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  • 551.22  (25)
  • ddc:330  (25)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Deutschland
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • English  (29)
  • German  (24)
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  • 2020-2022  (52)
  • 1
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    Zur Geschichte der Geophysik in Deutschland (2021)
    Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft, Hamburg
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-07
    Description: Die Jubiläumsschrift zum 75jährigen Bestehen der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft (DGG) enthält zahlreiche Beiträge von Mitgliedern zu vier Schwerpunkten: 1) Eine Aktualisierung der Geschichte der DGG vor allem zu den an Ereignissen reichen letzten 25 Jahren sowie Ergänzungen zu vorausgegangenen Darstellungen. 2) Die Darstellung der Geschichte geophysikalischer Institute und Institutionen in Deutschland inklusive eines Rückblicks auf das erfolgreiche Wirken ihrer verdienstvollen Persönlichkeiten. 3) Die Beschreibung einer Auswahl in der deutschen Geophysik angegangener Großprojekte der letzten 25 Jahre. 4) In Anlehnung an die Festschrift zum 50jährigen Gründungsjubiläum ist schließlich noch ein Kapitel zu geophysikalischen 'Detailthemen' ausgeführt. In ihm sind auch Beiträge enthalten, die Traditionslinien bzw. Arbeiten betreffen, die in der früheren DDR aufgenommen worden waren und z.T. keine direkte Fortsetzung an einer Nachfolgeinstitution gefunden haben.
    Description: commemorativepublication
    Keywords: 550 ; Geschichte der Geophysik ; Festschriften {Geophysik} ; Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft ; Deutschland ; Geophysik ; Geschichte ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: anthology_digi
    Format: 226 S.
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  • 2
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    Detection Limits and Near-Field Ground Motions of Fast and Slow Earthquakes (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-25
    Description: We investigate theoretical limits to detection of fast and slow seismic events, and spatial variations of ground motion expected from M 6 earthquakes at short epicentral distances. The analyses are based on synthetic velocity seismograms calculated with the discrete wavenumber method assuming seismic velocities and attenuation properties of the crust in Southern California. The examined source properties include different magnitudes (M −1.0 to M 6.0), static stress drops (0.1–10 MPa), and slow and fast ruptures (0.1–0.9 of shear wave velocity). For the M 6 events we also consider variations in rise times producing crack- and pulse-type events and different rupture directivities. Slow events produce ground motion with considerably lower amplitude than corresponding regular fast earthquakes with the same magnitude, and hence are significantly more difficult to detect. The static stress drop and slip rise time also affect the maximum radiated seismic motion, and hence event detectability. Apart from geometrical factors, the saturation and depletion of seismic ground motion at short epicentral distances stem from radiation pattern, earthquake size (magnitude, stress drop), and rupture directivity. The rupture velocity, rise time, and directivity affect significantly the spatial pattern of the ground motions. The results can help optimizing detection of slow and fast small earthquakes and understand the spatial distribution of ground motion generated by large events.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; slow earthquakes ; ground motions ; earthquake detection ; source parameters
    Language: English
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Is Coulomb Stress the Best Choice for Aftershock Forecasting? (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: The Coulomb failure stress (CFS) criterion is the most commonly used method for predicting spatial distributions of aftershocks following large earthquakes. However, large uncertainties are always associated with the calculation of Coulomb stress change. The uncertainties mainly arise due to nonunique slip inversions and unknown receiver faults; especially for the latter, results are highly dependent on the choice of the assumed receiver mechanism. Based on binary tests (aftershocks yes/no), recent studies suggest that alternative stress quantities, a distance-slip probabilistic model as well as deep neural network (DNN) approaches, all are superior to CFS with predefined receiver mechanism. To challenge this conclusion, which might have large implications, we use 289 slip inversions from SRCMOD database to calculate more realistic CFS values for a layered half-space and variable receiver mechanisms. We also analyze the effect of the magnitude cutoff, grid size variation, and aftershock duration to verify the use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the ranking of stress metrics. The observations suggest that introducing a layered half-space does not improve the stress maps and ROC curves. However, results significantly improve for larger aftershocks and shorter time periods but without changing the ranking. We also go beyond binary testing and apply alternative statistics to test the ability to estimate aftershock numbers, which confirm that simple stress metrics perform better than the classic Coulomb failure stress calculations and are also better than the distance-slip probabilistic model.
    Keywords: 551.22
    Language: English
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Mit Geophysik in die Zukunft - eine Denkschrift 1997 (2021)
    DGG, [Münster]
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: Wird heute genug für die wissenschaftliche und technologische Steuerung des sich immer rasanter vollziehenden globalen und regionalen Wandels der Bio- und Geosphäre getan? Hat die internationale Gemeinschaft die Kraft zu einem sinnvollen, übergreifenden "Umwelt-Management"? Geophysik kann auf Grund ihrer interdisziplinären Stellung innerhalb der Naturwissenschaften und mit ihren vielfältigen Beziehungen zur Technik zum effizienten Einsatz der Kräfte und Mittel beitragen - in einer Zeit weltweiter sozialer, politischer und eben auch ökologischer Konflikte. Geophysik kann notwendige Prioritäten wissenschaftlich begründen und verfechten und somit helfen, weittragende und konsensfähige Entscheidungen vorzubereiten, um gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz und Unterstützung für die Politik zu erreichen. Die Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft - getragen von ihrer Verantwortung um den Beitrag der Geophysik für die gemeinsame Zukunft - wendet sich im 75. Jahr ihres Bestehens mit dieser Denkschrift an die Öffentlichkeit. Teil I enthält einen Überblick zur Spezifik, zur Stellung, zu den Zielen und zur Bedeutung der Geophysik. Im Teil II stellen führende Geophysiker ausgewählte Beispiele moderner geophysikalischer Forschung vor. Teil III ist statistisch angelegt und gibt einen kurzen Überblick zu den in Deutschland angesiedelten Institutionen geophysikalischer Lehre und Forschung. Die Denkschrift "Mit Geophysik in die Zukunft" will Politiker, Industrielle, Wissenschaftler, Vertreter der Medien und interessierte Bürger erreichen, um im Interesse des Gemeinwohls zu angemessener Wissenschaftsförderung und kluger Zukunftsgestaltung beizutragen.
    Description: commemorativepublication
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 550 ; Wissenschaftsorganisation und -pflege {Geophysik} ; Geophysik ; Wissenschaft ; Forschung ; Deutschland ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 5
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    Expenditure-based indicators of energy poverty : an analysis of income and expenditure elasticities (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: Energy poverty is high up on national and European Union policy agendas. A number of possible indicators to measure the issue have been identified in the literature, but comparable data with European coverage is scarce. The EU Commission thus proposes four independent indicators on the "EU Energy Poverty Observatory" based on self-reported items from the pan-European surveys on income and living conditions (SILC) and household budgets (HBS). It is of increasing public interest to analyse social impacts of energy policies, and quantify energy poverty indicators also from modelling. This paper first shortly outlines how the expenditure-based indicators using HBS micro data may be directly linked to existing macroeconomic models through their defining variables (energy expenditure and income). As endogenous modelling based on micro data is difficult, the link may be country-specific elasticities. The main contribution of the paper is a systematic in-depth sensitivity analysis of the two indicators to changes in income and energy expenditure following varying patterns in the underlying distributions of the micro data. The results may be used by future soft links to models. The results display sometimes counterintuitive effects. We find that whether these indicators increase/decrease after a change of income or energy expenditure largely depends on the specific country-wise income and energy expenditure distribution between households on a micro-level. Due to their definition, the examined indicators are especially sensitive, when income changes alter the indicator threshold values, which in these cases are the median values in underlying distributions. We discuss these findings and relate them to several indicator shortcomings and potential remedies through changes in indicator definition.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 6
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    Towards a more realistic cost-benefit analysis : attempting to integrate transaction costs and energy efficiency services (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: In order to calculate the financial return of energy efficiency measures, a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a proven tool for investors. Generally, however, most CBAs for investors have a narrow focus, which is - simply speaking - on investment costs compared with energy cost savings over the life span of the investment. This only provides part of the full picture. Ideally, a comprehensive or extended CBA would take additional benefits as well as additional costs into account. The objective of this paper is to reflect upon integrating into a CBA two important cost components: transaction costs and energy efficiency services - and how they interact. Even though this concept has not been carried out to the knowledge of the authors, we even go a step further to try to apply this idea. In so doing, we carried out a meta-analysis on relevant literature and existing data and interviewed a limited number of energy experts with comprehensive experience in carrying out energy services. Even though data is hardly available, we succeeded in constructing three real-world cases and applied an extended CBA making use of information gathered on transaction costs and energy services costs. We were able to show that, despite these additional cost components, the energy efficiency measures are economically viable. Quantitative data was not available on how energy services reduce transaction costs; more information on this aspect could render our results even more positive. Even though empirical and conceptual research must intensify efforts to design an even more comprehensive CBA, these first-of-its-kind findings can counterargue those that believe energy efficiency is not worth it (in monetary terms) due to transaction costs or energy services costs. In fact, this is good news for energy efficiency and for those that seek to make use of our findings to argue in favor of taking up energy efficiency investments in businesses.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Vom Abfall- zum nachhaltigen Ressourcenmanagement (2021)
    München : Oekom
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 8
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    Measuring non-financial forms of capital (2021)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: This chapter turns to the measurement of performance in delivering corporate and ecosystem purposes. The metrics are designed to capture the pain points in the ecosystem that need to be addressed and the success of the intervention in addressing them. This requires measures of non-financial as well as financial performance. The chapter provides an overview of measurements of non-financial forms of capital: natural, human, and social. In examining natural capital, it contrasts input measures that record the amount of natural resources that are used in the production process and output measures that examine the impact of the inputs on products, emissions, waste, etc. It notes that measuring inputs is in general more straightforward than outputs and it therefore argues that natural capital metrics should be constructed around inputs rather than outputs.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Bei welchen Bauteilen ist die Gewinnung hochwertiger Metalle aus Altautos wirtschaftlich? (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-21
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 10
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    Die politische Ökonomie des Strukturwandels : Konzeptualisierung einer "Just transition" im Rheinischen Braunkohlerevier (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: Unser Papier entwickelt Maßnahmen für eine "Just transition"-Governance als Grundlage einer Politischen Ökonomie im Strukturwandel. Für eine Fallstudie im Rheinischen Braunkohlerevier wurden sechs Experteninterviews mit Bürgerinitiativen, Gewerkschaften und Vertretern des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen den Bedarf an politischen Maßnahmen in verschiedenen Bereichen auf: Während für die Traditionsfirmen der Braunkohleindustrie und deren Beschäftigten eine Vielzahl von Förderpolitiken entwickelt wurde und wird, erhalten Beschäftigte von Subunternehmen kaum Unterstützung im Strukturwandel. Letztere sind daher einem hohen Risiko ausgesetzt, durch den Ausstieg aus der Kohleförderung ihren Arbeitsplatz zu verlieren. Die Interviews zeigten auch, dass im Rheinischen Braunkohlerevier aufgrund des geltenden Bergbaugesetzes Flächen zu einer knappen Ressource werden könnten. Der Akteurszentrierte Institutionalismus wird genutzt, um Maßnahmen abzuleiten, die den Bedürfnissen der verschiedenen Interessengruppen entsprechen. Abschließend werden Bezüge sowohl zum Transition Management als auch zur Politischen Ökonomie hergestellt.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 11
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    Ökonomie der Abfallvermeidung (2021)
    München : Oekom
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 12
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    A circular economy for the data centre industry : using design methods to address the challenge of whole system sustainability in a unique industrial sector (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: The data centre industry (DCI) has grown from zero in the 1980s, to enabling 60% of the global population to be connected in 2021 via 7.2 million data centres. The DCI is based on a linear economy and there is an urgent need to transform to a Circular Economy to establish a secure supply chain and ensure an economically stable and uninterrupted service, which is particularly difficult in an industry that is comprised of ten insular subsectors. This paper describes the CEDaCI project which was established to address the challenge in this unique sector; this ground-breaking project employs a whole systems approach, Design Thinking and the Double Diamond methods, which rely on people/stakeholder engagement throughout. The paper reviews and assesses the impact of these methods and project to date, using quantitative and qualitative research, via an online sectoral survey and interviews with nine data centre and IT industry experts. The results show that the project is creating positive impact and initiating change across the sector and that the innovative output (designs, business models, and a digital tool) will ensure that sectoral transformation continues; the project methods and structure will also serve as an exemplar for other sectors.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Elastic Fault Interactions and Earthquake Rupture Along the Southern Hellenic Subduction Plate Interface Zone in Greece (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-27
    Description: The importance of splay-thrust faults in subduction seismogenesis is increasingly acknowledged; however, their elastic interaction with the plate interface remains unclear. Here, we use GPS velocities, constrained by millennial fault slip rates, to study elastic fault-interactions between the plate interface and its upper-plate splay-thrust faults from the southern Hellenic Subduction System (HSS). We find that, despite its largely aseismic character, the HSS plate interface zone is kinematically segmented, with slip rate deficits locally reaching ~85% and ~45% of the plate convergence rate on the western and eastern segments, respectively, and on structures different from those that ruptured historically. Although western Crete has been more active seismically during late Holocene, we find that the eastern HSS has higher seismic potential for large-magnitude (M 〉 6) earthquakes and its interface zone is closer to failure. Elastic fault interactions are responsible for both significant intersegment variability in strain accumulation and uniformity in earthquake rupture segmentation along the HSS over millennial timescales.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; subduction seismogenesis ; GPS ; locking degree ; fault interactions ; earthquake rupture segmentation
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Temporal Modulation of the Local Microseism in the North Sea (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-12
    Description: Primary and secondary microseism originating in the world oceans and peaking at around 14 and 7 s, respectively, characterize the Earth's background noise in that frequency range. Microseism generated in marginal seas with partly shorter periods and higher spatial and temporal variability is less studied and requires stations in immediate proximity to the source to be observed. Such studies can help to elucidate the exact microseism generation areas and mechanisms in a constrained area. We analyze 15 years of broadband data recorded at the seismic station on Helgoland island in the marginal North Sea. In addition to remote primary (RPM) and secondary microseism (RSM) originating in the North Atlantic, we observe strong and dominant local secondary microseism (LSM) with on average higher frequencies above 0.2 Hz, in accordance with shorter wave periods of about 4–8 s in the shallow North Sea. During times with low RSM activity we observe local primary microseism (LPM) at frequencies in agreement with local ocean wave periods. The higher horizontal to vertical (H/V) ratio of LPM with respect to LSM indicates a major non-Rayleigh wave contribution. LSM and LPM show a strong modulation with local semidiurnal ocean tides and microseism energy maxima preceding the water level maximum by 2.5 and 1.5 hr, respectively. This time shift might be influenced by stronger currents during rising than falling tides. Active sources of tide-modulated microseism migrate along the North Sea coast in sync with the ocean tidal signal as evidenced by comparison of LSM maxima at stations distributed along the coast.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; ocean microseism ; seismic noise ; seismic noise sources ; ocean tides
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Delayed and Sustained Remote Triggering of Small Earthquakes in the San Jacinto Fault Region by the 2014 Mw 7.2 Papanoa, Mexico Earthquake (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-03
    Description: We apply a move max matched-filter method to detect heightened seismicity triggered in the San Jacinto fault (SJF) zone, by the 2014 Mw 7.2 Papanoa, Mexico earthquake. The move max matched filter detects 5.4 and 1.7 times the number of earthquakes in the Southern California Seismic Network catalog and those detected by the matched-filter method, respectively. The seismicity rate increases significantly ~3.5 hr after the passage of the teleseismic waves and persists above the background level for about 1 week. This observation of delayed triggering may imply that dynamic stresses had initiated a time-dependent advance to failure or a secondary process. A highly active triggered patch is located ~10 km west of the SJF near Anza, on a previously unmapped fault. Focal mechanisms and a best fit plane suggest a normal fault perpendicular to the SJF. The unmapped fault may indicate higher seismic hazard in the surrounding areas if a large earthquake nucleated around the Anza seismic gap.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 557 ; Southern California ; San Jacinto Fault ; triggering ; move max matched-filter ; unmapped fault ; Anza gap
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Erdbebenstationen und Seismogramme in Deutschland seit 1898 (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-03
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; seismogram ; earthquake ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German , English
    Type: presentation
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  • 17
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    Kreislaufwirtschaft in der Elektrofahrradbranche : Untersuchung zur Refabrikation als Lösungsansatz für eine Kreislaufführung von Elektrofahrrädern (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-08
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 18
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    Applying Conservation of Energy to Estimate Earthquake Frequencies from Strain Rates and Stresses (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-06
    Description: Estimating earthquake occurrence rates from the accumulation rate of seismic moment is an established tool of seismic hazard analysis. We propose an alternative, fault-agnostic approach based on the conservation of energy: the Energy-Conserving Seismicity Framework (ENCOS). Working in energy space has the advantage that the radiated energy is a better predictor of the damage potential of earthquake waves than the seismic moment release. In a region, ENCOS balances the stationary power available to cause earthquakes with the long-term seismic energy release represented by the energy-frequency distribution's first moment. Accumulation and release are connected through the average seismic efficiency, by which we mean the fraction of released energy that is converted into seismic waves. Besides measuring earthquakes in energy, ENCOS differs from moment balance essentially in that the energy accumulation rate depends on the total stress in addition to the strain rate tensor. To validate ENCOS, we exemplarily model the energy-frequency distribution around Southern California. We estimate the energy accumulation rate due to tectonic loading assuming poroelasticity and hydrostasis. Using data from the World Stress Map and assuming the frictional limit to estimate the stress tensor, we obtain a power of 0.8 GW. The uncertainty range, 0.3–2.0 GW, originates mainly from the thickness of the seismogenic crust, the friction coefficient on preexisting faults, and models of Global Positioning System (GPS) derived strain rates. Based on a Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency distribution, this power can be distributed over a range of energies consistent with historical earthquake rates and reasonable bounds on the seismic efficiency.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; conservation of energy ; linear poroelasticity ; seismicity model ; Southern California
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    Low-Frequency Seismicity at Villarrica Volcano: Source Location and Seismic Velocities (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-01
    Description: Villarrica Volcano (Chile) is one of the most active volcanoes in South America. Its low-frequency (≤5 Hz) seismicity consists of a continuous tremor, overlain by impulsive transient events of higher amplitude in 60-s intervals. This signal was recorded in March 2012 by an extensive local network, comprising 75 stations and including 6 subarrays. It allowed us to apply and compare three techniques to locate the origin of the seismicity: intersection of propagation directions determined by array analysis, mapping amplitudes, and modeling of amplitude decay. All methods yield almost identical, temporally stable, epicenters inside the summit crater, which confirms earlier attributions of the seismicity to volcanic activity inside the conduit. The discrete transients and the interevent tremor share the same source location. From the dominance of surface waves and the obvious scattering, we infer a source near the surface. For two arrays at the northern and western flank, a dispersion relation was derived, which allowed for the determination of S wave velocity-depth functions. At both locations, the velocity structure can be modeled by three layers with interfaces at 100 and 400m depths. The velocities (300 to 3,000 m/s) correspond to pyroclastic material at different states of consolidation. The modeling of the amplitude decay reveals a quality factor around 50.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; volcano seismology ; beamforming ; amplitude decay ; source location ; scattering ; S wave velocity structure
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    Circular business models for remanufacturing in the electric bicycle industry (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-12-03
    Description: The rising popularity and strong increase in the number of electric bicycles make it necessary to consider the built-in resources as well as possible treatments after the use phase. The time lag between the purchase and the occurrence of relevant defects suggests significant increases in defective components. Especially the great dynamics of the market due to regular innovations, product renewals, and the lack of spare parts availability for older models make the long-term use by customers much more difficult than for conventional bicycles. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze circular business models for the electric bicycle market. In this way, the required structures for a sustainable electric bicycle industry can be created so that valuable materials do not go into disposal but undergo a new use phase. Based on the results of "AddRE-Mo-Value Preservation Scenarios for Urban Electromobility of Persons and Loads through Additive Manufacturing and Remanufacturing," a research project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, this paper addresses four circular business models, two sales models, and two service models. The guiding research interest of this paper is the combination of remanufacturing and additive manufacturing from a business model perspective, analyzing the extent to which additive remanufacturing can be considered a solution for electric bicycles' circularity. After describing the approach and methods used to develop these four circular business models the business models are described and analyzed using the Business Model Canvas. Based on this analysis, it is shown that the combination of remanufacturing and additive manufacturing can be applied to the electric bicycle market and be integrated into both sales and service models. The description of these business models will help managers design viable business models in the context of sustainable electric bicycles. It also shows that the individual partners within the value chain must collaborate more closely. In the electric bicycle industry, a single company will probably not be able to close the product cycle completely. Further research is needed to develop concepts of the business models and examine their practical feasibility in technical and organizational operations to achieve a circular economy.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 21
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    Abfallvermeidung : die Impulse sind da, die Arbeit liegt noch vor uns! (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-11-11
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 22
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    Economics of waste prevention : second-hand products in Germany (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-11
    Description: Reuse is still seen as a "niche phenomenon" and consumers seem to waste economic opportunities linked to buying and selling second-hand products. For this reason, this paper focuses on incentives and barriers to sell and buy second-hand products, as indicated in the literature, and applies a theoretical framework of transaction costs to explain the existing consumption patterns. For this paper, a representative online survey was conducted in which 1023 consumers in Germany participated, age 16 and older. The data were analyzed for statistically significant deviations between different groups of economic actors selling or buying second-hand products. Results show that valuable unused products exist in households, but barriers such as uncertainties about the reliability of the buyer or the quality of the product hinder the transition into sustainable consumption. Different forms of transaction costs are important explanatory variables to explain why consumers nevertheless predominantly buy new products, although they are aware that second-hand would save money and make an individual contribution to climate protection.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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    The growing impact of decentralised actors in power generation : a comparative analysis of the energy transition in Germany and Japan (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-11
    Description: This paper argues that, although Japan's and Germany's energy transition paths differ in detail, a trend towards decentralisation is clearly evident in both countries. Based on comprehensive screening, own stocktaking and the results of a stakeholder dialogue, this paper highlights the motivation for different local actors to enter the energy market in both countries. Although there are challenges to success in a market dominated by large energy companies, this paper argues that the benefits to local communities outweigh the efforts. Overall, it is shown that democratisation and the decentralisation of the energy system are suitable to facilitate a successful transformation process in both countries.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 24
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    Hyperspectral outcrop models for palaeoseismic studies (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-10
    Description: The traditional study of palaeoseismic trenches, involving logging, stratigraphic and structural interpretation, can be time consuming and affected by biases and inaccuracies. To overcome these limitations, a new workflow is presented that integrates infrared hyperspectral and photogrammetric data to support field-based palaeoseismic observations. As a case study, this method is applied on two palaeoseismic trenches excavated across a post-glacial fault scarp in northern Finnish Lapland. The hyperspectral imagery (HSI) is geometrically and radiometrically corrected, processed using established image processing algorithms and machine learning approaches, and co-registered to a structure-from-motion point cloud. HSI-enhanced virtual outcrop models are a useful complement to palaeoseismic field studies as they not only provide an intuitive visualisation of the outcrop and a versatile data archive, but also enable an unbiased assessment of the mineralogical composition of lithologic units and a semi-automatic delineation of contacts and deformational structures in a 3D virtual environment. Résumé L'étude traditionnelle des tranchées paléosismiques, impliquant l'enregistrement des coupes et l'interprétation stratigraphique et structurelle, peut prendre beaucoup de temps et être entachée de biais et d'inexactitudes. Pour surmonter ces limites, une nouvelle méthodologie est présentée, intégrant des données photogrammétriques et hyperspectrales infrarouges en appui aux observations paléosismiques de terrain. Comme étude de cas, cette méthode est appliquée à deux tranchées paléosismiques creusées à travers un escarpement de faille post-glaciaire dans le nord de la Laponie finlandaise. L'imagerie hyperspectrale (HSI) est corrigée géométriquement et radiométriquement, traitée à l'aide d'algorithmes classiques de traitement d'images et d'apprentissage machine, et recalée sur un nuage de points photogrammétrique. Les modèles virtuels d'affleurements améliorés par HSI constituent un complément utile aux études paléosismiques de terrain, car ils fournissent non seulement une visualisation intuitive de l'affleurement et une archive de données facile d'emploi, mais permettent également une évaluation non biaisée de la composition minéralogique d'unités lithologiques ainsi qu'une délimitation semi-automatique des contacts et des structures de déformation dans un environnement virtuel 3D.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; geology ; hyperspectral imaging ; outcrop models ; palaeoseismology ; remote sensing ; SfM photogrammetry
    Language: English
    Type: map
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  • 25
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    Climate neutrality in business : ten recommendations for implementation (2021)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: More and more companies are announcing their intention to become climate-neutral and numerous companies already offer climate-neutral products or services: From climate-neutral parcel delivery to air travel. But what exactly do the companies' net-zero targets mean? Is the target set ambitious? And what role does offsetting play, i.e., purchasing carbon credits that are accounted against the company's own climate target? The approaches behind the proclaimed targets are often difficult to understand. Against this background, this Zukunftsimpuls provides ten recommendations for the definition and implementation of neutrality targets. Among other things, the authors advocate the use of a robust database as the basis for net-zero targets, emphasize the importance of transparent communication, and highlight the role that offsetting should play. Purchased carbon credits should make as limited a contribution as possible for meeting climate targets and should only be used to offset emissions that cannot be reduced or avoided. More generally, net-zero targets should not be made the sole criterion for ambitious climate strategies. Rather, they are a building block of a much more comprehensive strategy of corporate climate action.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 26
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    Über die Laufzeiten der Vorläufer- und Wechselwellen bei Erdbeben in ihrer Beziehung zur Schichtung der Erdrinde (2020)
    Gustav Fischer Verlag
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN III, 8549:5
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Zur Bestimmung des Weges und der Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Erdbebenwellen im Erdinneren lassen sich zwei Methoden anwenden. Entweder wird unter Zugrundelegung von Annahmen über Wellengeschwindigkeiten innerhalb einzelner Erdschichten versucht, gegebene Laufzeitkurven zu approximieren, oder man schließt aus den Laufzeitkurven direkt auf den Weg der Erdbebenwellen im Erdinnern. Gerade die zweite direkte Methode zur Strahlberechnung, die Herglotz-Wiechertsche Methode, die sich auf die Theorie der Abelschen Integralgleichung stützt, hat außerordentlich viel Verwendung gefunden. Jedoch ergaben die neuesten Erfahrungen, dass in manchen Fällen das zuerst von E. Wiechert angegebene Näherungsverfahren vorzuziehen ist…Aus dieser Erwägung heraus erhebt sich jetzt die Frage nach dem Aufbau der Erdrinde. Welche von den Ergebnissen sind für Untersuchungen des Verlaufes der Erdbebenwellen bei Fernbeben zu berücksichtigen. In den Bearbeitungen des Materials der Oppau-Katastrophe treten bei 0. Hecker und De Quervain nicht unerhebliche Abweichungen auf. Es wird daher eine neue Berechnung der Stationsentfernungen durchgeführt und die Laufzeitkurve neu bestimmt (v= 5,66 km/sec).
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.22 ; TOH 300 ; Seismische Wellen {Geophysik} ; Wechselwellen ; Vorläuferwellen ; Erdbeben ; Erdrinde ; Laufzeiten ; Oppaubeben 1921 ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: anthology_digi
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  • 27
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    Die wichtigeren Erdbeben des Jahres 1924 und ihre Bearbeitung (2020)
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Göttingen
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN III, 8549:11
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Der vorliegende Katalog der seismischen Registrierungen des Jahres 1924 gibt nicht, wie frühere Kataloge, eine vollständige Übersicht über die von den seismischen Stationen aufgezeichneten Beben, sondern er enthält nur diejenigen Beben, die für Arbeiten über Laufzeitkurven in Betracht kommen. Der erste Teil des Kataloges, „Verzeichnis der stärkeren seismischen Registrierungen“ ist eine Zusammenstellung der Beben, bei denen nach dem Umfange des Stationsmaterials eine mikroseismische Bestimmung des Epizentrums und der Stoßzeit im Epizentrum möglich schien. Wenn sich im Laufe der Untersuchung herausstellte, dass das Material für eine exakte Bearbeitung unzureichend war, wurde für das betreffende Beben nur eine Übersicht über die Einsatzzeiten der Vorläuferwellen gegeben und es wurden dabei die Stationen nach den Einsatzzeiten des ersten Vorläufers geordnet. Für die bearbeiteten Beben enthält der erste Teil die genauen Herdkoordinaten, die Stoßzeit im Epizentrum und Angaben über die verwendeten Methoden zur Epizentralbestimmung. Im zweiten Teil, „Bearbeitung der gut ausgeprägten seismischen Registrierungen“ wurden nur diejenigen Beben aufgeführt, bei denen sich auf Grund des mikroseismischen Beobachtungsmaterials eine genaue Lokalisierung des Bebenherdes durchführen ließ. Die Tabellen enthalten die Stationen nach den aus den Koordinaten von Epizentrum und Station berechneten Herdentfernungen geordnet, sowie die Einsatzzeiten des ersten und zweiten Vorläufers, der Hauptwellen und die Lage des Maximums. Ebenso wurden alle weiteren Angaben über die Art des Einsatzes (e oder i), Periode und Amplitude der einzelnen Phasen eingetragen. Für die Bearbeitung der Nahbeben wurden die Laufzeitkurven von Mohorovičić zugrunde gelegt und zur Kennzeichnung der „individuellen“ Phasen P und S die Einsatzzeiten dieser Phasen in den Tabellen überstrichen. Für die Bestimmung der Fernbeben diente die Jenaer mittlere Laufzeitkurve als Grundlage. Das für einige Beben vorhandene makroseismische Material wurde bei der Bestimmung des Epizentrums berücksichtigt. Zur Prüfung der verwendeten Laufzeitkurven wurden für jede Station die Abweichungen der beobachteten Laufzeiten von der Laufzeitkurve berechnet.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.22 ; Häufigkeit und Verbreitung von Erdbeben {Geophysik} ; Erdbeben 1924 ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: anthology_digi
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  • 28
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    Das Einsturzbeben in Thüringen vom 28. Jan. 1926 (2020)
    Gustav Fischer Verlag
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN III, 8549:6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Am Donnerstag den 28. Januar 1926 um 5 Uhr 58 Min. MEZ nachmittags erschütterte ein Erdbeben mäßiger Stärke den östlichen Teil des Thüringer Beckens, die sogenannte Saaleplatte zwischen Saale und Elster; am kräftigsten wirkte es in Stadtroda. Seismometrisch registriert wurde es zu Jena (Epizentralentfernung ∆ = 13 km), Plauen (∆ = 50 km), Leipzig (∆ = 73 km) und Göttingen (∆ = 146 km), am zuletzt genannten Orte allerdings nur noch mit dem zweitausendfach vergrößernden Siebzehntonnenpendel von WIECHERT. Trotz der Unbedeutendheit dieses Bebens erschien seine Untersuchung geboten, um so mehr als Erdbeben thüringischen Ursprunges zu den Seltenheiten gehören.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.22 ; TOH 700 ; TOH 910 ; TSB 219 ; VEB 219 ; Erdbebenwirkungen und Erdbeben-Engineering {Geophysik} ; Europa {Seismologie} ; Thüringen {Geophysik} ; Thüringen {Geologie} ; Erdbeben ; Isoseistenkarte ; Erdbeben 1926 ; Einsturzbeben ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: anthology_digi
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  • 29
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    How well does known seismicity between the Lower Rhine Graben and southern North Sea reflect future earthquake activity? (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Since the 14th century, moderate seismic activity with 14 earthquakes of magnitude MW≥5.0 occurred in Western Europe in a region extending from the Lower Rhine Graben (LRG) to the southern North Sea. In this paper, we investigate how well this seismic activity could reflect that of the future. The observed earthquake activity in the LRG is continuous and concentrates on the Quaternary normal faults delimiting the LRG, which are also the source of large surface rupturing Holocene and Late Pleistocene earthquakes. The estimated magnitudes of these past earthquakes range from 6.3±0.3 to 7.0±0.3 while their average recurrence on individual faults varies from ten thousand to a few ten thousand years, which makes foreseeing future activity over the long-term possible. Three of the largest historical earthquakes with MW≥5.5 occurred outside the LRG. Late Quaternary activity along the fault zones suspected to be the source of two of these earthquakes, i.e. the 1580 Strait of Dover and 1692 northern Belgian Ardennes earthquakes, is very elusive if it exists. Hence, similar earthquakes would be very infrequent at these locations suggesting that the seismicity outside of the LRG would be episodic and clustered on some faults during periods of a few hundreds of years interrupted by long periods of inactivity typically lasting for some tens to hundreds of thousand years. Seismic moment release estimation and its comparison between recent geological and historical seismicity periods lead us to suggest that the high seismicity level observed between AD 1350 and AD 1700 west of the LRG would be uncommon.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Seismicity ; Earthquake ; Fault zone ; Historical earthquake ; Holocene ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
    Format: 20
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  • 30
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    The earthquake of September 3, 1770 near Alfhausen (Lower Saxony, Germany): a real, doubtful, or fake event? (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: In the weekly newspaper of Osnabrück (Germany) of November 3, 1770, a report about a local earthquake was published. Pastor Buck described ground motion effects in the manor ‘Haus Horst’, 1.5 km away from the village of Alfhausen: ‘roof tiles rattled, a chimney fell down, inside the house the top of a stove was overturned, abraded chalk trickled down in all rooms; in the nearby villages, people felt the shaking, and especially the churches suffered noticeably’. The epicentral intensity was estimated to VII (MSK) by Ahorner et al. (1970), but later modified to VI (EMS) by Meier & Grünthal (1992) considering Buck’s report in detail. Since this event is the only documented earthquake in this region, a reliable characterization of its parameters is important. Our re-examination reveals that some reported effects are quite contradictory. Contrary to Buck’s statement, no documents of damages on churches or costs of repairs could be found in the parish registers. As a result, the event appears to be a tectonic earthquake with an epicenter at Alfhausen / Haus Horst. Applying intensity-attenuation relationships, a revised value of the epicentral intensity of I_0≤V (EMS-98) with a focal depth of z≥2 km was derived. A cavity collapse due to leaching processes as a cause of the effects can be ruled out here. However, several details given in the primary source turned out to be unrealistic or at least exaggerated. The tectonic earthquake on September 3, 1770 near Alfhausen should be classified therefore as uncertain or even doubtful.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Lower Saxony ; historical earthquake ; macroseismic intensity ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
    Format: 17
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  • 31
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    The Paleoseismic Database of Germany and Adjacent Regions PalSeisDB v1.0 (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Central Europe is an intraplate domain which is characterized by low to moderate seismicity with records of larger seismic events occurring in historical and recent times. These records of seismicity are restricted to just over one thousand years. This does not reflect the long seismic cycles in Central Europe which are expected to be in the order of tens of thousands of years. Therefore, we have developed a paleoseismic database (PalSeisDB) that documents the records of paleoseismic evidence (trenches, soft-sediment deformation, mass movements, etc.) and extends the earthquake record to at least one seismic cycle. It is intended to serve as one important basis for future seismic hazard assessments. In the compilation of PalSeisDB, paleoseismic evidence features are documented at 129 different locations in the area of Germany and adjacent regions.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Paleoseismology ; Germany ; data base ; Paleoseismic evidence ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
    Format: 64
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  • 32
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    Collecting macroseismic data in Germany by internet – an overview (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Current procedures to collect macroseismic data in Germany are diverse and scattered. At least 10 institutions collect macroseismic data by internet. Several institutes have a long tradition in seismology and have collected macroseismic data using paper forms for many decades. In addition, the responsibilities for geoscientific issues in Germany are a matter of the federal states and several of them have a state earthquake service. The only institution that automatically calculates and maps intensities online in near real time is Erdbebenstation Bensberg in cooperation with the Royal Observatory of Belgium. Baden-Württemberg uses a short form internet questionnaire at the moment. 5 state earthquake services (Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen) have implemented the standard German earthquake questionnaire (Kaiser 2014) which is adapted from the standard questionnaire developed by the ESC Working Group on Internet Macroseismology published by Musson & Cecić (2012). Most institutions express their strong need to implement standard procedures for automatic intensity assignment and a standard format for the exchange of questionnaire responses. References Kaiser, D. (2014): Der neue einheitliche Erdbeben-Fragebogen. Mitteilungen / Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft, 2/2014, 29-33. Musson, R. M. W. & Cecić, I. (2012): Intensity and Intensity Scales. In: New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2).- Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, 1-41; Potsdam. doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12
    Description: lecture
    Keywords: 551.22 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Macroseismology ; macroseismic survey ; macroseismic data ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: conferencePaper
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  • 33
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    Relationships to Estimate the Magnitude Ms of Historical Earthquakes in Europe from Macroseismic Observations (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: We develop empirical relationships between the surface wave magnitude MS and macroseismic data, i.e. the epicentral intensity I0, isoseismal radii R(I) of different intensities I and the focal depth h. The basis of this study is formed by carefully selected instrumental parts (since 1900) of 2 earthquake catalogues: Kárník 1996 (Europe and the Mediterranean), and Shebalin et al. 1998 (Central and Eastern Europe). We use the orthogonal regression because we presume that all parameters are in error and because it has the advantage to provide a reversible regression equation. From Shebalin et al.1998 catalogue we obtain MS = 0.65 I0 + 1.90 log(h) – 1.62 with equivalent error δMS = ±0.21. In order to establish a relationship between MS and isoseismal radii we apply a theoretically based model which takes into account both exponential decay and geometrical spreading. From Shebalin et al. 1998catalogue we find MS = 0.673 I + 2.44 log (S(I)) + 0.00163 S(I) – 2.48 with δMS = ±0.28. Here I is the macroseismic intensity (I = 3…9) of the isoseismal in the focal distance S(I) [km]. Kárník 1996 gives isoseismal radii for I = 3 and 5. We obtain: MS = 0.808 I + 2.84 log (S(I)) + 0.00190 S(I) – 3.71 with δMS = ±0.65. These equations make possible reliably estimates of MS . We recommend them for application. The use of high quality data only as input in the regression analysis provides reliable relationships to estimate magnitudes. The magnitude estimation of a historical earthquake from the epicentral intensity gives reliable results only if the focal depth is known well enough. The relationship using isoseismal radii is of greater practical importance as it allows more reliable magnitude estimations of historical earthquakes. We observe regional variations in the relationships which need further investigation.
    Description: poster
    Keywords: 551.22 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; surface wave magnitude ; macroseismic intensity ; orthogonal regression ; historical earthquakes ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: conferencePaper
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  • 34
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    Best practice of macroseismic intensity assessment applied to the earthquake catalogue of southwestern Germany (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The earthquake catalogue of southwestern Germany for the last millennium now contains about 30,000 digital macroseismic intensity data points (IDPs). Intensity assessments are based mainly on primary sources using the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS). The article describes a guideline for best practice of conventional macroseismic evaluation in application to historical and modern-time earthquakes in SW-Germany. Suitability of various diagnostics for intensity assessment is discussed. Assumptions to estimate damage grades and vulnerability classes of buildings are presented. Data restrictions and treatment of special cases are outlined. Further topics are quantification of uncertainties and IDP quality as well as substitutes for intensity. An essential task is to bridge the gap between information from historical sources and seismological needs for use in the earthquake catalogue, thus all issues have a focus on historical earthquakes. Questions of completeness, subjectivity, transparency, and interdisciplinary work are addressed also. Special emphasis is given to a well balanced use of the EMS scale throughout all time periods leading to consistent assessments in the catalogue.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; macroseismic intensity ; earthquake catalogue ; European Macroseismic Scale ; damage grade ; vulnerability class ; historical earthquakes ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
    Format: 29
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  • 35
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    Das mitteleuropäische Erdbeben vom 16. November 1911 (2020)
    Gustav Fischer Verlag
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN III, 8549:4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Unter den geschichtlich bekannten Erdbeben Deutschlands nimmt dasjenige vom 16. November 1911 die erste Stelle ein, namentlich im Hinblick auf die Größe des makroseismischen Schüttergebietes. Denn letzteres umfaßt den größten Teil des mitteleurOpäischen Gebirgslandes, ja geht sogar im Westen und Süden noch darüber hinaus. Seine mehr als 950 km lange Nord-Südachse reicht von Braunschweig bis Spezia an der Ligurischen Küste, und seine fast 1100 km lange West—Ostachse von der französischen Landschaft Berry bis zum Wiener Becken und bis an den Rand des Mährischen Gesenkes. Innerhalb des Schüttergebietes liegt das Epizentrum exzentrisch, um etwa 70 km gegen Westen verschoben. Der kleinste Epizentralabstand, gegen Nordwesten hin, d. h. senkrecht zum Streichen der ausgeprägtesten Bruchlinien und zum Streichen der Gesteine, beträgt sogar kaum 210 km, hingegen der größte, nach Nordosten, nicht weniger als 620 km.
    Description: report
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.22 ; Europa {Seismologie} ; Deutschland {Geophysik} ; Erdbeben 1911 ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
    Format: 106
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  • 36
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    Beobachtungsverfahren und Apparaturen für sehr genaue relative Schwere- und Zeitmessungen (2020)
    Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Leipzig
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN III, 8549:17
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Diese Abhandlung über Beobachtungsverfahren und Apparaturen für sehr genaue relative Schwere- und Zeitmessungen wurde teilweise vorgetragen in Potsdam auf der Tagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft im Sept. 1930 (MEISSER, MARTIN, GENGLER), in Kopenhagen auf der Tagung der Baltisch Geodätischen Kommission im Okt. 1930 (MEISSER) und in Dresden auf der Gauvereinstagung der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft im Jan. 1931 (MEISSER, MARTIN). Sie enthält die Beiträge "Pendel und Schwingungsdauer-Beobachtungsverfahren" von Otto Meisser, "Das photographische Koinzidenzverfahren und das Pendel als Zeitmesser" von Hans Martin sowie "Das freie Pendel als Zeitnormale äußerster Präzision" von Thomas Gengler.
    Description: report
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.22 ; Gravimetrische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Schweremessung ; Zeitmessung ; Beobachtungsverfahren ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
    Format: 177
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  • 37
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    Die instrumentellen Aufzeichnungen des Erdbeben vom 26. Juni 1924 (2020)
    Gustav Fischer Verlag
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN III, 8549:16b
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die vorliegende Bearbeitung fasst die instrumentellen Aufzeichnungen zum Erdbeben vom 26. Juni 1926 zusammen. Dazu wurden von den seismischen Stationen die Originalkurven (O) oder Kopien (K) erbeten. Wo diese nicht zur Verfügung standen, wurden die Berichte (S. B.) und auch die Angaben im International Summary (I. S.) verwertet. In der folgenden Tabelle wurden die Stationen nach Herdentfernungen geordnet. Hinzugefügt wurden Angaben über die Instrumente und deren Konstanten, um einen Vergleich zwischen den einzelnen Registrierungen zu ermöglichen. Fehlten im Bericht die Konstanten, wurden mittlere Daten mitgeteilt, wie sie aus der Aufstellung im „Bulletin of the National Research Council Nr. 82“ hervorgehen. In den in 24 Tafeln zusammengestellten Wiedergaben der Seismogramme sind nach Möglichkeit die Stationen nach Herdentfernungen geordnet. Als Arbeitsmaterial enthalten die Kurven nur Angaben über die Zeiten, zur Erleichterung meist von 2 zu 2 Minuten hinzugesetzt, über die Richtung der Bodenbewegung, sowie in manchen Fällen auch über die einzelnen Instrumente. Es ist dann möglich, unabhängig von dieser Bearbeitung das Kurvenmaterial anderweitig zu verwerten. Andererseits aber erlaubt die genaue Zeiteinteilung bei den Kurven die im Teil I enthaltenen Auswertungen sehr bequem zu vergleichen.
    Description: report
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.22 ; Signalanalyse {Seismologie} ; Australien, Ozeanien {Seismologie} ; Meeresräume {Seismologie} ; Pazifischer Ozean {Geophysik} ; Erdbeben 1924 ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
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  • 38
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    Beiträge zur erdbebenkundlichen Bautechnik und Bodenmechanik (2020)
    Reichsverlagsamt Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN III, 8549:29
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Hinsichtlich der mechanischen Vorgänge bei der Zerstörung von Gebäuden durch Erdbeben herrscht noch wenig Klarheit, trotzdem der Wunsch nach Schaffung erdbebensicherer Bauwerke eine umfangreiche Literatur über erdbebenkundliche Bautechnik gezeitigt hat. Hauptgrund ist die weitverbreitete Meinung, für den vorliegenden Zweck erübrige sich die Untersuchung der Schwingungsvorgänge, vielmehr genüge die Berücksichtigung des ,,Erschütterungsgrades“, d. h. des Verhältnisses von Erdbebenbeschleunigung zu Erdbeschleunigung. Im Gegensatz hierzu halte ich als ehemaliger Architekt gerade die Schwingungsvorgänge in Boden und Bauwerk für unerläßlich, um brauchbare Einblicke in die mechanische Gebäudebeanspruchung zu gewinnen. Vorbedingung zum Beschreiten dieses Weges ist eine ausreichende Annäherung der Betrachtungsweise an die Wirklichkeit. Dementsprechend geht meine Versuchsreihe von folgenden Grundsätzen aus: 1. Die Erdbebenbewegung wird als Stoß und nicht mehr als harmonische Sinusschwingung aufgefaßt. 2. Bei Beurteilung von Verformungen des beanspruchten Gebäudes hört die Anwendbarkeit der Elastizitätstheorie mit dem Überschreiten der Festigkeitsgrenze für Material und Verband auf. Damit beginnt die bleibende Verformung. Zerreißungen im Verein mit Wackelschwingungen können zu Zufallsschäden führen, die unter Umständen den Anschein viel stärkerer Bodenerschütterungen erwecken, als tatsächlich vorlagen. 3. Die Feststellung des Grundsätzlichen bei der Beanspruchung von Gebäuden verzichtet auf unzulässige Vereinfachung der Schwingungsform verwickelter Bauwerke. Vielmehr werden einfachste Gebäudeformen in möglichst enger Anlehnung an die Wirklichkeit untersucht. Die Mannigfaltigkeit der gebräuchlichsten Baukonstruktionen in Holz, Stein, Beton und Fachwerk schafft durch Material, Gefüge und Verbandsfestigkeit höchst verschiedenartige Medien und damit Gesetzmäßigkeiten für die Wirkungen des Erdbebenstoßes. Mit der Untersuchung von Ziegelmauerwerk, einstweilen unter Beschränkung auf die qualitativen Vorgänge, wurde begonnen wegen der weiten Verbreitung dieser Bauweise. Die zusätzlichen Beanspruchungen durch Baugrundeinflüsse bleiben hier selbstverständlich unberücksichtigt.
    Description: report
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.22 ; Erdbebenwirkungen und Erdbeben-Engineering {Geophysik} ; Erdbeben ; Bodenmechanik ; Bautechnik ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
    Format: 78
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  • 39
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    Relationship between magnitude, macroseismic intensity and distance for induced earthquakes in Germany (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Induced earthquakes are of public concern and of legal significance if they are felt or if they cause damage. Models to describe the relation between macroseismic intensities, magnitude, and distance from the epicenter or hypocenter are therefore of fundamental importance. With the aim of developing such models for induced earthquakes in Germany, the following data were analyzed: The earthquake database for Germany GERSEIS contains parameters for ~180 induced seismic events with information on magnitude M and intensity I, of which 47 include information on mean isoseismal radii. In addition, the published macroseismic maps of seismic events in mining areas in Germany were evaluated. In Germany, earthquakes caused by mining with moderate to severe building damage (intensity 7 and 8) have so far only occurred in potash and salt mining. Slight building damage (intensity 6) has also been caused by seismic events in coal mining. Over the past 20 years, the frequency of felt earthquakes has increased in regions with natural gas production and in recent years also in regions of deep geothermal energy production. Focal depths show a large influence on the relationship between M and I. Intensity 5 has been observed for shallow (~1 km depth) events with magnitudes as small as ML=1.8. Simple models of the form I = a + b M + c log R, with R = hypocentral distance, can be fitted to the observations. Models for tectonic earthquakes do not fit for induced earthquakes; for induced earthquakes I is smaller for a given M and R. Major differences were found between different mining areas: In natural gas production areas intensity 5 effects were observed at greater hypocentral distances for a given magnitude, compared to coal and potash mining areas. Since macroseismic data (especially intensity data points) in Germany are available almost exclusively in analog form and are often difficult to access, it is necessary to establish a database for induced earthquakes with macroseismic data.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; induced earthquakes ; macroseismic intensity ; mining seismicity ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: conferencePaper
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  • 40
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    Modellseismische Untersuchungen von Rayleighwellen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung einer Deckschicht von variabler Mächtigkeit (2020)
    Reimer, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | ZB 25057:1,1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird der Bau einer modellseismischen Apparatur unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung eines neuen Registriersystems beschrieben. Mit Hilfe eines Biegeschwingers ermöglichte dieses System die reproduzierbare und komponentengetreue Registrierung von Ultraschallimpulsen in Modellplatten für beliebige Meßtiefen und Meßentfernungen in zwei zueinander senkrechten Richtungen. Das ermöglichte die zeichnerische Darstellung der Ultraschallwellen in Form von Hodographen. Nachdem im 2 . Kapitel der vorliegenden Arbeit die Analogie zwischen der Modellseismik und der natürlichen Seismik dargelegt worden ist, werden im 3. und 4. Kapitel der apparative Aufbau und die Versuchsbedingungen beschrieben. Hierbei wird ausführlich auf die Wirkungsweise und die Eichung des Registriersystems eingegangen. Die nachfolgenden modellseismischen Untersuchungen beschränken sich ausschließlich auf das Verhalten der Rayleighwelle unter den verschiedensten Modellbedingungen, wobei das besondere Augenmerk auf das Verhältnis der Horizontalamplitude zur Vertikalamplitude gelegt wurde. Das neue Registriersystem erlaubte erstmalig mit Hilfe der Theorie der zweidimensionalen Wellenausbreitung, die Oberflächenwellen kontinuierlich auch nach der Tiefe verfolgen zu können. Die im 5 . Kapitel mitgeteilten Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen im homogenen Halbraum von Aluminium- und Plexiglasplatten ergaben in Bezug auf die Amplitudenverhältnisse und im Hinblick auf die exponentielle Amplitudenabnahme eine gute Übereinstimmung mit der von LORD RAYLEIGH gegebenen Theorie. Im 6 . Kapitel schließlich wird das Verhalten der Rayleighwelle im Einschichtenmodell bei horizontaler und geneigter Lagerung beschrieben, wobei an die Arbeiten STROBACH's auf dem Gebiete der Mikroseismik i m Hamburger Raum angeknüpft wurde. Das Verhältnis der Vertikal— zur Horizontalamplitude ließ sich für geringe Deckschichtmächtigkeiten durch die Theorie LEE'S befriedigend erklären. Es konnte jedoch experimentell nachgewiesen werden, dass diese Theorie nur ein kleines Teilgebiet beschreibt und in eine umfassendere Theorie eingebaut werden muss. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass die Rayleighwelle im schallhärteren Grundmaterial als dem besseren Wellenleiter entlang der Schichtgrenze geführt wird und in der Deckschicht zwei Kopfwellen mit sich schleppt. Alle Erscheinungen in der Deckschicht lassen sich als Überlagerung dieser beiden Kopfwellen und ihrer Reflexionen erklären. Überschreitet die Deckschichtmächtigkeit die Phasenumkehrtiefe der freien Rayleighwelle des homogenen Halbraumes, so verwandelt sich die Oberflächenwelle in eine elliptisch polarisierte Scherwelle -kurz "refraktierte Rayleighwelle" genannt-, die weiterhin die zwei Kopfwellen in Form einer p-Welle und einer s-Welle in der Deckschicht nachschleppt, gleichzeitig ist von dieser Schichtdicke an, die Existenzbedingung für eine freie Rayleighwelle in der Deckschicht erfüllt. Die Modellseismischen Registrierungen waren den Registrierungen der Mikroseismik nahezu analog. Der Nachweis der beiden Kopfwellen in der Deckschicht ermöglichte eine Erklärung der Tendenz der mikroseismischen Partikelbewegung zur linearen Polarisation. Bei geneigter Lagerung werden die Kopfwellen nicht mehr unter den Grenzwinkeln von der freien Oberfläche zur Schichtgrenze reflektiert. Ein Teil der seismischen Energie geht dadurch in Form von Körperwellen der Deckschicht verloren und kann in der Natur nach der Reflexion an tieferen Horizonten wieder in Form von SV-Wellen an der Oberfläche in Erscheinung treten.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; Seismische Instrumente, Observatorien {Seismologie} ; Seismische Wellen {Geophysik} ; Rayleighwelle ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
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  • 41
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    Introduction: Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: This publication developed from the 5th International Colloquium on “Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics and Seismic Hazard” which was held from 11 to 13 October 2017 at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) in Hannover, Germany. It comprises four contributions: Brüstle, W., Braumann, U., Hock, S. & Rodler, F.-A. (2020). Best practice of macroseismic intensity assessment applied to the earthquake catalogue of southwestern Germany. In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3864 Camelbeeck, T., Vanneste, K., Verbeeck, K., Garcia-Moreno, D., Van Noten, K. & Lecocq, T. (2020). How well does known seismicity between the Lower Rhine Graben and southern North Sea reflect future earthquake activity? In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3866 Hürtgen, J., Reicherter, K., Spies, T., Geisler, C. & Schlittenhardt, J. (2020). The Paleoseismic Database of Germany and Adjacent Regions PalSeisDB v1.0. In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3867 Leydecker, G. & Lehmann, K. (2020). The earthquake of September 3, 1770 near Alfhausen (Lower Saxony, Germany): a real, doubtful, or a fake event? In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3865
    Description: Introduction to DGEB-Publikation Nr. 18 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik (DGEB)
    Description: editorial
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Historical earthquakes ; Paleoseismology ; macroseismic intensity ; neotectonics ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
    Format: 2
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  • 42
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    Branchenstudie Fahrradwirtschaft in Deutschland : Unternehmen, Erwerbstätige, Umsatz (2020)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: Als Herausforderung der Verkehrswende werden häufig die möglicherweise wegfallenden Arbeitsplätze diskutiert. Denn die Beschäftigung der Automobilindustrie in Deutschland gilt als wichtiges Argument für einen sozialverträglichen Strukturwandel. Aber auch die Wirtschaftszweige des Umweltverbunds bieten viele Arbeitsplätze. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die vorliegende Studie des Wuppertal Instituts und des Instituts Arbeit und Technik der Westfälischen Hochschule die Beschäftigtenzahlen in Teilmärkten der Fahrradwirtschaft sowie deren Umsatzentwicklung.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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    Künstliche Intelligenz in der Siedlungsabfallsortierung als Wegbereiter der Kreislaufwirtschaft (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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    An integrated climate-industrial policy as the core of the European green deal (2020)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: The European Union (EU) has established that the goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050 as a key driver of innovation and growth for industry and the economy in the EU. In addition to offering great opportunities, this also poses considerable challenges for the European economy and, for the most part, for basic industries, which are particularly emission-intensive and face strong international competition. An integrated climate and industry strategy is of central importance to protecting the climate, since the production of steel, cement, basic chemicals, glass, paper, and other materials in the EU and worldwide accounts for roughly one fifth of total greenhouse gas emissions. Even in a greenhouse gas-neutral future, we will not be able to fully eliminate our need for these materials. At the same time, it is particularly challenging to produce these materials without creating emissions given the state of technology and the necessary infrastructures. This applies above all to the question of how large amounts of green energy, including electricity and hydrogen, can be produced at competitive prices. Analyses show that despite the considerable costs involved in process changeover, the costs of transforming the raw materials industry are acceptable to society as a whole, given that the additional costs usually only increase the price of the end products by a few percentage points. However, in the case of crude steel or cement, the price would increase by between one third and 100 per cent. Since almost all raw materials manufacturers face strong global market competition, in most cases they are not able to bankroll the investments in climate-neutral production and the required energy infrastructure without outside support. This paper outlines an integrated climate industrial policy package that allows the EU to utilise its existing technological leadership in many of these industries to build a greenhouse gas-neutral raw materials industry.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 45
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    Surviving the energy transition : development of a proposal for evaluating sustainable business models for incumbents in Germany's electricity market (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: In the light of Germany's chosen path towards the energy transition, the regulatory framework has changed considerably. New players have succeeded in entering the market, and renewable energies have become increasingly competitive. Greater electrification of the transport and heating sectors will be needed in the future to achieve national climate targets. Against this background, Germany's big energy companies need to be sure that their sales will increase. However, they were unable to anticipate this development, and made strategic mistakes in the past. The development of sustainable business models in line with the energy transition failed to materialize. Now it is becoming increasingly clear that companies must create new business models to survive in the long term. These business models have to keep with the tradition, whilst meeting the needs of low-carbon power supplies. In this paper, we will examine the past and future challenges of the four energy companies and develop a proposal for evaluating sustainable business models. For this purpose, we use the multi-level perspective to categorize developments in the electricity market over the last 50 years, and then apply a multi-criteria analysis to derive five suitable business models from the results.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 46
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    Effectiveness and efficiency of food-waste prevention policies, circular economy, and food industry (2020)
    London : Academic Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 47
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    Kunststoffabfälle von Verpackungen und Einwegprodukten durch Multi-Akteurs-Partnerschaften verringern (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 48
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    Zirkuläres Wirtschaften auf Produktebene : Überblick und Analyse bestehender Indikatoren (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 49
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    Abfallvermeidung : es tut sich was! (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 50
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    Topology, typology, and dynamics of commons-based peer production : on platforms, actors, and innovation in the maker movement (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: In this paper, we aim to present a comprehensive analysis on the emerging phenomenon of distributed innovation in commons-based peer production (CBPP) platforms. Starting with the exploration of the widely held belief on value-creation confined to industrial settings, we raise several questions regarding the feasibility of, and a need for, an inclusive innovation process that can tap grassroots capacity into both traditional (industrial research and development) and emerging (peer-to-peer) innovation models to yield sustainable solutions. In particular, we explore the emergence and structuration of digital innovations in the maker movement, as it presents an alternative construct of innovation wherein access to and sharing of knowledge is predominantly distributed. With innovation outcomes often freely revealed, its very structuration could pose a principal challenge to our conceptualizations of value creation and competitive advantage in the current economic model. Drawing from responses received from 200 collaborative innovation platforms, six semi‐structured interviews focusing on socio-technical innovation cases, as well as four in-depth narrative interviews with maker turned entrepreneurs, we present a detailed analysis on the topology of network, typology of actors, as well as the underlying innovation ecosystem in CBPP networks in Germany. In doing so, we contribute to the conceptualization of peer-to-peer distributed innovations in collaborative platforms.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Die Landeshauptstadt Kiel auf dem Weg zur ersten deutschen Zero.Waste.City (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 52
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    Ausweg aus dem Einweg? : Auswirkungen der Coronakrise auf das Verpackungsaufkommen in Deutschland (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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