ALBERT

Description: [...] In this thesis it is shown that the epoch-differenced ionospheric delay correction is sufficient for estimating the tropospheric delay, e.g., the Zenith Total Delay (ZTD), from SF GPS data. Based on this result, the Satellite-specific Epoch-differenced Ionospheric Delay model (SEID) was developed. In the SEID model the ionospheric corrections for SF data are generated from the observations of surrounding reference stations equipped with DF receivers. With the derived ionospheric corrections and the SF data, pseudo L2 data are generated, which can be processed using existing GPS processing software packages without any changes. [...]

Description: The seismicity data file used for this study is represented by the earthquake catalogue CENEC for Europe north of 44°N (Grünthal et al. 2009a). This paper describes in detail how this homogeneous data file in terms of moment magnitudes Mw (with Mw greater than 3.5) has been derived. The degree of harmonization achieved in CENEC is quantitatively analysed in Grünthal et al. (2009b).

Description: The guidebook contains a thematic description an background information for each field day. The overall setting and development of the Saxo-Thuringian zone within the Variscan orogen is presented in Kroner and Romer (2010). This material is not included in this guide book (because of copyright reasons) and will be handed out to field trip participants as separate handout.

Description: Film 2: "Geological Conditions and Capacities" (Length 06:00) "Porous rocks with good permeability have, in Germany and world-wide, the highest potential for geological CO2 storage. ..." Where do these rocks occur? And which further criteria need potential CO2 storage sites to meet? Production Year: 2010-2012

Description: Film 5: "Ketzin Pilot Site" (Length 05:05) "At the Ketzin pilot site in Brandenburg, Germany, CO2 has been injected into an underground storage formation since June, 2008. ...". The monitoring methods used at the pilot site Ketzin are among the most comprehensive in the field of CO2 storage worldwide. Important is the combination of different monitoring methods, each with different temporal and spatial resolutions. Which methods are used? And what have we already learned? Production Year: 2011-2012

Description: This volume contains 23 short papers which summarise the main subjects of talks and posters presented at the eighth TRACE (Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology) conference organized by Jožica Gričar, Tom Levanič, Špela Jagodic, Robert Krajnc and Polona Hafner and held in Otočec, Slovenia on April 16th - 19th, 2009.

Description: The ionosphere is a part of the upper atmosphere stretching from a height of about 60 km to more than 1 000 km. A certain fraction of the gas particles in that region is ionised by solar extreme ultra violet radiation. Since electromagnetic waves are influenced and significantly modified by ionospheric free charge carriers, the altitude range is of great scientific interest. GPS satellites emit electromagnetic waves on L – band frequencies travelling through the ionosphere and lower neutral atmosphere. Subsequently, they are received by low–Earth orbiting satellites. Consequently, the signals are affected by strong electron density gradients at altitudes above approximately 80km and by atmospheric density, pressure and water vapour content in the troposphere and stratosphere. This measurement method is termed radio occultation technique and it allows to receive a global picture of ionospheric and lower neutral atmospheric conditions. This study focusses on the detection and analysis of sporadic E layers from GPS radio occultation measurements on a global scale. Sporadic E layers are localised patches of relatively high electron density appearing in the E region of the ionosphere. They are represented in GPS signals as intense fluctuations. This work reveals that global sporadic E occurrence rates underlie variations on different time scales. It is demonstrated that the sporadic E occurrence depends on several geophysical parameters and it is subject to coupling processes between the neutral atmosphere and ionosphere. For example, the global sporadic E occurrence is oriented along Earth’s magnetic field. It is shown additionally that sporadic E altitudes are subject to tidal winds and that its annual cycle varies with meteor influx.

Description: The focal point of my thesis is the extraction of climatic signals archived in stalagmites from NE India. High uranium concentration in the stalagmites ensured excellent age control required for successful high-resolution climate reconstructions. Stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) and grey-scale data allow unprecedented insights into millennial to seasonal dynamics of the summer and winter monsoon in NE India.

Description: HALO_GPS is a precise GPS kinematic positioning software. It was developed at GFZ Potsdam for the German HALO project. The goal is to develop a software which is able to achieve cm-level accuracy for an aircraft trajectory for application in airborne gravimetry.

Description: Against the background of EnMAP preparation analyses have been carried out on the status of research in various areas of hyperspectral remote sensing for the use of existing algorithms in the EnMAP application box. The aim was to compose the status of research in Germany and internationally. Therefore, in various fields of expertise applied and accordingly available algorithms and products based on hyperspectral data has been evaluated and documented. The intention has been to demonstrate and to evaluate the added value of hyperspectral remote sensing to multispectral methods for each product. For this purpose analyses have been carried out by different research groups which were based on the specialty and the experience of each group. Hereby a summary was created of each major application perspective and the relevant remote sensing derived variables and significant processing algorithms (state-of-the-art) belonging to this context. Based on this, the research delivers, as a result, a recommendation which of the algorithms should be implemented into the Applikationsbox of EnMAP. Tests of the algorithms or their implementation were not part of the analyses. However, notes have been given on what algorithms should be tested in the context of a detailed preparation phase. An assessment to the further R & D requirements in the development of algorithms has been made on this basis.

Description: The present study investigates the effects of fluid-rock interactions on permeability and the related transport property electrical conductivity of rocks in the context of geothermal energy production from deep sedimentary reservoirs that exist, e.g., in the North German Basin.

Description: This report continues a series of Scientific Technical Reports, in which the theoretical description of the electromagnetic (EM, see Hagedoorn & Greiner-Mai, 2008), topographic (TOP, see Greiner-Mai & Hagedoorn, 2008) and gravitational (GRAV, see Hagedoorn et al., 2012) core-mantle coupling torques are presented in detail. Based on these theoretical descriptions numerical codes were developed to compute individual coupling torques.

Description: In this thesis I focus on the North Alpine pro‐wedge and scrutinize the potential driving forces of tectonic activity. The key questions I try to answer are: - Is it possible to constrain further the timing and amount of deformation (i.e. shortening) in the foreland fold and thrust belt of the European Alps, in particular in Late Neogene times? - What does this timing and magnitude of deformation tell us about the kinematics of late stage exhumation and the relation between the Alps and their foreland? - Can we evaluate the influence of climate (or climate changes) on timing and magnitude of deformation within the foreland fold and thrust belt? To address these questions, I combine low temperature thermochronology (in particular apatite fission track and apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He dating) with critical taper analysis and try to extrapolate the present day kinematic situation into the past; thus providing an instrument to understand wedge dynamics through time.

Description: This thesis is organized as a “cumulative thesis” and consists of a series of six chapters (without references and appendix). Chapters 2-5 consist of four individual manuscripts to be published in international peer-reviewed scientific journals. Two manuscripts (chapters 3 and 4) have been already accepted while the other two manuscripts (chapters 2 and 5) have been either submitted or are supposed to be submitted. An outline of each chapter and the contributions of the individual coauthors are provided below. The structure of the thesis (chapter 2-5) is arranged in terms of sample resolution. Chapter 2 focuses on data in monthly resolution via a monthly cleared sediment trap. Chapter 3 is based on annual resolutions, while chapter 4 and 5 discuss data at decadal resolution. Presenting data on different time scales improves the integration of seasonal information in data at millennial time scale and, thus the understanding of seasonal climatic related questions such as seasonality extremes.

Description: It is of high interest to know the magnetic field, measured at the earth surface or by satellites, in the earth deep interior, especially at the core-mantle boundary (CMB). This knowledge is of relevance for the determination of fluid motions at the top of the outer core, the estimation of diffusion and the geomagnetic spectrum, as well as in calculations of the electromagnetic core-mantle coupling torques or in studying the behaviour of geomagnetic jerk components near the CMB. The presented procedure of nonharmonic downward continuation (NHDC) is a strong theoretical method, an illposed inverse initial boundary value problem, which determines the given outer geomagnetic field or the secular variation in the deep earth interior. It accounts for a prescribed mantle conductivity model depending on the radius. Boundary values are given only on one, the upper (outer) side of the radial interval. We discuss the theoretical background of the method, referring to the intensively investigated inverse heat conduction problem in the field of parabolic differential equations, and adapt it to the geomagnetic downward continuation problem. Some historical remarks on the early trials in developing this method around the year 1980 are outlined. After investigating the limited possibilities for analytical solutions, we present the numerical algorithm, which uses the integral equation approach, combined with a special regularization variant. It can be implemented on the basis of finite differences or the finite-element technique. This algorithm enables simulations setting up simple function types (e.g. oscillations, time polynomials). In addition, approximative approaches help to reveal the analytical dependence of the solution on the conductivity function, e.g. its impact on the phase shifts or time shifts, which are different for radial and tangential magnetic field components. A couple of new applications are addressed, e.g. to check the divergence condition for the magnetic field at the CMB and the way to make diffusion studies near the CMB. On the basis of NHDC, we derive a new formula for the geomagnetic spectrum at the CMB, which shows in its approximated form the influence of the mantle conductivity model. Finally, some remarks on future possibilities in the field of geomagnetic downward continuation are added.

Description: In my thesis, I studied marine and lacustrine sediment cores from different depositional provinces along the south-central Chilean margin with the overall objective to identify their records of paleoclimate and paleotectonics. First of all, I investigated sedimentary sequences that were recovered within the margin-parallel trench system (cp. Figure 1.2) and hence constitute long-term recorders [...] of the sediment transport between the continent and the abyssal zone of the lower plate.

Description: [...] A new aspect in this study is the influence of wind-driven waves, sea-ice and icebergs on long-term observation of the Arctic Ocean. An altimetric method is developed, that is applied reliably under these influences. [...]

Description: This volume contains 30 short papers which summarise the main subjects of talks and posters presented at the seventh TRACE (Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology) conference organized by Ireneusz Malik, Ryszard J. Kaczka and Piotr Owczarek and held in Zakopane, Poland on April 27th - 30th, 2008.

Description: The 10th TRACE conference (Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology) was organized by the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) - Centre d'Orléans Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, on May 11th – 14th 2011 in the “Muséum des Sciences Naturelles” in Orléans, France. [...] This volume of TRACE Proceedings contains 16 short papers and gives an overview of the wide spectrum of fields in tree-ring research.