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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: An index of accessibility-based vulnerability is created based on a definition of transport-user vulnerability regarding transport accessibility created for the EMPOWER project, in order to assess the project's key performance indicator of the inclusion of vulnerable people in the project's scheme. The objective of the index is to account for various individual vulnerability aspects, but also for the "multi-dimensionality" of vulnerability, i.e. individuals may be vulnerable because of one specific aspect (e.g., disability), or they may be vulnerable because of multiple aspects which, if assessed in isolation, wouldn't classify the individual as vulnerable. Users of the project scheme in the Dutch city of Enschede are surveyed on, inter alia, their vulnerability based on this definition, according to their income, mobility budget, physical mobility, age, gender, living situation, nation of birth, and education. According to individual questions, 1% to 54% (single parents and females, respectively) of respondents have some level of vulnerability. According to the index, 23–36% of respondents can be considered to be vulnerable. Suitably modified for local conditions, the index is relevant to cities, especially quickly developing cities where congestion reduction is or has been a priority, insofar as it offers a way of measuring and monitoring the vulnerability of the users of their transport system. Finally, steps to adapt the index to other settings (cities or countries) are discussed.
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Description: This paper investigates the multimodal nature of urban congestion and network performance, with the aim of developing practice ready policy tools to alleviate the adverse effects of excess demand, no matter in which mode it realizes. As part of the efforts to get an overall understanding of how congestion is defined in various disciplines, we conduct a literature review of relevant engineering and microeconomics studies. The investigation reveals the main areas where contradiction can be identified between engineering and economics approaches. In a second step, we investigate the results of an expert survey about the principles of congestion analysis from a multimodal perspective. The main contribution of the paper is twofold. First, we draw attention to the pitfalls of oversimplified and narrow viewpoints on congestion. Second, we operationalize these principles in order to enable decision makers to assess the impact of urban transport measures on congestion.
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The study shows that more cyclists and pedestrians can make cities safer. The ranking, compiled by the Wuppertal Institute and funded by Greenpeace, compared 13 metropolises in terms of public transport, road safety, air quality, mobility management, and the proportion of cyclists and pedestrians. The result: Amsterdam and Copenhagen, residents travel about a third of their trips by bicycle, and these cities have the fewest bicycle accidents.
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 6
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: Acoustic signals of anurans are important mechanisms of reproductive isolation and provide informative characters for identification and delimitation of the species, being used in studies of behavioral, ecology, conservation, taxonomy, biodiversity inventories and influence of environmental impacts on species. In this thesis, we reviewed and measured the knowledge about the advertisement calls of Brazilian anurans, contributing with this knowledge when describing new calls, and also analyzing the temporal variation of the acoustic activity of different species and communities, evaluating the influence of different environmental and social factors. We identified a large knowledge gap regarding call descriptions. Calls of Rhinella abei, Limnomedusa macroglossa e Boana jaguariaivensis were described. Additionally, we evaluated the variation of acoustic parameters in Physalaemus centralis. In relation to the three sympatric Dendropsophus species studied (D. cruzi, D. minutus and D. rubicundulus), there was partition of the acoustic space, as well as of the calling sites. Besides, the Dendropsophus modified their acoustic parameters throughout the night, which may be associated with female preferences or to decrease energetic costs to maintain vocalization activity throughout the reproductive season. At the community level, the anurans presented a circadian pattern, with temporal niche overlap in the acoustic activity during the night, although when evaluated separately the species presented different periods of maximum vocal activity. Climatic variables act as driving factors to determine acoustic activity and the species may use different strategies to avoid overlap in the acoustic niche and facilitate coexistence.
    Description: Os sinais acústicos dos anuros são importantes mecanismos de isolamento reprodutivo e, portanto, são caracteres informativos para identificação e delimitação das espécies, sendo utilizados em estudos de comportamento, ecologia, conservação, taxonomia, inventários de biodiversidade e influência de impactos ambientais sobre as espécies. Revisou-se e mensurou-se o conhecimento sobre os cantos de anúncio dos anfíbios anuros do Brasil, contribuindo com esse conhecimento ao fazer a descrição de novos cantos, e também analisou-se a variação temporal da atividade acústica de diferentes espécies e comunidades, avaliando a influência de distintos fatores ambientais e sociais. Identificou-se uma grande lacuna de conhecimento em relação a descrição dos cantos de anúncio. Foram descritos cantos de Rhinella abei, Limnomedusa macroglossa e Boana jaguariaivensis. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a variação dos parâmetros acústicos em Physalaemus centralis. Em relação as três espécies de Dendropsophus simpátricas estudadas (D. cruzi, D. minutus e D. rubicundulus), houve partição do espaço acústico, bem como dos sítios de canto. Além disso, os machos de Dendropsophus modificaram seus parâmetros acústicos durante a noite, o que pode estar associado a preferências das fêmeas ou para diminuir os custos energéticos para manutenção da atividade de vocalização ao longo da estação reprodutiva. A nível de comunidade, os anuros apresentaram um padrão circadiano, com sobreposição de nicho temporal da atividade acústica durante a noite, embora quando avaliadas separadamente, as espécies apresentaram diferentes períodos de máxima atividade de vocalização. As variáveis climáticas atuam como fatores impulsionadores para determinar a atividade acústica e as espécies podem usar diferentes estratégias para evitar a sobreposição no nicho acústico e facilitar a coexistência.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Anurans ; Anuros ; Anfíbios anuros (Amphibia) ; Seleção sexual ; Reprodução ; Repertório vocal ; Bioacústica ; Canto de anúncio ; Coeficiente de variação ; Sobreposição de nicho ; Partição acústica ; Estratégia reprodutiva ; Fenologia ; Taxonomia ; ASFA_2015::R::Reproduction ; ASFA_2015::R::Reproductive behaviour ; ASFA_2015::A::Advertisements ; ASFA_2015::B::Bioacoustics ; ASFA_2015::C::Coefficients ; ASFA_2015::C::Conservation ; ASFA_2015::N::Niches ; ASFA_2015::A::Acoustic waves ; ASFA_2015::E::Environmental impact ; ASFA_2015::P::Phenology ; ASFA_2015::T::Taxonomy ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater environment
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Language: English
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 187pp.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: In this policy paper we discuss policy instruments which can help to decarbonise passenger cars in the European Union. We elaborate to what extent these policy instruments are effective, technology-neutral, predictable, cost-effective and enforceable. Based on these criteria, we develop recommendations for the European Union and its Member States on (1) how to shape their policy frameworks in order to achieve existing climate change mitigation targets; (2) how to support car manufacturers in selling innovative and competitive products; and (3) how to encourage consumers in Europe to purchase appropriate vehicles. We conclude that favourable policy instruments are used, but there is a strong need for adjustment and further development. The effectiveness of the current EU emission standard should be further increased by turning away from granting "super-credits" and introducing a size-based (instead of weight-based) credit system. Moreover, its overall ambition is questionable and the existing compliance mechanisms should be sharpened. Fuel taxes are an effective means to push consumers to buy energy-efficient cars. However, a sharp increase may not have the desired effects. Instead, the Member States should harmonise their excise duties at the level of those Member States, which currently impose the highest taxes (Netherlands, Italy). This includes the abolition of any diesel tax bonus. An introduction and harmonisation of vehicle taxes (purchase and circulation) should be based on a vehicle's energy consumption. Additionally, reformation efforts should aim to change the taxation of company cars in a way that vehicle sizes are reduced over time. Ambitious Member States may also want to introduce a sales quota for electric vehicles. Sales quotas are a very cost-effective policy instrument provided that the mandated technology will achieve a certain market share. This may be assumed for battery-electric vehicles. Further supportive instruments that should be considered are eco-labelling, public procurement and purchase incentives. However, the latter instrument's effectiveness is debatable and its implementation should therefore not be a Member State's priority.
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
    Format: application/pdf
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