ALBERT

Note: Contents: The Theory of Externalities and Public Goods: The Lifework of Richard Cornes ; Efficiency in Contests Between Groups ; Multiple-Aggregate Games ; Strategic Coalition Formation in Global Public Good Provision ; Evolution of Consistent Conjectures in Semi-aggregative Representation of Games, with Applications to Public Good Games and Contests ; Mixed-Strategy Kant-Nash Equilibrium and Private Contributions to a Public Good ; Social Creation of Pro-social Preferences for Collective Action ; Community Size and Public Goods in Hume’s Treatise of Human Nature ; Decentralized Leadership ; Debt NeutralityWithout Altruism: Voluntary Contributions to Public Goods as ‘Operative Linkages’ ; Counterterrorism: A Public Goods Approach ; Linguistic Assimilation and Ethno-religious Conflict ; International Carbon Trade and National Taxes: Distributional Impacts of Double Regulation ; Thinking Local but Acting Global? The Interplay Between Local and Global Internalization of Externalities ; Showdown in Schönau: A Contest Case Study

Note: Contents 1 Slow Viscous Flow 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Coordinate Systems and the Material Derivative 1.2.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Coordinates 1.2.2 The Material Derivative 1.3 Mass Conservation 1.4 The Stress Tensor and Momentum Conservation 1.4.1 The Stress Tensor 1.4.2 Momentum Conservation 1.4.3 Rheology 1.4.4 The Navier-Stokes Equations 1.4.5 Stokes Flow 1.5 Boundary Conditions 1.5.1 The No-Slip Condition and the Sliding Law 1.5.2 Dynamic Boundary Conditions 1.5.3 Kinematic Boundary Conditions 1.6 Temperature and Energy Conservation 1.7 Glacier and Ice Sheet Flow 1.8 Examples 1.8.1 Uniform Flow on a Slope 1.8.2 Spreading Flow at an Ice Divide 1.8.3 Small-Amplitude Perturbations 1.9 The Shallow Ice Approximation 1.10 Conclusions and Outlook 1.11 Appendix: Non-dimensionalisation Exercises 2 Thermal Structure 2.1 Temperature Profiles 2.2 Boundary Conditions 2.2.1 The Thermal Near-Surface Wave 2.3 Models: Simple to Complicated 2.4 Basal Conditions 2.4.1 Polythermal Ice 2.5 Modelling Issues 2.5.1 Non-dimensionalisation 2.5.2 Thermomechanical Coupling 2.5.3 Thermal Runaway Exercises 3 Sliding, Drainage and Subglacial Geomorphology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Sliding Over Hard Beds 3.2.1 Weertman Sliding 3.2.2 Nye-Kamb Theory 3.2.3 Sub-temperate Sliding 3.2.4 Nonlinear Sliding Laws 3.2.5 Cavitation 3.2.6 Comparison with Experiment 3.3 Subglacial Drainage Theory 3.3.1 Weertman Films 3.3.2 Röthlisberger Channels (or ‘R-Channels’) 3.3.3 Jökulhlaups 3.3.4 Subglacial Lakes 3.3.5 Linked Cavities 3.3.6 Drainage Transitions and Glacier Surges 3.3.7 Ongoing Developments 3.4 Basal Processes and Geomorphology 3.4.1 Soft Glacier Beds 3.4.2 Drainage Over Till 3.4.3 Geomorphological Processes Exercises 4 Tidewater Glaciers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Calving 4.3 Tidewater Glacier Dynamics 4.3.1 Tidewater Glacier Retreat and Instability 4.3.2 Tidewater Glacier Advance 4.3.3 Flow Variability of Tidewater Glaciers 4.4 The Link to Climate: Triggers for Retreat 4.4.1 Ice Shelf Collapse and Backstress 4.4.2 Grounded Calving Fronts 4.5 Outlook 5 Interaction of Ice Shelves with the Ocean 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Impact of Melting Ice on the Ocean 5.3 Processes at the Ice-Ocean Interface 5.4 Buoyancy-Driven Flow on Geophysical Scales 5.5 Sensitivity to Ocean Temperature 5.6 Impact of Meltwater Outflow at the Grounding Line 5.7 Fundamentals of the Three-Dimensional Ocean Circulation 5.8 Some Properties and Limitations of the Geostrophic Equations 5.9 Effects of Stratification 5.10 Three-Dimensional Circulation in Sub-Ice-Shelf Cavities Exercises 6 Polar Meteorology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Shortwave and Longwave Radiation 6.3 Radiation Climate at the Top of the Atmosphere 6.4 Large Scale Circulation 6.5 Surface Energy Balance 6.5.1 Shortwave Radiation 6.5.2 Surface Albedo 6.5.3 Longwave Radiation 6.5.4 Turbulent Fluxes 6.6 Temperature Inversion and Katabatic Winds 6.6.1 Surface Temperature Inversion and Deficit 6.6.2 Katabatic Winds 6.7 Precipitation 6.8 Notes and References Exercises 7 Mass Balance 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Definitions 7.3 Methods 7.3.1 In Situ Observations 7.3.2 Satellite/Airborne Altimetry 7.3.3 Satellite Gravimetry 7.3.4 Mass Budget Method 7.4 Valley Glaciers and Ice Caps 7.4.1 In Situ Observations 7.4.2 Modelling 7.4.3 Dynamical Response 7.4.4 Remote Sensing 7.5 Antarctic Ice Sheet 7.5.1 Spatial SSMB Variability 7.5.2 Blue Ice Areas 7.5.3 Temporal SSMB Variability 7.6 Greenland Ice Sheet 7.6.1 Spatial SSMB Variability 7.6.2 Temporal SSMB Variability 7.6.3 Role of the Liquid Water Balance 8 Numerical Modelling of Ice Sheets, Streams, and Shelves 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ice Flow Equations 8.2.1 The Shallow Ice Approximation 8.2.2 Analogy with the Heat Equation 8.3 Finite Difference Numerics 8.3.1 Explicit Scheme for the Heat Equation 8.3.2 A First Implemented Scheme 8.3.3 Stability Criteria and Adaptive Time Stepping 8.3.4 Implicit Schemes 8.3.5 Numerical Solution of Diffusion Equations 8.4 Numerically Solving the SIA 8.5 Exact Solutions and Verification 8.5.1 Exact Solution of the Heat Equation 8.5.2 Halfar’s Exact Similarity Solution to the SIA 8.5.3 Using Halfar’s Solution 8.5.4 A Test of Robustness 8.6 Applying Our Numerical Ice Sheet Model 8.7 Shelves and Streams 8.7.1 The Shallow Shelf Approximation (SSA) 8.7.2 Numerical Solution of the SSA 8.7.3 Numerics of the Linear Boundary Value Problem 8.7.4 Solving the Stress Balance for an Ice Shelf 8.7.5 Realistic Ice Shelf Modelling 8.8 A Summary of Numerical Ice Flow Modelling 8.9 Notes Exercises 9 Least-Squares Data Inversion in Glaciology 9.1 Preamble 9.2 Introduction 9.3 The Roots of GPS in Glaciology 9.4 Introduction to GPS 9.4.1 History 9.4.2 Coarse Acquisition (C/A) Code 9.5 The Equations of Pseudorange 9.6 Least-Squares Solution of an Overdetermined System of Linear Equations 9.7 Observational Techniques to Improve GPS Accuracy 9.7.1 The Ionosphere-Free Combination 9.7.2 Carrier-Phase Determined Range and Integer Wavelength Ambiguity 9.7.3 Resolving Range Ambiguity by Phase Tracking 9.7.4 Differential GPS Exercises 10 Analytical Models of Ice Sheets and Ice Shelves 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Perfectly-Plastic Ice Sheet Model 10.3 The Height–Mass Balance Feedback 10.4 Ice-Sheet Profile for Plane Shear with Glen’s Law 10.5 Ice Shelves Exercise 11 Firn 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Firn Densification 11.2.1 Mechanisms of Firn Densification 11.2.2 Firn Densification Models 11.2.3 Firn Layering and Microstructure 11.3 Applications of Firn Models 11.3.1 Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance from Altimetry 11.3.2 Delta Age Calculations in Deep Ice Cores 11.4 Summary and Conclusions 12 Ice Cores: Archive of the Climate System 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Dating Ice Cores 12.3 Stable Water Isotopes 12.3.1 Basics and Nomenclature 12.3.2 The Isotope Proxy Thermometer 12.3.3 Examples of Isotope Records 12.3.4 Isotope Diffusion in Firn and Ice 12.3.5 Diffusion Thermometry 12.4 Aerosols in Ice 12.4.1 Introduction and Origin of Aerosols in Ice 12.4.2 Aerosol Sources and Transport 12.4.3 Post-depositional Modification 12.4.4 Seasonal Cycles in Aerosol and Particle Constituents in Ice 12.4.5 The Volcanic Signal in Ice and Its Use for Chronological Control 12.4.6 Marine Biogenic MSA and Sea Salt as Sea-Ice Proxies 12.4.7 The Record of Anthropogenic Pollution 12.4.8 Long Aerosol Records from Greenland and Antarctica 12.4.9 Electrical Properties of Ice and Their Relationship to Chemistry 12.5 Gases Enclosed in Ice 12.5.1 Firn Gas and Gas Occlusion 12.5.2 Trace Gases 12.6 Timing of Climate Events Exercises 13 Satellite Remote Sensing of Glaciers and Ice Sheets 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Optical Sensors and Applications 13.2.1 Sensors and Satellites 13.2.2 Applications 13.3 SAR Methods and Applications 13.3.1 Radar Signal Interaction with Snow and Ice 13.3.2 SAR Sensor and Image Characteristics 13.3.3 InSAR Measurement Principles and Applications 13.4 Satellite Altimetry 13.4.1 Altimetry Missions 13.4.2 Measuring Elevation Change 14 Geophysics 14.1 Geophysical Methods: Overview 14.2 Passive Methods 14.2.1 Gravimetry 14.2.2 Magnetics 14.2.3 Seismology 14.3 Active Methods: Basics 14.3.1 Propagation Properties and Reflection Origin 14.3.2 Seismic System Set-Up 14.3.3 Radar System Set-Up 14.4 Data Acquisition and Processing 14.5 Seismic Applications in Ice 14.5.1 Ice Thickness and Basal Topography 14.5.2 Subglacial Structure and Properties 14.5.3 Rheological and Other Englacial Properties 14.6 Radar Applications in Ice 14.6.1 Internal Layer Architecture and Ice Dynamics 14.6.2 Subglacial Conditions 14.6.3 Englacial Conditions 14.7 Notes and References 14.7.1 Further Reading 14.7.2 Gravimetry 14.7.3 General Wave Equation and Solution 14.7.4 Seismic Waves 14.7.5 Electromagnetic Waves Exercises 15 Glacial Isostatic Adjustment 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Earth Response to Loading 15.2.1 Rheology of the Earth 15.2.2 Building an Earth Model 15.2.3 Earth Models Used in Glaciology and Glacial Isostatic Adjustment 15.3 The Cryosphere and Sea Level 15.3.1 Factors Affecting Sea-Level Change 15.3.2 Eu

Note: Contents Part I Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction and Physical Oceanography 1 Geostrophic and Wind-Driven Components of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current / Nikolay A. Diansky, Varvara V. Bagatinskaya, Anatoly V. Gusev, and Eugene G. Morozov 2 Multi-jet Structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current / Roman Yu Tarakanov 3 Frontal Zone Between Relatively Warm and Cold Waters in the Northern Weddell Sea / Eugene G. Morozov, Viktor A. Krechik, Dmitry I. Frey, Alexander A. Polukhin, Vladimir A. Artemiev, Valentina V. Kasyan, Philipp V. Sapozhnikov, and Rinat Z. Mukhametianov 4 Water Masses, Currents, and Phytoplankton in the Bransfield Strait in January 2020 / Eugene G. Morozov, Dmitry I. Frey, Viktor A. Krechik, Alexander A. Polukhin, and Philipp V. Sapozhnikov 5 Intra-annual Variability of Water Structure in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean Based on the ECMWF ORA-S3 and OI SST Reanalysis / Yuri V. Artamonov, Elena A. Skripaleva, Alexander V. Fedirko, and Nikolay V. Nikolsky 6 The Circulation and Mixing Zone in the Antarctic Sound in February 2020 / Alexander V. Krek, Elena V. Krek, and Viktor A. Krechik 7 Rogue Waves in the Drake Passage: Unpredictable Hazard / Ekaterina G. Didenkulova, Tatiana G. Talipova, and Efim N. Pelinovsky 8 Water Mass Transformation in the Powell Basin / Alina A. Fedotova and Svetlana V. Stepanova 9 Interannual Variations of Water Mass Properties in the Central Basin of the Bransfield Strait / Alina A. Fedotova and Sergey V. Kashin 10 Sea Surface Temperature and Ice Concentration Analysis Based on the NOAA Long-Term Satellite and Sea-Truth Data in the Atlantic Antarctic / Viktor V. Zamshin and Vladislav A. Shliupikov Part II Chemical Oceanography, Seawater Optical Properties, Productivity and Microbial Processes 11 Hydrochemical Structure of Waters in the Northern Weddell Sea in Austral Summer 2020 / Svetlana V. Stepanova, Alexander A. Polukhin, Gennadii V. Borisenko, Anna L. Chultsova, Evgeniia N. Marina, Oleg S. Popov, Anna M. Seliverstova, Anna V. Vidnichuk, and Petr P. Tishchenko 12 Features and Processes of the Oxygen and pCO2 Dynamics in the Surface Waters in the Western Parts of the Weddell and Scotia Seas (Southern Ocean) / Natalia A. Orekhova, Anna V. Vidnichuk, and Sergey K. Konovalov 13 Earth’s Insolation and Spatiotemporal Variability of Albedo in the Antarctic / Anton A. Bukatov and Margarita V. Babiy 14 Quantitative and Productional Characteristics of Microplankton in the Powell Basin and Bransfield Strait in Summer / Nadezda D. Romanova, Sergey A. Mosharov, Olga V. Vorobieva, and Elena V. Bardyukova 15 Detection of Thermophilic Methanotrophic Microbial Communities in the Water Column of the Bransfield Strait (Antarctica) / Anna L. Ponomareva, Nikita S. Polonik, Aleksandra V. Kim, and Renat B. Shakirov 16 Spectral Bio-optical Properties of Waters in the Bransfield Strait and Powell Basin / Tanya Ya Churilova, Nataliia A. Moiseeva, Tatiana V. Efimova, Vladimir A. Artemiev, Elena Y. Skorokhod, and Anatoly S. Buchelnikov 17 Variability of Seawater Optical Properties in the Adjacent Water Basins of the Antarctic Peninsula in January and February 2020 / Alexandr A. Latushkin, Vladimir A. Artemiev, Anton V. Garmashov, Pavel A. Salyuk, Inna V. Sahling, and Dmitry I. Glukhovets 18 Bio-Optical Models for Estimating Euphotic Zone Depth in the Western Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean in the Antarctic Summer / Pavel A. Salyuk, Vladimir A. Artemiev, Dmitry I. Glukhovets, Alexander N. Khrapko, Anatoly V. Grigoriev, Alexandr A. Latushkin, and Nadezda D. Romanova 19 Phycoerythrin Pigment Distribution in the Upper Water Layer Across the Weddell-Scotia Confluence Zone and Drake Passage / Pavel A. Salyuk, Dmitry I. Glukhovets, Alexander Yu. Mayor, Natalia A. Moiseeva, Vladimir A. Artemiev, and Alexander N. Khrapko 20 Nanophytoplankton in the Bransfield Strait: Contribution of Cryptophyta to the Community Abundance and Biomass During Austral Summer / Vladimir S. Mukhanov, Evgeny G. Sakhon, Aleksander A. Polukhin, and Vladimir A. Artemiev Part III Section Marine Ecosystems and Their Oceanographical Background 21 Phytopelagic Communities of the Powell Basin in the Summer of 2020 / Philipp V. Sapozhnikov, Olga Yu. Kalinina, and Tatiana V. Morozova 22 Bioluminescence in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean Based on the Field Observations and Sounding Data / Aleksandr V. Melnik, Viktor V. Melnikov, Lidiya A. Melnik, Olga V. Mashukova, and Sergei V. Kapranov 23 Parasites as an Inseparable Part of Antarctic and Subantarctic Marine Biodiversity / Tatyana A. Polyakova and Ilya I. Gordeev 24 Spatial Distribution, Species Composition, and Number of Seabirds in the Argentine Basin, Drake Passage, East of Antarctic Peninsula, and Powell Basin in January–March 2020 / Sergey P. Kharitonov, Alexander L. Mischenko, Nikolai B. Konyukhov, Alexander E. Dmitriyev, Andrey V. Tretyakov, Gleb Yu. Pilipenko, Svetlana M. Artemyeva, and Matvey S. Mamayev 25 Spatial Distribution, Species Composition, and Number of Marine Mammals in the Argentine Basin, Drake Passage, East of Antarctic Peninsula, and Powell Basin in January–March 2020 / Sergey P. Kharitonov, Andrey V. Tretyakov, Alexander L. Mischenko, Nikolai B. Konyukhov, Svetlana M. Artemyeva, Gleb Yu. Pilipenko, Matvey S. Mamayev, and Alexander E. Dmitriyev 26 Meat in the Ocean: How Much and Who Is to Blame? / Sergey P. Kharitonov, Andrey V. Tretyakov, and Alexander L. Mischenko 27 Macro- and Mesozooplankton in the Powell Basin (Antarctica): Species Composition and Distribution of Abundance and Biomass in February 2020 / Vladimir A. Yakovenko, Vassily A. Spiridonov, Konstantin M. Gorbatenko, Nickolai V. Shadrin, Ernest Z. Samyshev, and Natalia I. Minkina 28 Application of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for Research of Ecosystems in the Southern Ocean / Alexander Yu. Konoplin, Alexey I. Borovik, Denis N. Mikhailov, Yuriy V. Vaulin, Alexander F. Scherbatyuk, Alexey A. Boreiko, Roman A. Babaev, Dmitriy A. Bolovin, and Dmitriy I. Tregubenko 29 Heavy Metals and Anthropogenic Radionuclides in the Region of the Antarctic Peninsula / Artem A. Paraskiv, Natalia Yu. Mirzoeva, Nataliya N. Tereshchenko, Vladislav Yu. Proskurnin, Ilya G. Sidorov, Svetlana I. Arkhipova, and Eugene G. Morozov

Note: Contents Artificial Intelligence for Sustainability An Intelligent Chatbot Using NLP and TF-IDF Algorithm for Text Understanding Applied to the Medical Field / Ayanouz Soufyane, Boudhir Anouar Abdelhakim, and Mohamed Ben Ahmed Artificial Intelligence in Predicting the Spread of Coronavirus to Ensure Healthy Living for All Age Groups / Stitini Oumaima, Kaloun Soulaimane, and Bencharef Omar Sustainability of Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning Algorithms for Medical Image Classification: Case of Cancer Pathology / Dahdouh Yousra, Anouar Boudhir Abdelhakim, and Ben Ahmed Mohamed An Intelligent Strategy for Developing Scientific Learning Skills / Okacha Diyer, Naceur Achtaich, and Khalid Najib Interactivity for Artificial Intelligence Systems: NL2SQL / Karam Ahkouk, Mustapha Machkour, Rachid Mama, and Khadija Majhadi Toward an Intelligent Hybrid System Based on Data Analysis and Preprocessing Method / Sara Belattar, Otman Abdoun, and Haimoudi El khatir Proposed Precautions for Newborn Malware Family Inspired from the COVID19 Epidemic Outbreak / Ikram Ben Abdel Ouahab, Mohammed Bouhorma, Lotfi ElAachak,and Anouar Abdelhakim Boudhir Using Deep Features Extraction and Ensemble Classifiers to Detect Glaucoma from Fundus Images / Stephane Cedric Tekouabou Koumetio, El Arbi Abdellaoui Alaoui, Imane Chabbar, Walid Cherif, and Hassan Silkan The Role of Applications Deep Learning in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals / Redouane Lhiadi, Abdelali Kaaouachi, and Abdessamad Jaddar Self-Attention Mechanism for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection / Othmane Daanouni, Bouchaib Cherradi, and Amal Tmiri Comparative Study of Supervised Machine Learning Color-Based Segmentation for Object Detection in X-Ray Baggage Images for Intelligent Transportation Systems / Mohamed Chouai, Mostefa Merah, José-Luis Sancho-GÓmez, and Malika MIMI A Survey of Artificial Intelligence-Based E-Commerce Recommendation System / Mohamed Khoali, Abdelhak Tali, and Yassin Laaziz Green Networks and Intelligent Transportation Systems Customer-Oriented Dial-A-Ride Problems: A Survey on Relevant Variants, Solution Approaches and Applications / Sonia Nasri, Hend Bouziri, and Wassila Aggoune-Mtalaa Big Data Accident Prediction System in Green Networks and Intelligent Transportation Systems / Mouad Tantaoui, My Driss Laanaoui, and Mustapha Kabil A Survey of Optimization Techniques for Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks / Younes Ben Chigra, Abderrahim Ghadi, and Mohamed Bouhorma Modeling and Performance Analysis for Transportation Systems of ULA and UCA Massive-MIMO Basing on Spherical Wave / Abdelhamid Riadi, Mohamed Boulouird, and Moha M’Rabet Hassani Enhancing Wireless Transmission Efficiency for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks Based on Transposing of Sensors / Rahat Ali Khan, Shahzad Memon, and Qin Xin New Method to Detect the Congestion for Green Networking in MANET / Abdellah Nabou, My Driss Laanaoui, Mohammed Ouzzif, and Mohammed-Alamine El Houssaini Benchmarking Study of Machine Learning Algorithms Case Study: VANET Network / Sara Ftaimi and Tomader Mazri A Comparative Study of Detection Algorithm in VANET Network / Manale Boughanja and Tomader Mazri An Enhanced Energy-Efficient Hierarchical LEACH Protocol to Extend the Lifespan for Wireless Sensor Networks / Fatima Es-sabery and Abdellatif Hair A Survey of Security and Privacy for 5G Networks / Ahmed Ziani and Abdellatif Medouri An Adaptive Video Streaming Framework for Peer-To-Peer 5G Networks: Paving the Road to 5G-IMS / Adnane Ghani, El Hassan Ibn El Haj, Ahmed Hammouch, and Abdelaali Chaoub Recognition and Reconstruction of Road Marking with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) / Samir Allach, Mohamed Ben Ahmed, and Anouar Abdelhakim Boudhir Environmental Informatics & Sustainable Environment A Smart Agricultural System to Classify Agricultural Plants and Fungus Diseases Using Deep Learning / Oussama Bakkali Yedri, Mohamed Ben Ahmed, Mohammed Bouhorma, and Lotfi El Achaak Secure Data Collection for Wireless Sensor Network / Samir Ifzarne, Imad Hafidi, and Nadia Idrissi Computing Technologies to Construct an Islamic Geometric Patterns Respecting the “Hasba” Method / Yassine Ait Lahcen, Abdelaziz Jali, Ahmed El Oirrak, and Youssef Aboufadil Technology for Sustainable Development: Solar Adsorption Cooling System Cold Room Modelization Using Python / Hanane Abakouy, Hanae El Kalkha, and Adel Bouajaj Satellite Big Data Ingestion for Environmentally Sustainable Development / Badr-Eddine Boudriki Semlali and Chaker El Amrani A New Approach for Estimating Monthly Global Solar Irradiation Based on Empirical and Artificial Neural Networks Models: A Case Study of Al-Hoceima Province, in Morocco North Region / Badr Benamrou, Mustapha Ouardouz, Imane Allaouzi, and Mohamed Ben ahmed Computing Technologies for Sustainable Development Efficient Congestion Management for Sustainable Wireless Mesh Networks / Kaoutar Bazi and Bouchaib Nassereddine Classifying Security Attacks in IoT Using CTM Method / Hind Meziane, Noura Ouerdi, Mohammed Amine Kasmi, and Sanae Mazouz Exploring the Power of Computation Technologies for Entity Matching / Youssef Aassem, Imad Hafidi, and Noureddine Aboutabit Smart Sustainable Cities: A Chatbot Based on Question Answering System Passing by a Grammatical Correction for Serving Citizens / Bghiel Afrae, Ben Ahmed Mohamed, and Boudhir Anouar Abdelhakim Enhancing Wireless Transmission Efficiency for Sensors in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks / Rahat Ali Khan, Shahzad Memon, and Qin Xin Study of Websocket Parent-Teachers/Qualified Teachers in Rural Areas: Case of Central African Republic / Ghislain Mervyl Saint-Juste Kossingou, Nadege Gladys Ndassimba, Edgard Ndassimba, Kéba Gueye, and Samuel Ouya A Comparison of QoS-Based Architecture Solutions for IoT/Edge Computing Environment / Nogaye Lo and Ibrahima Niang Towards Sustainable e-Learning Systems Using an Adaptive Learning Approach / El Miloud Smaili, Soukaina Sraidi, Salma Azzouzi, and My El Hassan Charaf Toward a Mobile Remote Controlled Robot for Early Childhood in Algeria / Ehlem Zigh, Ayoub Elhoucine, Abderrahmane Mallek, and Belcacem Kouninef Multi-Directional Total Variation and Wavelet Transform Based Methods: Application for Correlation Fringe Patterns Denoising and Demodulation / Mustapha Bahich and Mohammed Bailich A Multi-Agent System for Color Video Decomposition / Insaf Bellamine Serious Games for Sustainable Education in Emerging Countries: An Open-Source Pipeline and Methodology / Younes Alaoui, Lotfi El Achaak, Amine Belahbib, and Mohammed Bouhorma

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Complexity of the Climate System 1.2 Data Exploration, Data Mining and Feature Extraction 1.3 Major Concern in Climate Data Analysis 1.3.1 Characteristics of High-Dimensional Space Geometry 1.3.2 Curse of Dimensionality and Empty Space Phenomena 1.3.3 Dimension Reduction and Latent Variable Models 1.3.4 Some Problems and Remedies in Dimension Reduction 1.4 Examples of the Most Familiar Techniques 2 General Setting and Basic Terminology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Simple Visualisation Techniques 2.3 Data Processing and Smoothing 2.3.1 Preliminary Checking 2.3.2 Smoothing 2.3.3 Simple Descriptive Statistics 2.4 Data Set-Up 2.5 Basic Notation/Terminology 2.5.1 Centring 2.5.2 Covariance Matrix 2.5.3 Scaling 2.5.4 Sphering 2.5.5 Singular Value Decomposition 2.6 Stationary Time Series, Filtering and Spectra 2.6.1 Univariate Case 2.6.2 Multivariate Case 3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Eigenvalue Problems in Meteorology: Historical Perspective 3.2.1 The Quest for Climate Patterns: Teleconnections 3.2.2 Eigenvalue Problems in Meteorology 3.3 Computing Principal Components 3.3.1 Basis of Principal Component Analysis 3.3.2 Karhunen–Loéve Expansion 3.3.3 Derivation of PCs/EOFs 3.3.4 Computing EOFs and PCs 3.4 Sampling, Properties and Interpretation of EOFs 3.4.1 Sampling Variability and Uncertainty 3.4.2 Independent and Effective Sample Sizes 3.4.3 Dimension Reduction 3.4.4 Properties and Interpretation 3.5 Covariance Versus Correlation 3.6 Scaling Problems in EOFs 3.7 EOFs for Multivariate Normal Data 3.8 Other Procedures for Obtaining EOFs 3.9 Other Related Methods 3.9.1 Teleconnectivity 3.9.2 Regression Matrix 3.9.3 Empirical Orthogonal Teleconnection 3.9.4 Climate Network-Based Methods 4 Rotated and Simplified EOFs 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Rotation of EOFs 4.2.1 Background on Rotation 4.2.2 Derivation of REOFs 4.2.3 Computing REOFs 4.3 Simplified EOFs: SCoTLASS 4.3.1 Background 4.3.2 LASSO-Based Simplified EOFs 4.3.3 Computing the Simplified EOFs 5 Complex/Hilbert EOFs 5.1 Background 5.2 Conventional Complex EOFs 5.2.1 Pairs of Scalar Fields 5.2.2 Single Field 5.3 Frequency Domain EOFs 5.3.1 Background 5.3.2 Derivation of FDEOFs 5.4 Complex Hilbert EOFs 5.4.1 Hilbert Transform: Continuous Signals 5.4.2 Hilbert Transform: Discrete Signals 5.4.3 Application to Time Series 5.4.4 Complex Hilbert EOFs 5.5 Rotation of HEOFs 6 Principal Oscillation Patterns and Their Extension 6.1 Introduction 6.2 POP Derivation and Estimation 6.2.1 Spatial Patterns 6.2.2 Time Coefficients 6.2.3 Example 6.3 Relation to Continuous POPs 6.3.1 Basic Relationships 6.3.2 Finite Time POPs 6.4 Cyclo-Stationary POPs 6.5 Other Extensions/Interpretations of POPs 6.5.1 POPs and Normal Modes 6.5.2 Complex POPs 6.5.3 Hilbert Oscillation Patterns 6.5.4 Dynamic Mode Decomposition 6.6 High-Order POPs 6.7 Principal Interaction Patterns 7 Extended EOFs and SSA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Dynamical Reconstruction and SSA 7.2.1 Background 7.2.2 Dynamical Reconstruction and SSA 7.3 Examples 7.3.1 White Noise 7.3.2 Red Noise 7.4 SSA and Periodic Signals 7.5 Extended EOFs or Multivariate SSA 7.5.1 Background 7.5.2 Definition and Computation of EEOFs 7.5.3 Data Filtering and Oscillation Reconstruction 7.6 Potential Interpretation Pitfalls 7.7 Alternatives to SSA and EEOFs 7.7.1 Recurrence Networks 7.7.2 Data-Adaptive Harmonic Decomposition 8 Persistent, Predictive and Interpolated Patterns 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Background on Persistence and Prediction of Stationary Time Series 8.2.1 Decorrelation Time 8.2.2 The Prediction Problem and Kolmogorov Formula 8.3 Optimal Persistence and Average Predictability 8.3.1 Derivation of Optimally Persistent Patterns 8.3.2 Estimation from Finite Samples 8.3.3 Average Predictability Patterns 8.4 Predictive Patterns 8.4.1 Introduction 8.4.2 Optimally Predictable Patterns 8.4.3 Computational Aspects 8.5 Optimally Interpolated Patterns 8.5.1 Background 8.5.2 Interpolation and Pattern Derivation 8.5.3 Numerical Aspects 8.5.4 Application 8.6 Forecastable Component Analysis 9 Principal Coordinates or Multidimensional Scaling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Dissimilarity Measures 9.3 Metric Multidimensional Scaling 9.3.1 The Problem of Classical Scaling 9.3.2 Principal Coordinate Analysis 9.3.3 Case of Non-Euclidean Dissimilarity Matrix 9.4 Non-metric Scaling 9.5 Further Extensions 9.5.1 Replicated and Weighted MDS 9.5.2 Nonlinear Structure 9.5.3 Application to the Asian Monsoon 9.5.4 Scaling and the Matrix Nearness Problem 10 Factor Analysis 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Factor Model 10.2.1 Background 10.2.2 Model Definition and Terminology 10.2.3 Model Identification 10.2.4 Non-unicity of Loadings 10.3 Parameter Estimation 10.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimates 10.3.2 Expectation Maximisation Algorithm 10.4 Factor Rotation 10.4.1 Oblique and Orthogonal Rotations 10.4.2 Examples of Rotation Criteria 10.5 Exploratory FA and Application to SLP Anomalies 10.5.1 Factor Analysis as a Matrix Decomposition Problem 10.5.2 A Factor Rotation 10.6 Basic Difference Between EOF and Factor Analyses 10.6.1 Comparison Based on the Standard Factor Model 10.6.2 Comparison Based on the Exploratory Factor Analysis Model 11 Projection Pursuit 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Definition and Purpose of Projection Pursuit 11.2.1 What Is Projection Pursuit? 11.2.2 Why Projection Pursuit? 11.3 Entropy and Structure of Random Variables 11.3.1 Shannon Entropy 11.3.2 Differential Entropy 11.4 Types of Projection Indexes 11.4.1 Quality of a Projection Index 11.4.2 Various PP Indexes 11.4.3 Practical Implementation 11.5 PP Regression and Density Estimation 11.5.1 PP Regression 11.5.2 PP Density Estimation 11.6 Skewness Modes and Climate Application of PP 12 Independent Component Analysis 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Background and Definition 12.2.1 Blind Deconvolution 12.2.2 Blind Source Separation 12.2.3 Definition of ICA 12.3 Independence and Non-normality 12.3.1 Statistical Independence 12.3.2 Non-normality 12.4 Information-Theoretic Measures 12.4.1 Entropy 12.4.2 Kullback–Leibler Divergence 12.4.3 Mutual Information 12.4.4 Negentropy 12.4.5 Useful Approximations 12.5 Independent Component Estimation 12.5.1 Choice of Objective Function for ICA 12.5.2 Numerical Implementation 12.6 ICA via EOF Rotation and Weather and Climate Application 12.6.1 The Standard Two-Way Problem 12.6.2 Extension to the Three-Way Data 12.7 ICA Generalisation: Independent Subspace Analysis 13 Kernel EOFs 13.1 Background 13.2 Kernel EOFs 13.2.1 Formulation of Kernel EOFs 13.2.2 Practical Details of Kernel EOF Computation 13.2.3 Illustration with Concentric Clusters 13.3 Relation to Other Approaches 13.3.1 Spectral Clustering 13.3.2 Modularity Clustering 13.4 Pre-images in Kernel PCA 13.5 Application to An Atmospheric Model and Reanalyses 13.5.1 Application to a Simplified Atmospheric Model 13.5.2 Application to Reanalyses 13.6 Other Extensions of Kernel EOFs 13.6.1 Extended Kernel EOFs 13.6.2 Kernel POPs 14 Functional and Regularised EOFs 14.1 Functional EOFs 14.2 Functional PCs and Discrete Sampling 14.3 An Example of Functional PCs from Oceanography 14.4 Regularised EOFs 14.4.1 General Setting 14.4.2 Case of Spatial Fields 14.5 Numerical Solution of the Full Regularised EOF Problem 14.6 Application of Regularised EOFs to SLP Anomalies 15 Methods for Coupled Patterns 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Canonical Correlation Analysis 15.2.1 Background 15.2.2 Formulation of CCA 15.2.3 Computational Aspect 15.2.4 Regularised CCA 15.2.5 Use of Correlation Matrices 15.3 Canonical Covariance Analysis 15.4 Redundancy Analysis 15.4.1 Redundancy Index 15.4.2 Redundancy Analysis 15.5 Application: Optimal Lag Between Two Fields and Other Extensions 15.5.1 Application of CCA 15.5.2 Application of Redundancy 15.6 Principal Predictors 15.7 Extension: Functional Smooth CCA 15.7.1 Introduction 15.7.2 Functional Non-smooth CCA and Indeterminacy 15.7.3 Smooth CCA/MCA 15.7.4 Application of SMCA to Space–Time Fields 15.8 Some Points on Coupled Patterns and Multiva

Note: Contents 1 The World Hidden Beneath Us - Structure and Composition of the Earth 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Xenoliths, Meteorites, Earthquakes: Witnesses of the Underground World 1.3 The Structure and Composition of the Earth 1.3.1 The Compositional Layering: Core, Mantle, and Crust 1.3.2 The Mechanical Layering: Inner Core, Outer Core, Convective Mantle, and Lithosphere 1.4 Summary 1.5 Box 1.1 - Minerals and Rocks References 2 Air, Water, Earth - The Exogenic Geological Processes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Rocks and Soils 2.3 The Atmosphere 2.4 The Hydrosphere 2.5 The Sedimentary Cycle: Air, Water and Earth at Work 2.5.1 Rocks Breakdown 2.5.2 Removal and Transportation of Weathering Products 2.5.3 Sediment Deposition 2.5.4 Diagenesis: Back to Rocks 2.6 The Remains of Mountains 2.7 The Fate of the Organic Matter 2.8 Summary 2.9 Box 2.1 - Water-Air-Earth Interaction: Some Basic Geochemistry 2.10 Box 2.2 - Limestone, a Most Meritorious Rock References 3 Fire - How Magmatism Shaped the Earth 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Magmas: What They Are, How They Form 3.3 Magmatism and the Structure of the Earth 3.3.1 From Chaos to Order 3.4 Volcanism 3.4.1 Types of Volcanic Eruptions 3.4.2 Volcanism and the Terrestrial Environment 3.4.3 Large Igneous Provinces and Mass Extinctions 3.5 Global Distribution of Magmatism 3.6 Summary 3.7 Box 3.1 - Magmatism: How and Why 3.7.1 Main Types of Magma 3.7.2 Ascent, Diversification and Solidification of Magmas 3.8 Box 3.2 - Heat Flow and Geothermal Energy 3.9 Box 3.3 - Magmatism and Ore Deposits References 4 Geomagnetism - The Space Shield of the Planet Earth 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Earth’s Magnetic Field 4.3 Palaeomagnetism: The Magnetic Memory of Rocks 4.3.1 Magnetic Reversal 4.4 Palaeomagnetism, Continental Drift, and Ocean Floor Spreading 4.5 Summary 4.6 Box 4.1 - Geomagnetism: A Historical Perspective 4.7 Box 4.2 - Geomagnetism and the Biosphere References 5 Seismicity—The Breath of a Restless Earth 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Rock Failure, Earthquakes, and Faults 5.2.1 Stress and Rock Deformation 5.2.2 Earthquakes and Faults 5.3 Seismic Waves 5.4 Seismographs and Seismograms 5.5 Earthquake Magnitude, Intensity and Frequency 5.6 Global Distribution of Earthquakes 5.7 Summary 5.8 Box 5.1- Earthquake Effects, Prediction, Forecasting, and Mitigation References 6 Plate Tectonics - The Great Unifying Theory 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fixism Versus Mobilism 6.2.1 The Theory of Continental Drift 6.2.2 From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics 6.3 Plate Tectonics: The Framework 6.4 The Plate Boundaries 6.4.1 Divergent Boundaries 6.4.2 Convergent Boundaries 6.4.3 Transform Boundaries 6.5 Why Do Plates Move? 6.6 Where, When and Why Does Subduction Start 6.7 Summary 6.8 Box 6.1 - Linear Volcanism and Hotspots 6.9 Box 6.2 - The Continents References 7 Geochemical Cycles - The Circulatory System of Planet Earth 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Geochemical Cycles: Some Definitions 7.3 The Water Cycle 7.4 The Sodium Cycle 7.5 The Carbon Biogeochemical Cycle 7.6 The Phosphorus Biogeochemical Cycle 7.7 The Nitrogen Biogeochemical Cycle 7.8 The Oxygen Cycle 7.9 The Iron Cycle 7.10 The Geochemical Cycles of Lead and Arsenic 7.11 Summary 7.12 Box 7.1 The Rock Cycle 7.13 Box 7.2 The Geochemical Cycles and the Age of the Earth References 8 The Geochemical Cycles and the Environment - How Man is Changing the Earth 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Geochemical Cycles and Environmental Pollution 8.2.1 Toxic Elements 8.2.2 Phosphorus and Nitrogen Compounds 8.3 Environmental Aspects of the Carbon Cycle 8.3.1 CO2 and the Ocean Acidification 8.3.2 CO2 and the Greenhouse Effect 8.3.3 CO2 and Climatic Change: A Geological Perspective 8.3.4 A Lesson for the Future 8.4 Plastic Waste Pollution 8.5 Summary 8.6 Box 8.1 - Stable Isotopes: Measuring the Temperature of the Past 8.6.1 Some Basics of Isotope Geochemistry 8.6.2 The Delta Notation 8.6.3 Oxygen-Hydrogen Isotope Geothermometry 8.7 Box 8.2 - CO2 Sequestration: The message from Decameron References 9 From Hadean to Anthropocene - The Endless Story of a Lucky Planet 9.1 Introduction 9.2 From the Solar Nebula to the Formation of Planets 9.3 Hadean: The Hellish Aeon (~4600–4000 Ma) 9.4 Archaean (4000–2500 Ma): The Dawn of Life and the Start of Modern Plate Tectonics 9.5 Proterozoic (2500–541 Ma): Oxygen, Eukaryotes, Supercontinents 9.6 Phanerozoic: The explosion of Complex Organisms (541–0 Ma) 9.6.1 The Spread of Animals and Plants 9.7 Finally, The Anthropocene 9.8 The Gaia Hypothesis 9.9 Summary 9.10 Box 9.1 - Geochronology: How Ages of Rocks, Fossils and Geologic Events Are Determined 9.10.1 Relative Age of Rocks and Fossils 9.10.2 Absolute Age References 10 Epilogue 10.1 The Earth Anomaly 10.2 The Best of All Possible Worlds 10.3 Historical Times, Geological Times 10.4 Technology, Natural Resources and Environmental Impact 10.5 Natura, Non Nisi Parendo Vincitur Correction to: Air, Water, Earth, Fire Further Reading Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 What is Deep Learning? 1.2 Pros and Cons of Deep Learning 1.3 Recent Applications of Deep Learning in Hydrometeorological and Environmental Studies 1.4 Organization of Chapters 1.5 Summary and Conclusion References 2 Mathematical Background 2.1 Linear Regression Model 2.1.1 Simple Linear Regression 2.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression 2.2 Time Series Model 2.2.1 Autoregressive Model (AR) 2.3 Probability Distributions 2.3.1 Normal Distributions 2.3.2 Gamma Distribution 2.4 Exercises References 3 Data Preprocessing 3.1 Normalization 3.2 Data Splitting for Training and Testing 3.3 Exercises 4 Neural Network 4.1 Terminology in Neural Network 4.1.1 Components of Neural Network 4.1.2 Activation Functions 4.1.3 Error and Loss Function 4.1.4 Softmax and One-Hot Encoding 4.2 Artificial Neural Network 4.2.1 Simplest Network 4.2.2 Feedforward and Backward Propagation 4.2.3 Network with Multiple Input and Output Variables 4.2.4 Python Coding of the Simple Network 4.3 Exercises 5 Training a Neural Network 5.1 Initialization 5.2 Gradient Descent 5.3 Backpropagation 5.3.1 Simple Network 5.3.2 Full Neural Network 5.3.3 Python Coding of Network 5.4 Exercises Reference 6 Updating Weights 6.1 Momentum 6.2 Adagrad 6.3 RMSprop 6.4 Adam 6.5 Nadam 6.6 Python Coding of Updating Weights 6.7 Exercises References 7 Improving Model Performance 7.1 Batching and Minibatch 7.2 Validation 7.2.1 Python Coding of K-Fold Cross-Validation 7.3 Regularization 7.3.1 L-Norm Regularization 7.3.2 Dropout 7.3.3 Python Coding of Regularization 7.4 Exercises Reference 8 Advanced Neural Network Algorithms 8.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) 8.1.1 Basic ELM 8.1.2 Generalized ELM 8.1.3 Python Coding 8.2 Autoencoder 8.2.1 Vanilla Autoencoder 8.2.2 Regularized Autoencoder 8.2.3 Python Coding of Regularized AE 8.3 Exercises Reference 9 Deep Learning for Time Series 9.1 Recurrent Neural Network 9.1.1 Backpropagation 9.1.2 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) 9.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) 9.2.1 Basics of LSTM 9.2.2 Example of LSTM 9.2.3 Backpropagation of a Simple LSTM 9.2.4 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) 9.3 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) 9.3.1 Basics of GRU 9.3.2 Example of GRU 9.3.3 Backpropagation of a Simple GRU Model 9.4 Exercises References 10 Deep Learning for Spatial Datasets 10.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 10.1.1 Definition of Convolution 10.1.2 Elements of CNN 10.2 Backpropagation of CNN 10.3 Exercises 11 Tensorflow and Keras Programming for Deep Learning 11.1 Basic Keras Modeling 11.2 Temporal Deep Learning (LSTM and GRU) 11.3 Spatial Deep Learning (CNN) 11.4 Exercises References 12 Hydrometeorological Applications of Deep Learning 12.1 Stochastic Simulation with LSTM 12.1.1 Mathematical Description for Stochastic Simulation with LSTM 12.1.2 Colorado Monthly Streamflow 12.1.3 Results of Colorado River 12.1.4 Python Coding 12.1.5 Matlab Coding 12.2 Forecasting Daily Temperature with LSTM 12.2.1 Preparing the Data 12.2.2 Methodology 12.2.3 Results 12.2.4 Python Coding 12.3 Exercises References 13 Environmental Applications of Deep Learning 13.1 Remote Sensing of Water Quality Using CNN 13.1.1 Introduction 13.1.2 Study Area and Monitoring 13.1.3 Field Data Collection 13.1.4 Point-Centered Regression CNN (PRCNN) 13.1.5 Results and Discussion 13.1.6 Conclusion 13.1.7 Python Coding References

Note: Contents Part I Introduction Introduction to Limnogeology: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities: A Tribute to Elizabeth Gierlowski-Kordesch / Michael R. Rosen, Lisa Park Boush, David B. Finkelstein, and Sila Pla-Pueyo Part II African Lake Modern and Ancient Animal Traces in the Extreme Environments of Lake Magadi and Nasikie Engida, Kenya Rift Valley / Jennifer J. Scott, Robin W. Renaut, Luis A. Buatois, R. Bernhart Owen, Emma P. McNulty, Mona Stockhecke, Kennie Leet, Tim K. Lowenstein, and M. Gabriela Mángano Part III European Lakes Lake-Level Fluctuations and Allochthonous Lignite Deposition in the Eocene Pull-Apart Basin “Prinz von Hessen” (Hesse, Germany) – A Palynological Study / Maryam Moshayedi, Olaf K. Lenz, Volker Wilde, and Matthias Hinderer How Changes of Past Vegetation and Human Impact Are Documented in Lake Sediments: Paleoenvironmental Research in Southwestern Germany, a Review / Manfred Rösch, Karl-Heinz Feger, Elske Fischer, Matthias Hinderer, Lucas Kämpf, Angelika Kleinmann, Jutta Lechterbeck, Elena Marinova, Antje Schwalb, Gegeensuvd Tserendorj, and Lucia Wick Large-Scale Slumps and Associated Resedimented Deposits in Miocene Lake Basins from SE Spain / José P. Calvo, David Gómez-Gras, and Miguel A. Rodríguez-Pascua Lacustrine and Fluvial Carbonate Microbialites in the Neogene of the Ebro Basin, Spain: A Summary of Up-to-Date Knowledge / Concha Arenas-Abad, Leticia Martin-Bello, F. Javier Pérez-Rivarés, Nerea Santos-Bueno, and Marta Vázquez-Urbez Part IV North America Ecological Response of Ostracodes (Arthropoda, Crustacea) to Lake-Level Fluctuations in the Eocene Green River Formation, Fossil Basin, Wyoming, USA /Lisa E. Park Boush, Christine M. S. Hall, Lucas S. Antonietto, and Andrew J. McFarland History of Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA: since the Termination of Lake Bonneville / Charles G. Oviatt, Genevieve Atwood, and Robert S. Thompson What’s New About the Old Bonneville Basin? Fresh Insights About the Modern Limnogeology of Great Salt Lake / Kathleen Nicoll Middle Holocene Hydrologic Changes Catalyzed by River Avulsion in Big Soda Lake, Nevada, USA / Michael R. Rosen, Liam Reidy, Scott Starratt, and Susan R. H. Zimmerman Diatom Record of Holocene Moisture Variability in the San Bernardino Mountains, California, USA / Scott W. Starratt, Matthew E. Kirby, and Katherine Glover A 12,000 Year Diatom-Based Paleoenvironmental Record from Lago De Zirahuén, Mexico / Isabel Israde-Alcántara, C. G. Vázquez, Sarah Davies, Ben Aston, and Margarita Caballero Miranda Sedimentary Record of the Zacapu Basin, Michoacán, México, and Implications for P’urhépecha Culture During the Preclassic and Postclassic Periods / Diana C. Soria-Caballero, Víctor Hugo Garduño-Monroy, Isabel Israde-Alcántara, Ángel G. Figueroa-Soto, M. Gabriela Gómez-Vasconcelos, and Nathalie Fagel Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Upper Pleistocene to Holocene Lake Chalco Drill Cores (Mexico Basin) / Blas Valero-Garcés, Mona Stockhecke, Socorro Lozano-García, Beatriz Ortega, Margarita Caballero, Peter Fawcett, Josef P. Werne, Erik Brown, Susana Sosa Najera, Kristin Pearthree, David McGee, Alastair G. E. Hodgetts, and Rodrigo Martínez Submarine Groundwater Discharge as a Catalyst for Eodiagenetic Carbonate Cements Within Marine Sedimentary Basins / Elizabeth H. Gierlowski-Kordesch, Gar W. Rothwell, Ruth A. Stockey, and David B. Finkelstein Part V South America Reconstructing Paleoenvironmental Conditions Through Integration of Paleogeography, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, Mineralogy and Stable Isotope Data of Lacustrine Carbonates: An Example from Early Middle Triassic Strata of Southwest Gondwana, Cuyana Rift, Argentina / C. A. Benavente, A. C. Mancuso, and K. M. Bohacs Part VI Asia Modern Sedimentary Systems of Qinghai Lake / Jiang Zaixing and Liu Chao Freshwater Microbialites in Early Jurassic Fluvial Strata of the Pranhita-Godavari Gondwana Basin, India / Suparna Goswami and Parthasarathi Ghosh Index

Note: Contents 1 Introducing Sustainability in the Maritime Domain / Angela Carpenter, Tafsir M. Johansson, and Jon A. Skinner References Part I Moving to the Green-Blue Economy 2 Greening the Blue Economy: A Transdisciplinary Analysis / Mark J. Spalding, Angelica E. Braestrup, and Alexandra Refosco 1 Introduction 2 Sustainability Actions 2.1 Sustainability Action 1: Standardize Inspection and Enforcement 2.2 Sustainability Action 2: Promote Solutions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and Other Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions Generated by the Maritime Transportation Sector 2.3 Sustainability Action 3: Design and Build Greener Ships 2.4 Sustainability Action 4: Treating Ballast Water with Low (or No) Impact Technology 2.5 Sustainability Action 5: Making Onboard Water Treatment Systems Safer for People and the Ocean 2.6 Sustainability Action 6: Greening Port Facilities 2.7 Sustainability Action 7: Improve Ship Safety and Emergency Response to Shipping Accidents 2.8 Sustainability Action 8: Make the Ocean Quieter 2.9 Sustainability Action 9: Operate to Avoid Whale Strikes 2.10 Sustainability Action 10: Expand Maritime Transportation Sector Engagement in Oceanic Data Collection and Monitoring . 3 Looking Ahead: Establish a Framework for Maritime Transportation Governance That Supports All Life on Earth 4 Concluding Remarks References 3 Regional Marine Spatial Planning: A Tool for Greening Blue Economy in the Bay of Bengal / Asraful Alam 1 Introduction 2 Blue Economy 3 Marine Spatial Planning 4 Blue Economy and Marine Spatial Planning 5 The Current Management Framework for the Bay of Bengal 5.1 Bay of Bengal Program Inter-governmental Organization Agreement 2003 5.2 Action Plan for the Protection and Management of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the South Asian Region 1995 5.3 SAARC Charter, Environment Action Plan and Convention on Cooperation on Environment 5.4 Declaration on the Establishment of the Bangladesh- India-Myanmar-Sri Lanka-Thailand for Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) 1997 6 The Management Framework, Blue Economy and Marine Spatial Planning in the Bay of Bengal 7 Conclusion References 4 Green Ports and Sustainable Shipping in the European Context / Ziaul Haque Munim and Rana Saha 1 Introduction 1.1 The North Sea and Baltic Sea Region 1.2 The Mediterranean Sea Region 1.3 The Black Sea Region 2 Maritime Regulation in the European Regions 2.1 MARPOL in European Regions 2.2 European Pollution Prevention Regulations 3 Green Port Management Practices 4 Green Shipping Practices 5 A Conceptual Framework for Maritime Sustainability 6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions References Part II Moving to a More Secure and Safe Maritime Regulatory Regime 5 Maritime Transport and Sustainable Fisheries: Breaking the Silos / Natalia Martini and Sandra Rita Allnutt 1 Overview of the Global Efforts for Sustainable Fisheries and Maritime Transport 1.1 The Global Effort for Sustainable Fisheries and Port State Control 1.2 Interagency Cooperation: A Global Approach to Deter IUU Fishing and Increase Maritime Safety 2 The Way Forward: How to Break the Silos 2.1 Fighting IUU Fishing: Enhanced Global Cooperation, Strengthened Ocean Governance, and Improved Regional Compliance 2.2 Enhancing Sustainable Maritime Transport and SDG 14’s Implementation: Environmental Issues Related to Fisheries and Sea-Based Marine Plastic Litter 3 Conclusions References 6 Maritime Security: Adapting for Mid-century Challenges / Jon A. Skinner 1 Introduction 2 Collaborative Maritime Security 2.1 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 2.2 Maritime Security and the International Regulatory Governance 2.3 Collaborative Hard Security 3 Benchmarking Maritime Security Strategies 3.1 IMO 3.2 European Union 4 Embracing Multi-causality 5 Identifying the Main Drivers and Threats 6 Geopolitics and Breaking the Rules 7 Energy Markets and Maritime Security 7.1 The Geopolitics of Oil and Gas 7.2 Scenarios and Back-Casting 8 The Covid-19 Pandemics Impact on 2050 CO2 Emission Goals 9 Security Flashpoints 2050 10 Conclusion References 7 ISPS Code Implementation: Overkill and Off-Target / Johnny Dalgaard 1 Introduction 2 ISPS Code Implementation in EU and Danish Legislation 2.1 Danish Implementation 2.2 Tactical Danish Method 3 Development of Plans 3.1 Ports and Port Facilities 3.2 Ship Security Assessment (SSA) 4 Nature of Security 4.1 Acceptance of Risk, Example Iraq Vs. USA 4.2 Consequence and Risk of Exposal 4.3 Red Teaming 4.4 Barriers and Capacity 4.5 A Thesis of How to Assess Potential Terrorists 5 Combining Consequence and Risk of Exposal with Barriers and Capacity 5.1 Evaluation of the Efficiency in Perspective on “Return on Investment” 6 Security as Part of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 7 Towards a Better Security to Support SDGs and Beyond 7.1 Appropriate Security Measures 7.2 Sustainable Development Goal 14 Combined with Goal 17 8 Conclusion References 8 Port and Maritime Security and Sustainability / Michael Edgerton 1 Introduction 2 Defining Sustainability and Resilience 3 Sustainable Development, Disruption, and the Maritime Domain 3.1 Threats to Maritime Security 3.2 Protection of Marine Resources 3.3 Enhancing the Focus on Cargo Security 3.4 Limitations of the ISPS Code 3.5 Expansion of Global Trade 3.6 “Just-in-Time” Delivery and the Sensitivity of Global Trade 3.7 The Convergence of Operational, Physical, and Digital Security 3.8 A Challenge of Governance 3.9 Maritime Security and Resilience 3.10 Protecting the Sea Lines of Communication 4 How Maritime and Port Security Can Support Sustainable Development References 9 Governance of International Sea Borders: Regional Approaches and Sustainable Solutions for Maritime Surveillance in the Mediterranean Sea / Marco Fantinato 1 Introduction 2 Traditional Maritime Surveillance Operations and Conventional Techniques Within Maritime Spaces Defined by the UNCLOS 3 The Interplay Between EU Maritime Security Policies and Surveillance Activities in the Mediterranean Sea 4 The Management of the External Sea Borders in the EU and the Concept of Integrated Maritime Surveillance 5 EU InterAgency Cooperation and the Development of Sustainable Technologies to Detect Unlawful Activities in the Mediterranean Sea 5.1 Copernicus Maritime Surveillance Service 5.2 Unmanned Aircraft Systems 5.3 Maritime Autonomous Vehicles 6 Exploring the Nexus Between Maritime Surveillance Activities in the Mediterranean and Sustainable Approaches 6.1 Flexibility 6.2 Interoperability 6.3 Complementarity 7 Concluding Remarks References Part III Improvements in Management/Technology of Best Practices for Sustainable Shipping 10 The Applicability of the International and Regional Efforts to Prevent Oil Pollution: Comparative Analysis Between the Arabian Gulf Region and the North Sea / Khalid R. Aldosari 1 Introduction 2 International Efforts to Curb Marine Oil Pollution 2.1 Importance of UNCLOS in Marine Pollution Prevention 2.2 Summary of International Conventions 2.3 Section Summary and Critical Analysis 3 Arabian Gulf Regional Marine Pollution Prevention Efforts 3.1 Summary of Regional Conventions to Curb Oil Marine Pollution 3.2 Section Summary and Critical Analysis 4 North Sea Regional Marine Pollution Prevention Efforts 4.1 Regional Efforts Towards Marine Pollution Prevention 4.2 Sources of Oil Pollution in the North Sea 4.3 Section Summary and Critical Analysis 5 Comparative Analysis Between the Arabian Gulf and North Sea Marine Pollution Prevention Activities 6 The Relation Between Oil Pollution Conventions, the SDGs, and Marine Transportation 6.1 SDGs and Maritime Transportation 6.2 Overview of the SDGs Role in Maritime Transportation 6.3 Linkages Between SDG 14, 17, and Transboundary Pollution 6.4 Transboundary Pollution in Accidental and Non-Accidental Oil Pollution 7 Conclusion References 11 Implications of Automation and Digitalization for Maritime Education and Training / Amit Sharma, Tae-Eun Kim, and Salman Nazir 1 Introduction 2 Maritime Auto