces, trigger warnings, microaggressions, the disinvitation of speakers, demands to rename campus landmarks—debate over these issues began in lecture halls and on college quads but ended up on op-ed pages in the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal, on cable news, and on social media. Some of these critiques had merit, but others took a series of cheap shots at “crybullies” who needed to be coddled and protected from the real world. Few questioned the assumption that colleges must choose between free expression and diversity. In Safe Spaces, Brave Spaces, John Palfrey argues that the essential democratic values of diversity and free expression can, and should, coexist on campus. Palfrey, currently Head of School at Phillips Academy, Andover, and formerly Professor and Vice Dean at Harvard Law School, writes that free expression and diversity are more compatible than opposed. Free expression can serve everyone—even if it has at times been dominated by white, male, Christian, heterosexual, able-bodied citizens. Diversity is about self-expression, learning from one another, and working together across differences; it can encompass academic freedom without condoning hate speech. Palfrey proposes an innovative way to support both diversity and free expression on campus: creating safe spaces and brave spaces. In safe spaces, students can explore ideas and express themselves with without feeling marginalized. In brave spaces—classrooms, lecture halls, public forums—the search for knowledge is paramount, even if some discussions may make certain students uncomfortable. The strength of our democracy, says Palfrey, depends on a commitment to upholding both diversity and free expression, especially when it is hardest to do so.
    Keywords: free speech ; freedom of speech ; free expression ; freedom of expression ; diversity in education ; equity ; inclusion ; racial diversity ; students ; campus ; universities ; schools ; colleges ; student activism ; student protests ; 1st Amendment ; 1st Amendment protections ; United States Constitution ; Supreme Court ; safe zones ; safe spaces ; microaggressions ; stereotypes ; trigger warnings ; speech codes ; policies ; harassment ; hate speech ; bullying ; race ; discrimination ; minorities ; intolerance ; tolerance ; religious freedom ; freedom of assembly ; academic freedom ; student journalism ; free press ; student surveys ; Knight Foundation ; Black Lives Matter ; Adams ; Justice Holmes ; Fisher I ; Fisher II ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMN Universities ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPW Political activism::JPWS Armed conflict ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFM Ethical issues & debates::JFMD Ethical issues: censorship
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    Digital_Humanities (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: A visionary report on the revitalization of the liberal arts tradition in the electronically inflected, design-driven, multimedia language of the twenty-first century. Digital_Humanities is a compact, game-changing report on the state of contemporary knowledge production. Answering the question “Whatis digital humanities?,” it provides an in-depth examination of an emerging field. This collaboratively authored and visually compelling volume explores methodologies and techniques unfamiliar to traditional modes of humanistic inquiry—including geospatial analysis, data mining, corpus linguistics, visualization, and simulation—to show their relevance for contemporary culture. Written by five leading practitioner-theorists whose varied backgrounds embody the intellectual and creative diversity of the field, Digital_Humanities is a vision statement for the future, an invitation to engage, and a critical tool for understanding the shape of new scholarship.
    Keywords: Media studies ; Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies::JBCT3 Media studies: advertising and society ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society
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    Bridging Silos (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: How communities can collaborate across systems and sectors to address environmental health disparities; with case studies from Rochester, New York; Duluth, Minnesota; and Southern California. Low-income and marginalized urban communities often suffer disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards, leaving residents vulnerable to associated health problems. Community groups, academics, environmental justice advocates, government agencies, and others have worked to address these issues, building coalitions at the local level to change the policies and systems that create environmental health inequities. In Bridging Silos, Katrina Smith Korfmacher examines ways that communities can collaborate across systems and sectors to address environmental health disparities, with in-depth studies of three efforts to address long-standing environmental health issues: childhood lead poisoning in Rochester, New York; unhealthy built environments in Duluth, Minnesota; and pollution related to commercial ports and international trade in Southern California. All three efforts were locally initiated, driven by local stakeholders, and each addressed issues long known to the community by reframing an old problem in a new way. These local efforts leveraged resources to impact community change by focusing on inequities in environmental health, bringing diverse kinds of knowledge to bear, and forging new connections among existing community, academic, and government groups. Korfmacher explains how the once integrated environmental and public health management systems had become separated into self-contained “silos,” and compares current efforts to bridge these separations to the development of ecosystem management in the 1990s. Community groups, government agencies, academic institutions, and private institutions each have a role to play, but collaborating effectively requires stakeholders to appreciate their partners' diverse incentives, capacities, and constraints.
    Keywords: Environmental policy ; Public health ; Environmental justice ; Health equity ; Local environmental policy ; Health in All Policies ; Policies Systems and Environments ; Childhood lead poisoning ; Air quality ; Built environment ; Healthy communities ; Health Impact Assessment ; housing ; housing policy ; urban planning ; brownfields ; food access ; food deserts ; transportation ; southern California ; poverty ; systems change ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health & preventive medicine::MBNH Personal & public health::MBNH2 Environmental factors ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RP Regional & area planning::RPC Urban & municipal planning
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    Artificial Life IX (2022)
    The MIT Press | A Bradford Book
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Proceedings from the ninth International Conference on Artificial Life; papers by scientists of many disciplines focusing on the principles of organization and applications of complex, life-like systems. Artificial Life is an interdisciplinary effort to investigate the fundamental properties of living systems through the simulation and synthesis of life-like processes. The young field brings a powerful set of tools to the study of how high-level behavior can arise in systems governed by simple rules of interaction. Some of the fundamental questions include: What are the principles of evolution, learning, and growth that can be understood well enough to simulate as an information process? Can robots be built faster and more cheaply by mimicking biology than by the product design process used for automobiles and airplanes? How can we unify theories from dynamical systems, game theory, evolution, computing, geophysics, and cognition? The field has contributed fundamentally to our understanding of life itself through computer models, and has led to novel solutions to complex real-world problems across high technology and human society. This elite biennial meeting has grown from a small workshop in Santa Fe to a major international conference. This ninth volume of the proceedings of the international A-life conference reflects the growing quality and impact of this interdisciplinary scientific community.
    Keywords: Artificial intelligence ; Robotics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFM Automatic control engineering::TJFM1 Robotics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning
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    Sulphuric Utopias (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: How early twentieth century fumigation technologies transformed maritime quarantine practices and inspired utopian visions of disease-free global trade. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, fumigation technologies transformed global practices of maritime quarantine through chemical and engineering innovation. One of these technologies, the widely used Clayton machine, blasted sulphuric acid gas through a docked ship in an effort to eliminate pathogens, insects, and rats while leaving the cargo and the structure of the vessel unharmed, shortening its time in quarantine and minimizing the risk of importing infectious diseases. In Sulphuric Utopias, Lukas Engelmann and Christos Lynteris examine this overlooked but historically crucial practice at the intersection of epidemiology, hygiene, applied chemistry, and engineering. They show how maritime fumigation inspired utopian visions of disease-free trade to improve global shipping and to encourage universally applicable standards of sanitation and hygiene. Engelmann and Lynteris chart the history of ideas about fumigation, disinfection, and quarantine, and chronicle the development of the Clayton machine in 1880s New Orleans. Built by the Louisiana Board of Health and adapted and patented by Thomas Clayton, the machine offered a barrier against bacteria and pests and enabled a highway to global trade. Engelmann and Lynteris chronicle the Clayton machine's success and examine its competitors, including carbon-based fumigation methods in Germany and the Ottoman Empire as well as the “Sulfurozador” in Argentina. They follow the international standardization of maritime fumigation and explore the Clayton machine's decline after World War I, when visions of “sulphuric utopia” were replaced by a pragmatic acknowledgment of epidemiological complexity.
    Keywords: quarantine ; shipping ; disinfection ; plague ; yellow fever ; disease ; cholera ; hygiene ; syphilis ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTM Maritime history
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    Interfaces on Trial 2.0 (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: The debate over the use of copyright law to prevent competition and interoperability in the global software industry. We live in an interoperable world. Computer hardware and software products from different manufacturers can exchange data within local networks and around the world using the Internet. The competition enabled by this compatibility between devices has led to fast-paced innovation and prices low enough to allow ordinary users to command extraordinary computing capacity. In Interfaces on Trial 2.0, Jonathan Band and Masanobu Katoh investigate an often overlooked factor in the development of today's interoperabilty: the evolution of copyright law. Because software is copyrightable, copyright law determines the rules for competition in the information technology industry. This book—a follow-up to Band and Katoh's successful 1995 book Interfaces on Trial—examines the debates surrounding the use of copyright law to prevent competition and interoperability in the global software industry in the last fifteen years. Band and Katoh are longtime advocates for interoperable devices but present a reasoned view of contentious issues related to interoperability issues in the United States, the European Union, and the Pacific Rim. They discuss such topics as the protectability of interface specifications, the permissibility of reverse engineering (and legislative and executive endorsement of pro-interoperability case law), the interoperability exception to the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the interoperability cases decided under it, the enforceability of contractural restrictions on reverse engineering; and recent legal developments affecting the future of interoperability, including those related to open source-software and software patents.
    Keywords: Copyright law ; Computer programming / software engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNR Intellectual property law::LNRC Copyright law ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UM Computer programming / software development::UMZ Software Engineering
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    Making Futures (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: Experiments in innovation, design, and democracy that search not for a killer app but for a collaboratively created sustainable future. Innovation and design need not be about the search for a killer app. Innovation and design can start in people's everyday activities. They can encompass local services, cultural production, arenas for public discourse, or technological platforms. The approach is participatory, collaborative, and engaging, with users and consumers acting as producers and creators. It is concerned less with making new things than with making a socially sustainable future. This book describes experiments in innovation, design, and democracy, undertaken largely by grassroots organizations, non-governmental organizations, and multi-ethnic working-class neighborhoods. These stories challenge the dominant perception of what constitutes successful innovations. They recount efforts at social innovation, opening the production process, challenging the creative class, and expanding the public sphere. The wide range of cases considered include a collective of immigrant women who perform collaborative services, the development of an open-hardware movement, grassroots journalism, and hip-hop performances on city buses. They point to the possibility of democratized innovation that goes beyond solo entrepreneurship and crowdsourcing in the service of corporations to include multiple futures imagined and made locally by often-marginalized publics. Contributors Måns Adler, Erling Björgvinsson, Karin Book, David Cuartielles, Pelle Ehn, Anders Emilson, Per-Anders Hillgren, Mads Hobye, Michael Krona, Per Linde, Kristina Lindström, Sanna Marttila, Elisabet M. Nilsson, Anna Seravalli, Pernilla Severson, Åsa Ståhl, Lucy Suchman, Richard Topgaard, Laura Watts
    Keywords: Industrial / commercial art and design ; Human–computer interaction ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AG The Arts: treatments and subjects::AGA History of art ; thema EDItEUR::6 Style qualifiers::6P Styles (P)::6PD Postmodernism ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYZ Human–computer interaction::UYZF Information visualization
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    A New Vision for Islamic Pasts and Futures (2022)
    The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: This groundbreaking, born-digital work invites readers to imagine Islam anew. Moving beyond conventional theological, nativist, and orientalist approaches, Shahzad Bashir decenters Islam from a geographical identification with the Middle East, an articulation through men’s authority alone, and the assumption that premodern expressions are more authentically Islamic than modern ones. Focusing on time as a human construct, A New Vision for Islamic Pasts and Futures interprets stories and images, paying attention to evidence and methods of interpretation. Islam, in Bashir’s telling, is a vast net of interconnected traces that appear to be different depending on the vantage from which they are seen. Complementing narrative with extensive visual evidence, the multimodal digital form enacts the multiplicity of the project’s analyses and perspectives, conferring a shape-shifting quality that bridges the gap between sensing Islam and understanding it, between feeling it as a powerful presence and analyzing it through intellectual means. This interactive, open-access edition allows readers to enter Islam through a diverse set of doorways, each leading to different time periods across different parts of the world. Bashir discusses Islam as phenomenon and as discourse—observed in the built environment, material objects, paintings, linguistic traces, narratives, and social situations. He draws on literary genres, including epics, devotional poetry and prayers, and modern novels; art and architecture in varied forms; material culture, from luxury objects to cheap trinkets; and such forms of media as photographs, graffiti, and films. The book’s layered digital interface allows for an exploration of and engagement with this rich visual material and multimedia evidence not possible in a printed volume. A collaboration between the MIT Press and the Digital Publications Initiative of Brown University. Supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the MIT Press, and the Digital Publications Initiative of Brown University. The URL for this project will be islamic-pasts-futures.org
    Keywords: Islamic studies; historiography; Islamic history; Islamic art; Islamic culture; post-orientalist; orientalism; decolonization; activism; temporality; visual culture; born digital; Brown University; philosophy; time; ontology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSR Religious groups: social & cultural aspects::JFSR2 Islamic studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBA History: theory & methods::HBAH Historiography
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    Type-Logical Syntax (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: A novel logic-based framework for representing the syntax–semantics interface of natural language, applicable to a range of phenomena. In this book, Yusuke Kubota and Robert Levine propose a type-logical version of categorial grammar as a viable alternative model of natural language syntax and semantics. They show that this novel logic-based framework is applicable to a range of phenomena—especially in the domains of coordination and ellipsis—that have proven problematic for traditional approaches. The type-logical syntax the authors propose takes derivations of natural language sentences to be proofs in a particular kind of logic governing the way words and phrases are combined. This logic builds on and unifies two deductive systems from the tradition of categorial grammar; the resulting system, Hybrid Type-Logical Categorial Grammar (Hybrid TLCG) enables comprehensive approaches to coordination (gapping, dependent cluster coordination, and right-node raising) and ellipsis (VP ellipsis, pseudogapping, and extraction/ellipsis interaction). It captures a number of intricate patterns of interaction between scopal operators and seemingly incomplete constituents that are frequently found in these two empirical domains. Kubota and Levine show that the hybrid calculus underlying their framework incorporates key analytic ideas from competing approaches in the generative syntax literature to offer a unified and systematic treatment of data that have posed considerable difficulties for previous accounts. Their account demonstrates that logic is a powerful tool for analyzing the deeper principles underlying the syntax and semantics of natural language.
    Keywords: categorial grammar ; generative grammar ; linguistics ; theoretical linguistics ; Type-Logical Grammar ; nontransformational syntax ; coordination ; nonconstituent coordination ; ellipsis ; syntactic constituency ; semantics ; Lambek calculus ; hypothetical reasoning ; scope ; Gapping ; Right-Node Raising ; verb phrase ellipsis ; pseudogapping ; syntactic deletion ; symmetrical predicate ; island constraint ; Type-Logical Categorial Grammar ; split scope ; parasitic scope ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFK Grammar, syntax and morphology
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    The Civic Potential of Video Games (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: This report focuses on the civic aspects of video game play among youth. According to a 2006 survey, 58 percent of young people aged 15 to 25 were civically "disengaged," meaning that they participated in fewer than two types of either electoral activities (defined as voting, campaigning, etc.) or civic activities (for example, volunteering). Kahne and his coauthors are interested in what role video games may or may not play in this disengagement.Until now, most research in the field has considered how video games relate to children's aggression and to academic learning. Digital media scholars suggest, however, that other social outcomes also deserve attention. For example, as games become more social, some scholars argue that they can be important spheres in which to foster civic development. Others disagree, suggesting that games, along with other forms of Internet involvement, may in fact take time away from civic and political engagement. Drawing on data from the 2006 survey, the authors examine the relationship between video game play and civic development. They call for further research on teen gaming experiences so that we can understand and promote civic engagement through video games.
    Keywords: Impact of science and technology on society ; Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society
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    Reassembling Scholarly Communications (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: A critical inquiry into the politics, practices, and infrastructures of open access and the reconfiguration of scholarly communication in digital societies. The Open Access Movement proposes to remove price and permission barriers for accessing peer-reviewed research work—to use the power of the internet to duplicate material at an infinitesimal cost-per-copy. In this volume, contributors show that open access does not exist in a technological or policy vacuum; there are complex social, political, cultural, philosophical, and economic implications for opening research through digital technologies. The contributors examine open access from the perspectives of colonial legacies, knowledge frameworks, publics and politics, archives and digital preservation, infrastructures and platforms, and global communities. The contributors consider such topics as the perpetuation of colonial-era inequalities in research production and promulgation; the historical evolution of peer review; the problematic histories and discriminatory politics that shape our choices of what materials to preserve; the idea of scholarship as data; and resistance to the commercialization of platforms. Case studies report on such initiatives as the Making and Knowing Project, which created an openly accessible critical digital edition of a sixteenth-century French manuscript, the role of formats in Bruno Latour's An Inquiry into Modes of Existence, and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), a network of more than 1,200 journals from sixteen countries. Taken together, the contributions represent a substantive critical engagement with the politics, practices, infrastructures, and imaginaries of open access, suggesting alternative trajectories, values, and possible futures.
    Keywords: Open access ; scholarly communications ; peer review ; digital preservation ; platforms ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GL Library and information sciences / Museology::GLF IT, Internet and electronic resources in libraries ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNQ Open learning, distance education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)
    Language: English
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    Privacy on the Line (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: A penetrating and insightful study of privacy and security in telecommunications for a post-9/11, post-Patriot Act world. Telecommunication has never been perfectly secure. The Cold War culture of recording devices in telephone receivers and bugged embassy offices has been succeeded by a post-9/11 world of NSA wiretaps and demands for data retention. Although the 1990s battle for individual and commercial freedom to use cryptography was won, growth in the use of cryptography has been slow. Meanwhile, regulations requiring that the computer and communication industries build spying into their systems for government convenience have increased rapidly. The application of the 1994 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act has expanded beyond the intent of Congress to apply to voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and other modern data services; attempts are being made to require ISPs to retain their data for years in case the government wants it; and data mining techniques developed for commercial marketing applications are being applied to widespread surveillance of the population. In Privacy on the Line, Whitfield Diffie and Susan Landau strip away the hype surrounding the policy debate over privacy to examine the national security, law enforcement, commercial, and civil liberties issues. They discuss the social function of privacy, how it underlies a democratic society, and what happens when it is lost. This updated and expanded edition revises their original—and prescient—discussions of both policy and technology in light of recent controversies over NSA spying and other government threats to communications privacy.
    Keywords: Human rights, civil rights ; Communications engineering / telecommunications ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPV Political control & freedoms::JPVH Human rights::JPVH3 Land rights ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TJ Electronics & communications engineering::TJK Communications engineering / telecommunications::TJKT Telephone technology
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    Infrastructural Brutalism (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: How “drowned town” literature, road movies, energy landscape photography, and “death train” narratives represent the brutality of industrial infrastructures. In this book, Michael Truscello looks at the industrial infrastructure not as an invisible system of connectivity and mobility that keeps capitalism humming in the background but as a manufactured miasma of despair, toxicity, and death. Truscello terms this “infrastructural brutalism”—a formulation that not only alludes to the historical nexus of infrastructure and the concrete aesthetic of Brutalist architecture but also describes the ecological, political, and psychological brutality of industrial infrastructures. Truscello explores the necropolitics of infrastructure—how infrastructure determines who may live and who must die—through the lens of artistic media. He examines the white settler nostalgia of “drowned town” fiction written after the Tennessee Valley Authority flooded rural areas for hydroelectric projects; argues that the road movie represents a struggle with liberal governmentality; considers the ruins of oil capitalism, as seen in photographic landscapes of postindustrial waste; and offers an account of “death train narratives” ranging from the history of the Holocaust to postapocalyptic fiction. Finally, he calls for “brisantic politics,” a culture of unmaking that is capable of slowing the advance of capitalist suicide. “Brisance” refers to the shattering effect of an explosive, but Truscello uses the term to signal a variety of practices for defeating infrastructural power. Brisantic politics, he warns, would require a reorientation of radical politics toward infrastructure, sabotage, and cascading destruction in an interconnected world.
    Keywords: infrastructure ; brutalism ; necropolitics ; brisantic politics ; concrete ; drowned town narratives ; Snowpiercer ; The Road ; Cormac McCarthy ; modernism ; megastructures ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AB The arts: general topics ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AB The arts: general topics::ABA Theory of art ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AG The Arts: treatments and subjects::AGA History of art ; thema EDItEUR::6 Style qualifiers::6S Styles (S)::6SA Surrealism
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    New Digital Media and Learning as an Emerging Area and "Worked Examples" as One Way Forward (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: A proposal to move the academic area of digital media and learning toward more coherence. In this report, noted scholar James Paul Gee discusses the evolution of digital media and learning (DMAL) from its infancy as an “academic area” into a more organized field or coherent discipline. Distinguishing among academic areas, fields, disciplinary specializations, and thematic disciplines, Gee describes other academic areas that have fallen into these categories or developed into established disciplines. He argues that DMAL will not evolve until a real coherence develops through collaboration and the accumulation of shared knowledge. Gee offers a concrete proposal of one way scholars in DMAL could move the area forward to a more cohesive, integrated, and collaborative enterprise: the production of what he terms “worked examples.” In Gee's sense of a worked example, scholars attempting to build the new area of DMAL would publicly display their methods of valuing and thinking about a specific problem, proposing them as examples of “good work” in order to engender debate about what such work in DMAL might come to look like and what shape the area itself might take. The goal would not be for the proposed approach to become the accepted one but for it to become fodder for new work and collaboration. Gee concludes by offering a sample worked example that illustrates his proposal.
    Keywords: Media studies ; Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies::JFDV Advertising & society ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)
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    Beyond Heaven and Earth (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: An approach to understanding religion that draws on both humanities and natural science but rejects approaches that employ simple monisms and radical dualisms. In Beyond Heaven and Earth, Gabriel Levy argues that collective religious narratives and beliefs are part of nature; they are the basis for the formation of the narratives and beliefs of individuals. Religion grows out of the universe, but to make sense of it we have to recognize the paradox that the universe is both mental and material (or neither). We need both humanities and natural science approaches to study religion and religious meaning, Levy contends, but we must also recognize the limits of these approaches. First, we must make the dominant metaphysics that undergird the various disciplines of science and humanities more explicit, and second, we must reject those versions of metaphysics that maintain simple monisms and radical dualisms. Bringing Donald Davidson's philosophy—a form of pragmatism known as anomalous monism—to bear on religion, Levy offers a blueprint for one way that the humanities and natural sciences can have a mutually respectful dialogue. Levy argues that in order to understand religions we have to take their semantic content seriously. We need to rethink such basic concepts as narrative fiction, information, agency, creativity, technology, and intimacy. In the course of his argument, Levy considers the relation between two closely related semantics, fiction and religion, and outlines a new approach to information. He then applies his theory to discrete cases: ancient texts, modern media, and intimacy.
    Keywords: religion ; religious ; psychology ; evolution ; mind ; science ; philosophy ; Donald Davidson ; anomalous monism ; metaphysics ; language ; linguistics ; science studies ; fiction ; celebrity ; celebrities ; surprise ; comedy ; Joe Rogan ; narrative ; narratives ; myth ; myths ; cognition ; cognitive science ; Judaism ; alien ; aliens ; communication ; information ; intimacy ; semantics ; animal ; animals ; animal communication ; life ; life sciences ; origin of life ; two cultures ; anthropomorphism ; agency ; explanation of religion ; science and religion ; meaning ; systems theory ; animism ; cosmology ; monism ; dualism ; nature ; naturalistic approach ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HR Religion & beliefs::HRA Religion: general::HRAM Religious issues & debates ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTR Cognitive science ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPJ Philosophy: metaphysics & ontology ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAM Religious issues and debates ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTK Cognitive studies ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTJ Philosophy: metaphysics and ontology
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    The Science of Bureaucracy (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: How the US Environmental Protection Agency designed the governance of risk and forged its legitimacy over the course of four decades. The US Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 to protect the public health and environment, administering and enforcing a range of statutes and programs. Over four decades, the EPA has been a risk bureaucracy, formalizing many of the methods of the scientific governance of risk, from quantitative risk assessment to risk ranking. Demortain traces the creation of these methods for the governance of risk, the controversies to which they responded, and the controversies that they aroused in turn. He discusses the professional networks in which they were conceived; how they were used; and how they served to legitimize the EPA. Demortain argues that the EPA is structurally embedded in controversy, resulting in constant reevaluation of its credibility and fueling the evolution of the knowledge and technologies it uses to produce decisions and to create a legitimate image of how and why it acts on the environment. He describes the emergence and institutionalization of the risk assessment–risk management framework codified in the National Research Council's Red Book, and its subsequent unraveling as the agency's mission evolved toward environmental justice, ecological restoration, and sustainability, and as controversies over determining risk gained vigor in the 1990s. Through its rise and fall at the EPA, risk decision-making enshrines the science of a bureaucracy that learns how to make credible decisions and to reform itself, amid constant conflicts about the environment, risk, and its own legitimacy.
    Keywords: risk sciences ; risk management ; dispute ; EPA ; risk paradigm ; ruckelshaus ; OSHA ; toxics ; carcinogens ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDK Science funding and policy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDM Scientific research ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy and protocols ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNQ Nuclear issues
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    The Resistance Dilemma (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: How organized resistance to new fossil fuel infrastructure became a political force and how this might affect the transition to renewable energy. Organized resistance to new fossil fuel infrastructure, particularly conflicts over pipelines, has become a formidable political force in North America. In this book, George Hoberg examines whether such place-based environmental movements are effective ways of promoting climate action, if they might inadvertently feed resistance to the development of renewable energy infrastructure, and what other, more innovative processes of decision-making would encourage the acceptance of clean energy systems. Focusing on a series of conflicts over new oil sands pipelines, Hoberg investigates activists' strategy of blocking fossil fuel infrastructure, often in alliance with Indigenous groups, and examines the political and environmental outcomes of these actions. After discussing the oil sands policy regime and the relevant political institutions in Canada and the United States, Hoberg analyzes in detail four anti-pipeline campaigns, examining the controversies over the Keystone XL, the most well-known of these movements and the first one to use infrastructure resistance as a core strategy; the Northern Gateway pipeline; the Trans Mountain pipeline; and the Energy East pipeline. He then considers the “resistance dilemma”: the potential of place-based activism to threaten the much-needed transition to renewable energy. He examines several episodes of resistance to clean energy infrastructure in eastern Canada and the United States. Finally, Hoberg describes some innovative processes of energy decision-making, including strategic environment assessment, and cumulative impact assessment, looking at cases in British Columbia and Lower Alberta.
    Keywords: Climate change ; keep it in the ground ; activism ; pipelines ; oil sands ; resistance ; renewable energy ; energy politics ; indigenous movements ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy & protocols ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNP Pollution & threats to the environment::RNPG Climate change ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSL Ethnic studies::JFSL9 Indigenous peoples
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    Critical Perspectives on Open Development (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Cross-cutting theoretical frameworks and analyses examine how open innovations in international development can empower poor and marginalized populations. Over the last ten years, “open” innovations—the sharing of information and communications resources without access restrictions or cost—have emerged within international development. But do these innovations empower poor and marginalized populations? This book examines whether, for whom, and under what circumstances the free, networked, public sharing of information and communication resources contribute (or not) toward a process of positive social transformation. The contributors offer cross-cutting theoretical frameworks and empirical analyses that cover a broad range of applications, emphasizing the underlying aspects of open innovations that are shared across contexts and domains. The book first outlines theoretical frameworks that span knowledge stewardship, trust, situated learning, identity, participation, and power decentralization. It then investigates these frameworks across a range of institutional and country contexts, considering each in terms of the key emancipatory principles and structural impediments it seeks to address. Taken together, the chapters offer an empirically tested theoretical direction for the field. Contributors Juan Pablo Alperin, Caitlin M. Bentley, Bidisha Chaudhuri, Nandini Chami, Arul Chib, Purnabha Dasgupta, Andy Dearden, Melissa Densmore, Helani Galpaya, Piyumi Gamage, Anita Gurumurthy, Onkar Hoysala, Linus Kendall, Rich Ling, Goodiel Moshi, Chiranthi Rajapakse, Katherine Reilly, Paul Mungai, Priya Parekh, Chiranthi Rajapakse, Anuradha Rao, Katherine Reilly, David Sadoway, Deo Shao, Parminder Jeet Singh, Matthew L. Smith, Janaki Srinivasan, Bernd Carsten Stahl, Satyarupa Shekhar Swain, John Traxler, Jean-Paul Van Belle, Marion Walton, Yingqin Zheng
    Keywords: Computer programming / software engineering ; Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society
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    Arcade Britannia (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: The story of the British amusement arcade from the 1800s to the present. Amusement arcades are an important part of British culture, yet discussions of them tend to be based on American models. Alan Meades, who spent his childhood happily playing in British seaside arcades, presents the history of the arcade from its origins in traveling fairs of the 1800s to the present. Drawing on firsthand accounts of industry members and archival sources, including rare photographs and trade publications, he tells the story of the first arcades, the people who made the machines, the rise of video games, and the legislative and economic challenges spurred by public fears of moral decline. Arcade Britannia highlights the differences between British and North American arcades, especially in terms of the complex relationship between gambling and amusements. He also underlines Britain's role in introducing coin-operated technologies into Europe, as well as the industry's close links to America and, especially, Japan. He shows how the British arcade is a product of centuries of public play, gambling, entrepreneurship, and mechanization. Examining the arcade's history through technological, social, cultural, biographic, and legislative perspectives, he describes a pendulum shift between control and liberalization, as well as the continued efforts of concerned moralists to limit and regulate public play. Finally, he recounts the impact on the industry of legislative challenges that included vicious taxation, questions of whether copyright law applied to video-game code, and the peculiar moment when every arcade game in Britain was considered a cinema.
    Keywords: Amusement Arcade ; Amusements ; Britain ; British ; Seaside ; Video Game ; Videogame ; Gambling ; Showmen ; Traveling Showmen ; Traveling Fair ; Fairground ; Midway ; Bingo ; Fruit Machine ; Pin Table ; Allwin ; Crompton ; Coin Machine ; Amusement Caterer ; BACTA ; SEGA ; Copyright ; Space Invaders ; Atari ; Pong ; Ping Pong ; Defender ; Bell Fruit ; Alca ; Penny Falls ; Mafia ; Tax ; FOBT ; Gaming ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UD Digital Lifestyle and online world: consumer and user guides::UDX Computer games / online games: strategy guides ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHW Military history::NHWR Specific wars and campaigns::NHWR3 Civil wars ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHW Military history::NHWF Early modern warfare (including gunpowder warfare) ; thema EDItEUR::1 Place qualifiers::1D Europe::1DD Western Europe::1DDU United Kingdom, Great Britain ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3M c 1500 onwards to present day::3MG 17th century, c 1600 to c 1699::3MGQ Later 17th century c 1650 to c 1699::3MGQM-GB-J c 1639 to 1660 (Interregnum and the period of the British Civil Wars) ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBG Popular beliefs and controversial knowledge
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    Linguistics for the Age of AI (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: A human-inspired, linguistically sophisticated model of language understanding for intelligent agent systems. One of the original goals of artificial intelligence research was to endow intelligent agents with human-level natural language capabilities. Recent AI research, however, has focused on applying statistical and machine learning approaches to big data rather than attempting to model what people do and how they do it. In this book, Marjorie McShane and Sergei Nirenburg return to the original goal of recreating human-level intelligence in a machine. They present a human-inspired, linguistically sophisticated model of language understanding for intelligent agent systems that emphasizes meaning—the deep, context-sensitive meaning that a person derives from spoken or written language. With Linguistics for the Age of AI, McShane and Nirenburg offer a roadmap for creating language-endowed intelligent agents (LEIAs) that can understand,explain, and learn. They describe the language-understanding capabilities of LEIAs from the perspectives of cognitive modeling and system building, emphasizing “actionability”—which involves achieving interpretations that are sufficiently deep, precise, and confident to support reasoning about action. After detailing their microtheories for topics such as semantic analysis, basic coreference, and situational reasoning, McShane and Nirenburg turn to agent applications developed using those microtheories and evaluations of a LEIA's language understanding capabilities. McShane and Nirenburg argue that the only way to achieve human-level language understanding by machines is to place linguistics front and center, using statistics and big data as contributing resources. They lay out a long-term research program that addresses linguistics and real-world reasoning together, within a comprehensive cognitive architecture.
    Keywords: natural language understanding ; computational semantics ; computational pragmatics ; computational linguistics ; intelligent agents ; cognitive modelling ; cognitive systems ; AI ; artificial intelligence ; language-endowed intelligent agents ; natural language processing ; NLP ; language-endowed intelligent agent systems ; linguistic and extralinguistic scope ; understanding ; Extracting and representing meaning ; theories ; systems and models ; actionability ; explanation ; Theory and methodology ; knowledge bases ; incrementality ; microtheories ; Pre-semantic analysis ; error recovery ; managing complexity ; Modification ; proposition-level semantic enhancements ; constructions ; indirect speech acts ; non-literal language ; ellipsis ; fragments ; unknown words ; personal pronouns ; broad referring expressions ; definite descriptions ; anaphoric event coreference ; Residual ambiguities ; incongruities ; underspecification ; incorporating ; OntoAgent cognitive architecture ; fractured syntax ; treating underspecified elements ; Integrated NLU applications ; Maryland Virtual Patient ; cognitive robotics ; Model and system evaluation ; component-level evaluation ; holistic evaluation ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFM Lexicography ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTK Cognitive studies
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    Genomic Citizenship (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: An anthropological study based on ethnographic work in Israel and Qatar explores the relationship between science, particularly genetics, and national identity. Based on ethnographic work in Israel and Qatar, two small Middle Eastern ethnonations with significant biomedical resources, Genomic Citizenship explores the relationship between science and identity. Ian McGonigle, originally trained as a biochemist, draws on anthropological theory, STS, intellectual history, critical theory, Middle Eastern studies, cultural studies, and critical legal studies. He connects biomedical research on ethnic populations to the political, economic, legal, and historical context of the state; to global trends in genetic medicine; and to the politics of identity in the context of global biomedical research. Genomic Citizenship is more an anthropology of scientific objects than an anthropology of scientists or an ethnography of the laboratory. McGonigle bases his untraditional project on traditional anthropological methods, including participant observation. Some of the most persuasive data in the book are from public records, legal and historical sources, published scientific papers, institutional reports, websites, and brochures. McGonigle discusses biological understandings of Jewishness, especially in relation to the intellectual history of Zionism and Jewish political thought, and considers the possibility of a novel application of genetics in assigning Israeli citizenship. He also describes developments in genetic medicine in Qatar and analyzes the Qatari Biobank in the context of Qatari nationalism and state-building projects. Considering possible consequences of findings on the diverse origins of the Qatari population for tribal identities, he argues that the nation cannot be defined as either a purely natural or biological entity. Rather, it is reified, reinscribed, and refracted through genomic research and discourse.
    Keywords: Genetics (non-medical) ; Molecular biology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology::TCBG Genetic engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSD Molecular biology
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    Art, Science, and the Politics of Knowledge (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: How the tools of STS can be used to understand art and science and the practices of these knowledge-making communities. In Art, Science, and the Politics of Knowledge, Hannah Star Rogers suggests that art and science are not as different from each other as we might assume. She shows how the tools of science and technology studies (STS) can be applied to artistic practice, offering new ways of thinking about people and objects that have largely fallen outside the scope of STS research. Arguing that the categories of art and science are labels with specific powers to order social worlds—and that art and science are best understood as networks that produce knowledge—Rogers shows, through a series of cases, the similarities and overlapping practices of these knowledge communities. The cases, which range from nineteenth-century artisans to contemporary bioartists, illustrate how art can provide the basis for a new subdiscipline called art, science, and technology studies (ASTS), offering hybrid tools for investigating art–science collaborations. Rogers's subjects include the work of father and son glassblowers, the Blaschkas, whose glass models, produced in the nineteenth century for use in biological classification, are now displayed as works of art; the physics photographs of documentary photographer Berenice Abbott; and a bioart lab that produces work functioning as both artwork and scientific output. Finally, Rogers, an STS scholar and contemporary art–science curator, draws on her own work to consider the concept of curation as a form of critical analysis.
    Keywords: History of science ; History of art ; Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AG The Arts: treatments and subjects::AGA History of art ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3M c 1500 onwards to present day::3MN 19th century, c 1800 to c 1899 ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTK Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge
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    Spontaneous Venturing (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Identifying a new approach to disaster response: spontaneous, compassionate, and impromptu actions to alleviate suffering. In Spontaneous Venturing, Dean Shepherd and Trenton Williams identify and describe a new approach for responding to disaster and suffering: the local organizing of spontaneous, compassionate, and impromptu actions—the rapid emergence of a compassionate venture. This approach, termed by the authors “spontaneous venturing,” can be more effective than the traditional “command-and-control” methods of large disaster relief organizations. It can customize and target resources and deliver them quickly, helping victims almost immediately. For example, during the catastrophic 2009 bushfires in Victoria, Australia—the focal disaster for the book—residents organized an impromptu relief center that collected and distributed urgently needed goods without red tape. Special bonds and friendships formed among the volunteers and victims; some were both volunteer and victim. Many victims were able to mobilize resources despite considerable personal losses. Shepherd and Williams describe the lasting impact of disaster and tell the stories of Victoria residents who organized in the aftermath of the bushfires. They consider the limitations of traditional disaster relief efforts and explain that when victims take action to help others, they develop behavioral, emotional, and assumptive resilience; venturing leads to social interaction, community connections, and other positive outcomes. Finally, they explore spontaneous venturing in a less-developed country, investigating the activities of Haitians after the devastating 2010 earthquake. The lesson for communities hit by disaster: find opportunities for compassionate action.
    Keywords: natural disaster ; disaster recovery ; entrepreneurship ; Black Saturday ; Australia ; fire ; Haiti ; earthquake ; resilience ; bricolage ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare & social services::JKSR Aid & relief programmes ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJH Entrepreneurship
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    Academic Diary (2022)
    The MIT Press | Goldsmiths Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Sharp and witty observations of academic life that range from the local to the global, from PowerPoint to the halls of power. Is a university education still relevant? What are the forces that threaten it? Should academics ever be allowed near Twitter? In Academic Diary, Les Back has chronicled three decades of his academic career, turning his sharp and often satirical eye to the everyday aspects of life on campus and the larger forces that are reshaping it. Presented as a collection of entries from a single academic year, the diary moves from the local to the global, from PowerPoint to the halls of power. With entries like “Ivory Towers” and “The Library Angel,” these smart, humorous, and sometimes absurd campus tales not only demystify the opaque rituals of scholarship but also offer a personal perspective on the far-reaching issues of university life. Commenting on topics that range from the impact of commercialization and fee increases to measurement and auditing research, the diary offers a critical analysis of higher education today. At the same time, it is a passionate argument for the life of the mind, the importance of collaborative thinking, and the reasons that scholarship and writing are still vital for making sense of our troubled and divided world.
    Keywords: Higher and further education, tertiary education ; Educational strategies and policy ; Biography: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMN Universities ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNA Philosophy & theory of education::JNAM Moral & social purpose of education ; bic Book Industry Communication::B Biography & True Stories::BG Biography: general
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    The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Maps capture data expressing the economic complexity of countries from Albania to Zimbabwe, offering current economic measures and as well as a guide to achieving prosperity Why do some countries grow and others do not? The authors of The Atlas of Economic Complexity offer readers an explanation based on "Economic Complexity," a measure of a society's productive knowledge. Prosperous societies are those that have the knowledge to make a larger variety of more complex products.The Atlas of Economic Complexity attempts to measure the amount of productive knowledge countries hold and how they can move to accumulate more of it by making more complex products. Through the graphical representation of the "Product Space," the authors are able to identify each country's "adjacent possible," or potential new products, making it easier to find paths to economic diversification and growth. In addition, they argue that a country's economic complexity and its position in the product space are better predictors of economic growth than many other well-known development indicators, including measures of competitiveness, governance, finance, and schooling. Using innovative visualizations, the book locates each country in the product space, provides complexity and growth potential rankings for 128 countries, and offers individual country pages with detailed information about a country's current capabilities and its diversification options. The maps and visualizations included in the Atlas can be used to find more viable paths to greater productive knowledge and prosperity.
    Keywords: Macroeconomics ; International economics ; Library and information services ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCL International economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general::GPJ Coding theory & cryptology
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    Extracting Accountability (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: How engineers in the mining and oil and gas industries attempt to reconcile competing domains of public accountability. The growing movement toward corporate social responsibility (CSR) urges corporations to promote the well-being of people and the planet rather than the sole pursuit of profit. In Extracting Accountability, Jessica Smith investigates how the public accountability of corporations emerges from the everyday practices of the engineers who work for them. Focusing on engineers who view social responsibility as central to their profession, she finds the corporate context of their work prompts them to attempt to reconcile competing domains of accountability—to formal guidelines, standards, and policies; to professional ideals; to the public; and to themselves. Their efforts are complicated by the distributed agency they experience as corporate actors: they are not always authors of their actions and frequently act through others. Drawing on extensive interviews, archival research, and fieldwork, Smith traces the ways that engineers in the mining and oil and gas industries accounted for their actions to multiple publics—from critics of their industry to their own friends and families. She shows how the social license to operate and an underlying pragmatism lead engineers to ask how resource production can be done responsibly rather than whether it should be done at all. She analyzes the liminality of engineering consultants, who experienced greater professional autonomy but often felt hamstrung when positioned as outsiders. Finally, she explores how critical participation in engineering education can nurture new accountabilities and chart more sustainable resource futures.
    Keywords: Energy technology and engineering ; Energy ; Environmental science, engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THY Energy, power generation, distribution and storage::THYC Energy efficiency ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology::TQD Environmental monitoring
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    Documenting and Assessing Learning in Informal and Media-Rich Environments (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: An extensive review of the literature on learning assessment in informal settings, expert discussion of key issues, and a new model for good assessment practice. Today educational activities take place not only in school but also in after-school programs, community centers, museums, and online communities and forums. The success and expansion of these out-of-school initiatives depends on our ability to document and assess what works and what doesn't in informal learning, but learning outcomes in these settings are often unpredictable. Goals are open-ended; participation is voluntary; and relationships, means, and ends are complex. This report charts the state of the art for learning assessment in informal settings, offering an extensive review of the literature, expert discussion on key topics, a suggested model for comprehensive assessment, and recommendations for good assessment practices. Drawing on analysis of the literature and expert opinion, the proposed model, the Outcomes-by-Levels Model for Documentation and Assessment, identifies at least ten types of valued outcomes, to be assessed in terms of learning at the project, group, and individual levels. The cases described in the literature under review, which range from promoting girls' identification with STEM practices to providing online resources for learning programming and networking, illustrate the usefulness of the assessment model.
    Keywords: Educational strategies and policy ; Education: examinations and assessment ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNK Organization & management of education::JNKD Examinations & assessment
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    Learning at Not-School (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: A review of research on “not-school” learning that investigates what is distinctive in the quality of learning in these settings. Schools do not define education, and they are not the only institutions in which learning takes place. After-school programs, music lessons, Scouts, summer camps, on-the-job training, and home activities all offer out-of-school educational experiences. In Learning at Not-School, Julian Sefton-Green explores studies and scholarly research on out-of-school learning, investigating just what it is that is distinctive about the quality of learning in these “not-school” settings. Sefton-Green focuses on those organizations and institutions that have developed parallel to public schooling and have emerged as complements, supplements, or attempts to remediate the alleged failures of schools. He reviews salient principles, landmark studies, and theoretical approaches to learning in not-school environments, reporting on the latest scholarship in the field. He examines studies of creative media production and considers ideas of “learning-to learn”-that relate to analyses of language and technology. And he considers other forms of in-formal learning—in the home and in leisure activities—in terms of not-school experiences. Where possible, he compares the findings of US-based studies with those of non-US-based studies, highlighting core conceptual issues and identifying what we often take for granted. Many not-school organizations and institutions set out to be different from schools, embodying different conceptions of community and educational values. Sefton-Green's careful consideration of these learning environments in pedagogical terms offers a crucial way to understand how they work.
    Keywords: Philosophy and theory of education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNA Philosophy & theory of education
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    The Political Lives of Information (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: How the definition, production, and leveraging of information are shaped by caste, class, and gender, and the implications for development. Information, says Janaki Srinivasan, has fundamentally reshaped development discourse and practice. In this study, she examines the history of the idea of “information” and its political implications for poverty alleviation. She presents three cases in India—the circulation of price information in a fish market in Kerala, government information in information kiosks operated by a nonprofit in Puducherry, and a political campaign demanding a right to information in Rajasthan—to explore three uses of information to support goals of social change. Countering claims that information is naturally and universally empowering, Srinivasan shows how the definition, production, and leveraging of information are shaped by caste, class, and gender. Srinivasan draws on archival and ethnographic research to challenge the idea of information as objective and factual. Using the concept of an “information order,” she examines how the meaning and value of information reflect the social relations in which it is embedded. She asks why casting information as a tool of development and solution to poverty appeals to actors across the political spectrum. She also shows how the power to label some things information and others not is at least as significant as the capacity to subsequently produce, access, and leverage information. The more faith we place in what information can do, she cautions, the less attention we pay to its political lives and to the role of specific social structures, individual agency, and material form in the defining, production, and use of that information.
    Keywords: Politics of information ; Right to Information RTI campaign ; price information ; informational determinism ; information orders ; information kiosks ; India ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBJ Regional & national history::HBJF Asian history ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies
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    Wandering Games (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: An analysis of wandering within different game worlds, viewed through the lenses of work, colonialism, gender, and death. Wandering in games can be a theme, a formal mode, an aesthetic metaphor, or a player action. It can mean walking, escaping, traversing, meandering, or returning. In this book, game studies scholar Melissa Kagen introduces the concept of “wandering games,” exploring the uses of wandering in a variety of game worlds. She shows how the much-derided Walking Simulator—a term that began as an insult, a denigration of games that are less violent, less task-oriented, or less difficult to complete—semi-accidentally tapped into something brilliant: the vast heritage and intellectual history of the concept of walking in fiction, philosophy, pilgrimage, performance, and protest. Kagen examines wandering in a series of games that vary widely in terms of genre, mechanics, themes, player base, studio size, and funding, giving close readings to Return of the Obra Dinn, Eastshade, Ritual of the Moon, 80 Days, Heaven's Vault, Death Stranding, and The Last of Us Part II. Exploring the connotations of wandering within these different game worlds, she considers how ideologies of work, gender, colonialism, and death inflect the ways we wander through digital spaces. Overlapping and intersecting, each provides a multifaceted lens through which to understand what wandering does, lacks, implies, and offers. Kagen's account will attune game designers, players, and scholars to the myriad possibilities of the wandering ludic body.
    Keywords: walking simulator ; performance ; indie ; pilgrimage ; colonialism ; death ; gender ; work ; late capitalism ; interdisciplinary ; Return of the Obra Dinn ; Eastshade ; Ritual of the Moon ; 80 Days ; Heaven's Vault ; Death Stranding ; The Last of Us Part ; The Last of Us Part II ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UD Digital Lifestyle and online world: consumer and user guides::UDX Computer games / online games: strategy guides ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYV Virtual reality ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBG Popular beliefs and controversial knowledge
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    Design Justice (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: An exploration of how design might be led by marginalized communities, dismantle structural inequality, and advance collective liberation and ecological survival. What is the relationship between design, power, and social justice? “Design justice” is an approach to design that is led by marginalized communities and that aims explicitly to challenge, rather than reproduce, structural inequalities. It has emerged from a growing community of designers in various fields who work closely with social movements and community-based organizations around the world. This book explores the theory and practice of design justice, demonstrates how universalist design principles and practices erase certain groups of people—specifically, those who are intersectionally disadvantaged or multiply burdened under the matrix of domination (white supremacist heteropatriarchy, ableism, capitalism, and settler colonialism)—and invites readers to “build a better world, a world where many worlds fit; linked worlds of collective liberation and ecological sustainability.” Along the way, the book documents a multitude of real-world community-led design practices, each grounded in a particular social movement. Design Justice goes beyond recent calls for design for good, user-centered design, and employment diversity in the technology and design professions; it connects design to larger struggles for collective liberation and ecological survival.
    Keywords: Industrial / commercial art and design ; Impact of science and technology on society ; Central / national / federal government policies ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AK Design, Industrial and commercial arts, illustration::AKB Individual designers or design groups ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDK Science funding and policy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDM Scientific research
    Language: English
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    Global Meat (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: The growth of the global meat industry and the implications for climate change, food insecurity, workers' rights, the treatment of animals, and other issues. Global meat production and consumption have risen sharply and steadily over the past five decades, with per capita meat consumption almost doubling since 1960. The expanding global meat industry, meanwhile, driven by new trade policies and fueled by government subsidies, is dominated by just a few corporate giants. Industrial farming—the intensive production of animals and fish—has spread across the globe. Millions of acres of land are now used for pastures, feed crops, and animal waste reservoirs. Drawing on concrete examples, the contributors to Global Meat explore the implications of the rise of a global meat industry for a range of social and environmental issues, including climate change, clean water supplies, hunger, workers' rights, and the treatment of animals. Three themes emerge from their discussions: the role of government and corporations in shaping the structure of the global meat industry; the paradox of simultaneous rising meat production and greater food insecurity; and the industry's contribution to social and environmental injustice. Contributors address such specific topics as the dramatic increase in pork production and consumption in China; land management by small-scale cattle farmers in the Amazon; the effect on the climate of rising greenhouse gas emissions from cattle raised for meat; and the tensions between economic development and animal welfare. Contributors Conner Bailey, Robert M. Chiles, Celize Christy, Riva C. H. Denny, Carrie Freshour, Philip H. Howard, Elizabeth Ransom, Tom Rudel, Mindi Schneider, Nhuong Tran, Bill Winders
    Keywords: Globalization ; meat industry ; aquaculture ; corporations ; poultry ; pork ; chicken ; beef ; fish ; CAFOs ; animal welfare ; environment ; labor ; China ; Rwanda ; Ecuador ; United States ; climate change ; solutions ; consumption ; meat processing ; subsidies ; agricultural subsidies ; seafood ; fisheries ; livestock ; industrial livestock ; agribusiness ; immigration ; race ; deportation ; USDA ; emissions ; nutrition ; animal rights ; nutrition transition ; dietary transition ; sustainability ; sustainable development ; vegetarianism ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy & protocols ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNP Pollution & threats to the environment
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    In the Wake of the Crisis (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Prominent economists reconsider the fundamentals of economic policy for a post-crisis world. In 2011, the International Monetary Fund invited prominent economists and economic policymakers to consider the brave new world of the post-crisis global economy. The result is a book that captures the state of macroeconomic thinking at a transformational moment. The crisis and the weak recovery that has followed raise fundamental questions concerning macroeconomics and economic policy. These top economists discuss future directions for monetary policy, fiscal policy, financial regulation, capital-account management, growth strategies, the international monetary system, and the economic models that should underpin thinking about critical policy choices. Contributors Olivier Blanchard, Ricardo Caballero, Charles Collyns, Arminio Fraga, Már Guðmundsson, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Otmar Issing, Olivier Jeanne, Rakesh Mohan, Maurice Obstfeld, José Antonio Ocampo, Guillermo Ortiz, Y. V. Reddy, Dani Rodrik, David Romer, Paul Romer, Andrew Sheng, Hyun Song Shin, Parthasarathi Shome, Robert Solow, Michael Spence, Joseph Stiglitz, Adair Turner
    Keywords: Macroeconomics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics
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    Invisible Engines (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Harnessing the power of software platforms: what executives and entrepreneurs must know about how to use this technology to transform industries and how to develop the strategies that will create value and drive profits. Software platforms are the invisible engines that have created, touched, or transformed nearly every major industry for the past quarter century. They power everything from mobile phones and automobile navigation systems to search engines and web portals. They have been the source of enormous value to consumers and helped some entrepreneurs build great fortunes. And they are likely to drive change that will dwarf the business and technology revolution we have seen to this point. Invisible Engines examines the business dynamics and strategies used by firms that recognize the transformative power unleashed by this new revolution—a revolution that will change both new and old industries. The authors argue that in order to understand the successes of software platforms, we must first understand their role as a technological meeting ground where application developers and end users converge. Apple, Microsoft, and Google, for example, charge developers little or nothing for using their platforms and make most of their money from end users; Sony PlayStation and other game consoles, by contrast, subsidize users and make more money from developers, who pay royalties for access to the code they need to write games. More applications attract more users, and more users attract more applications. And more applications and more users lead to more profits. Invisible Engines explores this story through the lens of the companies that have mastered this platform-balancing act. It offers detailed studies of the personal computer, video game console, personal digital assistant, smart mobile phone, and digital media software platform industries, focusing on the business decisions made by industry players to drive profits and stay a step ahead of the competition. Shorter discussions of Internet-based software platforms provide an important glimpse into a future in which the way we buy, pay, watch, listen, learn, and communicate will change forever. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license.
    Keywords: Knowledge management ; Information technology: general topics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV3 Knowledge management ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UB Information technology: general issues
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    Four Shades of Gray (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: This first book-length analysis of Amazon's Kindle explores the platform's technological, bibliographical, and social impact on publishing. Four Shades of Gray offers the first book-length analysis of Amazon's Kindle and its impact on publishing. Simon Peter Rowberry recounts how Amazon built the infrastructure for a new generation of digital publications, then considers the consequences of having a single company control the direction of the publishing industry. Exploring the platform from the perspectives of technology, texts, and uses, he shows how the Kindle challenges traditional notions of platforms as discrete entities. He argues that Amazon's influence extends beyond “disruptive technology” to embed itself in all aspects of the publishing trade; yet despite industry pushback, he says, the Kindle has had a positive influence on publishing. Rowberry documents the first decade of the Kindle with case studies of Kindle Popular Highlights, an account of the digitization of books published after 1922, and a discussion of how Amazon's patent filings reflect a shift in priorities. Rowberry argues that while it was initially convenient for the book trade to outsource ebook development to Amazon, doing so has had adverse consequences for publishers in the mid- and long term, limiting opportunities for developing an inclusive and forward-thinking digital platform. While it has forced publishers to embrace digital forms, the Kindle has also empowered some previously marginalized readerships. Although it is still too early to judge the long-term impact of ebooks compared with that of the older technologies of clay tablets, the printing press, and offset printing, the shockwaves of the Kindle continue to shape publishing.
    Keywords: Kindle ; Ebook History ; Ebooks ; E-books ; Amazon ; Amazon.com ; Digital Publishing ; Digital Reading ; Platform Studies ; Book History ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies::JFDV Advertising & society ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNT Media, information & communication industries::KNTP Publishing industry & book trade ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJZ History of specific companies / corporate history
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    Peer Participation and Software (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: An examination of Mozilla's unique approach to software development considers how this model of participation might be applied to political and civic engagement. Firefox, a free Web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation, is used by an estimated 270 million people worldwide. To maintain and improve the Firefox browser, Mozilla depends not only on its team of professional programmers and managers but also on a network of volunteer technologists and enthusiasts—free/libre and open source software (FLOSS) developers—who contribute their expertise. This kind of peer production is unique, not only for its vast scale but also for its combination of structured, hierarchical management with open, collaborative volunteer participation. In this MacArthur Foundation Report, David Booth examines the Mozilla Foundation's success at organizing large-scale participation in the development of its software and considers whether Mozilla's approach can be transferred to government and civil society. Booth finds parallels between Mozilla's collaboration with Firefox users and the Obama administration's philosophy of participatory governance (which itself amplifies the much older Jeffersonian ideal of democratic participation). Mozilla's success at engendering part-time, volunteer participation that produces real marketplace innovation suggests strategies for organizing civic participation in communities and government. Mozilla's model could not only show us how to encourage the technical community to participate in civic life but also teach us something about how to create successful political democracy.
    Keywords: Computing and IT: consumer and user guides ; Internet searching ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UD Digital Lifestyle and online world: consumer and user guides::UDB Internet guides and online services ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UD Digital Lifestyle and online world: consumer and user guides::UDB Internet guides and online services::UDBD Internet searching
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    Public Access ICT across Cultures (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: A systematic assessment of the impact of public access to computers and the Internet, with findings from developing countries in South America, Asia, and Africa. Shared public access to computers and the Internet in developing countries is often hailed as an effective, low-cost way to share the benefits of digital technology. Yet research on the economic and social effects of public access to computers is lacking. This volume offers the first systematic assessment of the impact of shared public access in the developing world, with findings from ten countries in South America, Asia, and Africa. It provides evidence that the benefits of diversified participation in digital society go beyond providing access to technology. Public access venues—most often Internet cafés in cities and state-run telecenters in rural areas—are places for learning, sharing, working, empowerment and finding opportunities. The book documents the impact of public access on individuals, on society and networks, and on women. Chapters report findings and examine policy implications of research on such topics as users' perceptions of the benefits of Internet café use in Jordan; ICT job training in Rwanda; understanding user motivations and risk factors for overuse and Internet addiction in China; the effect of technology use on social inclusion among low-income urban youth in Argentina; productive uses of technologies by grassroots organizations in Peru; use of technology by migrant ethnic minority Burmese women in Thailand to maintain ties with their culture and their family and friends; and women's limited access to the most ubiquitous type of venue, cybercafés, in practically all countries studied—and quite severely in some places, e.g. Uttar Pradesh, India. Contributing Editors Erwin A. Alampay, Roxana Barrantes Cáceres, Hernan Galperin, Abiodun Jagun, George Sciadas, Ramata Molo Thioune, Kentaro Toyama Chapter authors Ali Farhan AbuSeileek, Carolina Aguerre, Oluwasefunmi 'Tale Arogundade, Nor Aziah Alias, Sebastián Benítez Larghi, Jorge Bossio, Juan Fernando Bossio, Marina Laura Calamari, Nikos Dacanay, Jean Damascène Mazimpaka, Laurent Aristide Eyinga Eyinga, Mary Luz Feranil, Ariel Fontecoba, Omar Fraihat, Martin S. Hagger, Jianbin Hao, Sulaiman Hashim, Izaham Shah Ismail, Haziah Jamaludin, Xuemei Jiang, Laura León, Guoxin Li, Balwant Singh Mehta, Nidhi Mehta, Marina Moguillansky, Marhaini Mohd Noor, Avis Momeni, Théodomir Mugiraneza, Jimena Orchuela, Patricia Peña Miranda, Alejandra Phillippi, Jimena Ponce de León, Ghaleb Rabab'ah, Saif Addeen AlRababah, Wei Shang, Ryan V. Silverio, Sylvie Siyam Siwe, Efenita M. Taqueban, Olga Balbine Tsafack Nguekeng, Xiaoguang Yang
    Keywords: Central / national / federal government policies ; Internet: general works ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBW Internet: general works
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    Sharenthood (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: From baby pictures in the cloud to a high school's digital surveillance system: how adults unwittingly compromise children's privacy online. Our children's first digital footprints are made before they can walk—even before they are born—as parents use fertility apps to aid conception, post ultrasound images, and share their baby's hospital mug shot. Then, in rapid succession come terabytes of baby pictures stored in the cloud, digital baby monitors with built-in artificial intelligence, and real-time updates from daycare. When school starts, there are cafeteria cards that catalog food purchases, bus passes that track when kids are on and off the bus, electronic health records in the nurse's office, and a school surveillance system that has eyes everywhere. Unwittingly, parents, teachers, and other trusted adults are compiling digital dossiers for children that could be available to everyone—friends, employers, law enforcement—forever. In this incisive book, Leah Plunkett examines the implications of “sharenthood”—adults' excessive digital sharing of children's data. She outlines the mistakes adults make with kids' private information, the risks that result, and the legal system that enables “sharenting.” Plunkett describes various modes of sharenting—including “commercial sharenting,” efforts by parents to use their families' private experiences to make money—and unpacks the faulty assumptions made by our legal system about children, parents, and privacy. She proposes a “thought compass” to guide adults in their decision making about children's digital data: play, forget, connect, and respect. Enshrining every false step and bad choice, Plunkett argues, can rob children of their chance to explore and learn lessons. The Internet needs to forget. We need to remember.
    Keywords: parenting ; Facebook ; privacy ; YouTube ; thema EDItEUR::V Health, Relationships and Personal development::VF Family and health::VFX Parenting: advice and issues ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBS Social groups, communities and identities::JBSP Age groups and generations::JBSP1 Age groups: children ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBJ Digital and information technologies: social and ethical aspects
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    Free Innovation (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: A leading innovation scholar explains the growing phenomenon and impact of free innovation, in which innovations developed by consumers and given away “for free.” In this book, Eric von Hippel, author of the influential Democratizing Innovation, integrates new theory and research findings into the framework of a “free innovation paradigm.” Free innovation, as he defines it, involves innovations developed by consumers who are self-rewarded for their efforts, and who give their designs away “for free.” It is an inherently simple grassroots innovation process, unencumbered by compensated transactions and intellectual property rights. Free innovation is already widespread in national economies and is steadily increasing in both scale and scope. Today, tens of millions of consumers are collectively spending tens of billions of dollars annually on innovation development. However, because free innovations are developed during consumers' unpaid, discretionary time and are given away rather than sold, their collective impact and value have until very recently been hidden from view. This has caused researchers, governments, and firms to focus too much on the Schumpeterian idea of innovation as a producer-dominated activity. Free innovation has both advantages and drawbacks. Because free innovators are self-rewarded by such factors as personal utility, learning, and fun, they often pioneer new areas before producers see commercial potential. At the same time, because they give away their innovations, free innovators generally have very little incentive to invest in diffusing what they create, which reduces the social value of their efforts. The best solution, von Hippel and his colleagues argue, is a division of labor between free innovators and producers, enabling each to do what they do best. The result will be both increased producer profits and increased social welfare—a gain for all.
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship ; Inventions and inventors ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJH Entrepreneurship / Start-ups ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBY Inventions and inventors
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    Global Fintech (2022)
    The MIT Press | MIT Connection Science & Engineering
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: How the global financial services sector has been transformed by artificial intelligence, data science, and blockchain. Artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and other new technologies have upended the global financial services sector, creating opportunities for entrepreneurs and corporate innovators. Venture capitalists have helped to fund this disruption, pouring nearly $500 billion into fintech over the last five years. This book offers global perspectives on technology-fueled transformations in financial services, with contributions from a wide-ranging group of academics, industry professionals, former government officials, and current government advisors. They examine not only the struggles of rich countries to bring the old analog world into the new digital one but also the opportunities for developing countries to “leapfrog” directly into digital. The book offers accessible explanations of blockchain and distributed ledger technology and explores big data analytics. It considers, among other things, open banking, platform-based strategies for banks, and digital financial services. Case studies imagine possible future fintech-government interaction, emphasizing that legal and regulatory frameworks can help to create trust in financial processes. The contributors offer novel takes and unexpected insights that will be of interest to fintech experts and nonexperts alike. Contributors Ajay Bhalla, Michelle Chivunga, John D'Agostino, Mark Flood, Amias Moore Gerety, Oliver R. Goodenough, Thomas Hardjono, Sharmila Kassam, Boris Khentov, Alexander Lipton, Lev Menand, Pinar Ozcan, Alex Pentland, Matthew Reed, David L. Shrier, Markos Zachariadis
    Keywords: Finance ; E-commerce: business aspects ; Artificial intelligence ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance::KFFL Credit & credit institutions ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJE E-commerce: business aspects ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning
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    Active Inference (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The first comprehensive treatment of active inference, an integrative perspective on brain, cognition, and behavior used across multiple disciplines. Active inference is a way of understanding sentient behavior—a theory that characterizes perception, planning, and action in terms of probabilistic inference. Developed by theoretical neuroscientist Karl Friston over years of groundbreaking research, active inference provides an integrated perspective on brain, cognition, and behavior that is increasingly used across multiple disciplines including neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy. Active inference puts the action into perception. This book offers the first comprehensive treatment of active inference, covering theory, applications, and cognitive domains. Active inference is a “first principles” approach to understanding behavior and the brain, framed in terms of a single imperative to minimize free energy. The book emphasizes the implications of the free energy principle for understanding how the brain works. It first introduces active inference both conceptually and formally, contextualizing it within current theories of cognition. It then provides specific examples of computational models that use active inference to explain such cognitive phenomena as perception, attention, memory, and planning.
    Keywords: Active Inference ; free energy ; predictive coding ; Bayesian inference ; predictive processing ; planning as inference ; active sensing ; hypothesis testing ; behavior ; theoretical neurobiology ; brain ; computational neuroscience ; perception ; planning ; action ; control. ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTM Philosophy of mind
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    We Used to Wait (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: An investigation of music videos as a form, a practice, and a literacy. Music videos were once something broadcast by MTV and received on our TV screens. Today, music videos are searched for, downloaded, and viewed on our computer screens—or produced in our living rooms and uploaded to social media. In We Used to Wait, Rebecca Kinskey examines this shift. She investigates music video as a form, originally a product created by professionals to be consumed by nonprofessionals; as a practice, increasingly taken up by amateurs; and as a literacy, to be experimented with and mastered. Kinskey offers a short history of the music video as a communicative, cultural form, describing the rise and fall of MTV's Total Request Live and the music video's resurgence on YouTube. She examines recent shifts in viewing and production practice, tracing the trajectory of music video director Hiro Murai from film student and dedicated amateur in the 1990s to music video professional in the 2000s. Investigating music video as a literacy, she looks at OMG! Cameras Everywhere, a nonprofit filmmaking summer camp run by a group of young music video directors. The OMG! campers and counselors provide a case study in how cultural producers across several generations have blurred the line between professional and amateur. Their everyday practices remake the notion of literacy, not only by their collaborative and often informal efforts to impart and achieve literacy but also by expanding the definition of what is considered a valuable activity, worthy of dedicated, pleasurable pursuit.
    Keywords: Media studies ; Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies::JFDV Advertising & society ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)
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    Digital Entrepreneurship in Africa (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: The hope and hype about African digital entrepreneurship, contrasted with the reality on the ground in local ecosystems. In recent years, Africa has seen a digital entrepreneurship boom, with hundreds of millions of dollars poured into tech cities, entrepreneurship trainings, coworking spaces, innovation prizes, and investment funds. Politicians and technologists have offered Silicon Valley–influenced narratives of boundless opportunity and exponential growth, in which internet-enabled entrepreneurship allows Africa to “leapfrog” developmental stages to take a leading role in the digital revolution. This book contrasts these aspirations with empirical research about what is actually happening on the ground. The authors find that although the digital revolution has empowered local entrepreneurs, it does not untether local economies from the continent's structural legacies. Drawing on a five-year research project, the authors show how entrepreneurs creatively and productively adapt digital technologies to local markets rather than dreaming of global dominance, achieving sustainable businesses by scaling based on relationships and customizing digital platform business models for African infrastructure challenges. The authors examine African entrepreneurial ecosystems; show that African digital entrepreneurs have begun to form a new professional class, becoming part of a relatively exclusive cultural and economic elite; and discuss the impact of Silicon Valley's mythologies and expectations. Finally, they consider the implications of their findings and offer recommendations to policymakers and others.
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship ; African history ; Web-marketing ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJH Entrepreneurship ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBJ Regional & national history::HBJH African history
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    Seed Activism (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: How lawsuits around intellectual property in Brazil and India are impacting the patentability of plants and seeds, farmers' rights, and the public interest. Over the past decade, legal challenges have arisen in the Global South over patents on genetically modified crops. In this ethnographic study, Karine E. Peschard explores the effects of these disputes on people's lives, while uncovering the role of power—material, institutional, and discursive—in shaping laws and legal systems. The expansion of corporate intellectual property (IP), she shows, negatively impacts farmers' rights and, by extension, the right to food, since small farms produce the bulk of food for domestic consumption. Peschard sees emerging a new legal common sense concerning the patentability of plant-related inventions, as well as a balance among IP, farmers' rights, and the public interest. Peschard examines the strengthening of IP regimes for plant varieties, the consolidation of the global biotech industry, the erosion of agrobiodiversity, and farmers' dispossession. She shows how litigants question the legality of patents and private IP systems implemented by Monsanto for royalties on three genetically modified crop varieties, Roundup Ready soybean in Brazil and Bt cotton and Bt eggplant in India. Peschard argues that these private IP systems have rendered moot domestic legislation on plant variety protection and farmers' rights. This unprecedented level of corporate concentration in such a vital sector raises concerns over the erosion of agricultural biodiversity, farmers' rights and livelihoods, food security, and, ultimately, the merits of extending IP rights to higher life forms such as plants.
    Keywords: Intellectual property ; agricultural biotechnology ; GMOs ; seeds ; farmers' rights ; legal activism ; food sovereignty ; Brazil ; India ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management::RNFF Food security & supply ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNR Intellectual property law::LNRD Patents law
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    Language in Our Brain (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: A comprehensive account of the neurobiological basis of language, arguing that species-specific brain differences may be at the root of the human capacity for language. Language makes us human. It is an intrinsic part of us, although we seldom think about it. Language is also an extremely complex entity with subcomponents responsible for its phonological, syntactic, and semantic aspects. In this landmark work, Angela Friederici offers a comprehensive account of these subcomponents and how they are integrated. Tracing the neurobiological basis of language across brain regions in humans and other primate species, she argues that species-specific brain differences may be at the root of the human capacity for language. Friederici shows which brain regions support the different language processes and, more important, how these brain regions are connected structurally and functionally to make language processes that take place in milliseconds possible. She finds that one particular brain structure (a white matter dorsal tract), connecting syntax-relevant brain regions, is present only in the mature human brain and only weakly present in other primate brains. Is this the “missing link” that explains humans' capacity for language? Friederici describes the basic language functions and their brain basis; the language networks connecting different language-related brain regions; the brain basis of language acquisition during early childhood and when learning a second language, proposing a neurocognitive model of the ontogeny of language; and the evolution of language and underlying neural constraints. She finds that it is the information exchange between the relevant brain regions, supported by the white matter tract, that is the crucial factor in both language development and evolution.
    Keywords: syntax ; development ; neurocognition ; brain function ; structure ; cognitive neuroscience ; comprehension ; linguistics ; biology ; science ; psychology ; human ; neurobiology ; neurobiological ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFM Lexicography ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JM Psychology::JMT Psychology: states of consciousness
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    The Politics of Rights of Nature (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: How Rights of Nature laws are transforming governance to address environmental crises through more ecologically sustainable approaches to development. With the window of opportunity to take meaningful action on climate change and mass extinction closing, a growing number of communities, organizations, and governments around the world are calling for Rights of Nature (RoN) to be legally recognized. RoN advocates are creating new laws that recognize natural ecosystems as subjects with inherent rights, and appealing to courts to protect those rights. Going beyond theory and philosophy, in this book Craig Kauffman and Pamela Martin analyze the politics behind the creation and implementation of these laws, as well as the effects of the laws on the politics of sustainable development. Kauffman and Martin tell how community activists, lawyers, judges, scientists, government leaders, and ordinary citizens have formed a global movement to advance RoN as a solution to the environmental crises facing the planet. They compare successful and failed attempts to implement RoN at various levels of government in six countries—Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, India, New Zealand, and the United States—asking why these laws emerged and proliferated in the mid-2000s, why they construct RoN differently, and why some efforts at implementation are more successful than others. As they analyze efforts to use RoN as a tool for constructing more ecocentric sustainable development, capable of achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development goal of living “in harmony with Nature,” Kauffman and Martin show how RoN jurisprudence evolves through experimentation and reshapes the debates surrounding sustainable development.
    Keywords: Environmental policy and protocols ; Development economics and emerging economies ; Environment law ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy & protocols ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNK Environment, transport & planning law::LNKJ Environment law
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    Holographic Quantum Matter (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: A comprehensive overview of holographic methods in quantum matter, written by pioneers in the field. This book, written by pioneers in the field, offers a comprehensive overview of holographic methods in quantum matter. It covers influential developments in theoretical physics, making the key concepts accessible to researchers and students in both high energy and condensed matter physics. The book provides a unique combination of theoretical and historical context, technical results, extensive references to the literature, and exercises. It will give readers the ability to understand the important problems in the field, both those that have been solved and those that remain unsolved, and will enable them to engage directly with the current literature. The book describes a particular interface between condensed matter physics, gravitational physics, and string and quantum field theory made possible by holographic duality. The chapters cover such topics as the essential workings of the holographic correspondence; strongly interacting quantum matter at a fixed commensurate density; compressible quantum matter with a variable density; transport in quantum matter; the holographic description of symmetry broken phases; and the relevance of the topics covered to experimental challenges in specific quantum materials. Holographic Quantum Matter promises to be the definitive presentation of this material.
    Keywords: quantum matter ; holographic ; condensed matter ; condensed matter physics ; quantum ; quantum field theory ; holographic duality ; duality ; black hole ; superconductors ; theoretical physics ; quantum gravity ; holographic principle ; gauge theory ; string theory ; cosmology ; adSCFT correspondence ; anti-de Sitterconformal field theory correspondence ; Maldacena duality ; gaugegravity duality ; holographic correspondence ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics::PHVS Cryogenics
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    The Art of Insight in Science and Engineering (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Tools to make hard problems easier to solve. In this book, Sanjoy Mahajan shows us that the way to master complexity is through insight rather than precision. Precision can overwhelm us with information, whereas insight connects seemingly disparate pieces of information into a simple picture. Unlike computers, humans depend on insight. Based on the author's fifteen years of teaching at MIT, Cambridge University, and Olin College, The Art of Insight in Science and Engineering shows us how to build insight and find understanding, giving readers tools to help them solve any problem in science and engineering. To master complexity, we can organize it or discard it. The Art of Insight in Science and Engineering first teaches the tools for organizing complexity, then distinguishes the two paths for discarding complexity: with and without loss of information. Questions and problems throughout the text help readers master and apply these groups of tools. Armed with this three-part toolchest, and without complicated mathematics, readers can estimate the flight range of birds and planes and the strength of chemical bonds, understand the physics of pianos and xylophones, and explain why skies are blue and sunsets are red. The Art of Insight in Science and Engineering will appear in print and online under a Creative Commons Noncommercial Share Alike license.
    Keywords: Industrial applications of scientific research and technological innovation ; Engineering: general ; Applied mathematics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDG Industrial applications of scientific research and technological innovation ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBJ Maths for engineers ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBR Intermediate technology
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    From Big Oil to Big Green (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: How Big Oil can transform itself into Big Green through reparation and decarbonization to rectify the harm it has done through fossil fuels. In From Big Oil to Big Green, Marco Grasso examines the responsibility of the oil and gas industry for the climate crisis and develops a moral framework that lays out its duties of reparation and decarbonization to allay the harm it has done. By framing climate change as a moral issue and outlining the industry's obligation to tackle it, Grasso shows that Big Oil is a central, yet overlooked, agent of climate ethics and policy. Grasso argues that by indiscriminately flooding the global economy with fossil fuels—while convincing the public that halting climate change is a matter of consumer choice, that fossil fuels are synonymous with energy, and that a decarbonized world would take civilization back to the Stone Age—Big Oil is morally responsible for the climate crisis. He explains that it has managed to avoid being held financially accountable for past harm and that its duty of reparation has never been theoretically developed or justified. With this book, he fills those gaps. After making the moral case for climate reparations and their implementation, Grasso develops Big Oil's duty of decarbonization, which entails its transformation into Big Green by phasing out carbon emissions from its processes and, especially, its products.
    Keywords: Environmental policy and protocols ; Pollution control ; Fossil fuel technologies ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy and protocols ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology::TQK Pollution control ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THF Fossil fuel technologies::THFP Petroleum technology
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    Human Rights in the Age of Platforms (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Scholars from across law and internet and media studies examine the human rights implications of today's platform society. Today such companies as Apple, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and Twitter play an increasingly important role in how users form and express opinions, encounter information, debate, disagree, mobilize, and maintain their privacy. What are the human rights implications of an online domain managed by privately owned platforms? According to the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, adopted by the UN Human Right Council in 2011, businesses have a responsibility to respect human rights and to carry out human rights due diligence. But this goal is dependent on the willingness of states to encode such norms into business regulations and of companies to comply. In this volume, contributors from across law and internet and media studies examine the state of human rights in today's platform society. The contributors consider the “datafication” of society, including the economic model of data extraction and the conceptualization of privacy. They examine online advertising, content moderation, corporate storytelling around human rights, and other platform practices. Finally, they discuss the relationship between human rights law and private actors, addressing such issues as private companies' human rights responsibilities and content regulation. Contributors Anja Bechmann, Fernando Bermejo, Agnès Callamard, Mikkel Flyverbom, Rikke Frank Jørgensen, Molly K. Land, Tarlach McGonagle, Jens-Erik Mai, Joris van Hoboken, Glen Whelan, Jillian C. York, Shoshana Zuboff, Ethan Zuckerman Open access edition published with generous support from Knowledge Unlatched and the Danish Council for Independent Research.
    Keywords: Media studies ; Human rights, civil rights ; IT and Communications law / Postal laws and regulations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies::JFDV Advertising & society ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPV Political control & freedoms::JPVR Political oppression & persecution ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UB Information technology: general issues::UBL Legal aspects of IT
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    The Future of the Curriculum (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: An examination of curriculum innovations that are shaped by new ideas about digital media and learning. Although ideas about digital media and learning have become an important area for educational research, little attention has been given to the practical and conceptual implications for the school curriculum. In this book, Ben Williamson examines a series of contemporary curriculum innovations in the United States, Great Britain, and Australia that reflect the social and technological changes of the digital age. Arguing that the curriculum is always both forward- and rearward-looking, Williamson considers how each of these innovations represents a certain way of understanding the past while also promoting a particular vision of the future. The curriculum initiatives are all examples of what Williamson calls “centrifugal schooling,” expressing a vision of education and learning that is decentered, distributed, and dispersed, emphasizing networks and connections. In centrifugal schooling, a curriculum is actively assembled and improvised from a heterogeneous mix of people, groups, coalitions, and institutional structures. Participants in curriculum design and planning include local governments, corporations, foundations, charities, and nongovernmental organizations. Among the curriculum innovations Williamson examines are High Tech High, a charter school network in San Diego that integrates technical and academic education; Opening Minds, a “competence-based” curriculum used in 200 British secondary schools; and Quest to Learn, a “school for digital kids” in New York City (with a sister school in Chicago). He also describes two major partnerships: the Partnership for 21st Century Skills, which advocates for “21st century readiness” for American students; and the Whole Education Alliance in Britain, a network of “third sector” educational organizations.
    Keywords: Curriculum planning and development ; Impact of science and technology on society ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNK Organization & management of education::JNKC Curriculum planning & development ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society
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    Hacking Life (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: In an effort to keep up with a world of too much, life hackers sometimes risk going too far. Life hackers track and analyze the food they eat, the hours they sleep, the money they spend, and how they're feeling on any given day. They share tips on the most efficient ways to tie shoelaces and load the dishwasher; they employ a tomato-shaped kitchen timer as a time-management tool.They see everything as a system composed of parts that can be decomposed and recomposed, with algorithmic rules that can be understood, optimized, and subverted. In Hacking Life, Joseph Reagle examines these attempts to systematize living and finds that they are the latest in a long series of self-improvement methods. Life hacking, he writes, is self-help for the digital age's creative class. Reagle chronicles the history of life hacking, from Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack through Stephen Covey's 7 Habits of Highly Effective People and Timothy Ferriss's The 4-Hour Workweek. He describes personal outsourcing, polyphasic sleep, the quantified self movement, and hacks for pickup artists. Life hacks can be useful, useless, and sometimes harmful (for example, if you treat others as cogs in your machine). Life hacks have strengths and weaknesses, which are sometimes like two sides of a coin: being efficient is not the same thing as being effective; being precious about minimalism does not mean you are living life unfettered; and compulsively checking your vital signs is its own sort of illness. With Hacking Life, Reagle sheds light on a question even non-hackers ponder: what does it mean to live a good life in the new millennium?
    Keywords: life hacking ; self help ; productivity ; data ; health ; dating apps ; philosophy ; American culture ; digital age ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies::JFDV Advertising & society ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UY Computer science::UYZ Human-computer interaction
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    Sounding Bodies (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The unfolding influence of music and sound on the fundamental structure of the biomedical sciences, from ancient times to the present. Beginning in ancient Greece, Peter Pesic writes, music and sound significantly affected the development of the biomedical sciences. Physicians used rhythmical ratios to interpret the pulse, which inspired later efforts to record the pulse in musical notation. After 1700, biology and medicine took a “sonic turn,” viewing the body as a musical instrument, the rhythms and vibrations of which could guide therapeutic insight. In Sounding Bodies, Pesic traces the unfolding influence of music and sound on the fundamental structure of the biomedical sciences. Pesic explains that music and sound provided the life sciences important tools for hearing, understanding, and influencing the rhythms of life. As medicine sought to go beyond the visible manifestations of illness, sound offered ways to access the hidden interiority of body and mind. Sonic interventions addressed the search for a new typology of mental illness, and practitioners used musical instruments to induce hypnotic states meant to cure both psychic and physical ailments. The study of bat echolocation led to the manifold clinical applications of ultrasound; such sonic devices as telephones and tuning forks were used to explore the functioning of the nerves. Sounding Bodies follows Pesic's Music and the Making of Modern Science and Polyphonic Minds to complete a trilogy on the influence of music on the sciences. Enhanced digital editions of Sounding Bodies offer playable music and sound examples.
    Keywords: Wave mechanics (vibration and acoustics) ; History of medicine ; History of music ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDS Wave mechanics (vibration & acoustics) ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::A The arts::AV Music::AVG Music: styles & genres::AVGC Western "classical" music::AVGC6 20th century & contemporary classical music ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDS Wave mechanics (vibration and acoustics) ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine
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    Access Denied (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: A study of Internet blocking and filtering around the world: analyses by leading researchers and survey results that document filtering practices in dozens of countries. Many countries around the world block or filter Internet content, denying access to information that they deem too sensitive for ordinary citizens—most often about politics, but sometimes relating to sexuality, culture, or religion. Access Denied documents and analyzes Internet filtering practices in more than three dozen countries, offering the first rigorously conducted study of an accelerating trend. Internet filtering takes place in more than three dozen states worldwide, including many countries in Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Related Internet content-control mechanisms are also in place in Canada, the United States and a cluster of countries in Europe. Drawing on a just-completed survey of global Internet filtering undertaken by the OpenNet Initiative (a collaboration of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, the Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto, the Oxford Internet Institute at Oxford University, and the University of Cambridge) and relying on work by regional experts and an extensive network of researchers, Access Denied examines the political, legal, social, and cultural contexts of Internet filtering in these states from a variety of perspectives. Chapters discuss the mechanisms and politics of Internet filtering, the strengths and limitations of the technology that powers it, the relevance of international law, ethical considerations for corporations that supply states with the tools for blocking and filtering, and the implications of Internet filtering for activist communities that increasingly rely on Internet technologies for communicating their missions. Reports on Internet content regulation in forty different countries follow, with each two-page country profile outlining the types of content blocked by category and documenting key findings. Contributors Ross Anderson, Malcolm Birdling, Ronald Deibert, Robert Faris, Vesselina Haralampieva [as per Rob Faris], Steven Murdoch, Helmi Noman, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, Mary Rundle, Nart Villeneuve, Stephanie Wang, Jonathan Zittrain
    Keywords: Central / national / federal government policies ; Impact of science and technology on society ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPR Regional government::JPRB Regional government policies ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society
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    The Art of Abduction (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: A novel defense of abduction, one of the main forms of nondeductive reasoning. With this book, Igor Douven offers the first comprehensive defense of abduction, a form of nondeductive reasoning. Abductive reasoning, which is guided by explanatory considerations, has been under normative pressure since the advent of Bayesian approaches to rationality. Douven argues that, although it deviates from Bayesian tenets, abduction is nonetheless rational. Drawing on scientific results, in particular those from reasoning research, and using computer simulations, Douven addresses the main critiques of abduction. He shows that versions of abduction can perform better than the currently popular Bayesian approaches—and can even do the sort of heavy lifting that philosophers have hoped it would do. Douven examines abduction in detail, comparing it to other modes of inference, explaining its historical roots, discussing various definitions of abduction given in the philosophical literature, and addressing the problem of underdetermination. He looks at reasoning research that investigates how judgments of explanation quality affect people's beliefs and especially their changes of belief. He considers the two main objections to abduction, the dynamic Dutch book argument, and the inaccuracy-minimization argument, and then gives abduction a positive grounding, using agent-based models to show the superiority of abduction in some contexts. Finally, he puts abduction to work in a well-known underdetermination argument, the argument for skepticism regarding the external world.
    Keywords: abduction ; Bayesianism ; cognitive science ; computer simulations ; formal epistemology ; inference to the best explanation ; philosophy ; rationality ; reasoning ; skepticism ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPL Philosophy: logic ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPX Popular philosophy ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTR Cognitive science ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTL Philosophy: logic ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDX Popular philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTK Cognitive studies
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    Code/Space (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: An analysis of the ways that software creates new spatialities in everyday life, from supermarket checkout lines to airline flight paths. After little more than half a century since its initial development, computer code is extensively and intimately woven into the fabric of our everyday lives. From the digital alarm clock that wakes us to the air traffic control system that guides our plane in for a landing, software is shaping our world: it creates new ways of undertaking tasks, speeds up and automates existing practices, transforms social and economic relations, and offers new forms of cultural activity, personal empowerment, and modes of play. In Code/Space, Rob Kitchin and Martin Dodge examine software from a spatial perspective, analyzing the dyadic relationship of software and space. The production of space, they argue, is increasingly dependent on code, and code is written to produce space. Examples of code/space include airport check-in areas, networked offices, and cafés that are transformed into workspaces by laptops and wireless access. Kitchin and Dodge argue that software, through its ability to do work in the world, transduces space. Then Kitchin and Dodge develop a set of conceptual tools for identifying and understanding the interrelationship of software, space, and everyday life, and illustrate their arguments with rich empirical material. And, finally, they issue a manifesto, calling for critical scholarship into the production and workings of code rather than simply the technologies it enables—a new kind of social science focused on explaining the social, economic, and spatial contours of software.
    Keywords: Computer programming / software engineering ; Human–computer interaction ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMZ Software Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYZ Human–computer interaction::UYZF Information visualization
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    Movement Matters (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: Experts translate the latest findings on embodied cognition from neuroscience, psychology, and cognitive science to inform teaching and learning pedagogy. Embodied cognition represents a radical shift in conceptualizing cognitive processes, in which cognition develops through mind-body environmental interaction. If this supposition is correct, then the conventional style of instruction—in which students sit at desks, passively receiving information—needs rethinking. Movement Matters considers the educational implications of an embodied account of cognition, describing the latest research applications from neuroscience, psychology, and cognitive science and demonstrating their relevance for teaching and learning pedagogy. The contributors cover a range of content areas, explaining how the principles of embodied cognition can be applied in classroom settings. After a discussion of the philosophical and theoretical underpinnings of embodied cognition, contributors describe its applications in language, including the areas of handwriting, vocabulary, language development, and reading comprehension; STEM areas, emphasizing finger counting and the importance of hand and body gestures in understanding physical forces; and digital learning technologies, including games and augmented reality. Finally, they explore embodied learning in the social-emotional realm, including how emotional granularity, empathy, and mindfulness benefit classroom learning. Movement Matters introduces a new model, translational learning sciences research, for interpreting and disseminating the latest empirical findings in the burgeoning field of embodied cognition. The book provides an up-to-date, inclusive, and essential resource for those involved in educational planning, design, and pedagogical approaches. Contributors Dor Abrahamson, Martha W. Alibali, Petra A. Arndt, Lisa Aziz-Zadeh, Jo Boaler, Christiana Butera, Rachel S. Y. Chen, Charles P. Davis, Andrea Marquardt Donovan, Inge-Marie Eigsti, Virginia J. Flood, Jennifer M. B. Fugate, Arthur M. Glenberg, Ligia E. Gómez, Daniel D. Hutto, Karin H. James, Mina C. Johnson-Glenberg, Michael P. Kaschak, Markus Kiefer, Christina Krause, Sheila L. Macrine, Anne Mangen, Carmen Mayer, Amanda L. McGraw, Colleen Megowan-Romanowicz, Mitchell J. Nathan, Antti Pirhonen, Kelsey E. Schenck, Lawrence Shapiro, Anna Shvarts, Yue-Ting Siu, Sofia Tancredi, Chrystian Vieyra, Rebecca Vieyra, Candace Walkington, Christine Wilson-Mendenhall, Eiling Yee
    Keywords: Embodied cognition ; Embodied learning ; conceptual and philosophical rootsof embodiment ; Disembodied vs Embodied ; 4E's of Cognition ; AR ; XR ; MR embodied applications ; Learning Sciences ; Mirror Neurons ; gestures ; acting out ; embodied metaphors ; embodied emotions and emotional granularity ; Mindfulness ; affordances ; the impact of perceptual and sensory systems on learning ; and Translational Learning Sciences Research Macrine & Fugate ; 2021 approaches ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNA Philosophy & theory of education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMT States of consciousness::JMTK Drug-induced states ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPM Philosophy of mind
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    Machineries of Oil (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The emergence of the international oil corporation as a political actor in the twentieth century, seen in BP's infrastructure and information arrangements in Iran. In the early twentieth century, international oil corporations emerged as a new kind of political actor. The development of the world oil industry, argues Katayoun Shafiee, was one of the era's largest political projects of techno-economic development. In this book, Shafiee maps the machinery of oil operations in the Anglo-Iranian oil industry between 1901 and 1954, tracking the organizational work involved in moving oil through a variety of technical, legal, scientific, and administrative networks. She shows that, in a series of disagreements, the British-controlled Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC, which later became BP) relied on various forms of information management to transform political disputes into techno-economic calculation, guaranteeing the company complete control over profits, labor, and production regimes. She argues that the building of alliances and connections that constituted Anglo-Iranian oil's infrastructure reconfigured local politics of oil regions and examines how these arrangements in turn shaped the emergence of both nation-state and transnational oil corporation. Drawing on her extensive archival and field research in Iran, Shafiee investigates the surprising ways in which nature, technology, and politics came together in battles over mineral rights; standardizing petroleum expertise; formulas for calculating profits, production rates, and labor; the “Persianization” of employees; nationalism and oil nationalization; and the long-distance machinery of an international corporation. Her account shows that the politics of oil cannot be understood in isolation from its technical dimensions.
    Keywords: Iran ; British Petroleum ; Oil ; Infrastructure ; Trans-national corporation ; Democracy ; Techno-science ; Science and Technology Studies ; Middle East ; Socio-technical system ; Oil Concession ; Anglo-Iranian Oil Company ; British Admiralty ; Sheikh Khaz'al ; Standardization ; Natural resources ; Petroleum expertise ; Oil cartel ; Nationalism ; communism ; race ; labor ; oil nationalization ; boycott ; oil consortium ; energy crisis ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    Memories of a Theoretical Physicist (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: A groundbreaking theoretical physicist traces his career, reflecting on the successes and failures, triumphs and insecurities of a life cut short by cancer. The groundbreaking theoretical physicist Joseph Polchinski explained the genesis of his memoir this way: “Having only two bodies of knowledge, myself and physics, I decided to write an autobiography about my development as a theoretical physicist.” In this posthumously published account of his life and work, Polchinski (1954–2018) describes successes and failures, triumphs and insecurities, and the sheer persistence that led to his greatest discoveries. Writing engagingly and accessibly, with the wry humor for which he was known, Polchinski gives theoretical physics a very human face. Polchinski, famous for his contributions to string theory, may have changed the course of modern theoretical physics, but he was a late bloomer—doing most of his important work after the age of forty. His death from brain cancer at sixty-three cut short a career at its peak. Working on the memoir after his diagnosis, using a text-to-speech algorithm because he could no longer read words on a page, he was able to recapitulate his entire career, down to the details of problems he had worked on. For Polchinski, physics went deeper than words. This edition includes photographs from Polchinski's professional and family life, as well as physics explainer boxes, other technical edits, and bibliographic notes by his former student Ahmed Almheiri, a foreword by Andrew Strominger, and an afterword by his wife Dorothy Chun and sons Steven and Daniel.
    Keywords: multiverse ; theory of everything ; D-branes ; string theory ; black holes ; theoretical physics ; Stephen Hawking ; holographic universe ; universe ; string theorist ; autobiography ; scientist ; Joseph Polchinski ; life of a theoretical physicist ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DN Biography and non-fiction prose::DNB Biography: general::DNBT Biography: science, technology and medicine::DNBT1 Autobiography: science, technology and medicine ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics::PHVS Cryogenics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science
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    Data Feminism (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: A new way of thinking about data science and data ethics that is informed by the ideas of intersectional feminism. Today, data science is a form of power. It has been used to expose injustice, improve health outcomes, and topple governments. But it has also been used to discriminate, police, and surveil. This potential for good, on the one hand, and harm, on the other, makes it essential to ask: Data science by whom? Data science for whom? Data science with whose interests in mind? The narratives around big data and data science are overwhelmingly white, male, and techno-heroic. In Data Feminism, Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren Klein present a new way of thinking about data science and data ethics—one that is informed by intersectional feminist thought. Illustrating data feminism in action, D'Ignazio and Klein show how challenges to the male/female binary can help challenge other hierarchical (and empirically wrong) classification systems. They explain how, for example, an understanding of emotion can expand our ideas about effective data visualization, and how the concept of invisible labor can expose the significant human efforts required by our automated systems. And they show why the data never, ever “speak for themselves.” Data Feminism offers strategies for data scientists seeking to learn how feminism can help them work toward justice, and for feminists who want to focus their efforts on the growing field of data science. But Data Feminism is about much more than gender. It is about power, about who has it and who doesn't, and about how those differentials of power can be challenged and changed.
    Keywords: non-binary ; genderqueer ; big data ; data science ; artificial intelligence ; emancipation ; #MeToo ; justice ; race ; class ; sexuality ; power ; intersectionality ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFK Feminism & feminist theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSJ Gender studies, gender groups::JFSJ5 Gender studies: transsexuals & hermaphroditism ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society
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    Constructing Science (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: An examination of children's causal reasoning capacities and how those capacities serve as the foundation of their scientific thinking. Young children have remarkable capacities for causal reasoning, which are part of the foundation of their scientific thinking abilities. In Constructing Science, Deena Weisberg and David Sobel trace the ways that young children's sophisticated causal reasoning abilities combine with other cognitive, metacognitive, and social factors to develop into a more mature set of scientific thinking abilities. Conceptualizing scientific thinking as the suite of skills that allows people to generate hypotheses, solve problems, and explain aspects of the world, Weisberg and Sobel argue that understanding how this capacity develops can offer insights into how we can become a more scientifically literate society. Investigating the development of causal reasoning and how it sets the stage for scientific thinking in the elementary school years and beyond, Weisberg and Sobel outline a framework for understanding how children represent and learn causal knowledge and identify key variables that differ between causal reasoning and scientific thinking. They present empirical studies suggesting ways to bridge the gap between causal reasoning and scientific thinking, focusing on two factors: contextualization and metacognitive thinking abilities. Finally, they examine children's explicit understanding of such concepts as science, learning, play, and teaching.
    Keywords: Causal reasoning ; scientific thinking ; rational constructivism ; causal graphical models ; cognitive development ; science education ; science ; informal learning ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSP Age groups::JFSP1 Age groups: children ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMC Child & developmental psychology
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    Syntax in the Treetops (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: A proposal that syntax extends to the domain of discourse in making core syntax link to the conversational context. In Syntax in the Treetops, Shigeru Miyagawa proposes that syntax extends into the domain of discourse by making linkages between core syntax and the conversational participants. Miyagawa draws on evidence for this extended syntactic structure from a wide variety of languages, including Basque, Japanese, Italian, Magahi, Newari, Romanian, and Spanish, as well as the language of children with autism. His proposal for what happens at the highest level of the tree structure used by linguists to represent the hierarchical relationships within sentences—“in the treetops”—offers a unique contribution to the new area of study sometimes known as “syntacticization of discourse.” Miyagawa's main point is that syntax provides the basic framework that makes possible the performance of a speech act and the conveyance of meaning; although the role that syntax plays for speech acts is modest, it is critical. He proposes that the speaker-addressee layer and the Commitment Phrase (the speaker's commitment to the addressee of the truthfulness of the proposition) occur together in the syntactic treetops. In each succeeding chapter, Miyagawa examines the working of each layer of the tree and how they interact.
    Keywords: Allocutive agreement ; Basque ; politeness ; speech act phrase ; topicalization ; questions ; question under discussion ; performative analysis ; root ; main clause phenomena ; speaker ; addressee ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFK Grammar, syntax and morphology ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFG Semantics, discourse analysis, stylistics ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFA Philosophy of language
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    The Individual in the Animal Kingdom (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The groundbreaking first book by a major evolutionary biologist, published in 1912, that anticipated current thinking about organismal complexity. Julian Huxley's The Individual in the Animal Kingdom, published in 1912, is a concise and groundbreaking work that is almost entirely unknown today. In it, Huxley analyzes the evolutionary advances in life's organizational complexity, anticipating many of today's ideas about changes in individuality. Huxley's overarching system of concepts and his coherent logical principles were so far ahead of their time that they remain valid to this day. In part, this is because his explicitly Darwinian approach carefully distinguished between the integrated form and function of hierarchies within organisms and loosely defined, nonorganismal ecological communities. In The Individual in the Animal Kingdom, we meet a youthful Huxley who uses his commanding knowledge of natural history to develop a nonreductionist account of life's complexity that aligns with seminal early insights by Darwin, Wallace, Weismann, and Wheeler. As volume editors Richard Gawne and Jacobus Boomsma point out, this work disappeared into oblivion despite its relevance for contemporary research on organismal complexity and major evolutionary transitions. This MIT Press edition gives Huxley's book a second hearing, offering readers a unique vantage point on the discoveries of evolutionary biology past and present.
    Keywords: Major transitions in evolution ; individuality ; multicellularity ; superorganismality ; Julian Huxley ; history of biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAJ Evolution ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGM Biogeography ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science
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    Intellectual Property Strategy (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: How a flexible and creative approach to intellectual property can help an organization accomplish goals ranging from building market share to expanding an industry. Most managers leave intellectual property issues to the legal department, unaware that an organization's intellectual property can help accomplish a range of management goals, from accessing new markets to improving existing products to generating new revenue streams. In this book, intellectual property expert and Harvard Law School professor John Palfrey offers a short briefing on intellectual property strategy for corporate managers and nonprofit administrators. Palfrey argues for strategies that go beyond the traditional highly restrictive “sword and shield” approach, suggesting that flexibility and creativity are essential to a profitable long-term intellectual property strategy—especially in an era of changing attitudes about media. Intellectual property, writes Palfrey, should be considered a key strategic asset class. Almost every organization has an intellectual property portfolio of some value and therefore the need for an intellectual property strategy. A brand, for example, is an important form of intellectual property, as is any information managed and produced by an organization. Palfrey identifies the essential areas of intellectual property—patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret—and describes strategic approaches to each in a variety of organizational contexts, based on four basic steps. The most innovative organizations employ multiple intellectual property approaches, depending on the situation, asking hard, context-specific questions. By doing so, they achieve both short- and long-term benefits while positioning themselves for success in the global information economy.
    Keywords: Intellectual property law ; Company, commercial and competition law: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNR Intellectual property law::LNRL Designs law ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management
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    Power of Position (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: How biodiversity classification, with its ranking of species, has social and political implications as well as implications for the field of information studies. The idea that species live in nature as pure and clear-cut named individuals is a fiction, as scientists well know. According to Robert D. Montoya, classifications are powerful mechanisms and we must better attend to the machinations of power inherent in them, as well as to how the effects of this power proliferate beyond the boundaries of their original intent. We must acknowledge the many ways our classifications are implicated in environmental, ecological, and social justice work—and information specialists must play a role in updating our notions of what it means to classify. In Power of Position, Montoya shows how classifications are systems that relateone entity with other entities, requiring those who construct a system to value an entity's relative importance—by way of its position—within a system of other entities. These practices, says Montoya, are important ways of constituting and exerting power. Classification also has very real-world consequences. An animal classified as protected and endangered, for example, is protected by law. Montoya also discusses the Catalogue of Life, a new kind of composite classification that reconciles many local (“traditional”) taxonomies, forming a unified taxonomic backbone structure for organizing biological data. Finally, he shows how the theories of information studies are applicable to realms far beyond those of biological classification.
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Bibliographic and subject control ; Science: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNC Applied ecology::RNCB Biodiversity ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GL Library & information sciences::GLK Bibliographic & subject control ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDC Scientific nomenclature & classification
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    Flint Fights Back (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: An account of the Flint water crisis shows that Flint's struggle for safe and affordable water is part of a broader struggle for democracy. When Flint, Michigan, changed its source of municipal water from Lake Huron to the Flint River, Flint residents were repeatedly assured that the water was of the highest quality. At the switchover ceremony, the mayor and other officials performed a celebratory toast, declaring “Here's to Flint!” and downing glasses of freshly treated water. But as we now know, the water coming out of residents' taps harbored a variety of contaminants, including high levels of lead. In Flint Fights Back, Benjamin Pauli examines the water crisis and the political activism that it inspired, arguing that Flint's struggle for safe and affordable water was part of a broader struggle for democracy. Pauli connects Flint's water activism with the ongoing movement protesting the state of Michigan's policy of replacing elected officials in financially troubled cities like Flint and Detroit with appointed “emergency managers.” Pauli distinguishes the political narrative of the water crisis from the historical and technical narratives, showing that Flint activists' emphasis on democracy helped them to overcome some of the limitations of standard environmental justice frameworks. He discusses the pro-democracy (anti–emergency manager) movement and traces the rise of the “water warriors”; describes the uncompromising activist culture that developed out of the experience of being dismissed and disparaged by officials; and examines the interplay of activism and scientific expertise. Finally, he explores efforts by activists to expand the struggle for water justice and to organize newly mobilized residents into a movement for a radically democratic Flint.
    Keywords: social movements ; public health ; emergency management ; activism ; environmental racism ; lead ; citizen science ; water governance ; infrastructure ; expertise ; water justice ; water treatment ; regulation ; economic disinvestment ; community organizing ; deliberative democracy ; deindustrialization ; structural racism ; systemic racism ; urban crisis ; environmental contamination ; pollution ; neoliberalism ; privatization ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare & social services::JKSR Aid & relief programmes ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy & protocols
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    The Genesis of Animal Play (2022)
    The MIT Press | A Bradford Book
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: In The Genesis of Animal Play, Gordon Burghardt examines the origins and evolution of play in humans and animals. He asks what play might mean in our understanding of evolution, the brain, behavioral organization, and psychology. Is play essential to development? Is it the driving force behind human and animal behavior? What is the proper place for the study of play in the cognitive, behavioral, and biological sciences? The engaging nature of play—who does not enjoy watching a kitten attack a ball of yarn?—has made it difficult to study. Some scholars have called play undefinable, nonexistent, or a mystery outside the realm of scientific analysis. Using the comparative perspectives of ethology and psychology, The Genesis of Animal Play goes further than other studies in reviewing the evidence of play throughout the animal kingdom, from human babies to animals not usually considered playful. Burghardt finds that although playfulness may have been essential to the origin of much that we consider distinctive in human (and mammalian) behavior, it only develops through a specific set of interactions among developmental, evolutionary, ecological, and physiological processes. Furthermore, play is not always beneficial or adaptive. Part I offers a detailed discussion of play in placental mammals (including children) and develops an integrative framework called surplus resource theory. The most fascinating and most controversial sections of the book, perhaps, are in the seven chapters in part II in which Burghardt presents evidence of playfulness in such unexpected groups of animals as kangaroos, birds, lizards, and "Fish That Leap, Juggle, and Tease." Burghardt concludes by considering the implications of the diversity of play for future research, and suggests that understanding the origin and development of play can shape our view of society and its accomplishments through history.
    Keywords: Cognition and cognitive psychology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMT States of consciousness::JMTK Drug-induced states
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    The Smart Enough City (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Why technology is not an end in itself, and how cities can be “smart enough,” using technology to promote democracy and equity. Smart cities, where technology is used to solve every problem, are hailed as futuristic urban utopias. We are promised that apps, algorithms, and artificial intelligence will relieve congestion, restore democracy, prevent crime, and improve public services. In The Smart Enough City, Ben Green warns against seeing the city only through the lens of technology; taking an exclusively technical view of urban life will lead to cities that appear smart but under the surface are rife with injustice and inequality. He proposes instead that cities strive to be “smart enough”: to embrace technology as a powerful tool when used in conjunction with other forms of social change—but not to value technology as an end in itself. In a technology-centric smart city, self-driving cars have the run of downtown and force out pedestrians, civic engagement is limited to requesting services through an app, police use algorithms to justify and perpetuate racist practices, and governments and private companies surveil public space to control behavior. Green describes smart city efforts gone wrong but also smart enough alternatives, attainable with the help of technology but not reducible to technology: a livable city, a democratic city, a just city, a responsible city, and an innovative city. By recognizing the complexity of urban life rather than merely seeing the city as something to optimize, these Smart Enough Cities successfully incorporate technology into a holistic vision of justice and equity.
    Keywords: smart cities ; technology ; machine learning ; innovation ; urban ; apps ; artificial intelligence ; democracy ; urban design ; criminal justice ; policing ; politics ; social change ; technological determinism ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RP Regional & area planning::RPC Urban & municipal planning ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society ; bic Book Industry Communication::A The arts::AM Architecture::AMV Landscape art & architecture::AMVD City & town planning - architectural aspects
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    Knowledge Unbound (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Influential writings make the case for open access to research, explore its implications, and document the early struggles and successes of the open access movement. Peter Suber has been a leading advocate for open access since 2001 and has worked full time on issues of open access since 2003. As a professor of philosophy during the early days of the internet, he realized its power and potential as a medium for scholarship. As he writes now, “it was like an asteroid crash, fundamentally changing the environment, challenging dinosaurs to adapt, and challenging all of us to figure out whether we were dinosaurs.” When Suber began putting his writings and course materials online for anyone to use for any purpose, he soon experienced the benefits of that wider exposure. In 2001, he started a newsletter—the Free Online Scholarship Newsletter, which later became the SPARC Open Access Newsletter—in which he explored the implications of open access for research and scholarship. This book offers a selection of some of Suber's most significant and influential writings on open access from 2002 to 2010. In these texts, Suber makes the case for open access to research; answers common questions, objections, and misunderstandings; analyzes policy issues; and documents the growth and evolution of open access during its most critical early decade.
    Keywords: Library and information services ; Open learning, distance education ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general::GPJ Coding theory & cryptology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNQ Open learning, home learning, distance education
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    Making & Doing (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: How ten making & doing projects expand STS scholarship through a focus on knowledge expression and knowledge travel in addition to knowledge production. Making & doing projects expand STS scholarship to include the trajectories of STS knowledge flow beyond the boundaries of the field by actively interweaving knowledge expression and travel with knowledge production. In this edited volume, contributors from around the world present and critically assess ten empirical making & doing projects. They recount how their projects advance STS, and describe how they themselves learn from their interlocutors and the settings in which they do and share their STS work. A coda explains how the infrastructures of STS scholarship are broadening to include practices of making & doing. The contributors examine and reflect upon their dilemmas, frustrations, and failures, especially when these generate new practices that might not have occurred had their work not taken the form of making and doing scholarship. While each project raises a distinct set of scholarly issues, all of the projects include practices that express STS knowledge through “STS sensibilities” and attach those sensibilities to practices in empirical fields. The projects include one each in Argentina, Taiwan, Canada, and Denmark; two in the US; one in Austria, the UK, and multiple countries in Africa and Asia; one in the US and Latin America; one in the Netherlands and Australia; and one in an international network that includes members from Europe, the Americas, and Australia. Contributors Gary Lee Downey and Teun Zuiderent-Jerak; Yi-Ping Lin and Hsin-Hsing Chen; Dawn Nafus, Michael Guggenheim, Judith Kröll, and Bernd Kräftner; Hernán Thomas, Lucas Becerra, and Paula Juárez; Torben Elgaard Jensen, Andreas Birkbak, Anders Koed Madsen, and Anders Kristian Munk; Max Liboiron, Emily Simmonds, Edward Allen, Emily Wells, Jess Melvin, Alex Zahara, and Charles Mather; Jessica Mesman and Katherine Carroll; Nicholas Shapiro
    Keywords: Impact of science and technology on society ; Philosophy of science ; Social and cultural history ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAD Bioethics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies::JBCC9 History of ideas
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    The Digital Rights Movement (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: The evolution of activism against the expansion of copyright in the digital domain, with case studies of resistance including eBook and iTunes hacks. The movement against restrictive digital copyright protection arose largely in response to the excesses of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998. In The Digital Rights Movement, Hector Postigo shows that what began as an assertion of consumer rights to digital content has become something broader: a movement concerned not just with consumers and gadgets but with cultural ownership. Increasingly stringent laws and technological measures are more than incoveniences; they lock up access to our “cultural commons.” Postigo describes the legislative history of the DMCA and how policy “blind spots” produced a law at odds with existing and emerging consumer practices. Yet the DMCA established a political and legal rationale brought to bear on digital media, the Internet, and other new technologies. Drawing on social movement theory and science and technology studies, Postigo presents case studies of resistance to increased control over digital media, describing a host of tactics that range from hacking to lobbying. Postigo discusses the movement's new, user-centered conception of “fair use” that seeks to legitimize noncommercial personal and creative uses such as copying legitimately purchased content and remixing music and video tracks. He introduces the concept of technological resistance—when hackers and users design and deploy technologies that allows access to digital content despite technological protection mechanisms—as the flip side to the technological enforcement represented by digital copy protection and a crucial tactic for the movement.
    Keywords: Impact of science and technology on society ; Graphical and digital media applications ; Copyright law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNR Intellectual property law::LNRC Copyright law ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UD Digital lifestyle::UDV Digital TV & media centres: consumer/user guides
    Language: English
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