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  • 1
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    The Holocene silicon biogeochemistry of Yellowstone Lake, USA (2024)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-11
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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    A model of European buildings (2024)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-11
    Beschreibung: This data publication provides a European assessment of building exposure, organized country-by-country. The dataset provides information about the number of buildings; the number of occupants; structural information and structural costs of buildings per geographical area. The main purpose of this data collection is risk assessment for natural hazards, however it can be used by anyone in need of a building exposure dataset. The data holds information about single buildings, with global estimates of built-up area on 10m x 10m pixels and exposure information per district. All OpenStreetMap (OSM) buildings existing in an OSM excerpt from 1 July 2023, 00:00 UTC (OpenStreetMap contributors, 2023), all buildings from the Global ML Building Footprint (GMLBF, Microsoft, 2023) dataset have been processed and for each building the occupancy type and number of stories have been identified based on data in OSM, such as land use and points of interest. The Global Human Settlement Built-up Characteristics 2022A Layer has been used as initial distribution of built area (Pesaresi, 2022). Aggregated exposure information, including the structural information and the number of occupants, stems the ESRM20 (Crowley et al., 2020). The resulting dataset is distributed per country as an SQLite/SpatiaLite database. Each database contains three tables and one view. The database is organized around three key concepts, that each have their own table. An Entity is a geographical unit that contains exposure. In this dataset, the entities are tiles in a multi-resolution grid, according to the Quad tree structure (Finkel & Bentley, 1974), with the tiles projected using the Web Mercator projection (EPSG:3857). The zoom-level of the Quadkeys inside the grid varies from level-15 to level-18, depending on the number of buildings inside each tile to preserve privacy-sensitive information. Practically, the size of the tiles varies between around 100m x 100m and 1km x 1km. Each entity consists of one or more Assets, defining the number of buildings of a particular structural type and their population and structural value. The structural type is described using a taxonomy string, describing for example structural properties, occupancy type and the expected number of stories. The exact definition of a taxonomy that is used in this dataset is described in the GEM Building Taxonomy v2.0 (Brzev et al., 2013). On top of the tables, one key view has been defined too. A view is essentially a query on the table that give some insights into the data. The `key_values_per_tile` provides the total number of buildings, total number of occupants at night and total structural costs summed over all assets in one tile entity.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 3
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    Simulation of greenhouse gas production during key transitions in a coastal thermokarst landscape in an anaerobic incubation experiment with samples from Bykovsky Peninsula, Siberia (2024)
    PANGEA
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-11
    Beschreibung: The dataset presents the greenhouse gas production (CO2 and CH4) from sediment of a terrestrial permafrost outcrop (Byk14-A-1; 71.85175°N, 129.350883°E), the thermokarst lake Goltsovoye (PG2412 (TKL), 71.74515°N, 129.30217°E), the nearly-closed Polar Fox Lagoon (PG2411 (LAG1), 71.743056°N, 129.337778°E) and the semi-open Uomullyakh Lagoon (PG2410-1 (LAG1), 71.730833°N, 129.2725°E). We incubated the samples anaerobically at 4 °C under fresh (c=0 g/L), brackish (c=13g/L) and marine (36g/L) conditions for one year and measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) concentrations regularly in a 250 µL subsample using gas chromatography with an Agilent GC 7890A equipped with an Agilent HP-PLOT Q column. Cumulative CO2 and CH4 concentrations and production rates per day are given over time for all samples with three replicates each per gram of dry weight and normalised to gram of soil organic carbon (SOC).
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 4
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    The SPICE Project: Calibrated production rates of cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne in olivine and pyroxene from the 72 ka SP basalt flow, Arizona, USA (2024)
    In:  Quaternary Geochronology
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-09
    Beschreibung: The formally named SP lava flow is a quartz-, olivine- and pyroxene-bearing basalt flow that is preserved in the desert climate of northern Arizona, USA. The flow has an 40Ar/39Ar age of 72 ± 4 ka (2σ) and has undergone negligible erosion and/or burial, making its surface an ideal site for direct calibration of cosmogenic nuclide production rates. Production rates for cosmogenic 3He (3Hec) and 21Ne (21Nec) have been determined from SP flow olivine and pyroxene in this study. The error-weighted mean, sea-level, high latitude (SLHL) total reference production rates of 3He in olivine and pyroxene have identical values of 135 ± 8 at/g/yr (2; standard error) using time-independent Lal (1991)/Stone (2000) (St) scaling factors. These production rates decrease to identical values of 130 ± 8 at/g/yr (2; standard error) when 3He measurements are standardized to the CRONUS-P pyroxene standard. The St-scaled, error-weighted mean, total reference production rates of 21Ne in olivine and pyroxene are 48.4 ± 2.9 at/g/yr and 26.5 ± 1.7 at/g/yr (2; standard error), respectively, increasing to 49.3 ± 3.0 at/g/yr and 27.0 ± 1.7 at/g/yr (2; standard error), respectively, when standardized to the CREU-1 quartz standard. 3He and 21Ne production rates (St) overlap within 2σ uncertainty with other St-scaled production rates in the literature. SLHL 3He and 21Ne production rates in SP flow olivine and pyroxene are nominally lower if time-dependent Lm and Sa scaling factors are used. Olivine and pyroxene both have identical, error-weighted mean SLHL production rates of 127 ± 8 at/g/yr (2; standard error) using Lm scaling factors and CRONUS-P standardized 3He measurements. These production rates decrease to identical values of 110 ± 7 at/g/yr (2; standard error) for olivine and pyroxene when using Sa scaling factors. The Lm-scaled, error-weighted mean, total reference production rates of 21Ne in olivine and pyroxene are 48.1 ± 2.8 at/g/yr and 26.4 ± 1.7 at/g/yr (2; standard error), respectively, when standardized to the CREU-1 quartz standard. The error weighted mean, local 21Ne/3He production rate ratio in olivine is 0.358 ± 0.009 (2; standard error), which increases to 0.378 ± 0.012 when using CREU-1 standardized 21Ne production rates and CRONUS-P standardized 3He production rates. The error weighted mean, local 21Ne/3He production rate ratio in pyroxene is 0.197 ± 0.006, or 0.208 ± 0.008 when 21Ne and 3He are standardized to CREU-1 and CRONUS-P, respectively. The updated, CREU-1 standardized 21Nec rate (St) in SPICE quartz is 16.5 ± 1.1 at/g/yr. Production of 21Ne in coexisting SPICE olivine (ol), pyroxene (px), and quartz (qz) (standardized to CREU-1; Fenton et al., 2019; this study) yields error-weighted mean, local production rate ratios of 3.00 ± 0.13 (2) and 1.64 ± 0.08 (2) for 21Neol/21Neqz and 21Nepx/21Neqz, respectively. This study suggests that production rates of 3He and 21Ne in SPICE olivine and pyroxene agree well with St- and Lm-scaled global mean production rates in the literature. It also indicates that CRONUS-P and CREU-1 standardizations yield production rates in even stronger agreement with these global mean rates.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 5
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    Beyond the Visible – Imaging Spectroscopy for Soil Applications. Massive Open Online Course (2024)
    GFZ Data Services
    In:  HYPERedu, EnMAP education initiative
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-09
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Building a second brain : A proven method to organise your digital life and unlock your creative potential (2022)
    London : Profile Books Ltd
    Details Verfügbarkeit
    Signatur: im Bestellvorgang
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    Seiten: 272 Seiten , 128 x 196 mm
    ISBN: 9781800812222
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort: Kompaktmagazin oben
    Zweigbibliothek: GFZ Bibliothek
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  • 7
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    Stability Of Magnesite In The Presence Of Hydrous Fluids Up To 12 Gpa: Insights Into Subduction Zone Processes And Carbon Cycling In The Earth’s Mantle (2024)
    In:  American Mineralogist
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-08
    Beschreibung: Understanding the stability of magnesite in the presence of a hydrous fluid in the Earth’s upper mantle is crucial for modelling the carbon budget and cycle in the deep Earth. This study elucidates the behavior of magnesite in the presence of hydrous fluids. We examined the brucite magnesite (Mg(OH)2-MgCO3) system between 1 and 12 GPa by using synchrotron in situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction experiments combined with textural observations from quenched experiments employing the falling sphere method. By subjecting magnesite to varying pressure-temperature conditions with controlled fluid proportion, we determined the stability limits of magnesite in the presence of a fluid and periclase. The observed liquidus provides insights into the fate of magnesite-bearing rocks in subduction zones. Our findings show that magnesite remains stable under typical subduction zone gradients even when infiltrated by hydrous fluids released from dehydration reactions during subduction. We conclude that magnesite can be subducted down to and beyond sub-arc depths. Consequently, our results have important implications for the carbon budget of the Earth’s mantle and its role in regulating atmospheric CO2 levels over geological timescales.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 8
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    Long-read based hybrid genome assembly and annotation of snow algal strain CCCryo 101-99 (cf. Sphaerocystis sp., Chlamydomonadales) (2024)
    In:  Genome Biology and Evolution
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-08
    Beschreibung: Polar regions harbor a diversity of cold-adapted (cryophilic) algae, which can be categorized into psychrophilic (obligate cryophilic) and cryotrophic (non-obligate cryophilic) snow algae. Both can accumulate significant biomasses on glacier and snow habitats and play major roles in global climate dynamics. Despite their significance, genomic studies on these organisms remain scarce, hindering our understanding of their evolutionary history and adaptive mechanisms in the face of climate change. Here, we present the draft genome assembly and annotation of the psychrophilic snow algal strain CCCryo 101-99 (cf. Sphaerocystis sp.). The draft haploid genome assembly is 122.5 Mb in length and is represented by 664 contigs with an N50 of 0.86 Mb, a Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) completeness of 92.9% (n = 1519), a maximum contig length of 5.3 Mb, and a GC content of 53.1%. In total, 28.98% of the genome (35.5 Mb) contains repetitive elements. We identified 417 non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and annotated the chloroplast genome. The predicted proteome comprises 14,805 genes with a BUSCO completeness of 97.8%. Our preliminary analyses reveal a genome with a higher repeat content compared to mesophilic chlorophyte relatives, alongside enrichment in gene families associated with photosynthesis and flagella functions. Our current data will facilitate future comparative studies, improving our understanding of the likely response of polar algae to a warming climate as well as their evolutionary trajectories in permanently cold environments.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 9
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    Significance of conodont data for explaining geosystem perturbations during the Middle Devonian Kačák Episode (2023)
    In:  Marine Micropaleontology
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-08
    Beschreibung: The present review of published data as well as the new results demonstrate the versatility of conodonts in documenting and explaining global environmental fluctuations related to the Kačák Episode (KE) in the latest Eifelian. Although the conodont zonation of the KE interval is ambiguous and requires revision, the compilation of conodont stratigraphic ranges shows their potential for a precise worldwide correlation of relevant marine strata. Conodont biofacies may serve to document environmental changes connected with KE, in particular the sealevel rise at its beginning, followed by a regressive trend. Nevertheless, the familiar Icriodus/Polygnathus ratio should be carefully applied as an indication of water depth and nearshore vs. offshore position, being controlled also by other factors, such as paleolatitude and/or climate. Oxygen isotopes in conodont apatite, studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry technique evidence a warming at the onset of KE, based on the new data from the open marine facies of the Prague Basin. At the same time, they indicated climate-controlled salinity fluctuations in the epeiric Belarusian Basin. The present investigations as well as previous results suggest caution when analyzing thermally altered conodonts which may result in biased oxygen isotope signatures. The present experience suggests the conodont colour alteration index CAI 3 as a boundary value above which the caution is necessary.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 10
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    To Rotate or to Link? The Connection Between the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Rifts in Central Afar (2024)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-08
    Beschreibung: Central Afar is shaped by the interaction between the Red Sea (RS) and Gulf of Aden (GoA) rifts. While there have been several studies conducted in the region, we know surprisingly little about the mechanism of connection between these two rift branches. Here we use high-resolution 3D lithospheric scale geodynamic modeling to capture the evolution of linkage between the RS and GoA rifts in central Afar. Our results demonstrate that the two rifts initially overlap and interact across a broad zone of faulting and vertical axis block rotation. However, through time, rift overlap is abandoned in favor of direct linkage which generates a series of localized en-echelon basins. The present-day direct linkage between the two rifts is supported by geodetic observations. Our study reconciles previously proposed models for the RS and GoA rift connection by considering spatial and temporal evolution of the rifts.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 11
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    A laboratory study on fault slip caused by fluid injection directly versus indirectly into a fault: implications for induced seismicity in EGSs (2024)
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-08
    Beschreibung: Enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) developed by hydraulic stimulation are promising for exploiting petrothermal heat by improving fluid pathways in low-permeable geothermal reservoir rocks. However, fluid injection into the subsurface can potentially cause large seismic events by reactivating pre-existing faults, which is a significant barrier to EGSs. The management of injection-induced seismicity is, therefore, essential for the success of EGSs. During the hydraulic stimulation of an EGS, fluid can be injected into a fault zone or into the rock matrix containing pre-existing faults adjacent to the injection well. The differences in hydromechanical responses between fluid injection into and adjacent to a fault have not been investigated in detail. Here, we performed triaxial fluid injection experiments involving injecting fluid directly and indirectly into a fault in granite rock samples to analyse the distinct hydromechanical responses and estimate the injection-induced seismicity in both cases. Our results suggest that in addition to directly injecting fluid into a critically stressed fault, injecting into nearly intact granite adjacent to the fault could also cause injection-induced seismic hazards owing to the high fluid pressure required to create new fractures in the granite matrix. It is, therefore, important to carefully identify pre-existing faults within tight reservoirs to avoid injecting fluid adjacent to them. Additionally, once prior unknown faults are delineated during hydraulic stimulation, appropriate shut-in strategies should be implemented immediately to mitigate seismic risks.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 12
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    Quantifying Impacts of Local Traffic Policies on PM Concentrations Using Low Cost Sensors in Berlin (2024)
    In:  Aerosol and Air Quality Research
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-08
    Beschreibung: Urban air pollution remains a challenge in European cities, despite decades of improvement, especially with respect to recent updates to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) air quality guidelines in 2021. At the same time, a new generation of small sensors for air pollution measurement have opened up new avenues for understanding air pollution in cities. In this study, we use Plantower PMS 5003 sensors to measure PM2.5 alongside three local traffic policies implemented in 2020 and 2021. These measures include a new bike-lane and a temporary community space, as well as the creation of a pedestrian zone through the closure of a street to through-traffic. The measurement campaign used the sensors in both mobile and stationary deployments, utilizing their small size and lower cost to increase spatial and temporal resolution measurements. We calibrate the Plantower sensors using Schmitz et al.’s (2021) methodology and test three different models: multiple linear regression (MLR), gradient-boosting machines (GBM), and support vector machines (SVM). Results show that sensors are useful for measuring PM2.5. We also find no significant effect of any of the local transport policies on local concentrations of PM2.5, despite previous studies of these policies showing reductions in local NO2 concentrations. This indicates that larger-scale policies tackling urban and regional emissions of PM will be needed to improve PM concentrations and meet WHO standards.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 13
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    Deep Dive Hydrogen Economy – A Radical Alternative (2022)
    Foresight on Demand
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-08
    Beschreibung: Key message: A decolonial approach is needed to fulfil IASC’s commitment to recognizing that Traditional Knowledge, Indigenous Knowledge and academic scientific knowledge are co-equal and complementary knowledge systems that all can and should inform its work (website ICARP IV, retrieved October 2023). This document summarizes key recommendations for actions regarding five themes: 1. Indigenous Peoples’ right to self-determination as a prerequisite for high-quality Arctic research 2. Ethics, methods and methodology as key for decolonial research 3. Indigenous-led research in design and practice 4. Indigenous Peoples’ co-equal participation in Arctic research funding structures and decision-making for securing decolonial Arctic research in practice 5. Funding for Co-Creative and Indigenous-Led Arctic Research
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 14
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    Low-cost system application for policy assessment: a case study from Berlin (2024)
    In:  Environmental Research: Health
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-08
    Beschreibung: Local policies are part of the toolbox available to decision makers to improve air quality but their effectiveness is underevaluated and underreported. We evaluate the impact of the pedestrianization of a street in the city centre of Berlin on the local air pollution. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was measured on the street where the policy was implemented and on two parallel streets using low-cost sensor systems supported by periodic calibrations against reference-grade instruments and constrained by passive samplers. Further measurements of NO2 were conducted with a reference-grade instrument mounted on a mobile platform. The concentrations were evaluated against the urban background (UB) to isolate the policy-related signal from natural fluctuations, long-term trends and the COVID-19 lockdown. Our analysis shows that the most likely result of the intervention is a reduced NO2 concentrations to the level of the UB on weekdays for the pedestrian zone. Kerbside NO2 concentrations exhibited substantial differences to the concentrations measured at lampposts highlighting the difficulty for such measurements to capture personal exposure. The results have implications for policy, showing that an intervention on the local traffic patterns can possibly be effective in improving local air quality.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 15
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    Democratic Participation and Climate Politics: Notes on the Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat in France (2024)
    In:  The Interplay of Civic Engagement and Institutionalised Politics: Palgrave Studies in Third Sector Research
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-08
    Beschreibung: Political science and the public know what has gone wrong with liberal democracy and continues to go wrong, but what can be done to counter this trend? What can slow down the de-democratisation, what can reverse the development that has been observed ever more urgently since shortly after the turn of the millennium? As one instrument the chapter discusses citizens’ councils, which have been field-tested in many places in recent years and whose strengths and shortcomings can now be evaluated. We will give an insight into the theoretical foundations of deliberative and participative democratic innovations focusing more closely on citizen assemblies with an exemplary evaluation of France’s climate assembly, the Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat (CCC), a rather elaborate one of citizen participation, associated with a wide public attention and accompanied by an intense scientific and intellectual debate in France. The CCC has been, in terms of political activation and discourse, successful, whereas in terms of its general policy impact and structural changes of French society and politics, it has not been a full success story. Instead of promoting a positive French exception to the conventional antagonism of etatism and street protest, this experiment perished in 2022/23.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 16
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    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Volcanic island : from hazard assessment to risk mitigation (2024)
    London : The Geological Society
    Dazugehörige Bände
    Details Verfügbarkeit
    Signatur: 9/M 07.0421(519)
    In: Geological Society special publication, 519
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Volcanic islands have a highly characteristic geological context that poses specific issues related to thereconstruction of volcanic activity, hazard assessment, risk management, implementation of monitoringnetworks, and non-eruptive geohazards as landslides. This special publication intends to address theseissues from a multidisciplinary point of view.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 170 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    ISBN: 9781786205650 , 978-1-78620-565-0
    ISSN: 03058719 , 0305-8719
    Serie: Geological Society special publication 519
    URL: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cms/asset/df2524c0-fa12-466e-8f49-5b5f7346c414/sp.519.issue-1.toc.pdf
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1144/sp519
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Griffiths, J. S. and Law, R. D. Introduction to SP519 – volcanic islands: from hazard assessment to risk mitigation Multidisciplinary approaches to understanding volcanic islands Della Seta, M., Esposito, C., Fiorucci, M., Marmoni, G. M., Martino, S., Sottili, G., Belviso, P., Carandente, A., de Vita, S., Marotta, E. and Peluso, R. Thermal monitoring to infer possible interactions between shallow hydrothermal system and slope-scale gravitational deformation of Mt Epomeo (Ischia Island, Italy) Marotta, E., Berrino, G., de Vita, S., Di Vito, M. and Camacho, A. G. Structural setting of the Ischia resurgent caldera (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) by integrated 3D gravity inversion and geological models Tramelli, A., Orazi, M., Nardone, L., Bobbio, A., Benincasa, A., Buonocunto, C., Capello, M., Caputo, A., Castellano, M., D’Auria, L., De Cesare, W., Di Filippo, A., Galluzzo, D., Gaudiosi, G., Giudicepietro, F., Liguoro, F., Lo Bascio, D., Martini, M., Martino, C., Peluso, R., Ricciolino, P., Scarpato, G., Torello, V. and Bianco, F. The seismic network of Ischia island from 1993 to 2021 Longo, M., Lazzaro, G., Caruso, C. G., Corbo, A., Sciré Scappuzzo, S., Italiano, F., Gattuso, A. and Romano, D. Hydro-acoustic signals from the Panarea shallow hydrothermal field: new inferences of a direct link with Stromboli Musacchio, M., Silvestri, M., Rabuffi, F., Buongiorno, M. F. and Falcone, S. Kılauea ̄ –Leilani 2018 lava flow delineation using Sentinel2 and Landsat8 images Tsunamis from volcanic environments Zaniboni, F., Pagnoni, G., Gallotti, G., Tinti, S. and Armigliato, A. Landslide-tsunamis along the flanks of Mount Epomeo, Ischia: propagation patterns and coastal hazard for the Campania Coasts, Italy Fornaciai, A., Favalli, M. and Nannipieri, L. Reconstruction of the 2002 tsunami at Stromboli using the non-hydrostatic WAVE model (NHWAVE) Volcanoes and society Lotteri, A., Speake, J., Kennedy, V., Wallenstein, N., Coutinho, R., Chester, D., Duncan, A., Dibben, C. and Ferreira, F. Changing hazard awareness over two decades: the case of Furnas, São Miguel (Azores) Tomasone, M., Avvisati, G., Cirillo, F., Colucci, O., Marotta, E., Fiorenza, E., Vertechi, E. and Simonetti, B. Risk management planning on a volcanic island: fear and loathing in Ischia (Italy) Index
    Standort: Lesesaal
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    Toward global net zero : the voluntary carbon market on its quest to find its place in the post-Paris climate regime (2024)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-03
    Beschreibung: This focus article traces the evolution of the voluntary carbon market (VCM), putting emphasis on the more recent developments following the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015. It focuses on the interplay between the privately governed VCM and the global climate regime under the United Nations (UN). For years, the VCM and the UN carbon market operated in parallel and mutually influenced each other. The adoption of the Paris Agreement, however, marked a turning point for the VCM. It triggered the proliferation of net zero targets, sparking the interest in the VCM as a supplier of carbon credits to offset companies' remaining emissions. At the same time, the global scope and ambitious targets set by the agreement have put the future of the VCM in limbo, raising concerns about double claiming and more generally, questioning the adequacy of offsetting. Considering these challenges, numerous stakeholders have started a process to redefine the rules of the market to ensure its credibility and legitimacy. While some areas of convergence were identified, the VCM's private governance has long been unable to address the question of how to deal with double claiming and the claims companies should be allowed to make. In this situation, signals from international policy and regulation under national policy point the way forward for the VCM. By moving from offsetting toward a contribution claim model, the VCM may overcome its "identity crisis" and find a new place within the broader climate change regime.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:320
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Support to the technical and political phase of the first Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement : final report (2024)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-03
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:320
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: report , doc-type:report
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  • 19
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    Genre - transports - climat : les étapes d'une transformation (2024)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-03
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:380
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Französisch
    Materialart: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 20
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    Local super apps in the 15-minute city : a new model for sustainable smart cities? (2024)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-03
    Beschreibung: In this perspective paper, we propose to integrate the concepts of Mobility-as-a-Feature (MaaF, an extension of MaaS) and the 15-minute city (15mC). The 15mC concept maintains that daily necessities and services, such as shopping, healthcare, and leisure should be accessible without private cars within 15 minute. In line with MaaF, these services could be integrated with a variety of mobility options into a single app. This novel approach is poised to offer a seamless customer experience, better resource utilization, enhanced urban mobility, improved and more inclusive access to services, and greater community connectivity. We call them local super apps: a new model to drive equitable and sustainable urban transitions. We substantiate this preliminary idea with evidence from literature, practical applications, and a user survey (N = 1,019), while also discussing future research avenues to further develop the concept of local super apps.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:380
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 21
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    An environmental assessment framework for circular steel products (2024)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-03
    Beschreibung: The implementation of the circular economy is crucial to combat climate change especially in energy- and carbon-intensive sectors like the steel industry. It requires the environmental assessment of circular interventions to steel products to ensure that they are in line with targets of the circular economy - increase of resource efficiency and sustainability. Based on previous case studies and established methodologies, an environmental assessment framework is suggested and applied. It comprises a Material Flow Analysis to quantify selected mass-based indicators to evaluate the parameters of circular economy, as well as a Life Cycle Assessment to quantify the difference of the environmental impact. The application to a case study in the metalworking industries shows that the implementation of repurposing to a machining knife and hand tools contributes to all circular economy strategies - narrowing, slowing, and closing. At first, however, the circular intervention did not lead to a reduction of the environmental impact. It was found that the optimization of share of secondary material, energy mix, grinding, and transportation can lower the environmental impact of the circular compared to the conventional product system. Considering the increased product functionality, the environmental performance of the circular product system is superior. The study shows the importance of integrating assessment methods covering the resource level and environmental sustainability since focusing only on the resource efficiency can be misleading. At the same time, it stresses the need to apply environmental assessments in the product development stage to design environmentally sustainable and resource-efficient product systems.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:600
    Repository-Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: article , doc-type:article
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  • 22
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Monographie ausleihbar
    X Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy : Proceedings of the Symposium in Milan, Italy, June 13-17 2022 (2024)
    Cham : Springer
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    Signatur: 6/M 24.95762
    In: International Association of Geodesy Symposia, 155
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I Gravity Field Modelling and Height Systems -- Remarks on the Terrain Correction and the Geoid Bias -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Terrain Correction for Masses Located in the Remote Zone of the Bouguer Shell -- 3 The Terrain Correction for Masses Located Outside the Bouguer Plate -- 4 The Terrain Correction Due to Masses in the Near-Zone Inside the Bouguer Plate -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Why a Height Theory Must Be Rigorous and Physically Correct -- 1 Review -- 2 Problems with Molodensky's Approach -- 3 Arrival of Satellites and the Problem of Height Congruency -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Geodetic Heights and Holonomity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 What Is a Geodetic Heigh? -- 2.1 A New Definition of a General Geodetic Height HG -- 3 The Four Height Systems Are Geodetic Heights -- 4 Holonomity of the Geodetic Heights -- 5 Comparisons and Conclusions -- References -- Physical Heights of Inland Lakes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Orthometric Height -- 3 Orthometric Height Variation at Lake Surface -- 4 Quantification: Case Studies -- 4.1 Lake Vänern, Sweden -- 4.2 Lake Michigan, USA -- 4.3 Issyk Kul, Kyrgyzstan -- 4.4 Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia -- 5 Conclusions and Outlook -- Appendix 1: Approximation -- Appendix 2: Normal Height Variation -- References -- The Uncertainties of the Topographical Density Variations in View of a Sub-Centimetre Geoid -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theory -- 3 Numerical Results -- 4 Conclusion and Remarks -- References -- Estimation of Height Anomalies from Gradients of the Gravitational Potential Using a Spectral Combination Method -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spectral Combination -- 3 Numerical Experiments -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Evaluation of the Recent African Gravity Databases V2.x -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data Used for Establishing the AFRGDB_V2.x Gravity Databases.
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    Seiten: 189 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Ausgabe: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783031553592
    Serie: International Association of Geodesy Symposia Series 155
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort: Lesesaal
    Zweigbibliothek: GFZ Bibliothek
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  • 23
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    X Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy : Proceedings of the Symposium in Milan, Italy, June 13-17, 2022 (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
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    Signatur: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55360-8
    In: International Association of Geodesy Symposia, 155
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Part I: Gravity Field Modelling and Height Systems -- Remarks on the Terrain Correction and the Geoid Bias -- Why a Height Theory Must Be Rigorous and Physically Correct -- Geodetic Heights and Holonomity -- Physical Heights of Inland Lakes -- The Uncertainties of the Topographical Density Variations in View of a Sub-Centimetre Geoid -- Estimation of Height Anomalies from Gradients of the Gravitational Potential Using a Spectral Combination Method -- Evaluation of the Recent African Gravity Databases V2.x -- Part II : Estimation Theory -- PDF Evaluation of Elliptically Contoured GNSS Integer Ambiguity Residuals -- Spatio-Spectral Assessment of Some Isotropic Polynomial Covariance Functions on the Sphere -- MDBs Versus MIBs in Case of Multiple Hypotheses: A Study in Context of Deformation Analysis -- A Simple TLS-Treatment of the Partial EIV-Model as One with Singular Cofactor Matrices I: The Case of a Kronecker Product for QA = Q0 ⊗ Qx -- Bayesian Robust Multivariate Time Series Analysis in Nonlinear Regression Models with Vector Autoregressive and t-Distributed Errors -- Part III: Geodetic Data Analysis -- An Estimate of the Effect of 3D Heterogeneous Density Distribution on Coseismic Deformation Using a Spectral Finite-Element Approach -- On the Estimation of Time Varying AR Processes -- Refinement of Spatio-Temporal Finite Element Spaces for Mean Sea Surface and Sea Level Anomaly Estimation -- On the Coestimation of Long-Term Spatio-Temporal Signals to Reduce the Aliasing Effect in Parametric Geodetic Mean Dynamic Topography Estimation -- A Flexible Family of Compactly Supported Covariance Functions Based on Cutoff Polynomials -- Modeling of Inhomogeneous Spatio-Temporal Signals by Least Squares Collocation -- A Multi-Epoch Processing Strategy for PPP-RTK Users -- Part IV: Geoid and Quasi-Geoid -- Geoid or Quasi-Geoid? A Short Comparison -- The Quasigeoid: Why Molodensky Heights Fail -- Molodensky’s and Helmert’s Theories: Two Equivalent Geodetic Approaches to the Determination of the Gravity Potential and the Earth Surface. .
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This open access volume contains the proceedings of the X Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy which was held from 13 to 17 June 2022 at the Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy. Since 2006 the series of the Hotine-Marussi Symposia has been under the responsibility of the Inter-Commission Committee on Theory (ICCT) within the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). The ICCT organized the last five Hotine-Marussi Symposia held in Wuhan (2006), Rome (2009, 2013 and 2018), and Milan (2022). The overall goal of the ICCT and Hotine-Marussi Symposia has always been to advance geodetic theory which is indeed documented by the 22 research articles published in these proceedings. The jubilee X Hotine-Marussi Symposium was organized in 10 topical sessions covering all parts of geodetic theory including reference frames, gravity field modelling, adjustment theory, height systems, time series analysis, or advanced numerical methods. In total, 60 participants attended the Symposium who delivered 62 oral and 18 poster presentations. During a special session, five invited speakers discussed two basic concepts of physical geodesy – geoid and quasigeoid.
    Materialart: 12
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(X, 165 p. 76 illus., 64 illus. in color.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    ISBN: 9783031553608
    Serie: International Association of Geodesy Symposia 155
    URL: Kostenfrei zugänglich ohne Registrierung
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 24
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    A generalized slip-rate function for kinematic modeling (2020)
    In:  Abstracts
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Strong-motion on DAS: Insights from the 2022 MW 6.9 Chishang earthquake (Southern Taiwan) (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) sees increased utilization in the seismological community in recent years and various applications are investigated for the usage of DAS in different branches of seismology. Strong-motion seismology uses records of earthquakes of engineering concern (MW〉4.5) with hypocentral distances within few hundreds of kilometers. This demands dense networks over a wide area and installation of typical strong-motion instruments (accelerometers) can be achieved quickly and at a reasonable budget, compared to other network types. For DAS, installation and operation are more involved, and deployment is very still limited. Consequently, DAS recordings of nearby large events are still very unlikely and rare compared to accelerometers. On September 18, 2022, a shallow earthquake sequence with a M〈sub〉W〈/sub〉 6.9 mainshock struck near Chishang (Taiwan) and was recorded by DAS in Hualien city, appr. 100 km north. Shaking of the mainshock and several aftershocks were noticeable in Hualien, though not damaging with PGA recorded at 0.28 m/s^2 nearby the DAS site. The DAS campaign was originally conceptualized as a test suite with different fiber installations: including buried, within a gutter (as in commercial fiber installation) and loose within a basement. The test site is in an urban area affected by surface rupturing during the 2018 Hualien earthquake. The presented recordings provide not only an unprecedented insight how strong-motion appears on DAS but also how effective different installation techniques are for this kind of event. The waveforms are also compared to records of a collocated broadband seismometer and an accelerometer 1 km away.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Investigating dynamic range of Distributed Acoustic Sensing and introducing a neural-network-based detection for saturation effects (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is used to record high-spatial resolution strain-rate data. For ground motion observation, the DAS data can be converted from strain rate to acceleration or velocity by array-based measurements with coherent plane waves. DAS provides an opportunity to map high-resolution shaking patterns near faults. We installed collocated geophones and optical fiber in Hualien City (a very seismically active area in Taiwan) from the end of January to the end of February in 2022. Earthquakes with magnitudes (Mw) between 3.2 and 5.4 have been recorded. These records illustrate the typical magnitude-distance dependence of ground-motion but also show saturation for higher magnitudes and/or at shorter distances (e.g for an earthquake of Mw 5.2 earthquake recorded at 100 km). For frequency-based analyses, clipped signals on DAS result in challenges not present in classical instruments (seismometers). The upper limit in dynamic range of seismometers results in easily identifiable trapezoidal signals. The dynamic range of DAS interrogators is limited by gauge length, sampling frequency, and wrapped phase in the interferometric phase demodulation. We observe that clipped DAS signals not only affect time series but also contaminate their spectra on all frequencies, due to the random nature of clipping in DAS—contrasting to the flat plateaus in clipped time series on seismometers. Therefore, the identification of the start and end points of clipped DAS records poses a major challenge, which we aim to resolve with a neural network. This approach enhances the efficiency for quality control of massive DAS datasets.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Utilization of crowdsourced macroseismic observations to distinguish “high-impact” from “low-impact” earthquakes globally within minutes of an event (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: Rapid assessment of an earthquake’s impact on the affected society is a crucial first step of disaster management, determining further emergency measures. We demonstrate that macroseismic observations, collected as felt reports via the LastQuake service of the European Mediterranean Seismological Center, can be utilized to estimate the probability of a felt earthquake to have a “high impact” rather than a “low impact” on the affected population on a global scale. In our fully data-driven, transparent, and reproducible approach we compare the distribution of felt reports to documented earthquake impact in terms of economic losses, number of fatalities, and number of damaged or destroyed buildings. Using the distribution of felt-reports as predictive parameters and an impact measure as the target parameter, we infer a probabilistic model utilizing Bayes’ theorem and Kernel Density Estimation, that provides the probability of an earthquake to be “high impact”. For 393 felt events in 2021, a sufficient number of felt reports to run the model is collected within 10 minutes after the earthquake. While a clean separation of “high-impact” and “low-impact” events remains a challenging task, unambiguous identification of many “low-impact” events in our dataset is identified as a key strength of our approach. We consider our method a complementary and inexpensive impact assessment tools, that can be utilized instantly in all populated areas on the planet, with the necessary technological infrastructure. Being fully independent of seismic data, our framework poses an affordable option to support disaster management in regions that currently lack expensive seismic instrumentation.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Erratum to Ground‐Motion Modeling as an Image Processing Task: Introducing a Neural Network Based, Fully Data‐Driven, and Nonergodic Approach (2022)
    In:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 29
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    Sensing fault zone at depth through Optical Fiber: Taiwan Milun-fault Drilling and All-inclusive Sensing (Taiwan MiDAS) project (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: The Taiwan Milun fault zone located at the boundary between the Eurasian and Philippine Sea plates. This fault slips frequently and produced large earthquakes, as for example the Mw6.4 Hualien earthquake (6 February 2018). We map and observe the fault zone and its behavior at depth by high spatial resolution dynamic strain sensing with optical fiber. In 2021-2022, we drilled and cored the fault, and deployed a 3D multi-cross-fault fiber array comprising a borehole loop with a depth of 700 m (Hole-A, Hanging wall site, crossing the fault at depth), a surface array crossing the fault rupture zone using commercial fiber, and a second borehole loop of 500m fiber (Hole-B, Footwall site). The high spatial resolution from distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and the retrieved core combined with geophysical logs allow us to characterize the structure on meter-scale. Within the Milun fault zone, we identified a 20-m wide fault core comprised of gray and black gouge in the core sample. DAS strain-rate records associated with the same depth as the fault core show a distinct amplification. The amplification ratio of 2.5-3 is constant as for all types of events (local, teleseismic ), when compared to DAS channels at larger depth, related to a consolidated rock material. Although the fault gouge is narrow, the nature of the amplification in strain is due to its strong material contrast from fault gouge. This result may shed the light on the understanding of fault-zone dynamics in terms of remote earthquake triggering and near-fault ground motion.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    From Elastic Deformation Loading Rates to Heat Flow Anomalies: Constraints on Seismic Efficiency and Friction Coefficient (2020)
    In:  Abstracts
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Spatial b-value distribution based on Gaussian process inference using a geological prior with focus on California and Turkey (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: As a population parameter, reliable estimation of the b-value is intrinsically complicated, particularly when spatial variability is considered. We approach this issue by treating the spatial b-value distribution as a non-stationary Gaussian process for the underlying earthquake-realizing Poisson process. For Gaussian process inference the covariance—which describes here the spatial correlation of the b-value—must be specified a priori. We base the covariance on the local fault structure, i.e. the covariance is anisotropic: elongated along the dominant fault strike and shortened when normal to the fault trace. This adaptive feature captures the geological structure better than an isotropic covariance or similarly defined and commonly used running-window estimates of the b-value. We demonstrate the Bayesian inference of the Gaussian process b-value estimation for two regions: California based on SCEDC earthquake and Turkey based on the AFAD earthquake catalog. The covariances in the inferences are calibrated with the SCEC community fault model the GEM fault model for California and Turkey, respectively. Our model provides a continuous b-value estimate (including its uncertainties) which reflects the local fault structure to a very high degree. We are able to associate the b-value with the local seismicity distribution and link it to major faults. In light of the recent Turkish earthquake sequence, we also assess the temporal evolution of the b-value of recent seismicity before and after major events.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Stress Map of Taiwan 2022 (2022)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: Stress maps show the orientation of the current maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) in the earth's crust. Assuming that the vertical stress (SV) is a principal stress, SHmax defines the orientation of the 3D stress tensor; the minimum horizontal stress Shmin is than perpendicular to SHmax. In stress maps SHmax orientations are represented as lines of different lengths. The length of the line is a measure of the quality of data and the symbol shows the stress indicator and the color the stress regime. The stress data are freely available and part of the World Stress Map (WSM) project. For more information about the data and criteria of data analysis and quality mapping are plotted along the WSM website at http://www.world-stress-map.org. The stress map of Taiwan 2022 is based on the WSM database release 2016. However, all data records have been checked and we added a large number of new data from earthquake focal mechanisms from the national earthquake catalog and from publications. The total number of data records has increased from n=401 in the WSM 2016 to n=6,498 (4,234 with A-C quality) in the stress map of Taiwan 2022 The update with earthquake focal mechanims is even larger since another 1313 earthquake focal mechanism data records beyond the scale of this map have been added to the WSM database. The digital version of the stress map is a layered pdf file generated with GMT (Wessel et al., 2019). It also provide estimates of the mean SHmax orientation on a regular 0.1° grid using the tool stress2grid (Ziegler and Heidbach, 2019). Two mean SHmax orientations are estimated with search radii of r=25 and 50 km, respectively, and with weights according to distance and data quality. The stress map and data are available on the landing page at https://doi.org/10.5880/WSM.Taiwan2022 where further information is provided. The earthquake focal mechanism that are used for this stress map are provided by the Taiwan Earthquake Research Center (TEC) available at the TEC Data Center (https://tec.earth.sinica.edu.tw).
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Comprehensive data set of in-situ hydraulic stimulation experiments for geothermal purposes at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden) (2023)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: This data set contains measurements of an underground hydraulic fracture experiment at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in May and June 2015. The experiment tested various injection schemes for rock fracture stimulation and monitored the resulting seismicity. The primary purpose of the experiment is to identify injection schemes that provide rock fracturing while reducing seismicity or at least mitigate larger seismic events. In total, six tests with three different injection schemes were performed in various igneous rock types. Both the injection process and the accompanied seismicity were monitored. For injection monitoring, the water flow and pressure are provided and additional tests for rock permeability. The seismicity was monitored in both triggered and continuous mode during the tests by high-resolution acoustic emission sensors, accelerometers and broadband seismometers. Both waveform data and seismicity catalogs are provided.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Comprehensive data set of in situ hydraulic stimulation experiments for geothermal purposes at theÄspö Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden) (2024)
    In:  Earth System Science Data
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: In this article, a high-resolution acoustic emission sensor, accelerometer, and broadband seismometer array data set is made available and described in detail from in situ experiments performed at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in May and June 2015. The main goal of the hydraulic stimulation tests in a horizontal borehole at 410m depth in naturally fractured granitic rock mass is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of generating multi-stage heat exchangers in a controlled way superiorly to former massive stimulations applied in enhanced geothermal projects. A set of six, sub-parallel hydraulic fractures is propagated from an injection borehole drilled parallel to minimum horizontal in situ stress and is monitored by an extensive complementary sensor array implemented in three inclined monitoring boreholes and the nearby tunnel system. Three different fluid injection protocols are tested: constant water injection, progressive cyclic injection, and cyclic injection with a hydraulic hammer operating at 5 Hz frequency to stimulate a crystalline rock volume of size 30m30m30m at depth. We collected geological data from core and borehole logs, fracture inspection data from an impression packer, and acoustic emission hypocenter tracking and tilt data, as well as quantified the permeability enhancement process. The data and interpretation provided through this publication are important steps in both upscaling laboratory tests and downscaling field tests in granitic rock in the framework of enhanced geothermal system research. Data described in this paper can be accessed at GFZ Data Services under https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.6.2023.004 (Zang et al., 2023).
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Ground-Motion Modeling as an Image Processing Task: Introducing a Neural Network Based, Fully Data-Driven, and Nonergodic Approach (2022)
    In:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: We construct and examine the prototype of a deep learning-based ground-motion model (GMM) that is both fully data driven and nonergodic. We formulate ground-motion modeling as an image processing task, in which a specific type of neural network, the U-Net, relates continuous, horizontal maps of earthquake predictive parameters to sparse observations of a ground-motion intensity measure (IM). The processing of map-shaped data allows the natural incorporation of absolute earthquake source and observation site coordinates, and is, therefore, well suited to include site-, source-, and path-specific amplification effects in a nonergodic GMM. Data-driven interpolation of the IM between observation points is an inherent feature of the U-Net and requires no a priori assumptions. We evaluate our model using both a synthetic dataset and a subset of observations from the KiK-net strong motion network in the Kanto basin in Japan. We find that the U-Net model is capable of learning the magnitude–distance scaling, as well as site-, source-, and path-specific amplification effects from a strong motion dataset. The interpolation scheme is evaluated using a fivefold cross validation and is found to provide on average unbiased predictions. The magnitude–distance scaling as well as the site amplification of response spectral acceleration at a period of 1 s obtained for the Kanto basin are comparable to previous regional studies.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    Full-waveform-based characterization of acoustic emission activity in a mine-scale experiment: a comparison of conventional and advanced hydraulic fracturing schemes (2020)
    In:  Geophysical Journal International
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: Understanding fracturing processes and the hydromechanical relation to induced seismicity is a key question for enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Commonly massive fluid injection, predominately causing hydroshearing, are used in large-scale EGS but also hydraulic fracturing approaches were discussed. To evaluate the applicability of hydraulic fracturing techniques in EGS, six in situ, multistage hydraulic fracturing experiments with three different injection schemes were performed under controlled conditions in crystalline rock at the A¨ spo¨ Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden). During the experiments the near-field ground motion was continuously recorded by 11 piezoelectric borehole sensors with a sampling rate of 1 MHz. The sensor network covered a volume of 30×30×30 m around a horizontal, 28-m-long injection borehole at a depth of 410 m. To extract and characterize massive, induced, high-frequency acoustic emission (AE) activity from continuous recordings, a semi-automated workflow was developed relying on full waveform based detection, classification and location procedures. The approach extended the AE catalogue from 196 triggered events in previous studies to more than 19 600 located AEs. The enhanced catalogue, for the first time, allows a detailed analysis of induced seismicity during single hydraulic fracturing experiments, including the individual fracturing stages and the comparison between injection schemes. Beside the detailed study of the spatio-temporal patterns, event clusters and the growth of seismic clouds, we estimate relative magnitudes and b-values of AEs for conventional, cyclic progressive and dynamic pulse injection schemes, the latter two being fatigue hydraulic fracturing techniques. While the conventional fracturing leads to AE patterns clustered in planar regions, indicating the generation of a single main fracture plane, the cyclic progressive injection scheme results in a more diffuse, cloud-like AE distribution, indicating the activation of a more complex fracture network. For a given amount of hydraulic energy (pressure multiplied by injected volume) pumped into the system, the cyclic progressive scheme is characterized by a lower rate of seismicity, lower maximum magnitudes and significantly larger b-values, implying an increased number of small events relative to the large ones. To our knowledge, this is the first direct comparison of high resolution seismicity in a mine-scale experiment induced by different hydraulic fracturing schemes.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Revisiting the San Andreas Heat Flow Paradox from the Perspective of Seismic Efficiency and Elastic Power in Southern California (2023)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: We investigate the relation between frictional heating on a fault and the resulting conductive surface heat flow anomaly using the fault's long-term energy budget. Analysis of the surface heat flow surrounding the fault trace leads to a constraint on the frictional power generated on the fault—the mechanism behind the San Andreas fault (SAF) heat flow paradox. We revisit this paradox from a new perspective using an estimate of the long-term accumulating elastic power in the region surrounding the fault, and analyze the paradox using two parameters: the seismic efficiency and the elastic power. The results show that the constraint on frictional power from the classic interpretation is incompatible with the accumulating elastic power and the radiated power from earthquake catalogs. We then explore four mechanisms that can resolve this extended paradox. First, stochastic fluctuations of surface heat flow could mask the fault-generated anomaly (we estimate 21% probability). Second, the elastic power accumulating in the region could be overestimated (≥550 MW required). Third, the seismic efficiency—ratio of radiated energy to elastic work—of the SAF could be higher than that of the remaining faults in the region (≥5.8% required). Fourth, the scaled energy—ratio of radiated energy to seismic moment—on the SAF could be lower than on the remaining faults in the region (a factor 5 difference required). In the last three hypotheses, we analyze the interplay of the energy budget on a single fault with the total energy budget of the region.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Risk governance (2024)
    In:  Elgar Encyclopedia of Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: The IRGC risk governance framework refers to an integrated concept on how to deal with a variety of physical, environmental and social risks characterized by complex, uncertain and ambiguous impacts. The framework has been informed by interdisciplinary research drawing from sociological and psychological research, including investigations about regulatory styles, institutional regimes and public participation. The notion of governance pertains to the many ways in which all relevant actors, individuals and institutions, public and private, deal with interventions that impact nature and human societies. It includes formal institutions and regimes as well as informal arrangements for including stakeholders and the public at large.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    The many faces of uncertainty: a comment to Lofstedt and Bouder (2024)
    In:  Journal of risk research
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: Risk and uncertainty communication of often directed towards addressing the relevance and meaning of probability distributions over negative outcomes and statistical confidence intervals. As much as a professional handling of complex mathematical operations is needed, this will cover only a fraction of what uncertainty communication needs to addres. In those cases where estimates of uncertainty come close to educated guesses, simple beliefs or even total ignorance, other important cues may be more important than formal expertise in risk assessments. These include trust in the risk management agencies or other influential actors, personal experience, indigenous or community-based knowledge, common sense and argumentative or persuasive power. Once the full range of uncertainty is in the focus of risk managemem and communication institutions, an interdisciplinary, inclusive and demand-driven communication strategy needs to be developed. As recommended in the paper by Lofstedt and Bouder, such a targeted approach to risk and uncertainty communication requires interdisciplinary expertise, competence in the social and natural sciences, and practical experience in designing public discourses.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Community resilience through bottom–up participation: when civil society drives urban transformation processes (2024)
    In:  Community Development Journal
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: In recent years, bottom–up civil society initiatives have advanced urban transformation processes in Berlin. Following previous research suggesting that bottom–up participation could have a positive impact on community resilience (CR), we analyse the impact of engagement on Berlin–based civil society initiatives. Whilst a positive effect on resilience can be found, we identify governance processes that would be necessary to enable the full potential of bottom–up participation for CR. Resilience, understood as the capacity of a community to thrive in times of change and uncertainty, is becoming increasingly important for the functioning of (urban) communities; hence, finding ways of strengthening it is deemed necessary.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Curiosity-driven research (2024)
    In:  Elgar Encyclopedia of Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: In the light of the major global crises such as pandemics, war, climate change and inequality, scientific research faces new challenges and targets. Scientific studies are supposed to provide background knowledge, to facilitate the desired transformation towards a sustainable future and to offer assistance for resolving complex problems that accompany societies in transition. Concepts such as transformative, transdisciplinary or co-creative research elucidate the direction in which scientific research finds its new role(s). Based on the discussion of these concepts and their different roots, the entry analyzes a new modular concept for a transdisciplinary scientific approach combining and integrating classic curiosity-driven research with goal oriented (advocacy) knowledge and catalytic, process-oriented expertise. In particular it emphasizes the role and function of curiosity-driven research for a comprehensive design of transdisciplinarity and transformative research. There is no doubt that society needs better transformative knowledge to facilitate actions towards sustainability but such knowledge rests on evidence-based insights from disciplinary and interdisciplinary research efforts. The entry provides an orientation of how this classic research outcomes can effectively be integrated into a transdisciplinary context.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Towards a public policy of cities and human settlements in the 21st century (2024)
    In:  npj urban sustainability
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-02
    Beschreibung: Cities and other human settlements are major contributors to climate change and are highly vulnerable to its impacts. They are also uniquely positioned to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lead adaptation efforts. These compound challenges and opportunities require a comprehensive perspective on the public policy of human settlements. Drawing on core literature that has driven debate around cities and climate over recent decades, we put forward a set of boundary objects that can be applied to connect the knowledge of epistemic communities and support an integrated urbanism. We then use these boundary objects to develop the Goals-Intervention-Stakeholder-Enablers (GISE) framework for a public policy of human settlements that is both place-specific and provides insights and tools useful for climate action in cities and other human settlements worldwide. Using examples from Berlin, we apply this framework to show that climate mitigation and adaptation, public health, and well-being goals are closely linked and mutually supportive when a comprehensive approach to urban public policy is applied. © The Author(s) 2024.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Within- and Between-Event Variabilities of Strong-Velocity Pulses of Moderate Earthquakes within Dense Seismic Arrays (2022)
    In:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-01
    Beschreibung: Ground motion with strong‐velocity pulses can cause significant damage to buildings and structures at certain periods; hence, knowing the period and velocity amplitude of such pulses is critical for earthquake structural engineering. However, the physical factors relating the scaling of pulse periods with magnitude are poorly understood. In this study, we investigate moderate but damaging earthquakes (⁠Mw 6–7) and characterize ground‐motion pulses using the method of Shahi and Baker (2014) while considering the potential static‐offset effects. We confirm that the within‐event variability of the pulses is large. The identified pulses in this study are mostly from strike‐slip‐like earthquakes. We further perform simulations using the frequency–wavenumber algorithm to investigate the causes of the variability of the pulse periods within and between events for moderate strike‐slip earthquakes. We test the effect of fault dips, and the impact of the asperity locations and sizes. The simulations reveal that the asperity properties have a high impact on the pulse periods and amplitudes at nearby stations. Our results emphasize the importance of asperity characteristics, in addition to earthquake magnitudes for the occurrence and properties of pulses produced by the forward directivity effect. We finally quantify and discuss within‐ and between‐event variabilities of pulse properties at short distances.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    A Link between Machine Learning and Optimization in Ground-Motion Model Development: Weighted Mixed-Effects Regression with Data-Driven Probabilistic Earthquake Classification (2020)
    In:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-01
    Beschreibung: The steady increase of ground-motion data not only allows new possibilities but also comes with new challenges in the development of ground-motion models (GMMs). Data classification techniques (e.g., cluster analysis) do not only produce deterministic classifications but also probabilistic classifications (e.g., probabilities for each datum to belong to a given class or cluster). One challenge is the integration of such continuous classification in regressions for GMM development such as the widely used mixed-effects model. We address this issue by introducing an extension of the mixed-effects model to incorporate data weighting. The parameter estimation of the mixed-effects model, that is, fixed-effects coefficients of the GMMs and the random-effects variances, are based on the weighted likelihood function, which also provides analytic uncertainty estimates. The data weighting permits for earthquake classification beyond the classical, expert-driven, binary classification based, for example, on event depth, distance to trench, style of faulting, and fault dip angle. We apply Angular Classification with Expectation–maximization, an algorithm to identify clusters of nodal planes from focal mechanisms to differentiate between, for example, interface- and intraslab-type events. Classification is continuous, that is, no event belongs completely to one class, which is taken into account in the ground-motionmodeling. The theoretical framework described in this article allows for a fully automatic calibration of ground-motionmodels using large databases with automated classification and processing of earthquake and ground-motion data. As an example, we developed a GMM on the basis of the GMM by Montalva et al. (2017) with data from the strong-motion flat file of Bastías and Montalva (2016) with ∼2400 records from 319 events in the Chilean subduction zone. Our GMMwith the data-driven classification is comparable to the expert-classification-based model. Furthermore, the model shows temporal variations of the between-event residuals before and after large earthquakes in the region.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    REHEATFUNQ (REgional HEAT-Flow Uncertainty and aNomaly Quantification) 2.0.1: a model for regional aggregate heat flow distributions and anomaly quantification (2024)
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-07-01
    Beschreibung: Surface heat flow is a geophysical variable that is affected by a complex combination of various heat generation and transport processes. The processes act on different lengths scales, from tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers. In general, it is not possible to resolve all processes due to a lack of data or modeling resources, and hence the heat flow data within a region is subject to residual fluctuations. We introduce the REgional HEAT-Flow Uncertainty and aNomaly Quantification (REHEATFUNQ) model, version 2.0.1. At its core, REHEATFUNQ uses a stochastic model for heat flow within a region, considering the aggregate heat flow to be generated by a gamma-distributed random variable. Based on this assumption, REHEATFUNQ uses Bayesian inference to (i) quantify the regional aggregate heat flow distribution (RAHFD) and (ii) estimate the strength of a given heat flow anomaly, for instance as generated by a tectonically active fault. The inference uses a prior distribution conjugate to the gamma distribution for the RAHFDs, and we compute parameters for a uninformed prior distribution from the global heat flow database by Lucazeau (2019). Through the Bayesian inference, our model is the first of its kind to consistently account for the variability in regional heat flow in the inference of spatial signals in heat flow data. Interpretation of these spatial signals and in particular their interpretation in terms of fault characteristics (particularly fault strength) form a long-standing debate within the geophysical community. We describe the components of REHEATFUNQ and perform a series of goodness-of-fit tests and synthetic resilience analyses of the model. While our analysis reveals to some degree a misfit of our idealized empirical model with real-world heat flow, it simultaneously confirms the robustness of REHEATFUNQ to these model simplifications. We conclude with an application of REHEATFUNQ to the San Andreas fault in California. Our analysis finds heat flow data in the Mojave section to be sufficient for an analysis and concludes that stochastic variability can allow for a surprisingly large fault-generated heat flow anomaly to be compatible with the data. This indicates that heat flow alone may not be a suitable quantity to address fault strength of the San Andreas fault.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    A sustainability and governance index for assessing the EU’s green hydrogen import options (2024)
    In:  Environmental research letters
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-28
    Beschreibung: The European Commission's REPowerEU plan set the target of importing 10 million tonnes of 'green' hydrogen into the European Union (EU) by 2030. Against this backdrop, this paper sets out to assess a central question: which countries can be identified as suitable partners for European green hydrogen imports? Using Germany as a reference case, the article develops a quantitative sustainability and governance index (SGI), assessing five dimensions identified as central to ranking external partners: (i) the political will to scale up a green hydrogen sector; (ii) a country's integration with the EU/Germany; (iii) its commitment to international engagement and climate targets and policies; (iv) environmental regulatory effectiveness; and, (v) its governance performance. With this, the SGI offers a novel way of thinking about potential EU green hydrogen partnerships. Rather than focusing on the geography of renewables or cost structures underpinning a country's export potential, the present index captures the extent to which countries may be suitable for green hydrogen partnerships if judged by political and environmental factors. The empirical analysis suggests significant differences between a total of 113 assessed countries as per their overall index ranking, but also the individual dimensions composing the index. This allows drawing conclusions on the policy focus of potential partnerships, taking choices when facing trade-offs regarding individual dimensions, and prioritizing among the latter.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Living smaller: acceptance, effects and structural factors in the EU (2024)
    In:  Buildings & cities
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-28
    Beschreibung: This article examines limits to per capita living space (i.e. living smaller and/or sharing living space) as a measure for achieving sufficiency in housing. It studies the acceptance, motivation and side-effects of voluntarily reducing living space in five European Union countries: Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Spain and Sweden. Insights are derived from an extensive collection of qualitative empirical material collected from citizen and stakeholder ‘thinking labs’ across the five case countries. Overall, the data reveal an initial reluctance among citizens to reduce living space voluntarily. They also point to some major structural barriers: the housing market and its regulatory framework, social inequality, or dominant societal norms regarding ‘the ideal home’. Enhanced community amenities can compensate for reduced private living space, though contingent upon a clear allocation of rights and responsibilities. Participants also reported positive effects to living smaller, including increased time for leisure activities and proximity to services. This was often coupled with urbanization, which may also be part of living smaller in the future.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    From grey to green? Tipping a coal region incrementally (2024)
    In:  Global environmental change: human and policy dimensions
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-28
    Beschreibung: A rapid and full decarbonisation of both energy and industry is essential to meet the targets in the Paris agreement, which brings coal- and carbon-intensive regions under significant pressure. Some regions have advanced in their transition and can provide insights in the system change processes. In this paper, we investigate the socio-economic transition processes of Essen and Duisburg as part of the wider structural change in the Ruhr Region/ Germany. We explore causes and effects of their trajectories in the last 30 + years and identify differences in outcome as a function of the interventions and/or contextual differences, while investigating whether either city crossed a tipping point in their transition process (yet). Therefore, we specifically evaluate the cities’ development trajectories by seeking evidence for “no”, “incremental” or “radical or tipping” changes in sets of qualitative and quantitative indicators. Our analysis shows that both cities experienced incremental changes in their demographic, economic and political trajectories but we found no evidence for either city to have crossed a tipping point in their transition process yet. However, distinct developments in the cities’ policy narratives and visions indicate qualitative changes while putting them on different development trajectories potentially leading to tipping points in the future. Our study shows that the sequence of interventions and timing are important factors for the trajectory of a region determining the quality of societal change. It also suggests that radical change and tipping are the exception rather than the rule, especially in the highly complex social systems of cities.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    The role of social capital in managing risks: a bibliometric analysis and literature review (2024)
    In:  Journal of risk research
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-28
    Beschreibung: Disasters and crises affect more people around the world than reported in official documents by national or international agencies. Meanwhile, climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic, several wars worldwide and other crises expose a large proportion of the entire population to substantial risks, as well as profoundly affecting human health globally. Many of these impacts remain unnoticed by governance authorities, since many coping strategies are based on bottom-up activities rather than top-down policies. This raises the question: how can we be adequately prepared for a next pandemic or other unforeseen extreme events? Social capital could provide some clues for resilient responses that could be integrated in risk planning and management practice. In this paper, a comprehensive review is provided based on bibliometric analysis. A total number of 2872 published articles were documented and classified. In addition, the geographic locations and the institutional affiliations were assessed and visualized. Four salient research themes were identified as follows: (1) Knowledge sources of the research domain; (2) Individual social capital and risky behaviors; (3) Disaster management and resilience building; and (4) Health issues in the COVID-19 Era. This study offered some practical insights for mobilizing and developing social capital in different phases of risk management. Nevertheless, more inter- and transdisciplinary research across domains is needed to articulate a more comprehensive view of the development of social capital in various risk situations.
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Status of Concentrated Solar Power Plants Installed Worldwide: Past and Present Data (2024)
    In:  Clean Technologies
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-28
    Beschreibung: Solar energy is not only the most abundant energy on earth but it is also renewable. The use of this energy is expanding very rapidly mainly through photovoltaic technology. However, electricity storage remains a bottleneck in tackling solar resource variability. Thus, solar thermal energy becomes of particular interest when energy storage is required, as thermal energy storage is much cheaper than electricity storage. The objective of this paper is to make a short update on the CSP (Concentrated Solar Power) market as of the year 2023. It is based on the CSP-GURU database, which lists information on CSP power plants all over the world. Although this database is open, it is not easy to find UpToDate analysis. An overview of this expanding technology is presented and offers readable figures with the most important information. This includes the evolution of installed capacities worldwide along with upcoming projects (under construction) and technological trends. The evolution of storage capacities and operating temperatures is discussed. Investment costs and levelized cost of electricity are also provided to obtain reliable data for comparison with other energy technologies. Specific land requirements are highlighted, along with overall efficiency. Relevant examples are discussed in this paper. Eventually, it outlines the evolution of the CSP landscape with useful information for scientific and educational purposes.
    Sprache: Englisch
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