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  • Paris : IEA Publications  (67)
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  • Books  (104)
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  • 2010-2014  (58)
  • 2005-2009  (9)
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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: MOP 45590 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 135 S. : 46 graph. Darst.
    Uniform Title: Die Ostsee, kleines Meer mit großen Problemen
    Language: Russian
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: MOP 45227 / Mitte ; MOP 45692 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 159 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: Russian
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 3
    Call number: ZSP-799-326
    In: Trudy Ordena Lenina Arktičeskogo i Antarktičeskogo Naučno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 326
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 228 Seiten , Illustrationen , 23 cm
    Series Statement: Trudy Ordena Lenina Arktičeskogo i Antarktičeskogo Naučno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta 326
    Language: Russian
    Note: CONTENTS: Foreword. - Radio physical methods of ice and snow studies / V. V. Bogorodsky. - Radar frequency-modulated signals reflected from ice surfaces and the possibility of their modelling / A. B. Babayev, V. P. Logachev, V. N. Parfentyev, V. A. Fedorov, G. P. Shelomanova. - Ice structure and its effect on ice SHF emissivity / A. Ye. Basharinov, A. A. Kurskaya. - Radio wave propagation in glaciers / V. V. Bogorodsky, G. V. Trepov, B. A. Fedorov. - Radio echo sounding of sea ice / V. V. Bogorodsky, V. P. Tripolnikov. - Emissivity of ice, land and sea surfaces modelled by layered heterogeneous structures / V. V. Bogorodsky, A. I. Kozlov, L. T. Tuchkov. . - Radio sounding wide angle reflection measurements / J. W. Clough. - Depolarization of radio echo returns / J. W. Clough. - Remote radar measurements of sea ice thicknesses / M. I. Finkelshtein, V. A. Kutev, V. G. Glushnev, E. I. Lazarev. - Electrical properties of the vacuum-formed ice and their dependence on structure / A. K. Zhebrovsky, G. M. Strakhovsky, V. N. Nedostayev, V. I. Stebin. - Ice forces on separate supporting structures by laboratory and field tests / S. A. Vershinin, Ye. M. Kopaygorodsky, V. V. Panov, Z. I. Shvaishtein. - Correlation between the salinity of sea ice and extinction coefficient at 6328 Å / H. Davis, R. Munis. - Optical characteristics of some vanehes of natural ice / B. Ya. Gaitskhoki. - Instruments for the investigation of spectral reflection of liquid water on 1-50 Mm wave lengths / M. A. Kropotkin. - On the study of the process of charge generation at the phase interface of 10-3 molar solution of natrium chlorirde, freezing oriented / V. Petera. - The behavior of ice in rapidly variable electromagnetic fields of high intensity / L. B. Nekrasov. - Magnetic survey of ice wedges / B. V. Volodko, V. S. Yakupov, E. N. Akhmedzyanov, V. M. Kalinin, V. O. Papitashvili, G. A. Sereda. - Low frequency polarization of ice and frozen coarse-disperse formations / V. P. Melnikov, A. M. Snegiryev. - Coastal ice dynamics by SLAR observations / S. M. Losev, Yu. A. Gorbunov. - Surface water temperature observations by airborne radiation thermometer / A. I. Paramonov, Yu. A. Gorbunov, S. M. Losev. - Acoustic techniques in snow and ice studies / V. P. Gavrilo, A. V. Gusev. - Attenuation and scattering of sound waves by sea ice / V. V. Bogorodsky, G. E. Smirnov, S. A. Smirnov. - A study of sound attenuation in natural ice / N. A. Grubnik, O. V. Kudryavtsev. - Ice cover studies by seismic and tiltmeter methods / V. N. Smirnov, Ye. M. Linkov. - Glacier dynamics studies by laser deformograph / I. M. Belousova, I. P. Ivanov, N. G. Firsov. - An expenmental study of ice adhesion by laboratory and field tests / V. V. Panov, A. V. Panyushkin, Yu. D. Sinochkin, Z. I. Shvaishtein. - A study of ice layer destruction process / N. A. Grubnik, V. I. Fomin, A. B. Shemyakin. - Mechanical propterties of snow related to its use as a construction material / A. F. Wuori. - Arctic snow cover / I. M. Dolgin, N. N. Bryazgin, L. S. Petrov. - A technique to measure large moisture content in the snow by cosmic radiation / S. I. Avdyushin, Y. F. Barabantshchikov, R. M. Kogan, Y. M. Kulagin, I. M. Nazarov, Sh. D. Fridman, I. S. Yudkevich. - Techniques for measuring the strength characteristics of natural and processed snow / G. Abele. - Statistic evaluation of spatial distribution of the main parameters of the ice cover / A. Ya. Buzuyev. - Study of mechanical properties of fresh-water ice with slowly variable load / K. N. Korzhavin, A. B. Ivchenko. - On the short-term ice creep and micro crack kinetics of new formations / Yu. K. Zaretsky, A. M. Fish, V. P. Gavrilo, A. V. Gusev. - Field tests of physical and mechanical properties of the ice cover / A. Ya. Ryvlin. - Determination of specific failure energy and impact pressure values of ice / D. Ye. Kheisin, V. A. Likhomanov, V. A. Kurdyumov. - Radio hydro/acoustical method to study meso-scale characteristics of sea ice dynamics / V. V. Bogorodsky, V. P. Gavrilo, A. P. Polyakov. , In kyrillischer Schrift , Mit englischem Inhaltsverzeichnis
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  • 4
    Call number: MOP 40334 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VI, 307 Seiten
    Language: Russian
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  • 5
    Call number: AWI A13-19-92401
    Description / Table of Contents: The book "Mathematical modelling of general circulation of the atmosphere and ocean" (G. I. Marchuk, V. P. Dymnikov, V. N. Lykossov, V. B. Zalesny, V. Ya. Galin) contains the sistematic description of the mathematical and physical aspects of the problem of general circulation atmosphere and ocean modelling, beginning from the governing equations to the analysis of numerical experiments and programme realization on the different generation computers. The problems of sub-grid processes parametrization methods and the sensitivity of the models to the parametrization of the cloud-radiation interaction, large-scale condensation processes parametrization of the boundary layer are also considered in the book. The book is intended for the experts in numerical and applied mathematics, geophysical hydrodynamics as well as students of universities, concerned with numerical methods of the ocean and the atmosphere simulation.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 320 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 6
    Call number: MOP 44631 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 80 Seiten , 21 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 7
    Call number: MOP 45860 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 8
    Call number: MOP 46138 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 196 Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 9
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI A3-17-90425
    Description / Table of Contents: The book by A. S. Monin "Introduction to the theory of climate" summarizes the principal notions, information and methods of the physical theory of climate in its contemporary sense which implies that the basis of this theory is formed by a physico-mathematical modelling of the climatic system the atmosphere-ocean-land. The book is meant for specialists dealing with investigations of atmosphere, cryosphere, biosphere and land hydrology.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 245 S.
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 10
    Call number: MOP 46514 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 25 Seiten
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 11
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: MOP 45688 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 119 Seiten
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 12
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: MOP 45175 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 181 Seiten
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 13
    Call number: MOP 45693 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 238 Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 14
    Call number: MOP 45570 / Mitte ; MOP 47512 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 298 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 15
    Call number: MOP 45542 / Mitte ; MOP 44959 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 278 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: Russian , English
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung und Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache
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  • 16
    Call number: MOP 46551 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 236 Seiten
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 17
    Call number: MOP 45224 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 221 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: Russian , English
    Note: Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache , In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 18
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: MOP 45541 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 422 Seiten
    Uniform Title: Principles of applied climatology
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 19
    Call number: MOP 45594 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 55 Seiten
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 20
    Call number: MOP 45592 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 243 S. : Ill.
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 21
    Call number: MOP Per 283(395)
    In: Trudy
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 150 S.
    Series Statement: Trudy / Glavnaja Geofiziceskaja Observatorija Imeni A. I. Voejkova 395
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 22
    Call number: AWI A4-89-0036-2 ; AWI A4-78-0791-2 ; MOP 45231/B / Mitte
    In: Spravočnik po klimatu Antarktidy / pod red. I. M. Dolgina, Tom 2
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Foreword. - PART 1. - Organization of meteorological observations in Antarctica and techniques of climatological data reduction. - Publications of meteorological observations by Antarctic stations. - Explanations to tables. - TABLES. - Section 1. Air temperature. - Section 2. Air pressure. - Section 3. Wind. - Section 4. Air humidity. - Section 5. Cloudiness. - Section 6. Precipitation. - Section 7. Atmospheric phenomena. - Section 8. Visibility. - Section 9. Complex characteristics. - Alphabetic index of stations. - Meteorological stations location map. - List of meteorological stations. - PART 2. - Explanations to tables. - TABLES. - Section 1. Air temperature. - Section 2. Air pressure. - Section 3. Wind. - Section 4. Air humidity. - Section 5. Cloudiness. - Section 6. Precipitation. - Section 7. Atmospheric phenomena. - Meteorological stations location map. - Appendix. - List of literature.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 492 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Spravočnik po klimatu Antarktidy / pod red. I. M. Dolgina 2
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache (Seite 6- 8])
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  • 23
    Call number: AWI A4-85-0427
    Description / Table of Contents: Приводятся основные результаты докладов на совещании-семинаре "Изучение Арктики, Антарктики и Мирового океана - на службу людям", проводившемся в Москве, на ВДНХ 9 - 13 февраля 1981 г. = The main results of the reports at the workshop-seminar "The study of the Arctic, Antarctic and the World Ocean - for people", held in Moscow, at the Exhibition of Economic Achievements, February 9 - 13, 1981.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 182 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    Language: Russian
    Note: Soderžanie: Predislovie. - Osnovnye rezul'taty 25-letnego issledovanija Antarktiki / N. A. Kornilov. - Poljarnaja klimatologija na službe narodnogo chozjajstva / A. I. Voskresenskij, G. U. Karimova, L. S. Petrov. - Sostojanie i perspektivy okeanologičeskogo obespečenija narodnogo chozjajstva v Arktike / N. V. Mustafin, E. N. Dvorkin. - Sostojanie i perspektivy gidrochimičeskich issledovanij dlja obsluživanija naučnych i chozjajstvennych učreždenij Arktiki / V. P. Rusanov. - Obespečenie ledovoj informaciej ledokol'no-transportnych sudov v Arktike / V. E. Borodačev, A. V. Bušuev, A. A. Kirillov. - Izučenie prirodnych uslovij dlja obespečenija tranzitnogo plavanija po Severnomu Morskomu Puti / A. Ja. Buzuev, V. B. Fedjakov. - Ispol'zovanie novych metodov v monitoringe termičeskogo režima Arktiki / I. B. Eserkepova, K. M. Lugina, N. A. Speranskaja, R. L. Kagan, I. P. Smirnova, V. V. Subbotin. - Izučenie vysokich sloev atmosfery v Arktike, Antarktike, i nad Mirovym okeanom s pomošč'ju meteoraket / G. A. Kokin, K. E. Speranskij, S. S. Gajgerov. - Optičeskie svojstva atmosfery nad Atlantičeskim okeanom / E. E. Artemkin, S. I. Avdjušin, A. E. Mikirov. - Voprosy soveršenstvovanija sinoptičeskogo obespečenija sudochodstva i rybopromyslovych rabot v Južnom okeane / L. Ju. Ryžakov. - Radiolokacionnye issledovanija oblakov v različnych rajonach Mirovogo okeana / A. I. Korotov, A. E. Mjagkov, A. B. Ščupjackij. - Osnovnye itogi i perspektivy naučnych issledovanij Severozemel'skogo gljaciologičeskogo stacionara AANII "Kupol Vavilova" / L. S. Govorucha. - Nekotorye rezul'taty issledovanij po programme Meždunarodnogo antarktičeskogo gljaciologičeskogo proekta (MAGP) / V. G. Aver'janov. - Prilivnye javlenija vo l'dach Severnogo Ledovitogo okeana (po kosmičeskim dannym) / V. V. Bogorodskij, M. G. Nazirov. - Nekotorye čerty prostranstvennoj struktury ledjanogo pokrova arktičeskich morej v svjazi s turbulentnym treniem i geostrofičeskim zachvatom prilivnoj volny / M. G. Nazirov, V. G. Trofimova. - Primenenie model'nych naturnych ėksperimentov pri izučenii vzaimodejstvija nefteproduktov s okeanom i atmosferoj / V. V. Izmajlov, V. S. Račkov. - Neftjanye uglevodorody v vodach mirovogo okeana i metody bor'by s nimi / M. P. Nestepova, I. A. Nemirovskaja, O. S. Močalova. - Osnovnye rezul'taty issledovanij vozmožnych izmenenij gidrometeorologičeskich uslovij severnych morej pod vlijaniem vodochozjajstvennych meroprijatij / V. A. Potanin, A. A. Dement'ev. - Issledovanie struktury gidrofizičeskich polej v central'noj časti Arktičeskogo bassejna / L. I. Zubkov, A. V. Gusev, P. V. Bogorodskij. - Ispol'zovanie infrakrasnych (IK) aėrokosmičeskich nabljudenij Arktičeskich morej v navigacii i pri rešenii drugich narodnochozjajstvennych zadač / A. I. Paramonov, V. A. Čebotareva. - Set' avtomatičeskich magnitografov po proektu "Geografičeskij poligon v Antarktide" dlja izučenija okolozemnogo kosmičeskogo prostranstva / A. N. Zajcev, G. A. Timofeev, V. O. Papitašvili. - Prognozirovanie chodkosti sudov vo l'dach / V. I. Kašteljan, D. D. Maksutov, O. V. Faddeev. , In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 24
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: MOP 45829 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 359 S. ; 22 cm
    Language: Russian
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  • 25
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI G7-85-1035
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 65 S.
    Language: Russian
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  • 26
    Call number: MOP 44329 / Mitt
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 295 S.
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 27
    Call number: AWI A4-90-0142
    In: Trudy sovetskoj antarktičeskoj ėkspedicii, 74
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 151 S.
    Series Statement: Trudy sovetskoj antarktičeskoj ėkspedicii 74
    Language: Russian
    Note: Contents: Preface. - PART 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. - Chapter 1. Organization and implimentation of observations. - Chapter 2. Engineering activity on the SAE. - Appendix. - PART 2. SCIENTIFIC RESULTS. - On the initial data set for the long-range H500 hydrodynamic forecast for the Southern Hemisphere / M. P. Yevseyev. - To the forecast of weather elements in Antarctica / R. G. Panchugin. - Method of spectral zoning on the 4-dimensional analysis of upper-air data on the Southern Hemisphere / S. A. Petrusenko. - On the structure of air mass transport on the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere / E. P. Lysakov. - Aerial-synoptic analysis of the conditions leading to strong katabatic winds, observed on Molodezhnaya station on 1976 / S. T. Sokolov, N. N. Shirokov. - Some results of the study of the atmospheric nourishment of Antarctic Sea ice sheets / A. I. Voskresensky , N. N. Bryazgin. - The assessment of the advective and dynamic processes on the formation of the thermal regime of Antarctic atmosphere / E. P. Lysakov. - The study of physical / acoustical and rheological properties of the ice sheet on the vicinity of the Novolazarevskaya Station / V. A. Nikitin, V. K. Stepanov. - On the temperature field of the Novolazarevskaya Ice Shelf / L. I. Yeskin. - The primary production on the lakes of Schirmacher Oasis / E. B. Kaup. - On the computer processing of the Antarctic geomagnetic data / A. F. Maloletkin. - Hydrometeorological and sea ice conditions at the Bellingshausen Station, 1975/76 / A. A. Lebedev. - Biochemical changes on the blood serum under cold impact / P. Ye. Vloshchinsky, Yu. A. Sidorov. - The study of the elasticity of the vegetative system on the wintering-over personnel in Antarctica / Yu. A. Sidorov. , In kyrill. Schr. - Engl. Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 5-6
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  • 28
    Call number: MOP 45569 / Mitte ; MOP 45569/A1 / Mitte ; MOP 45569/A2 / Mitte ; MOP 45569/A3 / Mitte ; MOP 45569/A4 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Uniform Title: Trudy XII Konferencii Baltijskich Okeanografov, Leningrad, 14-17 aprelja 1980 g., i VII Soveščanija ±Ekspertov po Vodnomu Balansu Baltijskogo Morja, Leningrad, 17-19 aprelja 1980 g.
    Language: English
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  • 29
    Call number: MOP Per 283(411)
    In: Trudy
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 124 S.
    Series Statement: Trudy / Glavnaja Geofiziceskaja Observatorija Imeni A. I. Voejkova 411
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 30
    Call number: AWI E3-84-0607
    Description / Table of Contents: В настоящем сборнике освещен широкий круг вопросов, связанных с изучением ледникового покрова и Южного океана, колебаний уровня оледенения Антарктиды, глубинного строения рифтовых зон, атмосферных процессов, геомагнитных пульсаций в полярной шапке, сейсмичности Антарктики, биологии Южного океана, материально-технического обеспечения экспедиции, международного сотрудничества на шестом континенте, адаптации человека в Южнои полярной области, а также с созданием взлетно-посадочных полос на ледниковой поверхности. Сборник рассчитан на специалистов-полярников, занимающихся изучением Антарктики, и ученых, исследующих природные процессы в глобальном масштабе.
    Description / Table of Contents: This collection covers a wide range of issues related to the study of the ice sheet and the Southern Ocean, fluctuations in the glaciation level of Antarctica, the deep structure of rift zones, atmospheric processes, geomagnetic pulsations in the polar cap, seismicity of the Antarctic, biology of the Southern Ocean, logistics of the expedition, international cooperation on the sixth continent, human adaptation in the South polar region, as well as the creation of runways on the glacial surface. The collection is intended for polar explorers who study Antarctica and scientists who study natural processes on a global scale.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 175 Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 31
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI E3-93-0281 ; MOP 45699 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 102 Seiten , Illustrationen , 21 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Location: AWI Reading room
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  • 32
    Call number: AWI P4-93-0311
    Description / Table of Contents: Академик А.Ф.Трешников рассказывает о трех выдающихся советских ученых и полярниках — В.Ю.Визе, Н.Н.Зубове, М.М.Сомове,— именами которых названы корабли науки. Автор описывает деятельность ученых, их вклад в исследование полярных стран, основные этапы их биографий, дает краткую характеристику разработанных ими концепций. Разносторонность деятельности В.Ю.Визе, Н.Н.Зубова, М.М.Сомова дает автору возможность описать в научно-популярной форме, многие достижения и открытия в полярных странах. Автор рисует и «портреты» кораблей науки, названных именами ученых. Книга рассчитана на широкий круг читателей.
    Description / Table of Contents: Academician A.F. Treshnikov tells about three outstanding Soviet scientists and polar explorers - V.Yu. Vize, N.N. Zubov, M.M. Somov, who are named after the ships of science. The author describes the activities of scientists, their contribution to the study of polar countries, the main stages of their biographies, gives a brief description of the concepts developed by them. The versatility of the activities of V.Yu. Vize, N.N.Zubov, M.M. Somov gives the author the opportunity to describe in a popular scientific form, many achievements and discoveries in polar countries. The author also draws "portraits" of ships of science named after scientists. The book is intended for a wide range of readers.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 192 Seiten , Illustrationen , 21 cm
    Series Statement: Arktika XX vek
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 33
    Call number: MOP Per 607(212)
    In: Trudy
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 109 S.
    Series Statement: Trudy / Gidrometeorologičeskij Naučno-Issledovatel'skij Centr SSSR 212
    Language: Russian
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  • 34
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI G7-85-0784 ; AWI S5-19-74859
    Description / Table of Contents: This is the first attempt at compiling a comprehensive glossary of glaciology and related Earth sciences. The wordstock of this edition amounts to 2200 terms covering all types of snow and natural ice: snowcover, avalanches, sea, river, and lake ice, ground ice and aufice, as well as such phenomena as glacial mudflows. The entries contain definitions of terms with explicit references to related processes and phenomena. The glossary is provided with many figures and sample reference material. The glossary is considered for specialists in glaciology, hydrology, meteorology, climatology, geography, geophysics, and geology. It may serve as a textbook for university students ans as a manual for the highschool teachers.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 526 Seiten , Illustrationen , 24 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 35
    Call number: MOP 43060/A / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 307 Seiten , Illustrationen , 23 cm
    Language: Russian , English
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassungen in englischer Sprache , Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache
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  • 36
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI A4-19-92407
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 127 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 37
    Call number: MOP 40021 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 319 Seiten
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 38
    Description / Table of Contents: Electricity shortages can paralyse our modern economies. All governments fear rolling black-outs and their economic consequences, especially in economies increasingly based on digital technologies. Over the last two decades, the development of markets for power has produced cost reduction, technological innovation, increased cross border trade and assured a steady supply of electricity. Now, IEA countries face the challenge of maintaining security of electricity supply during the transition to low-carbon economies. Low-carbon policies are pushing electricity markets into novel territories at a time when most of the generation and network capacity will have to be replaced. Most notably, wind and solar generation, now an integral part of electricity markets, can present new operating and investment challenges for generation, networks and the regional integration of electricity markets. In addition, the resilience of power systems facing more frequent natural disasters is also of increasing concern. IEA Ministers mandated the Secretariat to work on the Electricity Security Action Plan (ESAP), expanding to electricity the energy security mission of the IEA. This paper outlines the key conclusions and policy recommendations to “keep the lights on” while reducing CO2 emissions and increasing the efficiency.
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  • 39
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2013 (TCEP 2013) examines progress in the development and deployment of key clean energy technologies. Each technology and sector is tracked against interim 2020 targets in the IEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2012 2°C scenario, which lays out pathways to a sustainable energy system in 2050. Stark message emerge: progress has not been fast enough; large market failures are preventing clean energy solutions from being taken up; considerable energy efficiency remains untapped; policies need to better address the energy system as a whole; and energy-related research, development and demonstration need to accelerate. Alongside these grim conclusions there is positive news. In 2012, hybrid-electric vehicle sales passed the 1 million mark. Solar photovoltaic systems were being installed at a record pace. The costs of most clean energy technologies fell more rapidly than anticipated. TCEP 2013 provides targeted recommendations to policy makers on how to scale up deployment of these key technologies.
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  • 40
    Description / Table of Contents: The ten members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) – along with China and India – are shifting the centre of gravity of the global energy system towards Asia. Energy demand in Southeast Asia has expanded by two-and- a-half times since 1990, its rate of growth among the fastest in the world. Economic and demographic trends point to further growth, lifting the region’s energy use per capita from just half of the global average today. But how will Southeast Asia’s fuel mix evolve? And what will the region’s supply and demand balance mean for oil, gas and coal trade? The International Energy Agency, in co-operation with the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, has studied these issues in consultation with ASEAN member governments and leading commentators, industry representatives and international experts. This special report, in the World Energy Outlook series, presents the findings.
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  • 41
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: The Global Tracking Framework, a multi-agency effort led by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the World Bank, calculates the starting point against which the SE4ALL initiative can benchmark progress towards its three objectives of achieving universal access to modern energy services, doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency and doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix (all by 2030). The Global Tracking Framework estimates that, as of 2010, 17% of the global population did not have access to electricity while 41% still relied on wood or other biomass to cook and heat their homes. Renewable energy accounted for 18% of the global energy mix in 2010, while global energy efficiency had improved by 1.3% per year on average since 1990. Global action is required, but the nature of the challenge differs across countries and, for each of the SE4ALL goals, the report identifies 20 “high-impact” countries that are crucial to making major progress. The report also finds that achievement of the SE4ALL goals requires energy investments to increase by at least USD 600 billion per year until 2030, compared with the level currently expected. But the costs are not spread evenly, with universal access to modern cooking needing an additional USD 4.4 billion per year and electricity access needing USD 45 billion per year, while renewables need an additional USD 174 billion per year and energy efficiency USD 394 billion per year. This investment must be accompanied by a comprehensive package of policy measures, including fiscal, financial and economic incentives, phasing out fossil-fuel subsidies, and pricing of carbon.
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  • 42
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: Energy efficiency has been referred to as a "hidden fuel", one that extends energy supplies, increases energy security, lowers carbon emissions and generally supports sustainable economic growth. Yet it is hiding in plain sight: in 2011, investments in the energy efficiency market globally were at a similar scale to those in renewable energy or fossil-fuel power generation. The Energy Efficiency Market Report provides a practical basis for understanding energy efficiency market activities, a review of the methodological and practical challenges associated with measuring the market and its components, and statistical analysis of energy efficiency and its impact on energy demand. It also highlights a specific technology sector in which there is significant energy efficiency market activity, in this instance appliances and ICT. The report presents a selection of country case studies that illustrate current energy efficiency markets in specific sectors, and how they may evolve in the medium term. The energy efficiency market is diffuse, varied and involves all energy-consuming sectors of the economy. A comprehensive overview of market activity is complicated by the challenges associated with quantifying the components of the market and the paucity of comparable reported data. This report underscores how vital high-quality and timely energy efficiency data is to understanding this market. This first Energy Efficiency Market Report sits alongside IEA market reports for oil, gas, coal and renewable energy, highlighting its place as a major energy resource. It summarises in one place the trends and prospects for investment and energy cost savings in the medium term, up to 2020.
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  • 43
    Description / Table of Contents: To understand the emission reduction potential of carbon capture and storage (CCS), decision makers need to understand the amount of CO2 that can be safely stored in the subsurface and the geographical distribution of storage resources. Estimates of storage resources need to be made using reliable and consistent methods. Previous estimates of CO2 storage potential for a range of countries and regions have been based on a variety of methodologies resulting in a correspondingly wide range of estimates. Consequently, there has been uncertainty about which of the methodologies were most appropriate in given settings, and whether the estimates produced by these methods were useful to policy makers trying to determine the appropriate role of CCS. In 2011, the IEA convened two workshops which brought together experts for six national surveys organisations to review CO2 storage assessment methodologies and make recommendations on how to harmonise CO2 storage estimates worldwide. This report presents the findings of these workshops and an internationally shared guideline for quantifying CO2 storage resources.
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  • 44
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: The five Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden have announced ambitious goals towards decarbonising their energy systems by 2050. Based on the scenarios and analysis of Energy Technology Perspectives 2012, the International Energy Agency (IEA) and leading Nordic research institutions jointly assess how the Nordic region can achieve a carbon-neutral energy system by 2050. To achieve ambitious 2050 goal, Nordic Energy Technology Perspectives, the first regional edition of the series, details how countries can decarbonise power sector and electrify transport. The report lists best ways to reduce emissions and offers important lessons for other countries by expanding on the Energy Technology Perspectives 2012 global scenarios for energy policies that would limit average global temperature increase to 2°C. Without doubt, the Nordic countries are front-runners in taking decisive action toward clear, long-term energy targets. In examining their approach, the Nordic Energy Technology Perspectives aims to provide objective analysis that will increase the Nordic region’s chances of success. A secondary – but ultimately more important – aim is to prompt other countries and regions to follow their lead.
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  • 45
    Description / Table of Contents: The global economic crisis has not spared the gas sector. Over the past year, we have moved from a tight supply and demand balance with extremely high gas prices to an easing one with plummeting gas prices. Since the last quarter of 2008, demand has been declining dramatically, essentially because of the global recession. The global economic crisis has not spared the gas sector. Over the past year, we have moved from a tight supply and demand balance with extremely high gas prices to an easing one with plummeting gas prices. Since the last quarter of 2008, demand has been declining dramatically, essentially because of the global recession. Yet significant new volumes of liquefied natural gas will come on stream within the next few years, and United States unconventional gas production has risen rapidly, with global consequences. It remains to be seen how these demand and supply pressures will play out, particularly in the pivotal power sector, in both OECD and non-OECD countries. Meanwhile, the security of gas supplies has once again become a critical issue, in particular in Europe after it experienced its worst supply disruption during the Russian-Ukraine crisis in January 2009. Moreover, the current market climate of weakening demand, lower prices and regulatory uncertainties added to the tough financial environment are likely to jeopardise investments, in particular in capital-intensive projects, further undermining long-term energy security in the most fundamental way when economies recover. The Gas Market Review 2009 looks at these and other major developments and challenges in the different parts of the gas value chain in a selection of IEA countries – The United States, Canada, Spain, Norway, the Netherlands, and Turkey – as well as in non-IEA member countries in the Middle East, North Africa, Southeast Asia, and China.
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  • 46
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: Transport currently accounts for half of global oil consumption and nearly 20% of world energy use, of which approximately 40% is used in urban transport alone. The IEA expects urban transport energy consumption to double by 2050, despite ongoing vehicle technology and fuel-economy improvements. While increased mobility brings many benefits, the staggering rate of this increase creates new challenges. Urgent energy-efficiency policy attention will be needed to mitigate associated negative noise, air pollution, congestion, climate and economic impacts, all of which can cost countries billions of dollars per year. This report highlights lessons learned and examples of good practice from countries with experience implementing a wide range of measures to improve energy efficiency in urban transport systems. Part of the IEA Policy Pathway series, A Tale of Renewed Cities sets out key steps in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation to achieve improved energy efficiency in urban transport systems. The Policy Pathway series aims to help policy makers implement the IEA 25 Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (98 Seiten)
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  • 47
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: The production of transport fuels from biomass, in either liquid or gaseous form, holds the promise of a low net fossil-energy requirement and low life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there are many hurdles to the expansion of biofuels production, including competition for agricultural commodities and land, and impacts on water resources and biodiversity. The successful development of advanced biofuels technologies, using non-food biomass feedstocks, could help overcome most barriers and achieve sustainable, very low CO2, cost-effective biofuels. The IEA “Biofuels for Transport” roadmap describes the steps necessary to achieve the ambitious biofuel projections presented in the Energy Technology Perspectives 2010 Blue Map scenario. Under this scenario, biofuel demand increases rapidly, reaching approximately 760 Mtoe (32 EJ) in 2050, a share of 27% of total transport fuel. This roadmap identifies major barriers, opportunities, and policy measures for policy makers, industry and financial partners to accelerate RDD&D efforts for sustainable biofuel technologies and ensure sustainable feedstock provision on both a national and international scale.
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  • 48
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: Electric motor-driven system is the largest single energy end use accounting for more than 40% of global electricity consumption. This paper sets out an ambitious but achievable target with the global work plan to improve the energy efficiency of electric motor-driven system by 10% to 15% based on the finding of working paper “Energy-Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven Systems (Waide et al., 2011)”. If governments commit to the proposed work plan immediately and maintain resourcing levels, this could be achieved by 2030 and it would be equivalent to reducing total global electricity use by around 5%. The proposed work plan of this paper is to align regulatory settings within a globally applicable scheme. The IEA believes this target can only be achieved through global co-operation leading to aligned national policy settings that countries can unlock the economies of scale that will result from using more energy efficient EMDS.
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  • 49
    Description / Table of Contents: Electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles (EVs and PHEVs), if coupled with low greenhouse gas (GHG) electricity generation, can help cut energy (particularly petroleum) use and CO2 significantly, especially in the 2030-2050 timeframe – but key actions must begin now to achieve interim targets and thus substantial market shares in the long-term. The vision of this roadmap is to achieve widespread adoption and use of EVs and PHEVs worldwide by 2050, and if possible well before. The primary role of this EV/PHEV Roadmap is to help establish a vision for technology deployment; set approximate, feasible targets; and identify steps required to get there. It also outlines the role for different stakeholders and how they can work together to reach common objectives, and the role for government policy to support the process. The analysis in the roadmap is based on IEA’s ETP 2DS scenario, updated in the IEA report Transport, Energy and CO2: Moving Toward Sustainability (Autumn 2009). This scenario targets a 50% reduction in CO2 worldwide by 2050 relative to 2005 levels. For transport, a 30% reduction is achieved via efficiency improvements, along with the introduction of new types of vehicles and fuels. For EVs and PHEVs, sales begin to grow rapidly after 2015 and reach a combined 7 million per year by 2020, and 100 million by 2050, over half of all cars sold around the world in that year.
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  • 50
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: For the past several years, the IEA and others have been calling for a clean energy revolution to achieve global energy security, economic growth and climate change goals. This report analyses for the first time progress in global clean energy technology deployment against the pathways that are needed to achieve these goals. It provides an overview of technology deployment status, key policy developments and public spending on RDD&D of clean energy technologies.
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  • 51
    Description / Table of Contents: The key findings of the IEA work with Russia on developing energy efficiency indicators form the core of this report. Russia is sometimes referred to as “the Saudi Arabia of energy efficiency”; its vast potential to reduce energy consumption can be considered a significant “energy reserve”. Russia, recognising the benefits of more efficient use of energy, is taking measures to exploit this potential. The president has set the goal to reduce energy intensity by 40% between 2007 and 2020. In the past few years, the IEA has worked closely with Russian authorities to support the development of energy efficiency indicators in Russia, critical to an effective implementation and monitoring of Russia’s ambitious energy intensity and efficiency goals. The key findings of the IEA work with Russia on developing energy efficiency indicators form the core of this report.
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  • 52
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important part of the lowest-cost greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation portfolio. This roadmap was published in 2009 using data from the Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 publication. An update was released in July 2013
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  • 53
    Description / Table of Contents: Global growth in natural gas use slowed measurably in 2012, although it still exceeded that of oil and total energy use. Among the headwinds facing gas are continuing weak demand in Europe, resilience of coal in North America as well as persistent bottlenecks and disruptions in the LNG value chain that in 2012 caused an exceptional global decline of LNG supply. At the same time, Asian demand for gas remains red-hot, and gas is beginning to gain traction as a transport fuel. The IEA new Medium-Term Gas Market Report provides a detailed analysis of demand, upstream investment and trade developments through 2018 that will shape the gas industry and the role of gas in the global energy system. Its special sections investigate the economic viability of gas-fired power generation in Europe, the prospects for an LNG trading hub in Asia as well as the potentially transformational role of natural gas in transport. Amid a continuous regional divergence between North American abundance, European weakness and Asian thirst for LNG, the 2013 Medium Term Gas Market Report will investigate the key questions that the gas industry faces. These include the prospect of the United States becoming a major gas exporter, the challenges of securing enough gas to meet China’s growth, and the ability of Russian gas – spurred both by weak EU demand and resurgent domestic production – to find its manifest destiny in Asia.
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  • 54
    Description / Table of Contents: The trading of natural gas in the Asia-Pacific region is dominated by long-term contracts in which the price of gas is indexed to that of oil. As the price of gas between Asia and other parts of the world has widened in recent years, observers have raised serious doubts about the sustainability of this pricing model. In this report, the IEA shows what it would take to create a functional, regional natural-gas trading hub in which prices reflect the local supply and demand fundamentals. The report aims to provide stakeholders with insights on the changes that are required in the Asia-Pacific natural gas sector -- both downstream and upstream -- to allow a competitive natural gas price to emerge. Building on OECD Europe and OECD America experiences, this report sets out to assess perspectives for these changes in the Asia-Pacific natural gas markets. It identifies obstacles and opportunities for a competitive natural gas price in the Asian economies to emerge.
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  • 55
    Description / Table of Contents: This study examines the production costs of a range of transport fuels and energy carriers under varying crude oil price assumptions and technology market maturation levels. An engineering “bottom-up” approach is used to estimate the effect of the input cost of oil and of various technological assumptions on the finished price of these fuels. In total, the production costs of 20 fuels are examined for crude oil prices between USD 60 and USD 150 per barrel. Some fuel pathways can be competitive with oil as their production, transport and storage technology matures, and as oil price increases. Rising oil prices will offer new opportunities to switch to alternative fuels for transport, to diversify the energy mix of the transport sector, and to reduce the exposure of the whole system to price volatility and potential distuption of supply. In a time of uncertainty about the leading vehicle technology to decarbonize the transport sector, looking at the fuel cost brings key information to be considered to keep mobility affordable yet sustainable.
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  • 56
    Description / Table of Contents: G-20 Clean Energy, and Energy Efficiency Deployment and Policy Progress, a report prepared by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in collaboration with the G-20 Clean Energy and Energy Efficiency Working Group, provides an overview of clean energy and energy efficiency technology deployment and summarises support policies in place across G-20 countries. The report highlights that while clean energy technology deployment has made steady progress and energy efficiency improvements have been made, continued reliance on fossil fuels to meet growth in global energy demand presents a significant challenge. Scaling-up the deployment of renewable energy, in addition to improving end-use efficiency, enhancing the efficiency of fossil fuel based power generation, and supporting the widespread deployment of CCS will, therefore, also be crucial aspects of the transition to a cleaner energy future. Reporting to G-20 on Clean Energy and Efficiency Progress. This report was issued on the authority of the IEA Executive Director, it does not necessarily represent the views of IEA Member countries or the G20. G-20 Clean Energy, and Energy Efficiency Deployment and Policy Progress, a report prepared by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in collaboration with the G-20 Clean Energy and Energy Efficiency Working Group, provides an overview of clean energy and energy efficiency technology deployment and summarises support policies in place across G-20 countries. The report highlights that while clean energy technology deployment has made steady progress and energy efficiency improvements have been made, continued reliance on fossil fuels to meet growth in global energy demand presents a significant challenge. Scaling-up the deployment of renewable energy, in addition to improving end-use efficiency, enhancing the efficiency of fossil fuel based power generation, and supporting the widespread deployment of CCS will, therefore, also be crucial aspects of the transition to a cleaner energy future. Because the G-20 group of countries represent close to 80% of energy-related CO₂emissions, by developing and deploying energy efficiency and clean energy technologies, they are presented with a unique opportunity to make collective progress in transitioning the global energy system. IEA Deputy Executive Director Richard Jones emphasised the importance of G-20 efforts, saying, "The IEA welcomes this important collaboration with the G-20. Enhanced deployment of clean energy technologies and of energy efficiency improvements offers energy security and environmental benefits. It will also enable cost savings over the medium and long term – an aspect that is particularly relevant at a time of economic uncertainty. We believe that enhanced policy assessment and analysis, building on this initial report, will enable governments to take more cost effective and efficient policy decisions.”
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  • 57
    Description / Table of Contents: By 2010 there will be over 3.5 billion mobile phones subscribers, 2 billion TVs in use around the world and 1 billion personal computers. Electronic devices are a growing part of our lives and many of us can count between 20 and 30 separate items in our homes, from major items like televisions to a host of small gadgets. The communication and entertainment benefits these bring are not only going to people in wealthier nations - in Africa, for example, one in nine people now has a mobile phone. But as these electronic devices gain popularity, they account for a growing portion of household energy consumption. How “smart” is this equipment from an energy efficiency perspective and should we be concerned about how much energy these gadgets use? What is the potential for energy savings? This new book, Gadgets and Gigawatts: Policies for Energy Efficient Electronics, includes a global assessment of the changing pattern in residential electricity consumption over the past decade and an in-depth analysis of the role played by electronic equipment. It reviews the influence that government policies have had on creating markets for more energy efficient appliances and identifies new opportunities for creating smarter, more energy efficient homes. This book is essential reading for policy makers and others interested in improving the energy efficiency of our homes.
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  • 58
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper is the first global analysis of energy consumption and energy efficiency potential of EMDS (electric motor- driven system). The electric motors and systems they drive are the largest single electricity end use accounting for more than 40% of global electricity consumption. Huge energy efficiency potential was found untapped in EMDS - around 25 % of EMDS electricity use could be saved cost-effectively, reducing total global electricity demand by about 10%. However, the energy efficiency of EMDS has been relatively neglected in comparison with other sustainable energy opportunities. It is crucial to scale up the operations and resources committed to realizing the vast savings potential of optimized EMDS. This paper proposes a comprehensive package of policy recommendations to help governments realize the potential for energy savings in EMDS.
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  • 59
    Description / Table of Contents: Buildings account for almost a third of final energy consumption globally and are an equally important source of CO2 emissions. Currently, both space heating and cooling, as well as hot water are estimated to account for roughly half of global energy consumption in buildings. Energy-efficient and low/zero-carbon heating and cooling technologies for buildings have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 2 gigatonnes (Gt) and save 710 million tonnes oil equivalent (Mtoe) of energy by 2050. Most of these technologies – which include solar thermal, combined heat and power (CHP), heat pumps and thermal energy storage – are commercially available today. The Energy-Efficient Buildings: Heating and Cooling Equipment Roadmap sets out a detailed pathway for the evolution and deployment of the key underlying technologies. It finds that urgent action is required if the building stock of the future is to consume less energy and result in lower CO2 emissions. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions that stakeholders will need to take to achieve the roadmap’s vision. Buildings account for almost a third of final energy consumption globally and are an equally important source of CO2 emissions. Currently, both space heating and cooling as well as hot water are estimated to account for roughly half of global energy consumption in buildings. Energy-efficient and low/zero-carbon heating and cooling technologies for buildings have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 2 gigatonnes (Gt) and save 710 million tonnes oil equivalent (Mtoe) of energy by 2050. Most of these technologies – which include solar thermal, combined heat and power (CHP), heat pumps and thermal energy storage – are commercially available today.
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  • 60
    Description / Table of Contents: Buildings are the largest consumers of energy worldwide and will continue to be a source of increasing energy demand in the future. Globally, the sector’s final energy consumption doubled between 1971 and 2010 to reach 2 794 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), driven primarily by population increase and economic growth. Under current policies, the global energy demand of buildings is projected by the IEA experts to grow by an additional 838 Mtoe by 2035 compared to 2010. The challenges of the projected increase of energy consumption due to the built environment vary by country. In IEA member countries, much of the future buildings stock is already in place, and so the main challenge is to renovate existing buildings stock. In non-IEA countries, more than half of the buildings stock needed by 2050 has yet to be built. The IEA and the UNDP partnered to analyse current practices in the design and implementation of building energy codes. The aim is to consolidate existing efforts and to encourage more attention to the role of the built environment in a low-carbon and climate-resilient world. This joint IEA-UNDP Policy Pathway aims to share lessons learned between IEA member countries and non-IEA countries. The objective is to spread best practices, limit pressures on global energy supply, improve energy security, and contribute to environmental sustainability. Part of the IEA Policy Pathway series, Modernising building energy codes to secure our global energy future sets out key steps in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The Policy Pathway series aims to help policy makers implement the IEA 25 Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations endorsed by IEA Ministers (2011).
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  • 61
    Description / Table of Contents: The chemical industry is a large energy user; but chemical products and technologies also are used in a wide array of energy saving and/or renewable energy applications so the industry has also an energy saving role. The chemical and petrochemical sector is by far the largest industrial energy user, accounting for roughly 10% of total worldwide final energy demand and 7% of global GHG emissions. The International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) has partnered with the IEA and DECHEMA (Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology) to describe the path toward further improvements in energy efficiency and GHG reductions in the chemical sector. The roadmap looks at measures needed from the chemical industry, policymakers, investors and academia to press on with catalysis technology and unleash its potential around the globe. The report uncovers findings and best practice opportunities that illustrate how continuous improvements and breakthrough technology options can cut energy use and bring down greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rates. Around 90% of chemical processes involve the use of catalysts – such as added substances that increase the rate of reaction without being consumed by it – and related processes to enhance production efficiency and reduce energy use, thereby curtailing GHG emission levels. This work shows an energy savings potential approaching 13 exajoules (EJ) by 2050 – equivalent to the current annual primary energy use of Germany.
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: On the occasion of its 35th Anniversary in 2009, the International Energy Agency published the first edition of the IEA Scoreboard focusing on 35 Key Energy Trends over 35 Years. In parallel, the IEA published Implementing Energy Efficiency Policies: Are IEA Member Countries on Track? Both publications found that although IEA member countries were making progress in implementing energy efficiency, more work is needed. In the 2011 edition of the Scoreboard, the IEA has decided to focus on energy efficiency. The publication combines analysis of energy efficiency policy implementation and recent indicator development. The resulting IEA Scoreboard 2011 provides a fuller picture of the progress as well as the challenges with implementing energy efficiency policy in IEA member countries.
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  • 63
    Description / Table of Contents: Oil is traded in a market where uncertainty, price volatility, and sudden supply disruptions are common characteristics. Natural disasters, political disagreements and wars can seriously disrupt oil supply and demand with consequent detrimental impacts on economic activity. One particularly powerful policy tool that IEA member countries have to respond to such disruptions is the release of emergency oil stocks. In its 40 year history, the IEA released stocks on three occasions to reduce the supply disruptions and the associated economic damage. This paper provides a general guide to the existing emergency stockholding system for those countries who are considering the introduction of new stockholding systems or changes to their existing emergency stocks. It draws together analysis of the costs and benefits of emergency stocks, in addition to exploring options for financing the establishment of stocks.
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  • 64
    Description / Table of Contents: Electricity security remains a priority of energy policy and continuous electrification will further enhance the importance in the years to come. Market liberalisation has brought substantial benefits to societies, including competition, innovation, more client-oriented services and the reduced needs for public expenditure. Further, the path of decarbonisation is a must but experiences with many new technologies and policies show their many implications on power systems. Electricity networks form the backbone of reliable and affordable power systems and also significantly support the inception of renewable generation. The importance of distribution and transmission networks has to be well understood by policy makers and regulators to maintain the sensitive balance within the policy triangle of reliability, affordability and sustainability as power systems rapidly change. Failures in choosing the right institutions and regulatory frameworks to operate and build networks will put the sensitive balance within the policy triangle at risk. “Too complex for a resource?” identifies the key challenges the electricity distribution and transmission networks face today and in the future. It further provides for best practice examples on institutional design choices and regulatory frameworks for sound network service provision but also highlights the importance of additional responses required. More market-based and dynamic frameworks for various system services, the growing need for active service participation of renewable generators and highly independent and transparent central operators seem to be at the heart of these responses. “Too complex for a resource?” finds that the answer to the challenges ahead is not always more infrastructure and that networks and the services they provide have to be regarded as equal part of the total power system. Thus, accurate and dynamic cost allocation can significantly support to transform public good-type network services into resources with market values.
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: This report focuses mainly on developments to improve the performance of coal-based power generation technologies, which should be a priority – particularly if carbon capture and storage takes longer to become established than currently projected. A close look is taken of the major ongoing developments in process technology, plant equipment, instrumentation and control. Coal is an important source of energy for the world, particularly for power generation. To meet the growth in demand for energy over the past decade, the contribution from coal has exceeded that of any other energy source. Additionally, coal has contributed almost half of total growth in electricity over the past decade. As a result, CO2 emissions from coal-fired power generation have increased markedly and continue to rise. More than 70% of CO2 emissions that arise from power generation are attributed to coal. To play its role in a sustainable energy future, its environmental footprint must be reduced; using coal more efficiently is an important first step. Beyond efficiency improvement, carbon capture and storage (CCS) must be deployed to make deep cuts in CO2 emissions. This report focuses mainly on developments to improve the performance of coal-based power generation technologies, which should be a priority – particularly if carbon capture and storage takes longer to become established than currently projected. A close look is taken of the major ongoing developments in process technology, plant equipment, instrumentation and control. The need for energy and the economics of producing and supplying it to the end-user are central considerations in power plant construction and operation. Economic and regulatory conditions must be made consistent with the ambition to achieve higher efficiencies and lower emissions. In essence, clean coal technologies must be more widely deployed.
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  • 66
    Description / Table of Contents: Representing one-fifth of total global CO2 emissions currently, industrial sectors such as cement, iron and steel, chemicals and refining are expected to emit even more CO2 over the coming decades. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is currently the only large-scale mitigation option available to cut the emissions intensity of production by over 50% in these sectors. CCS is already proven in some industrial sectors, such as natural gas processing. Yet, the commercial-scale demonstration stage in key sectors such as iron and steel, cement or some processes in the refining sector has not been reached. To achieve decarbonisation goals, policy makers must pay more attention to industrial applications of CCS, while not undermining the global competitiveness of these sectors.
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  • 67
    Description / Table of Contents: Renewable electricity generation increased strongly worldwide in 2012, and deployment is occurring in a greater number of markets. However, the story of renewable energy development is becoming more complex. Short-term indicators in some regions of the globe have pointed to increased challenges. Despite remaining high, global new investment in renewable energy fell in 2012. Policy uncertainties, economic challenges, incentive reductions and competition from other energy sources clouded the investment outlook for some markets. Some countries and regions have faced difficulties in integrating variable renewables in their power grids. The renewable manufacturing industry, particularly solar and wind, entered a deeper period of restructuring and consolidation. Nevertheless, despite economic, policy and industry turbulence, the underlying fundamentals for renewable deployment remain robust. Even with challenges in some countries, more positive developments elsewhere continue to drive global growth. Competitive opportunities for renewables are emerging across traditional and new markets. While OECD countries remain a driver of renewable power development, non-OECD countries are increasingly accounting for overall growth. The roles of biofuels for transport and renewable heat are also increasing, though at somewhat slower rates than renewable electricity. The Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013 assesses market trends for the renewable electricity, biofuels for transport and renewable heat sectors, identifying drivers and challenges to deployment, and making projections through 2018. The analysis features in-depth renewable electricity market analysis and forecasts for a slate of countries in the OECD and non-OECD. The report also presents an outlook for renewable electricity technologies, global biofuels supply, final energy use of renewables for heat and prospects for renewable investment.
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  • 68
    Description / Table of Contents: As long as fossil fuels and carbon-intensive industries play dominant roles in our economies, carbon capture and storage (CCS) will remain a critical greenhouse gas reduction solution. This CCS roadmap aims at assisting governments and industry in integrating CCS in their emissions reduction strategies and in creating the conditions for scaled-up deployment of all three components of the CCS chain: CO2 capture, transport and storage. To get us onto the right pathway, this roadmap highlights seven key actions needed in the next seven years to create a solid foundation for deployment of CCS starting by 2020. IEA analysis shows that CCS is an integral part of any lowest-cost mitigation scenario where long-term global average temperature increases are limited to significantly less than 4 °C, particularly for 2 °C scenarios (2DS). In the 2DS, CCS is widely deployed in both power generation and industrial applications. The total CO2 capture and storage rate must grow from the tens of megatonnes of CO2 captured in 2013 to thousands of megatonnes of CO2 in 2050 in order to address the emissions reduction challenge. A total cumulative mass of approximately 120 GtCO2 would need to be captured and stored between 2015 and 2050, across all regions of the globe.
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  • 69
    Keywords: renewable energy
    Description / Table of Contents: This information paper accompanies the IEA publication Deploying Renewables 2011: Best and Future Policy Practice (IEA, 2011a). It provides more detailed data and analysis on policies for Deploying Renewables and is intended to complement the main publication. It provides an in-depth account of the regional markets and policy trends in all six focus regions; 56 countries in total. Each region is discussed with regards to: recent market developments in the electricity, heat and transport sector policy developments IEA projections an analysis of the mid-term (2030) potential of renewable energy technologies in these regions, and an analysis of the strategic drivers underpinning the deployment of RE in each region
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  • 70
    Keywords: renewable energy
    Description / Table of Contents: This information paper accompanies the IEA publication Deploying Renewables 2011: Best and Future Policy Practice (IEA, 2011a). It provides more detailed data and analysis on policies for Deploying Renewables, and is intended to complement the main publication. It provides an account of the strategic drivers underpinning renewable energy (RE) technology deployment (energy security, economic development and environment protection) and assesses RE technologies with respect to these drivers, including an estimate of GHG emissions reductions due to RE technologies. The paper also explores the different barriers to deploying renewables at a given stage of market maturity and discusses what tools policy makers can avail of to succeed in removing deployment barriers. An additional topical highlight explores the challenges associated with accelerating the diffusion of RE technologies in developing countries.
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  • 71
    Keywords: renewable energy
    Description / Table of Contents: This information paper accompanies the IEA publication Deploying Renewables 2011: Best and Future Policy Practice (IEA, 2011a). It provides more detailed data and analysis, and explores the markets, policies and prospects for a number of renewable energy technologies.This paper provides a discussion of ten technology areas: bioenergy for electricity and heat, biofuels, geothermal energy, hydro energy, ocean energy, solar energy (solar photovoltaics, concentrating solar power, and solar heating), and wind energy (onshore and offshore). Each technology discussion includes: the current technical and market status the current costs of energy production and cost trends the policy environment the potential and projections for the future and an analysis of the prospects and key hurdles to future expansion
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  • 72
    Description / Table of Contents: Over the next four decades, global passenger and freight travel is expected to double over 2010 levels. In order to accommodate this growth, it is expected that the world will need to add nearly 25 million paved road lane-kilometres and 335 000 rail track kilometres. In addition, it is expected that between 45 000 square kilometres and 77 000 square kilometres of new parking spaces will be added to accommodate vehicle stock growth. These land transport infrastructure additions, when combined with operations, maintenance and repairs, are expected to cost as much as USD 45 trillion by 2050. This publication reports on the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) analysis of infrastructure requirements to support projected road and rail travel through 2050, using the IEA Mobility Model. It considers land transport infrastructure additions to support travel growth to 2050. It also considers potential savings if countries pursue “avoid and shift” policies: in this scenario, cumulative global land transport infrastructure spending could decrease as much as USD 20 trillion by 2050 over baseline projections.
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  • 73
    Description / Table of Contents: The building envelope – also known as the building shell, fabric or enclosure – is the boundary between the conditioned interior of a building and the outdoors. The energy performance of building envelope components, including external walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, windows and doors, is critical in determining how much energy is required for heating and cooling. The building envelope’s impact on energy consumption should not be underestimated: globally, space heating and cooling account for over one-third of all energy consumed in buildings, rising to as much as 50% in cold climates and over 60% in the residential sub-sector in cold climate countries. Overall, buildings are responsible for more than one-third of global energy consumption. While whole-building approaches are ideal, every day building envelope components are upgraded or replaced using technologies that are less efficient than the best options available. These advanced options, which are the primary focus of this roadmap, are needed not only to support whole-building approaches but also to improve the energy efficiency of individual components.
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  • 74
    Description / Table of Contents: Governments have decided collectively that the world needs to limit the average global temperature increase to no more than 2°C and international negotiations are engaged to that end. Yet any resulting agreement will not emerge before 2015 and new legal obligations will not begin before 2020. Meanwhile, despite many countries taking new actions, the world is drifting further and further from the track it needs to follow. The energy sector is the single largest source of climate-changing greenhouse-gas emissions and limiting these is an essential focus of action. The World Energy Outlook has published detailed analysis of the energy contribution to climate change for many years. But, amid major international economic preoccupations, there are worrying signs that the issue of climate change has slipped down the policy agenda. This Special Report seeks to bring it right back on top by showing that the dilemma can be tackled at no net economic cost.
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: Meeting the enormous challenge of decarbonising world energy systems will require a rapid expansion of investment in clean technologies on a global scale. Mobilising these resources will be a daunting task, and it is important to undertake the transition at the lowest cost possible. This paper seeks to provide some guidance on climate change policy-making within real-world constraints, focusing on the justification of policies to supplement a carbon price, interactions between carbon pricing and supplementary policies, and management of these interactions to enable a least-cost policy response.
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: The global energy system faces urgent challenges. Concerns about energy security are growing, as highlighted by the recent political turmoil in Northern Africa and the nuclear incident in Fukushima. At the same time, the need to respond to climate change is more critical than ever. Against this background, many governments have increased efforts to promote deployment of renewable energy – low-carbon sources that can strengthen energy security. This has stimulated unprecedented rise in deployment, and renewables are now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix. This “coming of age” of renewable energy also brings challenges. Growth is focused on a few of the available technologies, and rapid deployment is confined to a relatively small number of countries. In more advanced markets, managing support costs and system integration of large shares of renewable energy in a time of economic weakness and budget austerity has sparked vigorous political debate. The IEA’s new report, Deploying Renewables 2011: Best and Future Policy Practice: - Provides a comprehensive review and analysis of renewable energy policy and market trends; - Analyses in detail the dynamics of deployment and provides best-practice policy principles for different stages of market maturity; - Assesses the impact and cost-effectiveness of support policies using new methodological tools and indicators; - Investigates the strategic reasons underpinning the pursuit of RE deployment by different countries and the prospects for globalisation of RE. This new book builds on and extends a 2008 IEA publication, drawing on recent policy and deployment experience world-wide. It provides guidance for policy makers and other stakeholders to avoid past mistakes, overcome new challenges and reap the benefits of deploying renewables – today and tomorrow.
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: In 90 minutes, enough sunlight strikes the earth to provide the entire planet's energy needs for one year. While solar energy is abundant, it represents a tiny fraction of the world’s current energy mix. But this is changing rapidly and is being driven by global action to improve energy access and supply security, and to mitigate climate change. Around the world, countries and companies are investing in solar generation capacity on an unprecedented scale, and, as a consequence, costs continue to fall and technologies improve. This publication gives an authoritative view of these technologies and market trends, in both advanced and developing economies, while providing examples of the best and most advanced practices. It also provides a unique guide for policy makers, industry representatives and concerned stakeholders on how best to use, combine and successfully promote the major categories of solar energy: solar heating and cooling, photovoltaic and solar thermal electricity, as well as solar fuels. Finally, in analysing the likely evolution of electricity and energy-consuming sectors – buildings, industry and transport – it explores the leading role solar energy could play in the long-term future of our energy system.
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  • 78
    Description / Table of Contents: Local governments have the power to influence the energy choices of their citizens. Many cities and towns have already encouraged energy efficiency measures. Even so, as demand for energy services continues to grow, the energy infrastructure that every city and town depends on will need to be expanded, upgraded or replaced. This provides the opportunity to increase the deployment of renewable energy technologies and decentralised energy systems, and hence gain the multi-benefits of increased energy security, climate change mitigation and sustainable development, but also the social benefits of reduced air pollution, such as improved health and employment. Many combinations of policies have been employed to stimulate local renewable energy development. These policies include: local governance by authority; providing resources; enabling private actors; leading by example; allowing self-governance. Mega-city mayors, down to small-town officials, have successfully introduced such policies, although these vary with location, local resources and population. Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy – "Yes In My Front Yard" includes several case studies chosen to illustrate how enhanced deployment of renewable energy projects can result, regardless of a community’s size or location. The goals of this report are to inspire city stakeholders by showing how renewable energy systems can benefit citizens and businesses, assist national governments to better appreciate the role that local municipalities might play in meeting national and international objectives, and help accelerate the necessary transition to a sustainable energy future.
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  • 79
    Description / Table of Contents: The IEA Wind Power Technology Roadmap 2013 Edition recognises the very significant progress made since the first edition was published in 2009. The technology continues to improve rapidly, and costs of generation from land-based wind installations continue to fall. Wind power is now being deployed in countries with good resources without any dedicated financial incentives. The 2013 Edition targets an increased share (15% to 18%) of global electricity to be provided by wind power in 2050, compared to 12% in the original roadmap of 2009. However, increasing levels of low-cost wind still require predictable, supportive regulatory environments and appropriate market designs. The challenges of integrating higher levels of variable wind power into the grid need to be addressed. For offshore wind, much remains to be done to develop appropriate large-scale systems and to reduce costs. The 2013 Wind Power Roadmap also provides updated analysis on the barriers that exist for the technology and suggests ways to address them, including legal and regulatory recommendations.
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  • 80
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbon pricing can be a key policy tool to help countries move their energy sectors onto a cleaner development path. One important issue to consider when introducing carbon pricing is how it will integrate with other energy policies that also reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including policies to support low-carbon technologies (such as renewable energy) and energy efficiency programmes. Poor policy integration can undermine energy security and affordability, and affect the performance of renewable energy policies and energy markets. Climate objectives can also be undermined, through low and uncertain carbon prices and the risk of stop-start policy. Understanding how to manage policy interactions can improve the climate and energy policy package, reducing the trade-offs and advancing the synergies between energy and climate objectives. This will benefit the country in terms of a more effective and lower-cost low-carbon development path, as well as supporting a more energy-secure future.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Russia is in the process of one of the most ambitious electricity reform programs ever undertaken. The reform is crucial for Russia, with the potential to modernize and transform the sector into a key driver of longer-term economic growth and prosperity. In 2005, the IEA published a study documenting the proposed reform and highlighting some potential implementation issues. Achievements to date have been impressive by international standards, however the outcome remains uncertain. Electricity reform is entering another critical phase in Russia. The 2013 Update examines the key remaining challenges affecting the development of competitive wholesale and retail electricity markets in Russia including: market structure, market design, pricing, investment and related regulation. The report draws extensively on the experience of IEA member countries and on views expressed during consultations with key Russian stakeholders.
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  • 82
    Description / Table of Contents: Ensuring energy security and addressing climate change cost-effectively are key global challenges. Tackling these issues will require efforts from stakeholders worldwide. To find solutions, the public and private sectors must work together, sharing burdens and resources, while at the same time multiplying results and outcomes. Through its broad range of multilateral technology initiatives (Implementing Agreements), the IEA enables member and non-member countries, businesses, industries, international organisations and non-governmental organisations to share research on breakthrough technologies, to fill existing research gaps, to build pilot plants and to carry out deployment or demonstration programmes across the energy sector. This publication highlights the most significant recent achievements of the IEA Implementing Agreements. At the core of the IEA energy technology network, these initiatives are a fundamental building block for facilitating the entry of new and improved energy technologies into the marketplace.
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  • 83
    Description / Table of Contents: In the lead-up to the UN climate negotiations in Warsaw, the latest information on the level and growth of CO2 emissions, their source and geographic distribution will be essential to lay the foundation for a global agreement. To provide input to and support for the UN process, the IEA is making available for free download the "Highlights" version of CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion now for sale on IEA Bookshop. This annual publication contains, for more than 140 countries and regions: • estimates of CO2 emissions from 1971 to 2011 • selected indicators such as CO2/GDP, CO2/capita, CO2/TPES and CO2/kWh • a decomposition of CO2 emissions into driving factors • CO2emissions from international marine and aviation bunkers, key sources, and other relevant information. The nineteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Climate Change Convention (COP-19), in conjunction with the ninth meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 9), will be meeting in Warsaw, Poland from 11 to 22 November 2013. This volume of "Highlights", drawn from the full-scale study, was specially designed for delegations and observers of the meeting in Warsaw.
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    Description / Table of Contents: The IEA Executive Director’s Annual Report 2012 is the first of a regular annual series reporting on the IEA’s operational and organisational achievements, as well as challenges and events over the year. It is presented to the IEA Governing Board and released publicly to ensure transparency and also to take stock of the organisation’s activities from a strategic perspective. 2012 was a transitional year for the IEA, given fundamental changes in the global energy economy as well as internal management and budget issues. At the same time demand for IEA products set new records, and the public and political impact of IEA work through effective communication was measured as high.
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: Energy Policy Highlights showcases recent developments in energy policies among all 28 IEA member countries. Each contribution underscores the changing nature of both global and domestic energy challenges, as well as the commonality of energy concerns among member countries. The policies highlighted in this publication identify an urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a clear policy objective. Electricity, enhancing energy efficiency and increasing the share of renewables in the energy mix in a cost effective manner are likewise areas of common focus. On the end-user side, increasing public awareness of domestic energy policies through improved transparency and engagement is an important facet of policy support among IEA member countries. The successful implementation of policies and other initiatives benefitted from efforts to inform the public.
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: The IEA produced its first handy, pocket-sized summary of key energy data in 1997 and every year since then it has been more and more successful. Key World Energy Statistics contains timely, clearly-presented data on supply, transformation and consumption of all major energy sources. The interested businessman, journalist or student will have at his or her fingertips the annual Canadian production of coal, the electricity consumption in Thailand, the price of diesel oil in Spain and thousands of other useful energy facts.
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    Description / Table of Contents: This study examines the production costs of a range of transport fuels and energy carriers under varying crude oil price assumptions and technology market maturation levels. An engineering “bottom-up” approach is used to estimate the effect of the input cost of oil and of various technological assumptions on the finished price of these fuels. In total, the production costs of 20 fuels are examined for crude oil prices between USD 60 and USD 150 per barrel. Some fuel pathways can be competitive with oil as their production, transport and storage technology matures, and as oil price increases. Rising oil prices will offer new opportunities to switch to alternative fuels for transport, to diversify the energy mix of the transport sector, and to reduce the exposure of the whole system to price volatility and potential distuption of supply. In a time of uncertainty about the leading vehicle technology to decarbonize the transport sector, looking at the fuel cost brings key information to be considered to keep mobility affordable yet sustainable.
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  • 88
    Description / Table of Contents: Growing innovation capacity among emerging markets and increasing investment flows between them are creating new, reciprocal opportunities through the deployment of technological innovations and knowledge transfer. The case of Brazil and China is particularly relevant in this context. Between 2005 and 2012, the Brazilian energy sector absorbed USD 18.3 billion worth of investments from China. Sino-Brazilian trade and political relations have intensified over the past decade. This report focuses on three main questions: What are the drivers behind Chinese investment in the Brazilian energy sector? What potential exists for inter-firm technology transfer between the Chinese and Brazilian companies involved? Do government-sponsored activities and academic exchanges complement inter-firm technology transfer? The analysis highlights the potential of energy technology co-operation between Brazil and China, the deployment of innovations in third countries and, more generally, the intensification of global co-operation in energy-related research and development.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 89
    Description / Table of Contents: This report examines inaccuracies in some commonly held views of China’s National Oil Companies (NOCs). Until now, there has been little analysis to test the widely held presumption that these companies act under the instructions and in close co-ordination with the Chinese government. Nor have critics been challenged on the validity of their concerns about investments made by these NOCs, and how they could be blocking supplies of oil for other importing countries. The IEA analysis, however, finds that contrary to these views, the NOCs actually operate with a high degree of independence from the Chinese government, and their investments have in fact largely boosted global supplies of oil and gas, which other importers rely on.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 90
    Description / Table of Contents: The global oil market will undergo sweeping changes over the next five years. The 2013 Medium-Term Oil Market Report evaluates the impact of these changes on the global oil system by 2018 based on all that we know today – current expectations of economic growth, existing or announced policies and regulations, commercially proven technologies, field decline rates, investment programmes (upstream, midstream and downstream), etc. The five-year forecast period corresponds to the length of the typical investment cycle and as such is critical to policymakers and market participants. This Report shows, in detailed but concise terms, why the ongoing North American hydrocarbon revolution is a “game changer”. The region’s expected contribution to supply growth, however impressive, is only part of the story: Crude quality, infrastructure requirements, current regulations, and the potential for replication elsewhere are bound to spark a chain reaction that will leave few links in the global oil supply chain unaffected. While North America is expected to lead medium-term supply growth, the East-of- Suez region is in the lead on the demand side. Non-OECD oil demand, led by Asia and the Middle East, looks set to overtake the OECD for the first time as early as 2Q13 and will widen its lead afterwards. Non-OECD economies are already home to over half global refining capacity. With that share only expected to grow by 2018, the non-OECD region will be firmly entrenched as the world’s largest crude importer. These and other changes are carefully laid out in this Report, which also examines recent and future changes in global oil storage, shifts in OPEC production capacity and crude and product trade, and the consequences of the ongoing refinery construction boom in emerging markets and developing economies. It is required reading for anyone engaged in policy or investment decision-making in the energy sphere, and those more broadly interested in the oil market and the global economy.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 91
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: This fourth edition of the IEA Medium-Term Oil Market Report (MTOMR) confronts an economic landscape unrecognisable from that seen at the time of the release of the summer 2008 edition. Crude prices are now 55% lower as financial and economic meltdown have slashed demand, with worldwide contraction in oil use at levels not seen since the early 1980s. This fourth edition of the IEA’s Medium-Term Oil Market Report (MTOMR) confronts an economic landscape unrecognisable from that seen at the time of the release of the summer 2008 edition. Crude prices are now 60% lower as financial and economic meltdown have slashed demand, with worldwide contraction in oil use at levels not seen since the early 1980s. But how long will the downturn last, and what is the likely profile of global and regional demand recovery when economic rebound eventually takes root? Has almost a decade of rising prices and costs changed the demand-side blueprint and forced the world onto a lower oil intensity path for the period through 2014? Equally importantly, the report identifies the impact that weaker demand, low prices and a credit squeeze are having on supply-side investment – in upstream OPEC/non-OPEC supply, biofuels capacity and refining infrastructure alike. The 2009 edition of the MTOMR also delves into the issues of diversifying FSU crude exports, evolving crude and product qualities, the importance of petrochemical markets and perceptions on oil price formation in the down-cycle. Two demand scenarios are presented based on differing economic growth assumptions, with a lower non-OPEC supply scenario also accompanying the lower GDP case. Summary oil balances highlight how OPEC spare capacity could develop during 2008-2014. This year, the MTOMR also consolidates analysis of future crude availability and trade flows, refining capacity and oil products supply implications under one cover. The MTOMR remains required reading for policy makers, market analysts, industry participants and anyone with an interest in oil market trends. It contains detailed statistical appendices and a wealth of insightful graphics. Alongside its monthly sister publication, the Oil Market Report, the MTOMR is a cornerstone of the IEA’s commitment to enhancing oil market transparency.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 92
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: Power systems must be actively managed to maintain a steady balance between supply and demand. This is already a complex task as demand varies continually. But what happens when supply becomes more variable and less certain, as with some renewable sources of electricity like wind and solar PV that fluctuate with the weather? To what extent can the resources that help power systems cope with the challenge of variability in demand also be applied to variability of supply? How large are these resources? And what share of electricity supply from variable renewables can they make possible? There is no one-size-fits-all answer. The ways electricity is produced, transported and consumed around the world exhibit great diversity. Grids can cross borders, requiring co-ordinated international policy, or can be distinct within a single country or region. And whether found in dispatchable power plants, storage facilities, interconnections for trade or on the demand side, the flexible resource that ensures the provision of reliable power in the face of uncertainty likewise differs enormously. Written for decision makers, Harnessing Variable Renewables: a Guide to the Balancing Challenge sheds light on managing power systems with large shares of variable renewables. It presents a new, step-by-step approach developed by the IEA to assess the flexibility of power systems, which identifies the already present resources that could help meet the twin challenges of variability and uncertainty.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 93
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: Smart grids can play an important role in addressing increasingly untenable economic, environmental, and social trends in the supply and use of energy. By enabling increased awareness of system operation and better informed participation by electricity users, smart grids will increase electricity end-use efficiency while optimising network asset utilisation and increasing grid resiliency. They will also enable efficient integration of variable renewables and electric vehicles, as well as new products and services. This roadmap provides a consensus view from more than 200 government, industry, academia and consumer representatives on the current status of smart grid technologies, and charts a course for expanding their use from today to 2050. Smart grids co-ordinate the needs and capabilities of all generators, grid operators, end-users and electricity market stakeholders. This allows the grid system to operate as efficiently as possible, minimising costs and environmental impacts while maximising system reliability, resilience and stability. Smart grids accomplish this optimisation by using digital and other advanced technologies to monitor and manage the transport of electricity from all generation sources to meet the varying electricity demands of end users. These technologies are essential if the global community is to achieve shared goals for energy security, economic development and climate change mitigation. Unfortunately, existing misunderstandings of both what smart grids are and the physical and institutional complexity of electricity systems make it difficult to implement smart grids on the scale that is needed. This roadmap sets out specific steps and describes the milestones that will allow smart grids to help deliver a clean energy future over the coming years.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 94
    Description / Table of Contents: • The transition to a low carbon economy clearly requires accelerating energy innovation and technology adoption. Governments have an important role in this context. They can help by establishing the enabling environment in which innovation can thrive, and within which effective and efficient policies can be identified, with the specific goal of advancing research, development, demonstration and, ultimately, deployment (RDD&D) of clean energy technologies. • At the front end of the innovation process, significant increases in, and restructuring of, global RD&D efforts will be required, combined with well-targeted government RD&D policies. The development of a clear policy framework for energy technology RD&D, based on good practices, should include six elements: • Coherent energy RD&D strategy and priorities • Adequate government RD&D funding and policy support • Co-ordinated energy RD&D governance • Strong collaborative approach, engaging industry through public private partnerships (PPPs) • Effective RD&D monitoring and evaluation • Strategic international collaboration • While countries have been favouring certain technologies over others, based on decisions on which areas are to receive funding, clear priorities are not always determined through structured analysis and documented processes. A review of stated energy RD&D priorities, based on announced technology programmes and strategies, and recent spending trends reveals some important deviations from stated priorities and actual RD&D funding.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 Seiten)
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  • 95
    Description / Table of Contents: This report seeks to inform decision makers seeking to prioritise RD&D investments in a time of financial uncertainty. It is an update of the December 2009 IEA report Global Gaps in Clean Energy Research, Development and Demonstration, which examined whether rates of LCET investment were sufficient to achieve shared global energy and environmental goals (IEA,2009a). It discusses the impact of the green stimulus spending announcements, and provides private sector perspectives on priorities for government RD&D spending. Finally, it includes a revised assessment of the gaps in public RD&D, together with suggestions for possible areas for expanded international collaboration on specific LCETs. The conclusion re-affirms the first Global Gaps study finding that governments and industry need to dramatically increase their spending on RD&D for LCETs.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 Seiten)
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  • 96
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent IEA analysis highlights member countries’ significant progress with developing energy efficiency policy (International Energy Agency 2009). The 28 member countries of the IEA are engaged in promoting innovative financial instruments, energy efficiency strategies and action plans. They are designing policies to promote energy efficiency in buildings, the adoption of standby power, the phase out of inefficient lighting, proper tyre-inflation and related policies, and energy efficiency in utilities.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (145 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 97
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: The Global EV Outlook represents the collective efforts of two years of primary data gathering and analysis from the Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) and IEA. Key takeaways and insights include landscape analysis of electric vehicle (EV) stock/sales and charging station deployment. Existing policy initiatives are delineated and future opportunities highlighted in an “Opportunity Matrix: Pathways to 2020”. Together EVI countries accounted for more than 90% of world EV stock at the end of 2012. Strong government support in EVI countries on both the supply and demand sides are contributing to rising market penetration. 12 out of 15 EVI countries offer financial support for vehicle purchases, and most employ a mix of financial and non-financial incentives (such as access to restricted highway lanes) to help drive adoption. The Global EV Outlook is a unique and data-rich overview of the state of electric vehicles today, and offers an understanding of the electric vehicle landscape to 2020.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 98
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    Paris : IEA Publications
    Description / Table of Contents: Recognising the urgency of identifying technology to reduce the CO2 intensity of cement production, the IEA has worked together with the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) to develop a technology roadmap for cement. This is currently the only industry-specific roadmap; others focus on specific technologies. This joint effort shows willingness to build on progress already made, as well as the industry’s understanding that further progress lies ahead. CO2 emissions from cement production currently represent about 5% of anthropogenic global CO2 emissions. The cement roadmap outlines a possible transition path for the industry to make continued contributions towards a halving of global CO2 emissions by 2050. As part of this contribution, this roadmap estimates that the cement industry could reduce their emissions 18% from current levels by 2050. A reduction of global emissions does not imply a linear reduction by the same percentage in all industries. This roadmap should be understood as a deep analysis of potentials and challenges in one industry.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 99
    Description / Table of Contents: The Indian cement industry is one of the most efficient in the world. Its efforts to reduce its carbon footprint by adopting the best available technologies and environmental practices are reflected in the achievement of reducing total CO2 emissions to an industrial average of 0.719 tCO2/t cement in 2010 from a substantially higher level of 1.12 tCO2/t cement in 1996. However, because the manufacturing process relies on the burning of limestone, it still produced 137 MtCO2 in 2010 – approximately 7% of India’s total man-made CO2 emissions. Yet opportunity for improvement exists, particularly in relation to five key levers that can contribute to emissions reductions: alternative fuel and raw materials; energy efficiency; clinker substitution; waste heat recovery and newer technologies. This roadmap sets out one pathway by which the Indian cement industry can reach its targets to improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions by 2050, thereby laying the foundation for low-carbon growth in the years beyond. The Technology Roadmap: Low-Carbon Technology for the Indian Cement Industry builds on the global IEA technology roadmap for the cement sector developed by the IEA and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development’s Cement Sustainability Initiative. It outlines a possible transition path for the Indian cement industry to reduce its direct CO2 emissions intensity to 0.35 tCO2/t cement and support the global goal of halving CO2 emissions by 2050
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 100
    Description / Table of Contents: This report delves into the major factors or driving forces that decision makers within a large industrial company take into account when deciding to make new investments - the so-called "boardroom perspective". The rationale for an individual company making an investment that will reduce energy consumption varies considerably and depends on a range of factors. This report delves into the major factors or driving forces that decision makers within a large industrial company take into account when deciding to make new investments - the so-called "boardroom perspective". It explores the factors that influence companies to invest in energy savings and proposes a methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of a countrys energy efficiency and greenhouse gas mitigation policies mix from this boardroom perspective. This paper is the product of collaboration between the IEA and the Institute of Industrial Productivity (IIP).
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 Seiten)
    Language: English
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