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  • 1
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    Numerical Study of the Exchange Flow of the Persian Gulf Using an Extended Total Exchange Flow Analysis Framework (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-22
    Description: The Total Exchange Flow analysis framework computes consistent bulk values quantifying the estuarine exchange flow using salinity coordinates since salinity is the main contributor to density in estuaries and the salinity budget is entirely controlled by the exchange flow. For deeper and larger estuaries temperature may contribute equally or even more to the density. That is why we included potential temperature as a second coordinate to the Total Exchange Flow analysis framework, which allows gaining insights in the potential temperature-salinity structure of the exchange flow as well as to compute consistent bulk potential temperature and therefore heat exchange values with the ocean. We applied this theory to the exchange flow of the Persian Gulf, a shallow, semienclosed marginal sea, where dominant evaporation leads to the formation of hypersaline and dense Gulf water. This drives an inverse estuarine circulation which is analyzed with special interest on the seasonal cycle of the exchange flow. The exchange flow of the Persian Gulf is numerically simulated with the General Estuarine Transport Model from 1993 to 2016 and validated against observations. Results show that a clear seasonal cycle exists with stronger exchange flow rates in the first half of the year. Furthermore, the composition of the outflowing water is investigated using passive tracers, which mark different surface waters. The results show that in the first half of the year, most outflowing water comes from the southern coast, while in the second half most water originates from the northwestern region.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; Persian Gulf ; Total Exchange Flow ; inverse estuary ; General Estuarine Transport Model ; estuarine circulation
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Intensification of the Atlantic Water Supply to the Arctic Ocean Through Fram Strait Induced by Arctic Sea Ice Decline (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: Substantial changes have occurred in the Arctic Ocean in the last decades. Not only sea ice has retreated significantly, but also the ocean at middepth showed a warming tendency. By using simulations we identified a mechanism that intensifies the upward trend in ocean heat supply to the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait. The reduction in sea ice export through Fram Strait induced by Arctic sea ice decline increases the salinity in the Greenland Sea, which lowers the sea surface height and strengthens the cyclonic gyre circulation in the Nordic Seas. The Atlantic Water volume transport to the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean is consequently strengthened. This enhances the warming trend of the Arctic Atlantic Water layer, potentially contributing to the Arctic “Atlantification.” Our study suggests that the Nordic Seas can play the role of a switchyard to influence the heat budget of the Arctic Ocean.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; Arctic Ocean ; Atlantic Water ; sea ice decline ; Nordic Seas ; Greenland Sea ; Atlantification
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Inversions of Estuarine Circulation Are Frequent in a Weakly Tidal Estuary With Variable Wind Forcing and Seaward Salinity Fluctuations (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-23
    Description: The hydrodynamics in estuaries is mainly governed by the competition between a horizontal density gradient, friction, and wind stress. The sensitivity of the estuarine exchange flow to the wind stress increases in the absence of tides, which is investigated here using the example of the weakly tidal Warnow river estuary in the southwestern Baltic Sea—the mouth of which is characterized by strongly varying salinities of 8 to 20 g kg−1. The interaction between a volatile salinity gradient and along-estuary wind forcing is found to cause temporary inversions of the estuarine circulation. Despite the highly dynamic conditions, the applicability of recent theories for isohaline mixing, using the framework of Total Exchange Flow, and the strength of the exchange flow, using a non-dimensional parameter space, could be confirmed. By analyzing salinity fluxes at the mouth of the estuary, a mixing completeness of 84% was calculated for the estuary. Furthermore, inversion of estuarine circulation was typically found for a local Wedderburn number (ratio of non-dimensional wind stress to non-dimensional horizontal density gradient) exceeding 0.33, indicating a high sensitivity to along-estuary wind.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; estuarine circulation ; salt mixing ; wind straining ; Total Exchange Flow
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Interleaving of oxygenized intrusions into the Baltic Sea redoxcline (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-11-03
    Description: Semi-enclosed marginal seas like the Baltic Sea are often characterized by permanently anoxic deep layers, and may therefore serve as important model systems to study the causes and consequences of the predicted global expansion of oxygen minimum zones. Here, we focus on the role of lateral intrusions in maintaining the “hypoxic transition zone” (HTZ) of the Baltic Sea, which characterizes the quasi-permanent hypoxic region located between the oxygenized surface layer and the sulfidic deep-water region. Based on long-term deployments of an autonomous profiling system in the central Baltic Sea, we show that oxic mid-water intrusions are ubiquitous features, providing the most important oxygen source for the HTZ, and largely control the vertical and lateral extent of the hypoxic areas. An oxygen budget for the HTZ suggests that oxygen turnover in the HTZ is, to first order, determined by a long-term balance between sedimentary oxygen demand and oxygen import by intrusions. The downward mixing of oxygen into the HTZ is generally non-negligible but unlikely to provide a first-order contribution to the HTZ oxygen budget. On the long-term average, mid-water intrusions were shown to inject 30–60 Gmol of oxygen per year into the deep-water region below the permanent halocline. This is approximately one order of magnitude larger than the average amount of oxygen imported during the massive deep-water inflow events (Major Baltic Inflows) that occur on an approximately decadal time scale, highlighting the HTZ as a hotspot for biogeochemical turnover.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; Baltic Sea ; hydrography ; hypoxic transistion zone (HTZ) ; biogeochemical turnover
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  • 5
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    Fluctuations of the Atlantic North Equatorial Undercurrent and Associated Changes in Oxygen Transports (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-07
    Description: Abstract Although the core velocity of the Atlantic North Equatorial Undercurrent (NEUC) is low (0.1−0.3 m s−1), it has been suggested to act as an important oxygen supply route towards the oxygen minimum zone in the eastern tropical North Atlantic. For the first time, the intraseasonal to interannual NEUC variability and its impact on oxygen are investigated based on shipboard and moored velocity observations around 5°N, 23°W. In contrast to previous studies that were mainly based on models or hydrographic data, we find hardly any seasonal cycle of NEUC transports in the central Atlantic. The NEUC transport variability is instead dominated by sporadic intraseasonal events. Only some of these events are associated with high oxygen levels suggesting an occasional eastward oxygen supply by NEUC transport events. Nevertheless, they likely contribute to the local oxygen maximum in the mean shipboard section along 23°W at the NEUC core position.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; Atlantic North Equatorial Undercurrent (NEUC)
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  • 6
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    Ocean Kinetic Energy Backscatter Parametrization on Unstructured Grids: Impact on Global Eddy-Permitting Simulations (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-15
    Description: In this study we demonstrate the potential of a kinetic energy backscatter scheme for use in global ocean simulations. Ocean models commonly employ (bi)harmonic eddy viscosities causing excessive dissipation of kinetic energy in eddy-permitting simulations. Overdissipation not only affects the smallest resolved scales but also the generation of eddies through baroclinic instabilities, impacting the entire wave number spectrum. The backscatter scheme returns part of this overdissipated energy back into the resolved flow. We employ backscatter in the FESOM2 multiresolution ocean model with a quasi-uniform 1/4° mesh. In multidecadal ocean simulations, backscatter increases eddy activity by a factor 2 or more, moving the simulation closer to observational estimates of sea surface height variability. Moreover, mean sea surface height, temperature, and salinity biases are reduced. This amounts to a globally averaged bias reduction of around 10% for each field, which is even larger in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. However, in some regions such as the coastal Kuroshio, backscatter leads to a slight overenergizing of the flow and, in the Antarctic, to an unrealistic reduction of sea ice. Some of the bias increases can be reduced by a retuning of the model, and we suggest related adjustments to the backscatter scheme. The backscatter simulation is about 2.5 times as expensive as a simulation without backscatter. Most of the increased cost is due to a halving of the time step to accommodate higher simulated velocities.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; ocean kinetic energy backscatter ; subgrid eddy parametrization ; inverse energy cascade ; viscosity closure ; eddy-permitting resolution
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  • 7
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    Poleward Shift of the Major Ocean Gyres Detected in a Warming Climate (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-12
    Description: Recent evidence shows that wind-driven ocean currents, like the western boundary currents, are strongly affected by global warming. However, due to insufficient observations both on temporal and spatial scales, the impact of climate change on large-scale ocean gyres is still not clear. Here, based on satellite observations of sea surface height and sea surface temperature, we find a consistent poleward shift of the major ocean gyres. Due to strong natural variability, most of the observed ocean gyre shifts are not statistically significant, implying that natural variations may contribute to the observed trends. However, climate model simulations forced with increasing greenhouse gases suggest that the observed shift is most likely to be a response of global warming. The displacement of ocean gyres, which is coupled with the poleward shift of extratropical atmospheric circulation, has broad impacts on ocean heat transport, regional sea level rise, and coastal ocean circulation.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; ocean gyre ; climate change ; poleward shift ; global warming ; ocean circulation ; sea level rise
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  • 8
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    Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Arctic Ocean From a Global Simulation With a 1-km Arctic (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-12
    Description: Simulating Arctic Ocean mesoscale eddies in ocean circulation models presents a great challenge because of their small size. This study employs an unstructured-mesh ocean-sea ice model to conduct a decadal-scale global simulation with a 1-km Arctic. It provides a basinwide overview of Arctic eddy energetics. Increasing model resolution from 4 to 1 km increases Arctic eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and total kinetic energy (TKE) by about 40% and 15%, respectively. EKE is the highest along main currents over topography slopes, where strong conversion from available potential energy to EKE takes place. It is high in halocline with a maximum typically centered in the depth range of 70–110 m, and in the Atlantic Water layer of the Eurasian Basin as well. The seasonal variability of EKE along the continental slopes of southern Canada and eastern Eurasian basins is similar, stronger in fall and weaker in spring.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; Arctic Ocean ; mesoscale eddies ; eddy kinetic energy ; baroclinic instability
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  • 9
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    Decomposing Barotropic Transport Variability in a High-Resolution Model of the North Atlantic Ocean (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-12
    Description: A method using a linear shallow water model is presented for decomposing the temporal variability of the barotropic stream function in a high-resolution ocean model. The method is based on the vertically averaged momentum equations and is applied to the time series of annual mean stream function from the model configuration VIKING20 for the northern North Atlantic. An important result is the role played by the nonlinear advection terms in VIKING20 for driving transport. The method is illustrated by examining how the Gulf Stream transport in the recirculation region responds to the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). While no statistically significant response is found in the year overlapping with the winter NAO index, there is a tendency for the Gulf Stream transport to increase as the NAO becomes more positive. This becomes significant in lead years 1 and 2 when the mean flow advection and eddy momentum flux contributions, associated with nonlinear momentum advection, dominate. Only after 2 years, does the potential energy term, associated with the density field, start to play a role and it is only after 5 years that the transport dependence on the NAO ceases to be significant. It is also shown that the potential energy contribution to the transport stream function has significant memory of up to 5 years in the Labrador and Irminger Seas. However, it is only around the northern rim of these seas that VIKING20 and the transport reconstruction exhibit similar memory. This is due to masking by the mean flow advection and eddy momentum flux contributions.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; North Atlantic ; transport variability ; high-resolution model
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  • 10
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    Global Assimilation of Ocean-Color Data of Phytoplankton Functional Types: Impact of Different Data Sets (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-12
    Description: Phytoplankton functional-type (PFT) data are assimilated into the global coupled ocean-ecosystem model MITgcm-REcoM2 for two years using a local ensemble Kalman filter. The ecosystem model has two PFTs: small phytoplankton (SP) and diatoms. Three different sets of satellite PFT data are assimilated: Ocean-Color-Phytoplankton Functional Type (OC-PFT), Phytoplankton Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (PhytoDOAS), and SYNergistic exploitation of hyper- and multi-spectral precursor SENtinel measurements to determine Phytoplankton Functional Types (SynSenPFT), which is a synergistic product combining the independent PFT products OC-PFT and PhytoDOAS. The effect of assimilating PFT data is compared with the assimilation of total chlorophyll data (TChla), which constrains both PFTs through multivariate assimilation. While the assimilation of TChla already improves both PFTs, the assimilation of PFT data further improves the representation of the phytoplankton community. The effect is particularly large for diatoms where, compared to the assimilation of TChla, the SynSenPFT assimilation results in 57% and 67% reduction of root-mean-square error and bias, respectively, while the correlation is increased from 0.45 to 0.54. For SP the assimilation of SynSenPFT data reduces the root-mean-square error and bias by 14% each and increases the correlation by 30%. The separate assimilation of the PFT data products OC-PFT, SynSenPFT, and joint assimilation of OC-PFT and PhytoDOAS data leads to similar results while the assimilation of PhytoDOAS data alone leads to deteriorated SP but improved diatoms. When both OC-PFT and PhytoDOAS data are jointly assimilated, the representation of diatoms is improved compared to the assimilation of only OC-PFT. The results show slightly lower errors than when the synergistic SynSenPFT data are assimilated, which shows that the assimilation successfully combines the separate data sources.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; PFT ; Data assimilation ; ecosystem model ; satellite data ; phytoplankton community ; joint assimilation
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  • 11
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    M2 Internal-Tide Generation in STORMTIDE2 (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-12
    Description: Internal-tide generation has been quantified using both pressure work and energy conversion. When calculating the pressure work from simulated or observed data, the internal-tide pressure has to be decomposed from the full pressure, for which various options exist. We show that the conversion, that has to be derived from the depth-integrated energy equations, contains the work done by both the form drag at the bottom and that at the surface, with the latter being about 1% of the former. For calculating the pressure work, the internal-tide pressure identified as the deviation from the depth-averaged pressure perturbation has to be used. We analyzed the work done by the bottom form drag in STORMTIDE2, a concurrent simulation of circulations and tides. As expected, the identified internal-tide pressure reveals the characteristic pressure drop from the windward to the leeward side of an obstacle. The M2 internal-tide generation in STORMTIDE2 is more strongly controlled by the barotropic tide than by the topographic slope, partly because the tidal velocity can change up to one order of magnitude from the top to the foot of a high ridge within a short distance, a feature only produced by a high-resolution model. Consequently, the intense generation maps the immediate proximities of the summits of high ridges, making the global generation to be strongest near 1,200 m and decreasing drastically below 3,000 m. The depth structure of the generation differs in different basins, which could impact differently on circulations in different basins.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; internal-tide generation ; high-resolution ocean modelling ; work done by a form drag ; conversion rate ; internal-tide pressure ; barotropic tidal velocity
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  • 12
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    A Spectrally Consistent Globally Defined Geodetic Mean Dynamic Ocean Topography (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-13
    Description: The space-borne geodetic temporal mean dynamic topography (MDT) is obtained from the difference of altimetric mean sea surface (MSS) h and the geoid height N. With the geostrophic surface currents obtained from its gradient, the MDT is an essential parameter when describing the ocean dynamics. Spectral consistency of h and N is crucial to minimize MDT errors. Frequently, h is globalized to allow for a spherical harmonic analysis, and small scales beyond maximum degree and order (d/o) resolved in the geoid are cut off. However, common globalization causes ocean-land steps in h−N and spectral inconsistencies of N and h over land. To overcome both issues, a methodology is proposed based on globalization of the MDT. A Laplacian smoother with the coastal MDT values as boundary condition is applied, resulting in a smooth surface over land and a continuous ocean-land transition. The new methodology strongly reduces Gibbs effects and the need to work with high-resolution MDTs to minimize them. Reduction of resolution is tested to reduce MDT uncertainties caused by the commission error expected to increase with decreasing scale. Applying drifter data and a high-resolution hydrodynamic ocean model, it is shown that for the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio, geodetic MDTs applying recent combined geoid models contain physical information up to at least d/o 420 (48-km spatial scale). For oceanic regions with strong geoid gradients, a higher-resolution MDT might be needed to prevent Gibbs effects caused by remaining inconsistencies between the geoid and the MSS.
    Keywords: 526.1 ; 551.46 ; Mean Dynamic Topograhy ; altimetry ; geoid ; spectral consistency ; Gibbs effect
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  • 13
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    The Atlantic Subtropical Cells Inferred from Observations (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-13
    Description: The Atlantic Subtropical Cells (STCs) are shallow wind-driven overturning circulations connecting the tropical upwelling areas to the subtropical subduction regions. In both hemispheres, they are characterized by equatorward transport at thermocline level, upwelling at the equator, and poleward Ekman transport in the surface layer. This study uses recent data from Argo floats complemented by ship sections at the western boundary as well as reanalysis products to estimate the meridional water mass transports and to investigate the vertical and horizontal structure of the STCs from an observational perspective. The seasonally varying depth of meridional velocity reversal is used as the interface between the surface poleward flow and the thermocline equatorward flow. The latter is bounded by the 26.0 kg m−3 isopycnal at depth. We find that the thermocline layer convergence is dominated by the southern hemisphere water mass transport (9.0 ± 1.1 Sv from the southern hemisphere compared to 2.9 ± 1.3 Sv from the northern hemisphere) and that this transport is mostly confined to the western boundary. Compared to the asymmetric convergence at thermocline level, the wind-driven Ekman divergence in the surface layer is more symmetric, being 20.4 ± 3.1 Sv between 10°N and 10°S. The net poleward transports (Ekman minus geostrophy) in the surface layer concur with values derived from reanalysis data (5.5 ± 0.8 Sv at 10°S and 6.4 ± 1.4 Sv at 10°N). A diapycnal transport of about 3 Sv across the 26.0 kg m−3 isopycnal is required in order to maintain the mass balance of the STC circulation.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; Atlantic Subtropical Cells ; wind-driven overturning circulations
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  • 14
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    TICON: TIdal CONstants based on GESLA sea-level records from globally located tide gauges (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-13
    Description: The TICON (TIdal CONstants) dataset contains harmonic constants of 40 tidal constituents computed for 1,145 tide gauges distributed globally. The tidal estimations are based on publicly available sea level records of the second version of the Global Extreme Sea Level Analysis (GESLA) project and were derived through a least squares-based harmonic analysis on the single time series. A preliminary screening was performed on all records to exclude doubtful observations. Only the records containing more than 70% of valid measurements were processed, that correspond to 89.7% of the total 1,276 original public GESLA records. The results are stored in a text file, and include additional information on the position of the stations, the starting and ending years of the analysed record, the estimated error of the fit, a code that corresponds to the source of the record and additional information on the single time series. In ocean tide models, data from in situ stations are used for validation purposes, and TICON is a useful and easy-to-handle data set that allows the users to select the records according to different criteria most suitable for their purposes. The data are provided with DOI identification in the PANGAEA repository.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; GESLA ; tide gauge ; tides
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  • 15
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    Mesoscale Eddies Observed at the Denmark Strait Sill (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-13
    Description: The Denmark Strait overflow is the major export route of dense water from the Arctic Mediterranean into the North Atlantic. At the Strait's shallow sill, the overflow is a bottom-intensified cold and dense plume, bound to the east by a thermal front formed with the warmer, northward flowing North Icelandic Irminger Current. More than two decades of observations at the sill show strong fluctuations of volume flux on daily time scales. To better understand the source of this variability, a five-mooring array was installed at the sill, capturing nearly 1 year of velocity and bottom temperature measurements at a high temporal and spatial resolution. Bottom temperature fluctuations that exceed 4 °C indicate a meandering of the front between the plume and the North Icelandic Irminger Current. Current vector rotation shows trains of alternating cyclones and anticyclones at the sill. An eddy crosses the sill every 3 to 6 days with a mean velocity of 0.4 m/s and a typical diameter of 30 to 40 km. The results suggest that anticyclones, with centers passing through the deepest part of the sill, may be responsible for periods of increased volume flux—also referred to as boluses and pulses in previous studies. Although the relationship between eddies, pulses, and boluses is still unclear, the results show that eddies are directly linked to fluctuations in the strength, thickness, and position of the overflow plume.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; mesoscale variability ; eddies ; Denmark Strait
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  • 16
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    Exceptionally Warm and Prolonged Flow of Warm Deep Water Toward the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in 2017 (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-13
    Description: The Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, fringing the southern Weddell Sea, is Antarctica's second largest ice shelf. At present, basal melt rates are low due to active dense water formation; however, model projections suggest a drastic increase in the future due to enhanced inflow of open-ocean warm water. Mooring observations from 2014 to 2016 along the eastern flank of the Filchner Trough (76°S) revealed a distinct seasonal cycle with inflow if Warm Deep Water during summer and autumn. Here we present extended time series showing an exceptionally warm and long inflow in 2017, with maximum temperatures exceeding 0.5°C. Warm temperatures persisted throughout winter, associated with a fresh anomaly, which lead to a change in stratification over the shelf, favoring an earlier inflow in the following summer. We suggest that the fresh anomaly developed upstream after anomalous summer sea ice melting and contributed to a shoaling of the shelf break thermocline.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; ocean-ice shelf interaction ; Weddell Sea ; warm inflow ; Antarctic Slope Front ; Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
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    Coherent Seasonal Acceleration of the Weddell Sea Boundary Current System Driven by Upstream Winds (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-13
    Description: The Weddell Sea is of global importance in the formation of dense bottom waters associated with sea ice formation and ocean-ice sheet interaction occurring on the shelf areas. In this context, the Weddell Sea boundary current system (BCS) presents a major conduit for transporting relatively warm water to the Weddell Sea ice shelves and for exporting some modified form of Wedell Sea deep and bottom waters into the open ocean. This study investigates the downstream evolution of the structure and the seasonality of the BCS along the Weddell Sea continental slope, combining ocean data collected for the past two decades at three study locations. The interannual-mean geostrophic flow, which follows planetary potential vorticity contours, shifts from being surface intensified to bottom intensified along stream. The shift occurs due to the densification of water masses and the decreasing surface stress that occurs westward, toward the Antarctic Peninsula. A coherent along-slope seasonal acceleration of the barotropic flow exists, with maximum speed in austral autumn and minimum speed in austral summer. The barotropic flow significantly contributes to the seasonal variability in bottom velocity along the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Our analysis suggests that the winds on the eastern/northeastern side of the gyre determines the seasonal acceleration of the barotropic flow. In turn, they might control the export of Weddell Sea Bottom Water on seasonal time scales. The processes controlling the baroclinic seasonality of the flow need further investigation.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; Southern Ocean ; Weddell Sea ; Antarctic slope current ; surface stress ; flow strength ; teleconnection
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  • 18
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    Circulation and Thermohaline Variability of the Hanna Shoal Region on the Northeastern Chukchi Sea Shelf (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-24
    Description: We analyzed velocity and hydrographic data from 23 moorings in the northeast Chukchi Sea from 2011 to 2014. In most years the eastern side of Hanna Shoal was strongly stratified year-round, while weakly stratified regions prevailed on the shelf south and west of the Shoal. Stratification differences cause differential vertical mixing rates, which in conjunction with advection of different bottom water properties resulted in seasonally varying along-isobath density gradients. In agreement with numerical models, we find that bottom waters flow anticyclonically around the Shoal. Whereas most of the shelf responded barotropically to wind-forcing, there was a strong baroclinic component to the flow field northeast of Hanna Shoal, resulting in no net vertically integrated transport on average. In contrast there is a net eastward transport from west of the Shoal, which implies convergence north of the Shoal. Convergence and along-isobath density gradients may foster cross-shelf exchange north of Hanna Shoal. Modal analyses indicate that the shelf south of the Shoal and Barrow Canyon responded coherently to local and remote winds, whereas the wind-current response around Hanna Shoal was less coherent. Barotropic topographic waves, of ~3-day period, were generated episodically northeast of the Shoal and propagate clockwise around Hanna Shoal, but are blocked from entering Barrow Canyon and are possibly scattered by the horizontally sheared flow and converging isobaths on the western side of the Shoal. Analysis of water properties on the western side of Hanna Shoal suggests that these include contributions from the western and southern portions of the Chukchi Sea.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; physical oceanography ; Chukchi Sea ; Hanna Shoal
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  • 19
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    Ocean Bottom Pressure Variability: Can It Be Reliably Modeled? (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-24
    Description: Ocean bottom pressure (OBP) variability serves as a proxy of ocean mass variability, the knowledge of which is needed in geophysical applications. The question of how well it can be modeled by the present general ocean circulation models on time scales in excess of 1 day is addressed here by comparing the simulated OBP variability with the observed one. To this end, a new multiyear data set is used, obtained with an array of bottom pressure gauges deployed deeply along a transect across the Southern Ocean. We present a brief description of OBP data and show large-scale correlations over several thousand kilometers at all time scales using daily and monthly averaged data. Annual and semiannual cycles are weak. Close to the Agulhas Retroflection, signals of up to 30 cm equivalent water height are detected. Further south, signals are mostly intermittent and noisy. It is shown that the models simulate consistent patterns of bottom pressure variability on monthly and longer scales except for areas with high mesoscale eddy activity, where high resolution is needed to capture the variability due to eddies. Furthermore, despite good agreement in the amplitude of variability, the in situ and simulated OBP show only modest correlation.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; in situ ocean bottom pressure ; pressure inverted echo sounder PIES ; modeling OBP variability ; daily and monthly scales ; atmospheric loading
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    Distinct Mechanisms Underlying Interannual to Decadal Variability of Observed Salinity and Nutrient Concentration in the Northern North Sea (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-24
    Description: The influence of large-scale oceanic circulation on salinity in the northern North Sea has lead to the hypothesis that nutrient concentrations in this region are also driven by remote oceanic anomalies. Here, using a newly established biogeochemical data set of the North Sea, we show that interannual to decadal variability in winter nutrient concentrations exhibits distinct phase deviations from salinity. The variability in salinity is explained by zonal shifts in the position of the subpolar front (SPF) in the eastern North Atlantic and the associated advective delay. However, the high correlation and absence of advective delay between the position of the SPF and winter nutrient concentrations in the Shetland region (59–61°N, 1°W to 3°E) point to the role of atmospheric variability in driving concurrent changes in winter nutrient concentrations and the SPF position. Our analysis suggests that the prevailing wind direction and local distribution of winter nutrient concentrations together determine the interannual to decadal variability in winter nutrient concentrations in this region. In the analyzed observations, we find a strong spatial gradient in mean winter nutrient concentrations northwest of the Shetland region, which is absent in salinity. The horizontal shift of this spatial gradient, forced by changes in wind direction, has a larger influence on winter nutrient concentration in the Shetland region than the nutrient signal in oceanic anomalies originating from the eastern subpolar North Atlantic. Overall, we conclude that interannual to decadal variability in the observed nutrient concentrations is mainly driven by atmospheric variability here expressed as wind direction.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; North Sea ; Subpolar Front Position ; Nutrients ; Salinity
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    Convection On the Edge (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-24
    Description: Deep convection over tropical oceans often appears intensified at the edge of convectively active regions, both in idealized studies and in observations. This edge intensification of convection is studied in detail here, using the steady state of a radiative-convective equilibrium study, marked by a single convective cluster with deep convection intensified at the edge of this cluster. The cause for edge intensification and its dependence on the cluster area is investigated by comparing the spatial distribution of deep convection to different variables known to be important for convection. Analysis of the simulation suggests that the edge is marked by an increased probability for the triggering of convection rather than by stronger updrafts. In particular, while the edge of the moist region is not thermodynamically more favorable, we find strong surface convergence and therefore dynamical lifting at this edge. The surface convergence is shown to result from two opposing flows. On the one hand, there is, as expected from previous radiative-convective equilibrium simulations, a low-level inflow directed toward the moist region. On the other hand, there is a positive density anomaly at the surface which is the result of continuously forming cold pools within the convectively active region, creating a super-cold-pool. As the velocity of the low-level inflow approximately matches the potential propagation speed of the super-cold-pool boundary, these opposing flows explain the presence of strong convergence at the edge of this region. Whether the resulting lifting induces the formation of deep convection is shown to depend on the large-scale instability.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; radiative-convective equilibrium ; convective self-aggregation ; edge intensification of convection ; tropical convection ; precipitation distribution
    Language: English
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    Changing Salinity Gradients in the Baltic Sea As a Consequence of Altered Freshwater Budgets (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-06
    Description: Climate change is expected to enhance the hydrological cycle in northern latitudes reducing the salinity in the Baltic Sea, a land-locked marginal sea with a large catchment area located in northern Europe. With the help of ocean simulations forced by historical atmospheric and hydrological reconstructions and local observations, we analyzed long-term changes in the sea surface salinity of the Baltic Sea as well as its latitudinal gradient. The variability of both is dominated by multidecadal oscillations with a period of about 30 years, while both atmospheric variables, wind and river runoff, contribute to this variability. Centennial changes show a statistically significant positive trend in the North-South gradient of sea surface salinity for 1900–2008. This change is mainly attributed to increased river runoff from the northernmost catchment indicating a footprint of the anthropogenic impact on salinity with consequences for the marine ecosystem and species distributions.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; Baltic Sea ; salinity ; river runoff ; climate change
    Language: English
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    Framework for High-End Estimates of Sea Level Rise for Stakeholder Applications (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-06
    Description: An approach to analyze high-end sea level rise is presented to provide a conceptual framework for high-end estimates as a function of time scale, thereby linking robust sea level science with stakeholder needs. Instead of developing and agreeing on a set of high-end sea level rise numbers or using an expert consultation, our effort is focused on the essential task of providing a generic conceptual framework for such discussions and demonstrating its feasibility to address this problem. In contrast, information about high-end sea level rise projections was derived previously either from a likely range emerging from the highest view of emissions in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment (currently the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario) or from independent ad hoc studies and expert solicitations. Ideally, users need high-end sea level information representing the upper tail of a single joint sea level frequency distribution, which considers all plausible yet unknown emission scenarios as well as involved physical mechanisms and natural variability of sea level, but this is not possible. In the absence of such information we propose a framework that would infer the required information from explicit conditional statements (lines of evidence) in combination with upper (plausible) physical bounds. This approach acknowledges the growing uncertainty in respective estimates with increasing time scale. It also allows consideration of the various levels of risk aversion of the diverse stakeholders who make coastal policy and adaptation decisions, while maintaining scientific rigor.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; 627.4 ; sea level rise ; high‐end estimates
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    Inferring Air-Sea Carbon Dioxide Transfer Velocities From Sea Surface Scatterometer Measurements (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-01
    Description: C-band microwave sea surface radar backscatter observations from the FINO-2 tower in the western Baltic are analyzed with respect to their relevance for air-sea CO2 transfer velocity parameterizations. The scatterometer measurements observed from a height of 25 m above the sea surface using a multifrequency scatterometer instrument of the University of Hamburg were obtained quasi-simultaneously with eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements. Both data sets are merged here to derive a gas transfer velocity parameterization based on radar backscatter measurements. At the location of the FINO-2 tower, the resulting time-averaged gas transfer velocity amounts to 26.95 cm/hr. In combination with ΔPCO2 measurements available from the vicinity of the FINO-2 platform, a time-mean CO2 flux of 0.23 μmol·m−2·s−1 into the Baltic was estimated. Applied to monthly mean satellite-based C-band ASCAT scatterometer data, the newly derived gas transfer velocity parameterization provides estimates of seasonal and annual mean global maps of air-sea transfer velocities. The new results agree in their general pattern with previous estimates using wind speed parameterization. However, the backscatter-based transfer velocities appear smaller at higher latitudes. Globally averaged air-sea CO2 fluxes would thereby be reduced by 20%. To what extent this is a robust result, or if it depends on the fact that the training data set did not represent conditions, has to be investigated in the future.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; new air-sea flux parameterization for CO2 fluxes ; application of new parameterization to satellite scatterometer data ; seasonal and annual mean CO2 estimates
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    Deposition History and Paleo-Current Activity on the Southeastern Lomonosov Ridge and its Eurasian Flank Based on Seismic Data (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-01
    Description: A regional seismic survey on the southeastern Lomonosov Ridge (LR) and adjacent basins provides constraints on the coupled evolution of ocean circulations, depositional regime, and tectonic processes. First, Mesozoic strata on the LR, its faulted flanks and the initial Amundsen Basin were covered with syn-rift sediments of Paleocene to early Eocene age. Numerous vertical faults indicate differential compaction of possibly anoxic sediments deposited in the young, still isolated Eurasian Basin. The second stage, as indicated by a prominent high-amplitude-reflector sequence covering the ridge, was a time of widespread changes in deposition conditions, likely controlled by the ongoing subsidence of the LR and gradual opening of the Fram Strait. Episodic incursions of water masses from the North Atlantic probably were the consequences and led to the deposition of thin sedimentary layers of different lithology. The third stage is marked by continuous deposition since the early Miocene (20 Ma). At that time, the ridge no longer posed an obstacle between the Amerasia and Eurasia Basins and pelagic sedimentation was established. Drift bodies, sediment waves, and erosional structures indicate the onset of circulation. Faulting on the ridge slope has led to a series of terraces where sediment drifts have accumulated since the early Miocene. It is suggested that ongoing sagging of the ridge and currents may have shaped the steep sediment free flanks of the terraces. Lastly, a sequence of high-amplitude reflectors marks the transition to the early Pliocene large-scale Northern Hemisphere glaciations.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; 622.15 ; Amundsen Basin ; Arctic Ocean ; Arctic Ocean circulation ; Lomonosov Ridge ; Marine Seismics ; Seismostratigraphy
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    Evaluating the GECCO3 1948–2018 ocean synthesis – a configuration for initializing the MPI-ESM climate model (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-01
    Description: The paper describes an update of the GECCO (German contribution to the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean project) ocean synthesis, now in its version 3, and provides an evaluation of the results with assimilated and independent data. GECCO3 covers the 71-year period 1948–2018 and differs from its predecessor by returning to a single assimilation window instead of partitioning the period in 5-year-long overlapping windows which was previously necessary to yield convergence. A solution to the convergence problem is presented. GECCO3 is intended to be used for the initialization of coupled climate models and is configured for the higher-resolution version of the earth system model (MPI-ESM) developed at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. It uses the bathymetry and grid of the MPI-ESM with quasi-uniform resolution of 0.4°, thereby providing the first global eddy-permitting synthesis based on the adjoint method. The synthesis additionally features the estimation of various mixing parameters and can regionally choose between explicit or parametrized eddy fluxes. Except for the altimeter data in tropical regions, GECCO3 is in better agreement with the assimilated data than GECCO2. The improvements relative to the in situ data partly result from the much larger amount of Argo data, which show lower model–data differences. Global heat content changes are in good agreement with recent estimates, but show uptake almost exclusively in the top 700 m. An alternative version of GECCO3, created by starting from different first-guess control parameters, was used to evaluate the uncertainty of the estimated parameters and state due to lack of convergence. This estimate suggests a large uncertainty related to the uptake of heat into the lower layers, while estimates of mean meridional transport of heat and freshwater are not affected.
    Keywords: 551.6 ; 551.46 ; climate model initialization ; eddy-permitting ocean synthesis ; heat content change ; ocean transports
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    Energy Flux Observations in an Internal Tide Beam in the Eastern North Atlantic (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-01
    Description: Low-mode internal waves propagate over large distances and provide energy for turbulent mixing when they break far from their generation sites. A realistic representation of the oceanic energy cycle in ocean and climate models requires a consistent implementation of their generation, propagation, and dissipation. Here we combine the long-term mean energy flux from satellite altimetry with results from a 1/10° global ocean general circulation model that resolves the low modes of internal waves and in situ observations of stratification and horizontal currents to study energy flux and dissipation along a 1000 km internal tide beam in the eastern North Atlantic. Internal wave fluxes were estimated from twelve 36- to 48-hr stations in along- and across-beam direction to resolve both the inertial period and tidal cycle. The observed internal tide energy fluxes range from 5.9 kW m−1 near the generation sites to 0.5 kW m−1 at distant stations. Estimates of energy dissipation come from both finestructure and upper ocean microstructure profiles and range, vertically integrated, from 0.5 to 3.3 mW m−2 along the beam. Overall, the in situ observations confirm the internal tide pattern derived from satellite altimetry, but the in situ energy fluxes are more variable and decrease less monotonically along the beam. Internal tides in the model propagate over shorter distances compared to results from altimetry and in situ measurements, but more spatial details close the main generation sites are resolved.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; internal tide ; energy flux ; energy dissipation
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    Relative Dispersion of Surface Drifters in the North Sea: The Effect of Tides on Mesoscale Diffusivity (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-03
    Description: We examine the relative dispersion and the contribution of tides on the relative diffusivities of surface drifters in the North Sea. The drifters are released in two clusters, yielding 43 pairs, in the vicinity of a tidal mixing front in the German Bight, which is located in the southeastern area of the North Sea. Both clusters indicate decreasing dispersion when crossing the tidal mixing front, followed by exponentially increasing dispersion with e-folding times of 0.5 days for Cluster 1 and 0.3 days for Cluster 2. A transition of the dispersion regimes is observed at scales of the order of the Rossby radius of deformation (10 km). After that, the relative dispersion grows with a power-law dependency with a short period of ballistic dispersion (quadratic growth), followed by a Richardson regime (cubic growth) in the final phase. Scale-dependent metrics such as the relative diffusivities are consistent with these findings, while the analysis of the finite-scale Lyapunov exponents (FSLEs) shows contradictory results for the submesoscales. In summary, the analysis of various statistical Lagrangian metrics suggests that tracer stirring at the submesoscales is nonlocal and becomes local at separation scales larger than 10 km. The analysis of meridional and zonal dispersion components indicates anisotropic dispersion at the submesoscales, which changes into isotropic dispersion on the mesoscales. Spectral analysis of the relative diffusivity gives evidence that semidiurnal and shallow-water tides influence relative diffusivity at the mesoscales, especially for drifter separations above 50 km.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; North Sea ; drifter dispersion
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    Storm-induced turbulence alters shelf sea vertical fluxes (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: Storms are infrequent, intense, physical forcing events that represent a potentially significant driver of ocean ecosystems. The objective of this study was to assess changes in water column structure and turbulent fluxes caused by storms using an autonomous underwater glider, as well as the chlorophyll a (Chl a) response to the altered physical environment. The glider was able to measure throughout the complete life cycle of Storm Bertha as it passed over the North Sea in August 2014, from its arrival to dissipation. Storm Bertha triggered rapid mixing of the thermocline through shear instability, increasing vertical fluxes by nearly an order of magnitude, and promoting increases in surface layer Chl a. The results demonstrate that storms represent a significant fraction of seasonal vertical turbulent fluxes, with potentially important consequences for biological production in shelf seas.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; 551.46 ; North Sea ; storm Bertha ; thermocline fluxes ; thermocline mixing ; storm Bertha ; North Sea
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    Arctic Ocean Surface Energy Flux and the Cold Halocline in Future Climate Projections (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-25
    Description: Ocean heat transport is often thought to play a secondary role for Arctic surface warming in part because warm water which flows northward is prevented from reaching the surface by a cold and stable halocline layer. However, recent observations in various regions indicate that occasionally, warm water is found directly below the surface mixed layer. Here we investigate Arctic Ocean surface energy fluxes and the cold halocline layer in climate model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. An ensemble of 15 models shows decreased sea ice formation and increased ocean energy release during fall, winter, and spring for a high-emission future scenario. Along the main pathways for warm water advection, this increased energy release is not locally balanced by increased Arctic Ocean energy uptake in summer. Because during Arctic winter, the ocean mixed layer is mainly heated from below, we analyze changes of the cold halocline layer in the monthly mean Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 data. Fresh water acts to stabilize the upper ocean as expected based on previous studies. We find that in spite of this stabilizing effect, periods in which warm water is found directly or almost directly below the mixed layer and which occur mainly in winter and spring become more frequent in high-emission future scenario simulations, especially along the main pathways for warm water advection. This could reduce sea ice formation and surface albedo.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; 551.6 ; Arctic ; climate change ; cold halocline ; climate modeling
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    Simulated Thermohaline Fingerprints in Response to Different Greenland-Scotland Ridge and Fram Strait Subsidence Histories (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-25
    Description: Changes in ocean gateway configuration can induce basin-scale rearrangements in ocean current characteristics. However, there is large uncertainty in the relative timing of the Oligocene/Miocene subsidence histories of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge (GSR) and the Fram Strait (FS). By using a climate model, we investigate the temperature and salinity changes in response to the subsidence of these two key ocean gateways during early to middle Miocene. For a singular subsidence of the GSR, we detect warming and a salinity increase in the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean. As convection sites shift to the north of Iceland, North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) is formed at cooler temperatures. The associated deep ocean cooling and upwelling of deep waters to the Southern Ocean surface can cause a cooling in the southern high latitudes. These characteristic responses to the GSR deepening are independent of the FS being shallow or deep. An isolated subsidence of the FS gateway for a deep GSR shows less pronounced warming and salinity increase in the Nordic Seas. Arctic temperatures remain unaltered, but a stronger salinity increase is detected, which further increases the density of NADW. The increase in salinity enhances the contribution of NADW to the abyssal ocean at the expense of the colder southern source water component. These relative changes largely counteract each other and cause a negligible warming in the upwelling regions of the Southern Ocean.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; Gateway subsidence ; Miocene ; Fingerprints ; Greenland-Scotland Ridge ; Fram Strait ; Temperature and salinity change
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    An adaptive shallow water model on the sphere (2010)
    Univ. Bremen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: This thesis describes the adaptive shallow water model PLASMA-FEMmE. It solves on the sphere the shallow water equations, the prototype for partial differential equations in atmospheric modeling, using a semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian time step and linear finite elements. Both statically and dynamically adapted grids created by the grid generator amatos are investigated. The results are compared with those of the predecessor model FEMmE that uses a static uniform grid. The outcome demonstrates the capability of the chosen approach as well as its limits. Grid adaptation can easily be achieved with amatos. No reflexions at the grid interfaces are observed. Though in one test case instabilities are released at the grid interfaces. The numerical errors are reduced without a considerable enhancement of the computational effort in another test case with a well-known analytical solution. In respect to the conservation properties the results are more complicated. Mass conservation can be achieved in one test case with an appropriate static grid. In case of complex flow regimes all conservation properties are weakened during the simulation using dynamic grid adaptation...
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 532.5 ; 551.46 ; 550 ; Meteorologische Modelle ; Fluiddynamik {Geophysik}
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 135 S.
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    The economic chambers and the enforcement of local economic interests (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 43 S.
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    Carpathian Basin and the development of the Hungarian landscape theory until 1948 (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The emphasis between theoretical, global and regional geography, proportion from research to publication has changed several times during the history of Hungarian geography. Certain scholars of Hungarian geography (geo-philosophers, and some theorists) were explicitly attached to theoretical issues of geographic science, yet the majority of geographers advantaged the concrete territorial descriptions and analysis. The regional approach appeared in the Hungarian geography much earlier than the demand on clarification of the theoretic issues of landscape. The first attempt to divide the country into macro landscapes was carried out in the first half of the 1500's. From this time on the geographic science formulated a demand to analyse the internal structure of the country within the frameworks of public administration or in the framework of some other way delimited geographic macro-regions. The administrative space enjoyed for centuries a favoured role, yet the demand for analyses based on the macro regional delimitation was always represented too. On general level the issues of landscape have already been present in Hungarian geographic science (the formulation of concepts, categories, border marking theories etc.), but Hungarian geographic science concerning the territorial research of Hungary has achieved the greatest results mostly in the fields of analytical landscape research, and evaluation ...
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 51 S.
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    Civil organisations and regional identity in the south Hungarian great plain (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 102 S.
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    Idealistic vision or reality? (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 126 S.
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    Spatial development and the expanding European integration of the Hungarian banking system (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The paper is concerned with the development stages and the spatial transformation of the Hungarian banking system in the economic transition & post-transition periods. It gives an overview of the development tendencies of the financial re-integration into the global market and particularly concentrates on the spatial polarisation factors (concentration de-concentration; centralisation decentralisation) which affect banking. The paper explores the arguments behind the extremely high centralisation of headquarter functions in Budapest and the factors that have impact on the establishment of locally-regionally based banks. This is followed by an introduction of the different organisational (institutional) and territorial (location strategies) level of the Hungarian banking system, dealing with either the domestic or the international financial central-function of Budapest and the reorganisation of the bank network and with its social consequences (financial exclusion) in the regions. The paper argues that EU membership is not a dramatic event in the integration process of the Hungarian banking sector, partly due to its particular ownership structure, the integration of the banking sector has already taken place. The paper concludes that the EMU integration could have been affected more adversely the Hungarian regions already characterised by the endogenous disparities, which are to a large extent rooted in the deficiency of their financial base.
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 68 S.
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    The spatial differences of modernisation in Hungary at the beginning of the 20th century (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 46 S.
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    The legal-administrative questions of environmental protection in the Republic of Hungary (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 130 ; Angewandte Geographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 40 S.
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    The role of the state in the urban development of Budapest (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 194 ; Budapest {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 54 S.
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    The city and its environment: competition and/or co-operation? (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 33 S.
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    Industrial development, public policy and spatial differentiation in Central Europe (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 020 ; Kulturgeographie von Südosteuropa
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 58 S.
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    Transformation in Central European postsocialist cities (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QEN 520 ; Sowjetisch geprägte sozialistische Stadt {Siedlungsgeographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 51 S.
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    Regional transformation in Russia (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGG 420 ; Kulturgeographie der ehemaligen UDSSR
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 63 S.
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    The state of the info-communication markets in Dél-Alföld region - Hungary (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 150 ; Teilräume von Ungarn {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 68 S.
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    Before Schengen - ready for Schengen (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 44 S.
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    Changes in the politico-geographical position of Hungary in the 20th century (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; QEI 000 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns ; Politische Geographie, Geopolitik
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 90 S.
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    The Hungarian urban network in the beginning of the 20th century (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 137 S.
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    Fall and revival of city centre retailing: planning an urban function in Leicester, Britain (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGD 425 ; Einzelne Orte von England {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 60 S.
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  • 50
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    The role of Hungarian local governments in local economic development (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 65 S.
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    The features of the transition of Hungary's regional system (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 130 ; Angewandte Geographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 54 S.
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    Rehabilitating the brownfield zones of Budapest (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 194 ; Budapest {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 75 S.
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    Clusterisation processes in the Hungarian automotive industry (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 76 S.
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    Relation analysis in rural space (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: This paper is introducing a method for analysing the differences and dynamics of the social utilisation of space. The essence of this method lies in the registration of changes in the spatial structure of settlements through analysing the spatial shifts of settlements within settlement network hierarchy with the identification of coherent spatial units. The analysis of spatial relations, i.e. microregional planning is a very useful method as it helps in mapping the interrelationship of settlements, and their major linking points, as well as in identifying their positions in the settlement hierarchy and through the analysis of the directions of gravitational force may localise their gravitational zones as well. Hereinafter, this method will be named as spatial relationship analysis. The startup phase for the workout of this method was funded by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund's Programme titled 'The Integration Ability of Rural Spaces in Hungary's Socio-economic Process' (registration no. T 7236).
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 92 S.
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    Regional characteristics of human resources in Hungary during the transition (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 101 S.
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  • 56
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    Long-term unemployment and its alleviation in rural areas (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The main purposes of the academic research commissioned by the Rural Development Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development were: to examine the interrelation between long-term unemployment and individual as well as family life strategies, the regional characteristics of the labour market and the territorial development of rural areas, as well as explore governmental and local ambitions to alleviate long-term unemployment and evaluate their efficiency. The basic issues of the research were as follows: 1) Which are the regions where the concentrations of long-term unemployment can be found and what are the reasons for it? 2) What kind of interrelation can be observed between long-term unemployment and the potential of the social and economic development of the regions? 3) What central and local attempts have there been to alleviate long-term unemployment? 4) What results did these initiatives have and what were the reasons for their success or failure? 5) What foreign models can be followed when trying to alleviate long-term unemployment? 6) Which are the economic sectors, in which employment of those long-term unemployed is the most possible? The research was carried out by the horizontal work-team of rural development of the Centre for Studies Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 85 S.
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    The Hungarian urban network at the end of the second millennium (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 94 S.
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  • 58
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    Regional development in Hungary and its preparation for the structural funds (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 39 S.
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  • 59
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    Borderland situation and periferality in the north-eastern part of the Great Hungarian Plain (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 92 S.
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  • 60
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    Report on the research results of the Centre for Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 140 ; Teilfragen zu Ungarn {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 30 S.
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    The banking functions of the Hungarian urban network in the early 20th century (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: This paper examines the impact of the Hungarian banking system on regional and urban development in the early 20th century, when local banks were important territorial elements of the financial space developing close links to regional economic structures. The basic concept of the study is that there is closer connection not only between the banking sector and the economy as a whole, but between the banking sector and urban development as well. This is coincided with the argument of the American Historical Geographical school (Conzen, 1977) says that the features of the urban network are in strong correlation with the spatial structure of banking system and the diffusion of financial innovations. We considered the spatial breakdown of capital flows are one of the most important indicators of the regional and urban transformation (Gál, 2005). The Hungarian banking system looks back to a history of more than 160 years. Examining the impact of the banking system on regional and urban development is reasonable in the second half of the 19th century, since in Hungary developed an extensive financial system with a well researchable statistical database (Vargha, 1913). The Hungarian banking system was well developed in comparison to international standards by the first decade of the 20th century (Kövér, 1991; Tomka, 1996). Moreover, it became one of the most rapidly growing sectors of the domestic economy of that time ...
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 73 S.
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    Regional innovation system in West Transdanubia (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 130 ; Angewandte Geographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 55 S.
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    Industrial restructuring in the Budapest agglomeration (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 194 ; Budapest {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 73 S.
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    The relation systems of metropolitan areas (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Our study analyses changes undergoing in the relation system of metropolitan areas2 and the issues of social and economic relations arising from the restructuring of spatial and regional disparity systems. Global-scale economic, social and political integration, the processes of global urbanisation, globalising urban networks and the transformation of their subsystems are increasing the importance of large cities and their metropolitan areas. They are squeezing out the earlier systems of spatial relations having shaped up behind nation-state boundaries in the past. All these trends are also manifested by the vigorously increasing importance of cities (Barta, 1998; Cséfalvay, 1999; Enyedi, 2001, 2003, 2006; Knox, 2002). The spatial structuring force of cities and metropolitan areas is leaving its marks on the relation system of cities and their urban areas as well. The earlier hierarchical, mono-centric and core-periphery3 based spatial disparity model of urban areas is now in transition (Ascher, 1995; Baron et al., 2005; Barta - Beluszky, 1999; Enyedi, 2003; Merlin, 2003; Mirloup, 2002; Szirmai et al. 2007). The social, economic and environmental impacts of the newly structured and urbanised regions (Enyedi, 2001, 2003) will reconfigure the system of earlier spatial disparities (Beckouche et al. 1997; Marcuse, 1989; Szirmai, 2004). Besides (and partly instead of) monocentric and hierarchical schemed relations, horizontal cooperation models based on the functional division of labour and networked organisational systems will operate as the driving engines of spatial organisation ...
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 100 ; Ungarn {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 53 S.
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    Territorial planning, its actors and instruments. The Portuguese & Hungarian Planning System (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Territory as we know it is in constant change; distances shorten, new synergies are established, and new challenges make mankind search for answers and ways to develop in a sustainable and environment-friendly way. New contacts with people having different experiences are important because they give the opportunity to learn from others. The European Union is a great example of what is described above. Borders are open, people can freely move within the Schengen Area, territorial harmonisation is an objective of this community in order to provide better living conditions for all citizens, strengthen the economy and equilibrate disparities among regions in each country and all European members. The present study is a result of a European programme called Leonardo da Vinci, which offers work experience for post-graduates. In this case the synergy is between Letters Faculty of Lisbon University and Centre for Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Transdanubian Research Institute). The objective of the report is to provide a comparative work on the Portuguese and Hungarian territorial planning system. It is divided into three parts: first, the explanation and comprehension of the Portuguese territorial management system, its instruments and institutions are presented, which is followed by the discussion of the same issues for the Hungarian territory we identify instruments and institutions responsible for territorial organisation in connection with planning; and finally, a comparison of the two systems is given.
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 100 ; Ungarn {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 48 S.
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    Local dimensions of a wider European neighbourhood (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: With the concept generally known as Wider Europe, the European Union has mapped out an ambitious vision of regional Neighbourhood that goes beyond cooperation to involve a significant measure of integration. Furthermore, the EU sees this new quality of regional interaction and partnership as bringing enormous gains to all involved in terms of increased stability, security and well being. The EUDIMENSIONS (Local Dimensions of a Wider European Neighbourhood: Developing Political Community through Practices and Discourses of Cross-Border Co-operation) research project, financed under the European Union 6th Framework Programme, priority 7, chapter 4.2.1 (New Borders, New Visions of Neighbourhood), has sought to map and analyse crossborder cooperation and political contact-building between the European Union and neighbouring states, with a special emphasis on the development of civil society, economic interaction and the specific issue of gender in the crossborder relationship network. Crossborder cooperation in this respect has been understood as subject to changing political constellation and rhetoric, involving considerable tension between inclusion, or Neighbourhood (the European Union's efforts to integrate its wider neighbourhood in various forms of political and economic partnership) and exclusion, or Fortress Europe (the increasing securitisation of Europe's external borders in order to protect the community from unregulated flows of goods and people) ...
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; QGG 530 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns ; Ukraine {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 65 S.
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    Changes in the organisational framework of cooperation within urban areas in Hungary (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 67 S.
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    Small and medium-sized firms and the role of private industry in Hungary (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 218 S.
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    Path dependency or route flexibility in demand responsive transport? (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QER 800 ; Verkehrsgeographie {Wirtschaftsgeographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 72 S.
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    The social characteristics of Hungarian historic city centres (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The results of the representative sociological research of Hungarian cities and their centres are showing a Hungarian way in the general development tendencies of the European and East Central-European city centres. The processes of transition, the impacts of European and global economic integration have adjusted the characteristic features of Hungarian big city centres to the inner space character of European big cities. According to the results of research the central areas of Hungarian big cities following the major features of West European big cities re concentrating high social classes: people with high educational level and high professional qualifications and with high incomes. The marketable, younger and more active demographic groups also prefer settling down in the internal zones of urban space10. The presence of low social classes is higher in suburbs and in backwarded urban peripheries. However handicapped social classes are present in city centres as well and the members of high social classes have also emerged in urban peripheries. The controversial situation of European and East Central European city centres can be well illustrated by the fact that Hungarian big city centres are concentrating not only high social classes and advanced economy (with high-tech infrastructure and sophisticated institutional system and services) but the majority of physical and social problems as well. The central zones of Hungarian big cities are facing much more social problems than their suburbs and peripheries. The further we are moving away from city centres the lower severity of social problems we meet ...
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 39 S.
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    Chances of Hungarian-Slovak cross-border relations (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; QGG 360 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns ; Slowakei {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 80 S.
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    Borderland situation as it is seen by a sociologist (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 45 S.
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    Rural development in Hungary (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 41 S.
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    Regional development and governance in Hungary (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 130 ; Angewandte Geographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 47 S.
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    Global and regional roles of the Russian transport infrastructures (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGG 560 ; Europäisches Rußland {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 57 S.
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    Development issues of the Balaton region (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 150 ; Teilräume von Ungarn {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 146 S.
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    Regions in information society (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 120 ; Kulturgeographie Ungarns
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 127 S.
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    Hungary - the new border of the European Union (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 100 ; Ungarn {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 63 S.
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    Central-local relations in Hungarian local goverment financing (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QGF 140 ; Teilfragen zu Ungarn {Geographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 51 S.
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    The general theory of public (spatial) planning (2010)
    RKK, Pécs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: This short discussion paper is a cross section or a thematic summary of a considerably longer work. The limited scope of the Discussion Papers series does not allow lengthy, detailed explanations or extensive references, only the presentation of mainly summarizing statements. In spite of the ensuing vulnerability, I did not refrain from the publication of my ideas in this form, hoping that they will become accessible to a wider readership in this way and the positive of negative feedback received will help me improve or further elaborate my theory. Hungary abandoned the practice of the former 'socialist' type planning in the early 1990s and even wound up the institutions related to it, but the development of a new planning system seems to take a longer time than expected. I believe that in a situation like this the best thing we can do to assist practice is to offer a sound theoretical foundation. A general theory can not only lead to a better understanding of the gist and possible forms of planning but can also serve as a basis for a continuously developing methodology of learning and rationalization. My purpose is to foster changes in attitudes to planning and to develop a new philosophy of planning with emphasis on teleology. I also intend to raise awareness concerning the limitations we have to face in the exploration of a given situation ...
    Description: report
    Keywords: 910 ; 914 ; QFG 000 ; Raumordnung und Raumplanung {Anthropogeographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 89 S.
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    Sediment accumulation and diagenesis in the late quaterary equatorial Atlantic Ocean (2010)
    Univ. Bremen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Nonsteady-state Diagenesis, Equatorial Atlantic, Rock-magnetic and Geochemical Multiproxy Approach, XRF Core Scanner, Fe Redox, Magnetite Dissolution. - This thesis investigates 25 Late Quaternary sediment records from the central Equatorial Atlantic by rock magnetic, geochemical and stratigraphical methods. The work was performed in the framework of the Collaborative Research Center 261 ‘The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current Systems’ funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. The main objective was to analyze and distinguish terrigenous and diagenetic proxysignatures, in particular of rock magnetic parameters. All cores were correlated and dated on basis of their carbonate, iron and rock magnetic records. Magnetite coarsening and partial depletion was observed in glacial organic-rich layers, most intensely during oxygen isotope stages 6, 10 and 12. Non-magnetic and magnetic iron mineral enrichments were found below and at former and active Fe(II) / Fe(III) redox boundaries. Various new proxies quantifying magnetite reduction (ratio of Fe to magnetic susceptibility, ratio of non-ferrimagnetic to total magnetic susceptibility) and authigenesis (ratio of Fe to magnetic susceptibility) were established and found to be highly sensitive indicators of past redox conditions. Comparing these signals with the organic carbon records, it was shown, that rock magnetic, carbon and carbonate records in most parts ...
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551.9 ; 538.7 ; 551.46 ; 551 ; 550 ; TOT 320 ; TSZ 100 ; VKB 380 ; VDI 200 ; VEZ 100 ; VAT 240 ; Paläomagnetismus {Geophysik} ; Atlantischer Ozean {Geophysik} ; Sedimente bestimmter Regionen ; Quartär ; Atlantischer Ozean {Geologie} ; Marine Sedimente einzelner Meere und Ozeane {Geologie}
    Language: English
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    Reconstruction of the sedimentary history offshore NW Africa (2010)
    Univ. Bremen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Paleoceanography, Climate, Marine Productivity, Terrigenous Input, High-frequent Cyclicities, LGM, Holocene, XRF Core Scanner. - The goal of this thesis is to reconstruct, with high spatial resolution, the influence of coastal upwelling and terrigeneous input on the magnitude and composition of sediment accumulation off NW Africa, and to investigate how this influence has varied through the last glacial and interglacial periods. To achieve dense coverage for paleoceanographic reconstruction in the investigation area, a large number of sediment cores has been analyzed with rapid and non-destructive core-logging systems. The results of this thesis show that even the small region of the Canary Islands can be separated into several areas, with each reflecting its own sediment characteristics. Recent remote sensing images of chlorophyll concentration reflecting the present upwelling conditions are mirrored by the accumulation rates of the underlying sediment. The variation and distribution of the sediment accumulation rates in the past provides information about paleoceanographic features, such as upwelling conditions and sea-level fluctuations. The contribution of terrigeneous material to the marine sediments can be separated into eolian and a fluvial portions. Three characteristic areas ...
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551.46 ; 550.28 ; 550 ; VAT 240 ; TSZ 100 ; VAT 240 ; TSZ 100 ; Marine Sedimente einzelner Meere und Ozeane {Geologie} ; Atlantischer Ozean {Geophysik}
    Language: English
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: application/pdf
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
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