ALBERT

Note: Enth.: Introduction -- Pt. 2. Union of South Africa from Olifants River to Mossel Bay. With an appendix on conditions at Saldanha Bay, Cape Town and Simonstown -- Pt. 3. Union of South Africa from Mossel Bay to East London.With an appendix on conditions oat Mossel Bay and Port Elizabeth -- Pt. 4. Union of South Africa from East London to Kosi Bay.With an appendix on conditions at East London and Durban -- Pt. 5. Portuguese East Africa (Mocambique) and Mocambique Channel -- Pt. 5a. Madagascar. With an appendix on conditions at Mayotte, Diégo Suarez, Nossi Bé and Tamatave

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung. - 2. Personalien. - 3. Das Stationsnetz. - Stationen I., II. und III. Ordnung und Stationen, die nur Sonnenschein beobachten. - Regenstationen. - Gewitterstationen. - 4. Wetterdienst. - 5. Stationsinstrumente und Sammlungen des Zentralinstituts. Instrumente. Bücherei. - 6. Besondere Arbeiten im Zentralinstitut. - 7. Das Meteorologisch-Magnetische Observatorium bei Potsdam. - Allgemeines. - Meteorologische Beobachungen und Arbeiten. - Magnetische Arbeiten. - 8. Dienstreisen. - 9. Veröffentlichungen. - Veröffentlichungen des Instituts. - Fachwissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Beamten. - Eine photographische Registriereinrichtung mit weiter Zeitskala bei sparsamem Papierverbrauch / Ad. Schmidt. - Vertikale Temperaturgradienten im Gebirge / H. v. Ficker. - Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Regenböen im atlantischen Passatgebiet / K. Knoch. - Ungewöhnlicher Luftdruckanstieg am 22. Dezember 1925 / W. König. - Ueber Niederschlag und gleichzeitigen Luftdruckgang / W. König. - Die Häufigkeit zu nasser und zu trockener Sommermonate (Regenklemmen) in Ostpreußen / G. Wussow. - Das Schwerefeld eines magnetischen Moleküls / O. Venske. - Jährlicher und täglicher Gang der Verdunstung in Potsdam / R. Süring. - Temperatur, Niederschlag und Sonnenschein im Jahre 1925 nach den Beobachtungen der im deutschen Witterungsbericht erscheinenden Stationen.

Note: Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTERNAL CYCLING AND THROUGHPUT : Pathways from River Mouth to Sea Floor Depth Profiles of Sea Salt Composition Constituent Classification The Chemical Composition of Marine Organic Matter Composition of Particulate Matter Caught in Sediment Traps A Simple Model for Biologically Utilized CDnstituents The Distributions of Biointermediate Constituents Estimation of Input Rates Horizontal Segregation of CDnstituents in the Deep Sea Summary CHAPTER 2 THE SEDIMENTARY SINK Factors Influencing the Distribution of Sedimentary Constituents Introduction Sediment Types Distribution of Opal Production Opal Solution on the Sea Floor Distribution of Calcite in Marine Sediments Degree of Calcite Saturation Variation in the Carbonate Ion Content of Sea Water Spacial Variations in the CaC0 3 Saturation of Sea Water Factors Controlling the Rate of Calcite Solution Thickness and Shape of the Sublysocline Transition Zone Variation of Sediment Type with Time Manganese Nodules Summary CHAPTER 3 THE ATMOSPHERIC IMPRINT : The Cycles of Gases within the Sea Introduction Solubilities of Gases in Sea Water The Rate of Gas Exchange Stagnant Film Thickness Derived from Natural Radiocarbon Stagnant Film Thicknesses Determined by the Radon Method Oxygen Concentrations in Surface Ocean Water Oxygen Deficiencies in the Deep Sea The Marine N2O Cycle Excess Helium The Carbon Dioxide Content of Surface Ocean Water Origin of the Equatorial Pacific CO2 Anomaly Summary CHAPTER 4 REACTIVE METALS AND THE GREAT PARTICULATE SWEEP : The Cycle of Metals in the Sea Introduction Products of Uranium and Thorium Decay Thorium Isotopes in the Sea Protactinium-231 to Thorium-230 Activity Ratios The Distribution of Lead-210 The Distribution of Polonium-210 The Distribution of Radium-226 Anthropogenic Plutonium in the Sea Toward a Model of Metal Transport Distributions of Stable Metals in the Sea Stable Isotope Ratios in Reactive Metals Transport of Iron and Manganese in the Sea Lessons from Controlled Ecosystem Studies Distribution Coefficients Summary CHAPTER 5 HOW FAST DOES THE MILL GRIND? : Rates of Vertical Mixing and Sediment Accumulation Introduction Rate of Vertical Mixing Implication to the Distribution of Radium-226 Distribution of Radiocarbon in the Ocean Rate of Continental Runoff Sediment Accumulation Rates Radiocarbon Dating Uranium Series Dating Beryllium Dating Potassium-Argon Dating Agreement Among Dating Methods Comparison of Model and Observed Rates of CaC0 3 Solution Summary CHAPTER 6 WHAT KEEPS THE SYSTEM IN WHACK? : Control Mechanisms Operating in the Sea Introduction Phosphate Controls Silicate Controls Carbon Controls Interactions between the Phosphate and Carbon Controls Nitrate Controls Dissolved Oxygen Controls Major Anion Controls Major Cation Controls Possible Causes for Perturbations Recorders of Paleoocean Chemistry The Marine Geochemistry of Carbon-13 The Uranium Content of Coral Factors Influencing Nutrient Gradients in the Deep Sea Summary CBAPTER 7 FREIGHT TRAINS AND FICKIAN CONFUSION : The Movement of Water Through the Deep Sea Introduction Types of Motion One Dimensional Advection - Diffusion Model Tracers for Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Mixing Rates Based on Radon-222 and Radium-228 The Distribution of Helium-3 in the Deep Pacific Sources of Deep Water Northern Component Water Conservative Properties of NCW Initial Radiocarbon to Carbon Ratio in NCW Feed for NCW Production Southern Component Water Ventilation of the Deep Atlantic Ocean Ventilation of the Deep Pacific and Indian Oceans The Grand Cycle of Radiocarbon in the Deep Ocean Biological Short-Circuiting Temporal Variations in Radiocarbon Production Argon-39 Summary CHAPTER 8 THE ANTHROPOGENIC INVASION : The Movement of Water Through the Oceanic Thermocline Introduction Input Functions Hydrology of the Main Thermocline Tritium Distribution within the Thermocline Temporal Trends in Tritium Tritium as a Guide to Deep Water Formation Supplementary Information from Strontium-90 Bomb Carbon-14 Distribution within the Thermocline Explanations for Low Equatorial Bomb Carbon-14 Inventories Implications of Equatorial Upwelling to the Tritium Budget An Upwelling Rate Based on the Equatorial CO2 Anomaly Helium-3 Distribution in the Main Oceanic Thermocline Purposeful Tracers Summary CHAPTER 9 ICE SHEETS AND OCEAN PHOSPHATE : Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Chemistry Introduction Temperature and Salinity Changes Formation and Destruction of Organic Materials Changes in CaCO3 Storage Evidence for an Early Post-Glacial Lysocline Change Changes in Phosphate Concentration The Combined Evidence from Deep Sea Cores Cause of the Oceanic Phosphate Change An Alternate Scenario Wrap Up of the CO2 Record The Oxygen Record Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Mixing Rate Glacial to Interglacial Lysocline Changes Changes in the Distribution of Nutrients in the Deep Sea Summary CHAPTER 10 CAN MAN OVERRIDE THE CONTROLS? : The Buildup of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Atmosphere and Oceans Introduction CO2 Production in the Past CO2 Production in the Future Capacity of the Sea for Fossil Fuel CO2 Uptake Utilizable Capacity - Simplified Calculation Utilizable Capacity - Rigorous Calculation Kinetics of Fossil Fuel CO2 Uptake by the Sea Numerical Model crosschecks on the Validity of the Numerical Model Prediction of Future CO2 Levels Solution of Sea Floor Calcite Summary REFERENCES, CONSTANTS, DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND INDEX Introduction to the References Subject Outline for the References Annotated Reference List Frequently Used Constants Definitions of Isotope Notations Abbreviations Index Foldout Caption

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Previous work in cold weather window performance Investigation Data acquisition and analysis Modeling the window thermal regime Moisture and ice observations Airtightness testing and analysis Annual heat loss from air leakage Results and conclusions Moisture on windows Airtightness Airtightness economics Recommendations for windows in extreme cold Airtightness Multiple glazing Literature cited Appendix A: Moisture levels and airtightness Appendix B: Dewpoint data Appendix C: Sample observations of icing

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Background Approach Influencing factors Field factors Laboratory Laboratory trafficking tests Force measurement and coefficient of friction Test tire slip Surface friction gauge Test procedure British portable tester Experimental results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Test pavements Appendix B. Pennsylvania State University field study Appendix C. Rochester Institute of Technology field study

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Refraction experiments Procedure Equipment Results P waves Low velocity zone SH waves Surface wave experiments Summary and discussion Literature cited Appendix A: P wave refraction data Appendix B: SH wave refraction data. Appendix C: Surface wave dispersion calculations

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Theoretical models Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Experimental program Experimental facility Scaling factors Experimental results Analysis of wind data for lower Lake Huron Summary and conclusions Release of ice through the opening of an ICS Ice forces on the ice control structure Ice forces on ice control structure from a large unconsolidated ice cover Literature cited Appendix A. Equation for the stress resultants and velocities of the ice cover Appendix B. Monthly summary of wind data at Port Huron

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Analysis of methods for calculating thermal conductivity Introduction Influence of moisture content on thermal conductivity Influence of dry density on thermal conductivity Influence of soil solids’ thermal conductivity Comparison of the various methods Evaluation of methods for calculating thermal conductivity Soils data used for evaluation Computer program Applicability of the methods Discussion and conclusions Applicability to unfrozen soils Applicability to frozen soils Applicability to saturated soils Effect of soil mineral composition Applicability to dry soils Summary of applicability of methods Literature cited Appendix A: Properties of some test soils Appendix B: Comparison of thermal conductivity values computed by the various methods and of their deviations from the values measured

Note: Contents Introduction Why Some Bears Attack Attack - Chris Widrig Warning Signs Attack - Michio Hishino How to Survive a Bear Attack Attack - Terry Everard When Traveling in Bear Country Attack - Mark Matheny Attacks: Are They Increasing? Attack - Glenda Ann Bradley Ned Rasmussen and Gene Moe Hattie Amitnaag and Moses Aliyak Photographing bears Bibliography

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Upwind: flux gradient method Downwind: integral method ResulIts Energy budget Latent heat flux Surface stress Downwind humidity profiles Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous investigations Approach Shoreline conditions Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Marys River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Clair River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation Detroit River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Lawrence River Bank changes Historical bank recession Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: St. Marys River Appendix B: St. Clair River Appendix C: Detroit River Appendix D: St. Lawrence River

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1 How the Ocean-Atmosphere System Is Driven. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 The Amount of Energy Received by the Earth. - 1.3 Radiative Equilibrium Models. - 1.4 The Greenhouse Effect. - 1.5 Effects of Convection. - 1.6 Effects of Horizontal Gradients. - 1.7 Variability in Radiative Driving of the Earth. - 2 Transfer of Properties between Atmosphere and Ocean. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Contrasts in Properties of Ocean and Atmosphere. - 2.3 Momentum Transfer between Air and Sea, and the Atmosphere's Angular Momentum Balance. - 2.4 Dependence of Exchange Rates on Air-Sea Velocity, Temperature, and Humidity Differences. - 2.5 The Hydrological Cycle. - 2.6 The Heat Balance of the Ocean. - 2.7 Surface Density Changes and the Thermohaline Circulation of the Ocean. - 3 Properties of a Fluid at Rest. - 3.1 The Equation of State. - 3.2 Thermodynamic Variables. - 3.3 Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ocean and Atmosphere. - 3.4 Phase Changes. - 3.5 Balance of Forces in a Fluid at Rest. - 3.6 Static Stability. - 3.7 Quantities Associated with Stability. - 3.8 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere. - 3.9 Graphical Representation of Vertical Soundings. - 4 Equations Satisfied by a Moving Fluid. - 4.1 Properties of a Material Element. - 4.2 Mass Conservation Equation. - 4.3 Balance for a Scalar Quantity like Salinity. - 4.4 The Internal Energy (or Heat) Equation. - 4.5 The Equation of Motion. - 4.6 Mechanical Energy Equation. - 4.7 Total Energy Equation. - 4.8 Bernoulli's Equation. - 4.9 Systematic Effects of Diffusion. - 4.10 Summary List of the Governing Equations. - 4.11 Boundary Conditions. - 4.12 A Coordinate System for Planetary Scale Motions. - 5 Adjustment under Gravity in a Nonrotating System. - 5.1 Introduction: Adjustment to Equilibrium. - 5.2 Perturbations from the Rest State for a Homogenous Inviscid Fluid. - 5.3 Surface Gravity Waves. - 5.4 Dispersion. - 5.5 Short-Wave and Long-Wave Approximations. - 5.6 Shallow-Water Equations Derived Using the Hydrostatic Approximation. - 5.7 Energetics of Shallow-Water Motion. - 5.8 Seiches and Tides in Channels and Gulfs. - 6 Adjustment under Gravity of a Density-Stratified Fluid. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The Case of Two Superposed Fluids of Different Density. - 6.3 The Baroclinic Mode and the Rigid Lid Approximation. - 6.4 Adjustments within a Continuously Stratified Incompressible Fluid. - 6.5 Internal Gravity Waves. - 6.6 Dispersion Effects. - 6.7 Energetics of internal waves. - 6.8 Internal Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary. - 6.9 Effects on Boundary-Generated Waves of Variations of Buoyancy Frequency with Height. - 6.10 Free Waves in the Presence of Boundaries. - 6.11 Waves of Large Horizontal Scale: Normal Modes. - 6.12 An Example of Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Fluid. - 6.13 Resolution into Normal Modes for the Ocean. - 6.14 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Compressible Fluid. - 6.15 Examples of Adjustment in a Compressible Atmosphere. - 6.16 Weak Dispersion of a Pulse. - 6.17 Isobaric Coordinates. - 6.18 The Vertically Integrated Perturbation Energy Equation in Isobaric Coordinates. - 7 Effects of Rotation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 The Rossby Adjustment Problem. - 7.3 The Transients. - 7.4 Applicability, to the Rotating Earth. - 7.5 The Rossby Radius of Deformation. - 7.6 The Geostrophic Balance. - 7.7 Relative Geostrophic Currents: The Thermal Wind. - 7.8 Available Potential Energy. - 7.9 Circulation and Vorticity. - 7.10 Conservation of Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer. - 7.11 Circulation in a Stratified Fluid and Ertel's Potential Vorticity. - 7.12 Perturbation Forms of the Vorticity Equations in a Uniformly Rotating Fluid. - 7.13 Initialization of Fields for Numerical Prediction Schemes. - 8 Gravity Waves in a Rotating Fluid. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Effect of Rotation on Surface Gravity Waves: Poincare Waves. - 8.3 Dispersion Properties and Energetics of Poincare Waves. - 8.4 Vertically Propagating Internal Waves in a Rotating Fluid. - 8.5 Polarization Relations. - 8.6 Energetics. - 8.7 Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary. - 8.8 Mountain Waves. - 8.9 Effects of Variation of Properties with Height. - 8.10 Finite-Amplitude Topographic Effects. - 8.11 Dissipative Effects in the Upper Atmosphere. - 8.12 The Liouville-Green or WKBJ Approximation. - 8.13 Wave Interactions. - 8.14 The Internal Wave Spectrum in the Ocean. - 8.15 Wave Transport and Effects on the Mean Flow. - 8.16 Quasi-geostrophic Flow (f Plane): The Isallobaric Wind. - 9 Forced Motion. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Forcing Due to Surface Stress: Ekman Transport. - 9.3 Wind-Generated Inertial Oscillations in the Ocean Mixed Layer. - 9.4 Ekman Pumping. - 9.5 Bottom Friction: Velocity Structure of the Boundary Layer. - 9.6 The Laminar Ekman Layer. - 9.7 The Nocturnal Jet. - 9.8 Tide-Producing Forces. - 9.9 Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Variations and Wind on Barotropic Motion in the Sea: The Forced Shallow-Water Equation. - 9.10 Baroclinic Response of the Ocean to Wind Forcing: Use of Normal Modes. - 9.11 Response of the Ocean to a Moving Storm or Hurricane. - 9.12 Spin-Down by Bottom Friction. - 9.13 Buoyancy Forcing. - 9.14 Response to Stationary Forcing: A Barotropic Example. - 9.15 A Forced Baroclinic Vortex. - 9.16 Equilibration through Dissipative Effects. - 10 Effects of Side Boundaries. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Effects of Rotation on Seiches and Tides in Narrow Channels and Gulfs. - 10.3 Poincare Waves in a Uniform Channel of Arbitrary Width. - 10.4 Kelvin Waves. - 10.5 The Full Set of Modes for an Infinite Channel of Uniform Width. - 10.6 End Effects: Seiches and Tides in a Gulf That Is Not Narrow. - 10.7 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Channel. - 10.8 Tides. - 10.9 Storm Surges on an Open Coastline: The Local Solution. - 10.10 Surges Moving along the Coast: Forced Kelvin Waves. - 10.11 Coastal Upwelling. - 10.12 Continental Shelf Waves. - 10.13 Coastally Trapped Waves. - 10.14 Eastern Boundary Currents. - 11. The Tropics. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Effects of Earth's Curvature: Shallow-Water Equations on the Sphere. - 11.3 Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer. - 11.4 The Equatorial Beta Plane. - 11.5 The Equatorial Kelvin Wave. - 11.6 Other Equatorially Trapped Waves. - 11.7 The Equatorial Waveguide: Gravity Waves. - 11.8 Planetary Waves and Quasi-geostrophic Motion. - 11.9 Baroclinic Motion near the Equator. - 11.10 Vertically Propagating Equatorial Waves. - 11.11 Adjustment under Gravity near the Equator. - 11.12 Transient Forced Motion. - 11.13 Potential Vorticity for Baroclinic Motion: The Steady Limit. - 11.14 Steady Forced Motion. - 11.15 The Tropical Circulation of the Atmosphere. - 11.16 Tropical Ocean Currents. - 12 Mid-latitudes. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 The Mid-latitude Beta Plane. - 12.3 Planetary Waves. - 12.4 Spin-Up of the Ocean by an Applied Wind Stress. - 12.5 Steady Ocean Circulation. - 12.6 Western Boundary Currents. - 12.7 Vertical Propagation of Planetary Waves in a Medium at Rest. - 12.8 Nonlinear Quasi-geostrophic Flow in Three Dimensions. - 12.9 Small Disturbances on a Zonal Flow Varying with Latitude and Height. - 12.10 Deductions about Vertical Motion from the Quasi-geostrophic Equations. - 13 Instabilities, Fronts, and the General Circulation. - 13.1 Introduction. - 13.2 Free Waves in the Presence of a Horizontal Temperature Gradient. - 13.3 Baroclinic Instability: The Eady Problem. - 13.4 Baroclinic Instability: The Charney Problem. - 13.5 Necessary Conditions for Instability. - 13.6 Barotropic Instability. - 13.7 Eddies in the Ocean. - 13.8 Fronts. - 13.9 The Life Cycle of a Baroclinic Disturbance. - 13.10 General Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Appendix One Units and Their SI Equivalents. - Appendix Two Useful

Note: Contents: Part I. Introduction: 1. Probabilistic risk analysis ; Part II. Theoretical Issues and Background: 2. What is uncertainty? ; 3. Probabilistic methods ; 4. Statistical inference ; 5. Weibull analysis ; Part II. System Analysis and Quantification: 6. Fault and event trees ; 7. Fault trees - analysis ; 8. Dependent failures ; 9. Reliability data bases ; 10. Expert opinion ; 11. Human reliability ; 12. Software reliability ; Part IV. Uncertainty Modeling and Risk Measurement: 13. Decision theory ; 14. Influence diagrams and belief nets ; 15. Project risk management ; 16. Probabilistic inversion ; 17. Uncertainty analysis ; 18. Risk measurement and regulation ; Bibliography ; Index.

Note: Contents: Introduction / Günther G. Schulze and Heinrich W. Ursprung -- International trade, investment, and the environment: theoretical issues / Günther G. Schulze and Heinrich W. Ursprung -- the empirical evidence on trade, investment, and the environment / Günther G. Schulze and Heinrich W. Ursprung -- the political economy of international trade and the environment / Günther g. Schulze and Heinrich W. Ursprung -- Trade, agriculture, and the environment / David E. Ervin -- International trade and sustainable forestry / Edward B. Barbier -- International trade in Hazardous waste Michael Rauscher -- Environmental taxation in open economies: trade policy distortions and the double dividend / Sjak Smulders -- Sustainable growth in open economies / Lucas Bretschger and Hannes Egli -- Incentives for international environmental cooperation: theoretical models and economic instruments / Carsten Schmidt -- Governing the global environmental commons: the political economy of international environmental treaties and institutions / Roger Congleton

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Equipment used Radar TDR Definitions Massive ice Results Artificial wedge: Norwich, Vermont Ice wedges in sand: Fish Creek, Alaska Ice wedges: Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Ice wedges under thawed fine-grained soils: North Slope, Alaska Wedge-like soil structures: Ft. Greely, Alaska TDR measurements Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Brief discussion of dispersion

Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction General behavior of underwater explosions Regression analysis for ice-blasting data General features of the regression curves Use of the regression curves as design curves for ice blasting Row charges and pattern charges Response of floating ice sheets to underwater explosions Specific energy and “powder factor” Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Basic data on ice blasting Appendix B: Scaled input data Appendix C: Initial regression analysis using complete polynomial Appendix D: Regression analysis with two coefficients of the original poly­nomial deleted

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theoretical development of dielectric relaxation due to charged dislocations Numerical calculations for distributed segment length Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Mosotti type catastrophe by charged dislocation processes

Note: Contents INTRODUCTION Objectives of the Investigations / FRANZ TESSENSOHN ARCHITECTURE OF THE FOLD-AND-THRUST BELT Northern Segment Explanatory Notes to the Geological Map of Brøggerhalvøya and Blomstrandhalvøya 1 : 40,000 / FRIEDHELM THIEDIG, KERSTIN SAALMANN & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Nappe Stacking on Brøggerhalvøya, NW Spitsbergen / KARSTEN PIEPJOHN, FRIEDHELM THIEDIG & GEOFF M. MANBY Foreland-Thrust Belt Relationships SE of Kongsfjorden and the Function of the Pretender Fault / FRANZ TESSENSOHN, KARSTEN PIEPJOHN & FRIEDHELM THIEDIG Emergence of Basement-Dominated Nappes in Oscar II Land: Implications for Shortening Estimates / GEOFF M. MANBY & NIKOS LYBERIS The Southern Margin of the Belt of Emergent Thrusting on the North Coast of Isfjorden / KARSTEN PIEPJOHN & WERNER VON GOSEN Permo-Carboniferous Slivers Infolded in the Basement of Western Oscar II Land / FRANZ TESSENSOHN, WERNER VON GOSEN & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Central Segment Basement-Cored Folds in Nordenskiold Land / NIKOS LYBERIS & GEOFF M. MANBY Involvement of Basal Tertiary Strata in the Fold-Belt Deformation in Nordenskiold Land / WERNER VON GOSEN, HANS-JURGEN PAECH & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Thrust Tectonics North of Van Keulenfjorden / WERNER VON GOSEN & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Structure of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt in Wedel Jarlsberg Land / GEOFF M. MANBY & NIKOS LYBERIS Southern Segment Polyphase Deformation in the Eastern Hornsund Area / WERNER VON GOSEN & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Decollement Structures in the Triassic South of Hornsund / FRANZ TESSENSOHN, FRIEDHELM THIEDIG, GEOFF M. MANBY & NIKOS LYBERIS Involvement of the Hornsund High in the Fold-Belt Deformation / FRIEDHELM THIEDIG, GEOFF M. MANBY & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Structural Setting of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt in Southern Sørkapp Land / WERNER VON GOSEN, KARSTEN PIEPJOHN & HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH Stress Patterns in the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt / GEOFF M. MANBY & NIKOS LYBERIS Role of the Tertiary Compressive Structures in the Central Basin, Spitsbergen / HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH The Relationship of the Ny-Alesund Tertiary to the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt / KARSTEN PIEPJOHN, KERSTIN SAALMANN, FRIEDHELM THIEDIG & HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH Structures in the Tertiary Sediments of the Forlandsundet Graben / WERNER VON GOSEN & HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH Coalification in Post-Caledonian Sediments on Spitsbergen / HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH & JOACHIM KOCH TIMING Paleontology Paleogene Calcareous Nannofossils from the Firkanten and Sarsbukta Formations on Spitsbergen / PAVEL CEPEK Conflicting Interpretations of the Tertiary Biostratigraphy of Spitsbergen and New Palynological Results / PAVEL CEPEK & WILFRIED KRUTZSCH New Biostratigraphic Data from West Spitsbergen Based on Conodonts / FRIEDRICH W. LUPPOLD Conodont Stratigraphy of the Carboniferous and Permian Strata from Brøggerhalvøya and the Billefjorden Trough / WERNER BUGGISCH, MICHAEL JOACHIMSKI, HARALD LÜTZNER, FRIEDHELM THIEDIG & HEIKO HÜNEKE An Upper Cretaceous Microflora from Spitsbergen / WILFRIED KRUTZSCH Isotope Geochronology K/Ar Dating Attempts on Rocks from the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt and the Central Basin / FRANZ TESSENSOHN, FRIEDHELM HENJES-KUNST & STEFAN KRUMM CONCLUSION The Evolution of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt / CASE TEAM , Zusammenfassungen in englischer, deutscher und russischer Sprache

Note: Table of Contents: SESSION 1: EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE. - Simulation of the Arctic in Global Climate Models / John E. Walsh. - Model assessment of observed contemporary trends in Arctic Climate / Konstantin Y. Vinnikov, Alan Robock, David A. Robinson, Richard L. Armstrong, Ronald J. Stouffer, Thomas L. Delworth, Anthony J. Broccoli, Keith W. Dixon. - Sea ice motion in response to the Arctic Oscillation / Ignatius G. Rigor, John M. Wallace, Roger L. Colony. - Arctic temperature change from long instrumental and paleoclimatic records / P. D. Jones. - Sea ice thinning in the Nansen basin and Greenland Sea / Peter Wadhams. - How anaomalous is the current state of the Arctic? / Ernst Augstein and Rüdiger Gerdes. - Warming of the Arctic in 1920s-1930s and 1980s-1990s / Genrikh V. Alekseev, Victor F. Zakharov, Roger L. Colony, Mark A. Johnson. - Variations in surface air temperature over the Arctic Ocean / Ignatius G. Rigor, Roger L. Colony, John M. Wallace and Seelye Martin. - Seasonal and regional perspectives of Arctic Sea Ice Oscillation: wavelet analysis / Jia Wang and Moto Ikeda. - Observations of ice sheet mass balance and climate change / J. Jay Zwally. - European contributions for Summit Greenland Environment Observatory / Atsumu Ohmura. - Features of seasonal and interannual variability of the water circulation and sea level of the Arctic Ocean / Vladimir K. Pavlov. - SESSION 2: PALEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTIONS. - Climate surprises: lessons from tropical ice cores / Lonnie G. Thompson. - Temporal and spatial nature of change in the circum-polar Arctic / Roy M. Koerner, Bea T. Alt. - Greenland ice core contributions to PARCA (Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment) with emphasis on reconstructing annual accumulation histories / Ellen Mosley-Thompson and PARCA Collaborators. - Climatic and environmental histories for the last two centuries from Arctic ice cores / Kumiko Goto-Azuma, Roy M. Koerner, David A. Fisher, Okitsugu Watanabe. - A coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM experiment for 6 kyr BP and 21 kyr BP / Akio Kitoh, Shigenori Murakami. - Concentration variations of atmospheric methane over the past 340 kyrs deduced from Dome Fuji ice core / T. Nakazawa, S. Aoki, K. Kawamura and O. Watanabe. - Physical properties of Dome Fuji ice cores and paleoenvironmental reconstruction / T. Hondoh, H. Narita, A. Hori, T. Ikeda-Fukazawa, S. Mae, S. Fujita, H. Fukazawa, T. Fukumura, H. Shoji, T. Kameda, A. Miyamoto, N. Azuma, Y. Wong, K. Kawada, O. Watanabe, H. Motoyama. - Variations in the oceanographic environment during last 120 kyr in the Sea of Okhotsk / Takeshi Nakatsuka & the Okhotsk Sediment Core Analyses Group. - SESSION 3: PROCESSES, INTERACTIONS AND FEEDBACKS. - Sea surface temperatures off the East coast of Japan at the last glacial maximum inferred from oxygen isotope of foraminiferal tests / T. Oba. - Hydrologic response and feedbacks to a warmer climate in Arctic regions / Larry D. Hinzman, Kenji Yoshikawa, Douglas L. Kane. - Variability and trends in the hydro-climatology of the major Eurasian Arctic drainages / Mark C. Serreze, Martyn P. Clark, Andrew J. Etringer, David H. Bromwich. - Factors that determine when the seasonal snowmelt occurs in Northern Alaska / Robert S. Stone. - On the role of Siberia in global change / Kunihiko Kodera. - A study of Arctic oscillation induced by a positive feedback between the polar vortex and baroclinic instability / H. L. Tanaka and Hiroki Tokinaga. - A climatology of small-scale disturbances in the polar stratosphere / Kaoru Sato, Motoyoshi Yoshiki and Masaaki Takahashi. - Impacts of winter warming event on the cryosphere in the polar regions / Hiroyuki Enomoto. - Climatic impact of the Arctic aerosols ased on ASTAR 2000 (Arctic study of Tropospheric Aerosol and Radiation) field campaign / Takashi Yamanouchi and Andreas Herber. - Preliminary observational results of international Okhotsk Sea study / Masaaki Wakatsuchi. - Ice albedo feedback effect on sea ice / ocean coupled system in the Antarctic / Kay I. Ohshima and Sohey Nihashi. - Land surface processes in the tundra region of Eastern Siberia / Tetsuo Ohata, Yuji Kodama and Yoshiyuki Ishii. - Influence of the Aleutian/Icelandic low seesaw upon the seasonality of the variability in the Northern Hemisphere / Hisashi Nakamura and Meiji Honda. - SESSION 4: CLIMATE MODELING. - Arctic climate variability in the 20th century / Andrey Proshutinsky. - A sensitivity study of the Arctic climate on the basis of regional and global climate model simulations / K. Dethloff, A. Rinke, T. Kandlbinder, W. Dorn, M. Fortmann, D. Handorf, A. Weisheimer, A. H. Lynch, J. H. Christensen, M. Botzet. - Simulation of climate change in the 20th century / Thomas L. Delworth and Thomas R. Knutson. - GCM Simulations of polar climate variability and change / Vladimir M. Kattsov. - Arctic Alaska climate simulations using the regional atmospheric modeling system / Glen E. Liston, Joseph P. McFadden, Roger A. Pielke, Sr. - Role of North Pacific sea ice in climate variability of the NCAR climate model / Uma S. Bhatt, Srpa Häkkinen, Jack S. Miller. - Intercomparison study of Arctic oscillation (AO) and AO-like climate change simulated by various coupled general circulation models / Akira Noda, Kazuki Yamaguchi. - SESSION 5: CONSEQUENCES AND IMPACTS OF CHANGE. - Impacts of climate change in the Arctic / Gunter Weller. - The changes of permafrost induced by greenhouse warming: a numerical study applying multiple-layer ground model / Kazuki Yamaguchi, Akira Noda, Akio Kitoh. - The Northern Sea route and the perspective / H. Kitagawa. - POSTER SESSION. - Evolution of glaciation on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago during global warmings / M. D. Ananicheva, N. V. Davidovich. - Radar echo characteristics at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen Island and Arctic storms over the Norwegian Sea / Yoshio Asuma, Nao Ogitani, Makoto Wada. - Projections of the anthropogenic air surface temperature variations onto the modes of internal climate variability / Roman V. Bekryaev. - Under-ice melt pools as an acceleration factor of Arctic sea ice melting / Pyotr V. Bogorodsky. - The coastal erosion as a significant source of the particulate matter into the Arctic shelf / Oleg V. Dudarev, Igor P. Semiletov, Anatoly I. Botsul, Igor V. Utkin, Vladimir V. Anikiev, Georgy M. Kolesov, Dmitry Yu. Sapozhnikov. - Relationships between Arctic circulation anomaly and mid-latitude transient eddy activity during NH Winter / Masamitsu Hayasaki, H. L. Tanaka. - Abrupt changes in meteorological conditions observed at an inland Antarctic Station in association with wintertime blocking / Naohiko Hirasawa, Hisashi Nakamura, Takashi Yamanouchi. - Seasonal dependence and life cycle of the interannual seesaw between the Aleutian and Icelandic lows / Meiji Honda, Hisashi Nakamura, Jinro Ukita. - Atmospheric control over the interannual variability of the Eurasian continent surface conditions / Masatake E. Hori, Tetsuzo Yasunari. - Hydrological simulation of the Lena River basin, Siberia / Xieyao Ma, Yoshihiro Fukushima, Tetsuo Ohata. - Measurements of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes over an Arctic coastal Tundra ecosystem in 2000 growing season / M. Mano, Y. Harazono, A. Miyata, R. C. Zulueta, W. C. Oechel. - Acoustic measure of climate change in the Arctic Ocean / Peter N. Mikhalevsky, Alexander N. Gavrilov. - Variability of water properties along the Barrow Canyon and the shelf-break of the Beaufort Sea observed from the R/V Mirai MR99-K05 and MR00-K06 cruises / Shigeto Nishino, Chikashi Kobayashi, Takashi Kikuchi, Koji Shimada, Takatoshi Takizawa. - Estimate of the predictability of the atmosphere in the Arctic / Daisuke Nohara, H. L. Tanaka. - Does the fresh water supply from the Amur River flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk affect sea ice formation? / Masayo Ogi, Yoshihiro Tachibana, Michael A. Danchenkov, Koji Yamazaki, Kensuke Takeuchi. - On the role of internal ice stress in mo

Note: Contents: PREFACE. - SECTION I. HISTORY OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN IN THE CENOZOIC ERA. - Linear and Areal Morphostructures of the Arctic Ocean Floor / V. D. Dibner. - Fluctuations in Arctic Climate as Revealed by Floor Sediment Analysis / N. A. Belov, N. N. Lapina. - Stratification and Rate of Accumulation of Floor Sediments of the Soviet Arctic Seas / N. N. Kulikov, N. N. Lapina, Yu. P. Semenov, N. A. Belov, M. A. Spiridonov. - Palynologic Study of Kara Sea Floor Sediment Cores / N. N. Kulikov, R. M. Khitrova. - Geologic Structure of the Glacial Shelves of the Atlantic Province of the Arctic Basin / M. A. Spiridonov. - Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of Spitsbergen in the Pleistocene / Yu. A. Lavrushin. - Role of Glaciers in Franz Josef Land Relief Formation / V. L. Sukhodrovskii. - Reconstruction of the Late- and Post-Pleistocene Arctic Basin Ice Sheet / P. M. Borisov. - Changes in the Arctic Basin since the Last Glaciation Maximum / D. P. Chizhov. - SECTION II. ARCTIC FLORA AND FAUNA AND THE HISTORY OF THEIR FORMATION. - Some Problems of Study of the Early Cenophytic Arctic Flora / L. Yu. Budantsev. - Arctic Flora and Its Historical Link with the Arctic Ocean / A. I. Tolmachev, B. A. Yurtsev. - Wide Fluctuations in Ocean Level in the Quaternary period and Their Influence on the Arctic Ocean Basin and its biological community / G. U. Lindberg. - Fresh Data on the Food of the Siberian Woolly Rhinoceros / V. E. Garutt, E. P. Meteltseva, B. A. Tikhomirov. - Characteristics of the Arctic Ocean Fauna and their significance for understanding the History of its formation / E. F. Guryanova. - Formation of macroscopic marine algal flora of the Arctic Basin / A. D. Zinova, Yu. E. Petrov. - The Concept of the Arctic origin of Pinnipeds and other solutions of this problem / K. K. Chapskii. - Ecological Adaptations of Pinnipeds in the Atlantic Province of the Polar Basin / V. A. Potelov, Yu. K. Timoshenko. - A General Review of th PIeistocene Marine Faunas of the Northern Coast of Eurasia / S. L. Troitskii. - History of the Evolution of Marine Mollusk Fauna of the Late Cenozoic Atlantic Arctic / V. S. Zarkhidze. - Late Cenozoic History of Foraminifera of the Pechora Lowland and Northern West Siberia / O. F. Baranovskaya, V. Ya. Slobodin. - Species composition of Modern Foraminifera as an Indication of the Arctic Sea's hydrological regime / S. V. Tamanova. - SECTION Ill. PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORIES IN THE LATE CENOZOIC ERA. - Paleogeography of Northern USSR and contiguous areas of the Arctic Basin / G. S. Ganeshin. - North Eurasia in the Late Cenozoic Era / Yu. P. Degtyarenko, V. V. Zhukov, N. G. Zagorskaya, O. A. Ivanov, V. I. Kaiyalainen, Yu. N. Kulakov, A. P. Puminov, V. Ya. Slobodin, O. V. Suzdalskii. - On the History of the Migration of the Arctic Basin Shoreline in the Cenozoic Era / S. A. Strelkov. - Causes of Fluctuations in the Arctic Basin Level in the Neogene-Quaternary Period / J. L. Kuzin. - Spore-Pollen Analysis of Late Cenozoic Marine Sediments in the Reconstruction of the Paleogeography of the Arctic Coasts / N. G. Zagorskaya, F. M. Levina. - Forest Line Migration in North Asia in the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene (Based on Spore-Pollen Analysis) / R. E. Giterman, L. V. Golubeva, E. V. Koreneva, L. A. Skiba. - Holocene Transgressions and Variations in the Northern Coastline of the Kola Peninsula / B. I. Koshechkin, A. L. Kudlaeva. - Interpretation of Radiocarbon Datings of the Absolute Age of Organic Residues from the Upper Anthropogene Deposits of Fennoscandia / V. G. Chuvardinskii. - Structure and Stratigraphic Division of White Sea Bottom Deposits / V. S. Medvedev, E. N. Nevesskii, L. I. Govberg, E. S. Malyasova, R. N. Dzhinoridze, E. A. Kirienko. - Principal Stages in the History of the Vegetation of the Dvina Bay Coast of the White Sea during the Late- and Postglacial Transgression / E. S. Pleshivtseva. - Quaternary Transgressions in the Northern Russian Plain and Their Relationship with Continental Glaciations / E. N. Bylinskii. - Anthropogene Deposit-Forming Environments on Kolguev Island / O. F. Baranovskaya, T. A. Matveeva. - Cenozoic History of the Northern Coast of Europe / V. S. Zarkhidze. - Stages of Formation of the Southern Part of the Arctic Basin in Timan-Pechora Province in the Late Cenozoic Era / O. F. Baranovskaya, P. N. Safronov, G. N. Berdovskaya. - Pliocene-Pleistocene History of the Pechora Basin / V. L. Yakhimovich. - Paleogeography and Origin of Cenozoic Rocks in Soviet Europe as Revealed by Hydrochemical Data / V. D. Bezrodnov. - Study of Paleogeography and Neotectonics of Some Regions of the European Northeast by Coal Petrography / Yu. V. Stepanov. - History of the Formation of Arctic Shelf Foraminifer Fauna (Based on Data on the Timan-Ural Region) / I. N. Semenov. - Evolution of Pleistocene Marine Diatom Flora in the Northeast of Soviet Europe / E. I. Loseva. - Quaternary Deposits of the Middle Pechora and Vychegda River Basins / A. S. Lavrov. - Late Pleistocene Terraces in the Northeast of Soviet Europe and the Environments in which They were Formed / L. M. Potapenko, A. S. Lavrov. - Key Sections of the Lower Pechora and Their Importance for an Understanding of the Last Stages of the Geological Evolution of Northeastern Soviet Europe / V. S. Zarkhidze, I. I. Krasnov, M. A. Spiridonov, Yu. A. Lavrushin, I. I. Ryumina. - Siberian Elements in the Flora of the Far Northeast of Europe and Their Origin / O. V. Rebristaya. - Some Geographical Relationships of Ural Floras and Their Importance for Paleogeography / K. N. lgoshina. - Ostracod Complexes from the Late Cenozoic Marine Deposits of Northern Soviet Europe and West Siberia and Their Importance for Paleogeography / O. M. Lev. - Paleogeography of the Northern West Siberian Lowland and Russian Plain in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene / M. G. Kipiani, A. D. Kolbutov. - Mammals and Landscapes of the Northern Urals in the Late Anthropogene / I. E. Kuzmina. - Pleistocene Transgressions in Northern West Siberia and the Pechora Lowland / I. D. Danilov. - Salient Paleogeographic Features of the Pechora Lowland and Lower Ob Basin in the Neogene Epoch / P. P. Generalov, I. L. Kuzin, I. L. Zaionts, R. B. Krapivner. - Some Problems of the Quaternary Geology of Northern Soviet Europe and West Siberia / A. G. Kostyaev. - Northern West Siberia in the Pliocene and Pleistocene / O. V. Suzdalskii. - Boreal Transgressions and the Origin of Subsurface Sheet Ice Deposits / B. I. Vtyurin. - Dependence of Certain Types of Subsurface Glaciation in West Siberia on the Peculiarities of the Polar Sea / A .I. Popov. - History of Subsurface Freezing in West Siberia in the Light of Transgression of the Arctic Basin / V. V. Baulin. - New Data on the History of the Evolution of the Pre-Kazantseva and Kazantseva Vegetation in the Muzhi Urals and Southern Yamal (Based on Palynological Data) / E. E. Gurtovaya. - New Data on the Distribution of Recent Marine Deposits in West Siberia / I. L. Zaionts, Z. I. Kholodova. - Pleistocene Diatom Floras of the Yenisei North / Z. V. Aleshinskaya. - Some Upper Cenozoic Stratotypes of the Ust-Yenisei Depression / V. Ya. Slobodin. - Transgressions of the Arctic Basin and Evolution of the Yenisei North in the Pleistocene (Absolute Chronology of Events by 14C Dating) / N. V. Kind, L. D. Sulerzhitskii. - Kargin Diatoms from the Key Section of the Lower Yenisei / N. A. Khalfina. - Spread of Late Cenozoic Transgressions of the Arctic Basin in the Northwestern Central Siberian Tableland / V. D. Kryukov, V. V. Rogozhin. - Paleogeography of Northeastern Taimyr in the Quaternary Period (Based on Geological and Palynological Data) / G. N. Berdovskaya, N. A. Gei, V. M. Makeev. - Emergence and Development of Pleistocene Landscapes in the Eastern North Siberian Lowland / V. V. Zhukov, N. A. Pervuninskaya, L. Ya. Pinchuk. - History of Relief Formation in the Eastern North Siberian Lowland and the Adjoi

Note: Contenido PREFACIO A LA MEMORIA DE MIA JEAN TEGNER PRESENTACIÓN DE APERTURA Reducción de la vulnerabilidad a episodios de El Niño como parte de la planificación en áreas del desarrollo / STEPHEN BENDER SECCIÓN I - ECOSISTEMA MARINO Aspectos oceanográficos de El Niño 1997-98 y su relación con los recursos pelágicos / OCTAVIO MORÓN Y MIGUEL SARMIENTO El fitoplancton frente a la costa peruana durante El Niño 1997-98 / ELCIRA DELGADO, SONIA SÁNCHEZ, FLOR CHANG, PATRICIA VILLANUEVA Y CÉSAR FERNÁNDEZ Variabilidad del fitoplancton en la bahía de Ancón, Lima- Perú, durante El Niño 1997-98 / NOEMÍ OCHOA Y GABRIELA RUILLÓN Efecto de El Niño en el fitoplancton de la bahía de llo, Moque gua / OLGA GÓMEZ Efectos del evento El Niño 1997-98 sobre la distribución y abundancia de anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) / MARIANO GUTIÉRREZ Fluctuaciones de la ictiofauna pelágica en la región norte-centro del litoral peruano de 1994 a 1998 / MARILÚ BOUCHON, SANDRA CAHUÍN Y MIGUEL ÑIQUEN Los peces como indicadores de El Niño en el ecosistema marino peruano desde 1972 a 1998 / ALBERTINA KAMEYA, MIGUEL LLEELLISH Y LUIS CACCHA El Niño 1997-98 y la reproducción de la merluza Merluccius gayi peruanus en el Perú / ANGEL PEREA, BETSY BUITRÓN Y ENRIQUE MECKLENBURG Tecnología espacial y pesca / ANIBAL DÍAZ Y GUILLERMO HASEMBANK A model for the negative effects of El Niño and La Niña oscillation on marine bivalves: Gari solida from Bahía Independencia, Perú / HANS-JÖRG URBAN Los índices de El Niño y del impacto sobre las comunidades bentónicas / JUAN TARAZONA, WOLF ARNTZ, SONIA VALLE Y TANIA PEÑA Estrategias de vigilancia biológica del evento El Niño / MARIO EDDING Y MARCELA BLANCO Biological impacts ofthe 1997-98 El Niño in the californias: kelp forests were devastated / MIA TEGNER Densidad de Stichaster striatus en la orilla rocosa de Ancón durante El Niño 1997-98 / LEONARDO ROMERO Evaluación poblacional del percebe Pollicipes elegans en las islas Lobos: 1996 y 1998 / MARTÍN QUEVEDO, MANUEL SAMAMÉ, JAVIER CASTRO, JAIME DE LA CRUZ Y JORGE FUPUY La pesca del langostino titíXiphopenaeus riveti en la caleta San José, Lambayeque, Perú / JAVIER CASTRO, MARTÍN QUEVEDO Y JAIME DE LA CRUZ Talla, densidad y distribución de Argopecten purpuratus durante 1998 en la bahía de San Lorenzo, Callao, Perú / JUAN ARGÜELLES Y GLADYS CASTILLO Bases para el estudio de las adaptaciones evolutivas de la biodiversidad frente a El Niño en la costa peruana / GONZALO CASTRO SECCIÓN II - ECOSISTEMA TERRESTRE El Niño y las inundaciones en el noreste argentino / ENRIQUE J. SCHNACK, UBALDO R. COLADO, FERNANDO O. DE FRANCESCO, LUIS C. GARCÍA LOZANO Y JUAN A. SCHNACK El Niño 1997-98 y los bosques secos de la costa norte del Perú, caso Sechura y Tambogrande en Piura / JUAN TORRES Productividad primaria neta durante El Niño 1997-98 en los bosques secos de Piura, Perú / CATERINA CÁRDENAS, JUAN TORRES Y JOEL RODAS Dinámica poolacional de los algarrobales (Prosopis pallida)y El Niño en la costa norte del Perú / SUSANA GUSHIKEN, TANIA ACUÑA Y JUAN TORRES La reforestación con algarrobo en zona desértica de Piura, Perú / JORGE VERA TUDELA, JOSEP TRÍAS, LUIS ALBÁN, GUILLERMO MORALES Y JOSÉ ROMERO Condiciones meteorológicas en los algarrobales del caserío Bella Esperanza (Piura, Perú) durante 1991-1998 / YONEL MENDOZA Y MARÍA VILA Impacto de El Niño sobre los cultivos vegetales y la productividad primaria en la sierra central de Piura / FIDEL TORRES, FLAVIO PEÑA, RAMIRO CRUZ Y EVARISTO GÓMEZ El Niño 1997-1998 y el cultivo de papa en la costa central del Perú / ROLANDO EGÚSQUIZA Y SATURNINO ATAUCUSI Flora vascular en las lomas de Ancón y Carabay llo Lima, Perú durante El Niño 1997-98 / ASUNCIÓN CANO, MÓNICA ARAKAKI, JOSÉ ROQUE, MARÍA l. LA TORRE, NANCY REFULIO Y CÉSAR ARANA Productividad primaria de las plantas anuales durante El Niño 1997-98 en las Lomas de Mejia (Islay, Arequipa-Perú) / CARMELO TALA VERA, PERCY JIMÉNEZ, ALDO ORTEGA, LUIS VILLEGAS Y FRANCISCO VILLASANTE Poblaciones de zancudos en la Provincia Constitucional del Callao durante y después del evento El Niño 1997-98 / ROCÍO MORENO, MARÍA REYES, JOSÉ CHAUCA Y JOSÉ IANNACONE SECCIÓN III - CONSECUENCIAS SOCIO-ECONÓMICA Las reacciones del sector pesquero chileno al evento El Niño 1997-98 / DANIEL SUMAN Impacto de El Niño 1997-98 en la actividad pesquera del departamento de Piura / WILLIAM LEÓN La construcción social de la deforestación en México: los incendios de 1998 en la selva tropical de los Chimalapas / DAVID BARKIN y MIGUEL ÁNGEL GARCÍA Comportamiento del período seco y lluvioso e impactos de El Niño en Panamá / CÉSAR CASTILLO Los múltiples avatares de El Niño / ANNE-MARIE HOCQUENGHEM, EVELYNE MESCLIER Y MARÍA TERESA ORÉ Carta de susceptibilidad al peligro de inundaciones: el caso de las lagunas de Sechura / CARLOS TAVARES, FERNÁN ALAYZA Y JAVIER RAMÍREZ Impacto de El Niño 1997-98 en Lambayeque, Perú / JORGE CHANAMÉ, VíCTOR ALVITRES, JORGE FUPUY Y MIGUEL CORTEZ Uso del SIG en la evaluación de daños en la Carretera Panamericana entre Tumbes y Chiclayo / MOISÉS CASTILLO Y ANTONIO RAMÍREZ Efecto de El Niño 1997-98 sobre la salud en la cuenca de Huaura, Sayán / NELSON PACHECO, DENNY RODRÍGUEZ Y LINO CÁCERES SECCIÓN IV - EL NIÑO EN EL PASADO Reconstrucción del registro histórico de eventos El Niño en el Perú: un estado de avance / LUC ORTLIEB Y ANNE-MARIE HOCQUENGHEM Eventos ENOS como pulso de los océanos datos de anillos de árboles de 7 000 AP y 6 000 AP / JAMES H.L. LAWLER TAMAs, ocurrencia episódica de moluscos tropicales en el norte de Chile y evento El Niño / NURY GUZMÁN AMANDA DÍAZ, LUC ORTLIEB Y MARCELA CLARKE ¿1544, un año de El Niño? / ENRIQUE ANGULO El diluvio de 1891 / HUMBERTO RODRÍGUEZ LISTA DE REVISORES ÍNDICE , In spanischer und englischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction A land cover map of the ANWR study area Legend development Mapping method Results Discussion Description of the ANWR study area General description Description of specific terrain types Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Descriptions of Landsat land cover categories for ANWR Appendix B: Area summaries Appendix C: Aproximate equivalent units in several systems of land cover, wetland and vegetation classifications used in northern Alaska Appendix D: Soil taxonomy Appendix E: Summary of principal Landsat land cover categories within the terrain types of the ANWR study area

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methodology Geologic setting Camp construction and occupation Types of disturbance Degradational processes and the effective area of impact Areal effects of disturbance Topography Groundwater, surface water and drainage Sediment properties and near-surface stratigraphy Surficial processes Depth of thaw Comparison to Fish Creek Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 81-October 82. - II. Planned Activities, October 82-October 83. - References.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction U.S.S.R. system of standards U.S.S.R. Design Code SNiP 11-18-76 (1977) subsoils and foundations on permafrost General regulations Classification of soils Basic regulations for foundation design Analysis of subsoils and foundations Design of foundations for special soil conditions, and appendices SR 80-34 (1980) design and construction of foundations in areas of deep seasonal frost and permafrost General information Foundation design Conclusions Literature cited

Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Vapor flow Temperature profile Crystal growth rates Equilibirum versus kinetic growth forms of snow crystals Discussion Summary Literature cited

Note: Table of contents List of contributors Preface A global vegetation index for SeaWiFS: Design and applications / N. Gobron, F, Melin, B. Pinty, M. M. Verstraete, J.-L. Widlowski and G. Bucini Modeling sensible heat flux using estimates of soil and vegetation temperatures: the HEIFE and IMGRASS experiments / Li Jia, Massimo Menenti, Zhongbo Su, Zhao-Liang Li, Vera Djepa and Jiemin Wang Exploitation of Surface Albedo Derived from the Meteosat Data to Characterize Land Surface Changes / Bernard Pinty, Michel M. Verstraete, Nadine Gobron, Fausto Roveda, Yves Govaerts, John V. Martonchik,David J. Diner and Ralph A. Kahn Towards a Climatology of Australian Land Surface Albedo for use in Climate Models / Ian F. Grant Collocated surface and satellite observations as constraints for Earth radiation budget simulations with global climate models / Martin Wild How well do aerosol retrievals from satellites and representation in global circulation models match ground-based AERONET aerosol statistics? / S. Kinne, B. Holben, T. Eck, A. Smirnov, O. Dubovik, I. Slutsker, D. Tanre, G. Zibozdi, U. Lohmann, S. Ghan, R. Easter, M. Chin, P. Ginoux, T. Takemura, I, Tegen, D. Koch, R. Kahn, E. Vermote, L. Stowe, O. Torres, M. Mishchenko, I. Geogdzhayev and A. Hiragushi Remote Sensing of Snow and Characterization of Snow Albedo for Climate Simulations / Anne W. Nolin and Allan Frei Using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager to Monitor Surface Wetness and Temperature / Alan Basist and Claude Williams Snow Cover Fraction in a General Circulation Model / A. Roesch, M. Wild and A. Ohmura Boreal Forest Fire Regimes and Climate Change / B.J. Stocks, B.M. Wotton, M.D. Flannigan, M.A. Fosberg, D.R. Cahoon and J.G. Goldammer Specification of surface characteristics for use in a high resolution regional climate model: on the role of glaciers in the Swiss alps / Stéphane Goyette, Claude Collet and Martin Beniston Using Satellite Data Assimilation to Infer Global Soil Moisture Status and Vegetation Feedback to Climate / Wolfgang Knorr and Jan-Peter Schulz The Use of Remotely-sensed Data for the Estimation of Energy Balance Components in a Mountainous Catchment Area / P.A. Brivio, R. Colombo and M. Meroni Integration of operationally available remote sensing and synoptic data for surface energy balance modelling and environmental applications on the regional scale / Stefan Niemeyer and Jürgen Vogt

Note: CONTENTS: Foreword. - Introduction. - SESSION I - ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS AND CLIMATE SIMULATIONS. - Large-scale climate modelling and small-scale physical processes / J. Smagorinsky. - Simulation of climate by general circulation models with hydrologic cycles / S. Manabe. - Current parameterizations of land-surface processes in atmospheric general circulation models / D. J. Carson. - The sensitivity of numerically simulated climates to land surface conditions / Y. Mintz. - SESSION II - THE MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES OF MOMENTUM, HEAT AND WATER TRANSFERS ACROSS AND NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE LAND. - Vertical flux of moisture and heat at a bare soil surface / W. H. Brutsaert. - The vertical fluxes of heat and moisture at a vegetated land surface / L. J. Fritschen. - Vertical flux of heat and moisture in snow and ice / M. Kuhn. - SESSION III - MESOSCALE PARAMETERIZATIONS OF THE TRANSFER PROCESSES. - Parameterization of hydrologic processes / J. C. I. Dooge. - Dynamic hydro-thermal balances at macroscale / P. S. Eagleson. - SESSION IV - LAND SURFACE GLOBAL DATA SETS. - Use of regional and global soils data for climate modelling/ M. J. Gardiner. - Land surface processes: Vegetation / A. Perrier. - Data on snow cover and glaciers for the global climatic models / V. M. Kotliakov and A. N. Krenke. - The shortwave albedo and the surface emissivity / K. Ya. Kondratyev, V. I. Korzov, V. V. Mukhenberg and L. N. Dyachenko. - Water balance / A. Baumgartner. - SESSION V - ACQUISITION OF LAND SURFACE DATA. - Possibilities for remote sensing of surface characteristics / K. I. Itten.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction to the atmosphere. - Weather and climate. - Atmospheric hazards: assault by the elements. - The atmosphere: a part of the earth system. - Earth's four spheres. - Earth's spheres interact. - The carbon cycle. - Composition of the atmosphere. - Major components. - Carbon dioxide. - Variable components. - Ozone depletion - a global issue. - The ozone hole. - Effects of ozone depletion. - Montreal Protocol. - Probing the atmosphere. - Height and structure of the atmosphere. - Pressure changes. - Temperature changes. - Vertical variations in composition. - The ionosphere. - 2 Heating Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Earth-Sun Relationships. - Earth's Motions. - The Seasons. - Earth's Orientation. - Solstices and Equinoxes. - Energy, Heat, and Temperature. - Types of Energy. - Heat Energy Versus Temperature. - Mechanisms of Energy Transfer. - Conduction. - Convection. - Radiation. - Laws of Radiation. - The Fate of Incoming Solar Radiation. - Reflection and Scattering. - Absorption by Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Radiation Emitted by Earth. - Heating the Atmosphere. - The "Greenhouse Effect". - Role of Clouds in Heating Earth. - Heat Budget. - Latitudinal Heat Balance. - 3 Temperature. - For the Record: Air Temperature Data. - Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature. - Land and Water. - Ocean Currents. - Altitude. - Geographic Position. - Cloud Cover and Albedo. - World Distribution of Temperatures. - Cycles of Air Temperature. - Daily Temperature Variations. - Magnitude of Daily Temperature Changes. - Annual Temperature Variations. - Temperature Measurement. - Mechanical Thermometers. - Electrical Thermometers. - Instrument Shelters. - Temperature Scales. - Applications of Temperature Data. - Heating Degree-Days. - Cooling Degree-Days. - Growing Degree-Days. - Temperature and Comfort. - 4 Moisture and Atmospheric Stability. - Movement of Water Through the Atmosphere. - Water's Changes of State. - Water in the Atmosphere. - Vapor Pressure and Saturation. - Relative Humidity. - How Relative Humidity Changes. - Natural Change in Relative Humidity. - Dew Point Temperature. - Humidity Measurement. - Adiabatic Temperature Changes. - Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation. - Lifting Processes. - Orographic Lifting. - Frontal Wedging. - Convergence. - Localized Convective Lifting. - Contents. - The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric Stability. - Types of Stability. - Stability and Daily Weather. - How Stability Changes. - Temperature Changes and Stability. - Vertical Air Movement and Stability. - 5 Forms of Condensation and Precipitation. - Condensation. - Condensation Aloft and Cloud Formation. - Clouds. - Cloud Classification. - Cloud Descriptions. - Fog. - Fogs Formed by Cooling. - Fogs Formed by Evaporation. - Dew and Frost. - How Precipitation Forms. - Precipitation from Cold Clouds: The Bergeron Process. - Precipitation from Warm Clouds: The Collision-Coalescence Process. - Forms of Precipitation. - Rain. - Snow. - Sleet and Glaze. - Hail. - Rime. - Precipitation Measurement. - Standard Instruments. - Measuring Snowfall. - Measurement Errors. - Precipitation Measurement by Weather Radar. - Intentional Weather Modification. - Cloud Seeding. - Fog and Cloud Dispersal. - Hail Suppression. - Frost Prevention. - Inadvertent Weather Modification: Urban-Induced Precipitation. - 6 Air Pressure and Winds. - Understanding Air Pressure. - Measuring Air Pressure. - Factors Affecting Air Pressure. - Pressure Changes With Altitude. - Factors Affecting Wind. - Pressure-Gradient Force. - Coriolis Force. - Friction. - Winds Aloft and Geostrophic Flow. - Curved Flow and the Gradient Wind. - Surface Winds. - How Winds Generate Vettical Air Motion. - Vertical Airflow Associated with Cyclones and Anticyclones. - Factors That Promote Vertical Airflow. - Wind Measurement. - 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Scales of Atmospheric Motion. - Large- and Small-Scale Circulation. - Structure of Wind Patterns. - Local Winds. - Land and Sea Breezes. - Mountain and Valley Breezes. - Chinook (Foehn) Winds. - Katabatic (Fall) Winds. - Country Breeze. - Global Circulation. - Single-Cell Circulation Model. - Three-Cell Circulation Model. - Observed Distribution of Pressure and Winds. - Idealized Zonal Pressure Belts. - Semipermanent Pressure Systems: The Real World. - Monsoons. - The Asian Monsoon. - The North American Monsoon. - The Westerlies. - Why Westerlies?. - Jet Streams. - Origin of the Midlatitude Jet Stream. - Subtropical Jet Stream. - Waves in the Westerlies. - Westerlies and Earth's Heat Budget. - Global Winds and Ocean Currents. - The Importance of Ocean Currents. - Ocean Currents and Upwelling. - El Niño and La Niña. - Global Distribution of Precipitation. - Zonal Distribution of Precipitation. - Distribution of Precipitation Over the Continents. - Precipitation Regimes on a Hypothetical Continent. - 8 Air Masses. - What Is an Air Mass?. - Source Regions. - Classifying Air Masses. - Air-Mass Modification. - Properties of North American Air Masses. - Continental Polar (cP) and Continental Arctic (cA) Air Masses. - Lake-Effect Snow: Cold Air Over Warm Water. - Maritime Polar (mP) Air Masses. - Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Masses. - Continental Tropical (eT) Air Masses. - 9 Weather Patterns. - Polar-Front Theory. - Fronts. - Warm Fronts. - Cold Fronts. - Stationary Fronts. - Occluded Fronts. - Drylines. - Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Formation: The Clash of Two Air Masses. - Development of Cyclonic Flow. - Occlusion: The Beginning of the End. - Idealized Weather of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Cyclogenesis. - Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Circulation. - Divergence and Convergence Aloft. - Traveling Cyclones. - Patterns of Movement. - Anticyclonic Weather and Blocking Highs. - Case Study of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Violent Spring Weather. - Weather in Peoria. - 10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes. - What's in a Name?. - Thunderstorms. - Air-Mass Thunderstorms. - Stages of Development. - Occurrence. - Severe Thunderstorms. - Supercell Thunderstorms. - Squall Lines and Mesoscale Convective Complexes. - Lightning and Thunder. - What Causes Lightning?. - The Lightning Stroke. - Thunder. - Tornadoes. - The Development and Occurrence of Tornadoes. - Tornado Development. - Tornado Climatology. - Profile of a Tornado. - Tornado Destruction. - Tornado Forecasting. - Tornado Watches and Warnings. - Doppler Radar. - 11 Hurricanes. - Profile of a Hurricane. - Hurricane Formation and Decay. - Hurricane Formation. - Hurricane Decay. - Hurricane Destruction . - Storm Surge. - Wind Damage. - Inland Flooding. - Detecting and Tracking Hurricanes. - The Role of Satellites. - Aircraft Reconnaissance. - Radar and Data Buoys. - Hurricane Watches and Warnings. - 12 Weather Analysis and Forecasting. - The Weather Business: A Brief Overview. - Weather Analysis. - Gathering Data. - Weather Maps: Pictures of the Atmosphere. - Weather Forecasting. - Synoptic Weather Forecasting. - Numerical Weather Prediction. - Statistical Methods. - Techniques Used in Short-Range Forecasting. - Long-Range Forecasts. - Forecast Accuracy. - Tools in Weather Forecasting. - Satellites in Weather Forecasting. - What Weather Satellites Reveal. - Measurement by Satellite. - Weather Forecasting and Upper-Level Flow. - The Winter of 1977. - 13 Air Pollution. - A Brief Historical Perspective. - Air Pollution: Not a new Problem. - Some Historic Episodes. - Sources and Types of Air Pollution. - Primary Pollutants. - Secondary Pollutants. - Trends in Air Quality. - Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution. - Wind as a Factor. - The Role of Atmospheric Stability. - Acid Precipitation. - Extent and Potency of Acid Precip

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Series Preface. - Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Part 1 Introduction. - 1 Modeling Dynamic Systems. - 1.1 Model Components. - 1.2 Dynamic Modeling as a Skill and Art. - 1.3 Modeling in STELLA. - 1.4 Principles of Modeling. - Part 2 Some General Methods for Modeling. - 2 Four-Model Set. - 2.1 Stimulus-Response Model. - 2.2 Self-Referencing Model. - 2.3 Goal-Seeking Model. - 2.4 Goal-Setting Model. - 2.5 Examples. - 2.5.1 Exponential Decay of a Stock. - 2.5.2 Newtonian Cooling. - 3 Gradual Development of a Dynamic Model. - 3.1 Modeling Industrialization for a Simple Agrarian Society. - 3.2 Impacts of Per Capita Food Consumption on Population Growth. - 3.3 Adding Agriculture. - 3.4 Adding Industry. - 4 Two Independent Variables. - 4.1 Population Cohorts. - 4.1.1 Basic Cohort Model. - 4.1.2 Population Cohort Array. - 4.1.3 U.S. Population Growth. - 4.2 River Toxins. - 5 Randomness. - 5.1 Flipping a Coin. - 5.2 Intoxication Model. - 6 Positive and Negative Feedback. - 6.1 The Basic Model. - 6.2 Positive Feedback with Fixed Points. - 6.3 Elaborations. - 7 Derivatives and Lags. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Applications of Derivatives and Lags. - 7.2.1 Simple Population Model. - 7.2.2 Two-Population Model. - Part 3 Chemistry Models. - 8 The Law of Mass Action. - 8.1 Breakdown of Nitrogen Dioxide into Nitrogen Oxide and Oxygen. - 8.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. - 9 Chance-Cleland Model for Enzyme-Substrate Interaction. - 10 The Olsen Oscillator. - Part 4 Genetics Models. - 11 Mating of Alleles. - 11.1 Heterozygosity and Disease Resistance. - 11.2 The Mating of Two Alleles into a Genotype: Proving the Hardy-Weinberg Law. - 12 Natural Selection and Mutation. - 13 Artificial Worms. - Part 5 Ecological Models. - 14 Robin Population. - 15 Two-Stage Insect Model. - 16 The Zebra Mussel. - 17 Single Cell Forest. - 18 Predator-Prey Models. - 18.1 Basic Model of Predator-Prey Interactions. - 18.2 Spatial Predator-Prey Model. - 19 Epidemic Modeling. - 20 Reestablishment of Wolves. - 21 Lyme Disease. - 22 Tragedy of the Commons. - Part 6 Economic Models. - 23 Introduction to Modeling Economic Processes. - 24 The Competitive Firm. - 25 The Monopolistic Firm. - 25.1 Basic Model. - 25.2 Taxing Monopolies. - 26 Competitive Equilibrium. - 27 Substitution. - 27.1 Isoquants. - 27.2 Finding the Profit-Maximizing Output Level and Input Combinations. - 28 Time Value. - 29 Opportunity Cost. - 30 Optimal Tree Cutting. - 31 Fisheries Reserve Model. - 32 Dynamic Scarcity. - 32.1 Competitive Scarcity. - 32.2 Monopoly Scarcity. - 33 Market Game. - 34 Pig Cycle. - Part 7 Engineering Models. - 35 The Assembly Line. - 35.1 Basic Model. - 35.2 Car Assembly Line. - 36 Models of Gravity and Acceleration. - 36.1 Falling Rock. - 36.2 Projectile Motion. - 36.3 Mass-Damper-Spring. - 36.4 Mechanical Amplifier. - 37 Chaos. - 37.1 A New Paradigm. - 37.2 Jenson Chaos. - 37.3 Lorenz Chaos. - 37.4 Two-Well Chaos. - Part 8 Conclusion. - 38 Beginning a Dialog. - Appendixes. - A1 System Requirements. - A1.1 Macintosh. - A1.2 Windows. - A2 Quick Help Guide. - A2.1 Overview of the STELLA(r) Operating Environment. - A2.2 Drawing an Inflow to a Stock. - A2.3 Drawing an Outflow from a Stock. - A2.4 Replacing a Cloud with a Stock. - A2.5 Bending Flow Pipes. - A2.6 Repositioning Flow Pipes. - A2.7 Reversing Direction of a Flow. - A2.8 Flow Define Dialog-Builtins. - A2.9 Moving Variable Names. - A2.10 Drawing Connectors. - A2.11 Defining Graphs and Tables. - A2.12 Dynamite Operations on Graphs and Tables. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgments List of Notations PART A. BEACH SYSTEMS: DEFINITION AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 1 Beaches / Andrew D. Short 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Two-dimensional beaches 1.3 Three-dimensional beaches 1.4 Beach components and boundary conditions 1.5 Beach classifications 1.6 Beach Quantification 1.7 Beach morphodynamics 1.8 The study of beaches 1.9 Rationale for beach studies in the 21st century 2 Global variation in beach systems / Andrew D. Short 2.1 Global variation in beach systems 2.2 Coastal boundaries 2.3 Global climates 2.4 Global coastal sediments 2.5 Beach sediments 2.6 Global wave climates 2.7 Global and coastal tide regimes 2.8 Summary PART B. BEACH MORPHODYNAMICS 3 The shoreface / Peter J. Cowell, David J. Hanslow and Justin F. Meleo 3.1 Introduction: definition and significance 3.2 Morphological scale 3.3 Morphodynamics and shoreface equilibrium 3.4 Morphodynamic time scale and external controls 3.5 Summary 4 The surf zone / Troels Aagaard and Gerhard Masselink 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Wave transformation and wave set-up 4.3 Infragravity wave motion in the surf zone 4.4 Surf zone currents 4.5 Sediment transport 4.6 Bar morphology 5 The beachface / Michael Hughes and Ian Turner 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Swash kinematics 5.3 Beachface slope 5.4 Berms 5.5 Beach step 5.6 Swash cusps 5.7 Concluding remarks 6 The beach backshore and beyond / Patrick A. Hesp 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Backshore beach morphology 6.3 Backshore sand transport 6.4 Backshore aerodynamics 6.5 Beach- Backshore - dune sediment transport 6.6 Impact of salt aerosols 6.7 Overwash processes and deposits 6.8 Swash-deposited backshore landforms 6.9 Backshore dunes 6.10 Erosional and transgressive dunes 6.11 Summary PART C. BEACH TYPES AND APPLICATIONS 7 Wave-dominated beaches / Andrew D. Short 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Historical perspective 7.3 Wave-dominated beach types 7.4 Sequential beach changes 7.5 Multi-bar micro-tidal beaches 7.6 Beach 'state' curves: beaches in time and space 8 The effect of tides on beach morphodynamics / Gerhard Masselink and Ian L. Turner 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Tide-induced migration of hydrodynamic processes 8.3 Tide-induced fluctuations of the beach ground water table 8.4 Morphological response to tides 8.5 The parameterisation of tidal effects 8.6 A morphodynamic classification of tidal beaches 8.7 Summary 9 Embayed and structurally controlled beaches / Andrew D. Short and Gerhard Masselink 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Beach planform 9.3 Beach morphodynamics 9.4 Beach rotation 9.5 Headland sand bypassing 9.6 Structural impacts 9.7 Summary PART D. BEACH SYSTEMS AND IMPACTS 10 Beach Modification: natural impacts on beach morphodynamics / Andrew D. Short 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Determining beach type, circulation and bar number 10.3 Modification by cold climates 10.4 Modification by tropical climates 10.5 Modification of beach parameters 10.6 Summary 11 Beach ecology / Andrew D. Short and Patrick A. Hesp 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Beach habitats 11.3 Beach organisms 11.4 The beach energy system 11.5 Beach ecology and beach systems 11.6 Physical implication 11.7 Summary 12 Beach and dune stratification / Andrew D. Short and Patrick A. Hesp 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Boundary layer processes 12.3 Beach type and stratification 12.4 Dune stratification 12.5 Summary 13 Beach hazards and safety / Andrew D. Short 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Beach hazards 13.3 Wave-dominated beach hazards 13.4 Tide-modified beach hazards 13.5 Beach hazard rating 13.6 Applications to beach management 13.7 Summary PART E. LARGE SCALE BEACH BEHAVIOUR 14 Barrier morphodynamics / Patrick A. Hesp and Andrew D. Short 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The origin of barriers 14.3 Factors contributing to barrier type and evolution 14.4 Barrier morphodynamics and types 14.5 Controls on barrier evolution 14.6 Conclusion References Author Index Location index Subject Index

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Summary for Policymakers Synthesis Report Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Working Group Summaries Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Annexes A. Authors and Expert Reviewers B. Glossary of Terms C. Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units D. Scientific, Technical, and Socio-Economic Questions Selected by the Panel E. List of Major IPCC Reports

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - The Editors. - Aims & Scope of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series. - Editors and Board of Advisors of Developments in Paleoenvironmental. - Research Book Series. - Contents of Volumes 1 to 4 of the Series. - Safety Considerations and Caution. - List of Contributors. - 1. An introduction to physical and geochemical methods used in paleolimnology / William M. Last & John P. Smol. - PART 1: PHYSICAL LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY TECHNIQUES. - 2. Recognition and analysis of bedding and sediment fabric features / Alan E. S. Kemp, Jean Dean, Richard B. Pearce & Jennifer Pike. - Introduction. - Approach. - Photography and imagery of the core surface. - Penetrative imaging of the core. - Sampling wet, unconsolidated or semi-consolidated sediment. - Sediment drying and resin-embedding. - Thin section preparation. - SEM analysis of laminated sediment. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - Appendix 1: Fluid displacive low viscosity resin embedding technique Method. - References. - 3. Image analysis techniques / Timo Saarinen & Gunilla Petterson. - Introduction. - Image analysis in paleolimnology. - Material and methods. - Future perspectives. - Conclusion. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 4. Textural analysis of lake sediments / William M. Last. - Introduction and importance of texture. - Size. - Form and fabric. - Example of application of textural studies. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - PART II. MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL INDICATOR TECHNIQUES. - 5. Inorganic geochemical methods in paleolimnology / J. F. Boyle. - History & scope. - Objectives of inorganic geochemical research. - Elemental analysis. - Identifying, characterizing, and quantifying sediment components. - Areas of contention. - Uses of inorganic geochemical data in palaeolimnology. - Future developments. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 6. Mineralogical analysis of lake sediments / William M. Last. - Introduction and importance of mineralogy. - Mineralogy versus geochemistry. - Minerals in lake sediments. - A synopsis of methods. - X-ray diffraction. - Light microscopy. - Future developments. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 7. Fluid inclusions in paleolimnological studies of chemical sediments / Tim Lowenstein & Sean T. Brennan. - Introduction. - Distinguishing primary from secondary features in chemical sediments. - Fluid inclusions in ancient chemical sediments. - Fluid inclusion liquid-vapor homogenization temperatures: paleolake temperatures. - Fluid inclusion freezing-melting behavior: paleolake chemical compositions. - Stable isotopes (δD, δ18O) from fluid inclusion waters. - Major element chemistry of fluid inclusions: paleolake water compositions. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 8. Application of mineral magnetic techniques to paleolimnology / Per Sandgren & Ian Snowball. - Introduction. - A brief history of the application of mineral magnetic measurements to lake sediments. - Magnetic properties. - Magnetic hysteresis. - Anhysteretic remanent magnetisation (ARM). - Sample collection and preparation. - Sequence of measurements. - Hysteresis curves. - Summary. - References. - 9. Sediment organic matter / Philip A. Meyers & Jane L. Teranes. - Introduction. - Paleolimnological proxies. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 10. Paleolimnological methods and applications for persistent organic pollutants / Jules M. Blais & Derek C. G. Muir. - Introduction. - Advances in extraction and quantitative analytical techniques for POPs in sediment. - Transfer processes in lakes. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 11. Near-Infrared spectrometry (NIRS) in paleolimnology / Tom Korsman, Ingemar Renberg, Eigil Dabakk & Mats B. Nilsson. - Introduction. - Theory. - Instrumentation. - NIR analysis of sediment samples. - Uses of NIRS in palaeolimnology. - Future perspectives. - Summary. - References. - 12. Fly-ash particles / Neil Rose. - Introduction. - A brief history. - Methods of extraction and enumeration. - Temporal distribution. - Spatial distribution. - Source apportionment. - The future. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - PART III: STABLE ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES. - 13. Application of stable isotope techniques to inorganic and biogenic carbonates / Emi lto. - Introduction. - Nomenclature and systematics. - δ18O of lake-water. - Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of lake-water. - δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). - Carbonates in lake-sediments. - Mollusks. - Ostracodes. - Charaphytes. - Isotope analysis. - Preparation of carbonate samples for isotope analysis. - Conclusions. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 14. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of lake sediment cellulose: methods and applications / Brent B. Wolfe, Thomas W. D. Edwards, Richard J. Elgood & Kristina R. M. Beuning. - Introduction. - Stable isotope tracers in lake waters - 18O, 2 H,13CHistorical development. - Methods. - Key criteria for paleohydrologic reconstruction. - Applications. - Future research directions. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 15. Nitrogen isotopes in palaeolimnology / Michael R. Talbot. - Introduction. - Nitrogen in lakes: forms and distribution. - Nitrogen isotopes. - Nitrogen isotope studies in palaeolimnology: sampling and measurement. - Some examples. - Closing remarks. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Glossary, acronyms and abbreviations. - Index.

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Paleogeography. - Ancient vegetation - the fossil record. - The Steppe-Tundra concept and its application in Beringia. - Paleoclimate. - Primary production and the Pleistocene ungulates - the productivity paradox. - Man in ancient Beringia. - Paleoecology of Beringia - a synthesis. - References. - General index. - Index to faunal and floral taxa.

Note: CONTENTS Preface The Editors Aims & Scope of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series Editors and Board of Advisors of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series Contents of Volumes 1 to 4 Safety Considerations and Caution List of Contributors 1. Zoological indicators in lake sediments: an introduction / John P. Smol, H. John B. Birks & William M. Last References 2. Cladocera and other branchiopod crustaceans / A. Korhola & M. Rautio Introduction Cladocera Other crustacean branchiopods Summary Acknowledgements References 3. Midges: Chironomidae and related Diptera / I. R. Walker Introduction Overview of life cycles and ecology Methods Indicator potential Future directions Summary Acknowledgments References 4. Coleoptera and Trichoptera / S. A. Elias Introduction Sampling of insect fossils Extraction of insect fossils from sediment Specimen identification Paleoenvironmental interpretation Paleotemperature reconstructions Summary References 5. Oribatid mites / T. Solhøy Introduction Brief history Outline of methods Indicator potential Summary Acknowledgements Appendix I References 6. Bryozoan statoblasts / D. R. Francis Introduction Methods Statoblasts in sedimentary records Indicator potential Conclusions and future directions Summary Acknowledgments References 7. Ostracoda / J. A. Holmes Introduction Biology and taxonomy Ecology Ecological, palaeoecological and geochemical techniques Future directions Summary Acknowledgements References 8. Freshwater molluscs / B. B. Miller & M. J. S. Tevesz Introduction Field methods Laboratory methods Data interpretation Geochemical approaches Summary Acknowledgments References 9. Fish / W. P. Patterson & G. R. Smith Introduction Establishing the stratigraphic framework Geomorphology and paleohydrology Otoliths Summary References Glossary, Acronyms and Abbreviations Index