ALBERT

Note: CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF SILICA AND ITS STUFFED DERIVATIVES Chapter 1. Structure and Chemistry of the Low-Pressure Silica Polymorphs by Peter J. Heaney, p. 1 - 40 Chapter 2. High-Pressure Behavior of Silica by Russell J. Hemley, Charles T. Prewitt, and Kathleen J. Kingma, p. 41 - 82 Chapter 3. Stuffed Derivatives of the Silica Polymorphs by David C. Palmer, p. 83 - 122 SILICA in the GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Chapter 4. Hydrogen Speciation and Chemical Weakening of Quartz by Andreas A. Kronenberg, p. 123 - 176 Chapter 5. Preferred Orientation Patterns in Deformed Quartzites by Hans-Rudolf Wenk, p. 177 - 208 Chapter 6. Structural Characteristics of Opaline and Microcrystalline Silica Minerals by Heribert Graetsch, p. 209 - 232 Chapter 7. Petrogenesis of Chert by L. Paul Knauth, p. 233 - 258 Chapter 8. Silica-Water Interactions by Patricia M. Dove and J. Donald Rimstidt, p. 259 - 308 PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR of SILICA Chapter 9. Thermochemistry of Crystalline and Amorphous Silica by Alexandra Navrotsky, p. 309 - 330 Chapter 10. The Elusive SiO Bond by Gerald V. Gibbs, James W. Downs, and Monte B. Boisen Jr., p. 331 - 368 Chapter 11. First-Principles Theory of Crystalline SiO2 by Ronald E. Cohen, p. 369 - 402 Chapter 12. Lattice Dynamical Behavior of Anhydrous Silica by Gerard Dolino and Marcel Vallade, p. 403 - 432 Chapter 13. Colored Varieties of the Silica Minerals by George R. Rossman, p. 433 - 468 SILICA as an INDUSTRIAL MATERIAL Chapter 14. Industrial Applications of Silica by George H. Beall, p. 469 - 506 Chapter 15. Silica Zeolites and Clathrasils by John B. Higgins, p. 507 - 544 Chapter 16. Health Effects of Silica Dust Exposure by David F. Goldsmith, p. 545 - 606

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Contributors I Introduction 1 The Development of Climate Research / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 1.1 The Nature of Climate Studies 1.1.1 The Big Storm Controversy 1.1.2 The Great Planetary Oscillations 1.2 The Components of Climate Research 1.2.1 Dynamical Theory 1.2.2 Numerical Experimentation 1.2.3 Statistical Analysis 2 Misuses of Statistical Analysis in Climate Research / by HANS VON STORCH 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Mandatory Testing and the Mexican Hat 2.3 Neglecting Serial Correlation 2.4 Misleading Names: The Case of the Decorrelation Time 2.5 Use of Advanced Techniques 2.6 Epilogue II Analyzing The Observed Climate 3 Climate Spectra and Stochastic Climate Models / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Variables 3.3 Stochastic Climate Model 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies 3.5 Variability of Other Surface Variables 3.6 Variability in the Ocean Interior 3.7 Long Term Climate Changes 4 The Instrumental Data Record: Its Accuracy and Use in Attempts to Identify the "CO2 Signal" / by PHIL JONES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Homogeneity 4.2.1 Changes in Instrumentation, Exposure and Measuring Techniques 4.2.2 Changes in Station Locations 4.2.3 Changes in Observation Time and the Methods Used to Calculate Monthly Averages 4.2.4 Changes in the Station Environment 4.2.5 Precipitation and Pressure Homogeneity 4.2.6 Data Homogenization Techniques 4.3 Surface Climate Analysis 4.3.1 Temperature 4.3.2 Precipitation 4.3.3 Pressure 4.4 The Greenhouse Detection Problem 4.4.1 Definition of Detection Vector and Data Used 4.4.2 Spatial Correlation Methods 4.5 Conclusions 5 Interpreting High-Resolution Proxy Climate Data - The Example of Dendr о climatology / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.3 Site Selection and Dating 5.4 Chronology Confidence 5.4.1 Chronology Signal 5.4.2 Expressed Population Signal 5.4.3 Subsample Signal Strength 5.4.4 Wider Relevance of Chronology Signal 5.5 "Standardization" and Its Implications for Judging Theoretical Signal 5.5.1 Theoretical Chronology Signal 5.5.2 Standardization of "Raw" Data Measurements 5.5.3 General Relevance of the "Standardization" Problem 5.6 Quantifying Climate Signals in Chronologies 5.6.1 Calibration of Theoretical Signal 5.6.2 Verification of Calibrated Relationships 5.7 Discussion 5.8 Conclusions 6 Analysing the Boreal Summer Relationship Between World wide Sea-Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Variability / by M. NEIL WARD 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physical Basis for Sea-Surface Temperature Forcing of the Atmosphere 6.2.1 Tropics 6.2.2 Extratropics 6.3 Characteristic Patterns of Global Sea Surface Temperature: EOFs and Rotated EOFs 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 SST Data 6.3.3 EOF method 6.3.4 EOFs p^→1 - p^→3 6.3.5 Rotation of EOFs 6.4 Characteristic Features in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with the SST Patterns p^→2, p ^→3 and p^→2R in JAS 6.4.1 Data and Methods 6.4.2 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→2 6.4.3 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→3 6.4.4 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with Rotated EOF p^→2R 6.5 JAS Sahel Rainfall Links with Sea-Surface Temperature and Marine Atmosphere 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Rainfall in the Sahel of Africa 6.5.3 High Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.5.4 Low Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.6 Conclusions III Simulating and Predicting Climate 7 The Simulation of Weather Types in GCMs : A Regional Approach to Control-Run Validation / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Lamb Catalogue 7.3 An "Objective" Lamb Classification 7.4 Details of the Selected GCM Experiments 7.5 Comparing Observed and GCM Climates 7.5.1 Lamb Types 7.5.2 Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.3 Relationships Between Circulation Frequencies and Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.4 Weather-Type Spell Lengths and Storm Frequencies 7.6 Conclusions 7.6.1 Specific Conclusions 7.6.2 General Conclusions 8 Statistical Analysis of GCM Output / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Univariate Analysis 8.2.1 The i-Test on the Mean of a Normal Variable 8.2.2 Tests for Autocorrelated Variables 8.2.3 Field Significance 8.2.4 Example: GCM Response to a Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly 8.3 Multivariate Analysis 8.3.1 Test on Means of Multidimensional Normal Variables 8.3.2 Application to Response Studies 8.3.3 Application to Model Testing and Intercomparison 9 Field Intercomparison / by ROBERT E . LIVEZEY 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation for Permutation and Monte Carlo Testing 9.2.1 Local vs. Field Significance 9.2.2 Test Example 9.3 Permutation Procedures 9.3.1 Test Environment 9.3.2 Permutation (PP) and Bootstrap (BP) Procedures 9.3.3 Properties 9.3.4 Interdependence Among Field Variables 9.4 Serial Correlation 9.4.1 Local Probability Matching 9.4.2 Times Series and Monte Carlo Methods 9.4.3 Independent Samples 9.4.4 Conservatism 9.5 Concluding Remarks 10 The Evaluation of Forecasts / by ROBERT E. LIVEZEY 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Considerations for Objective Verification 10.2.1 Quantification 10.2.2 Authentication 10.2.3 Description of Probability Distributions 10.2.4 Comparison of Forecasts 10.3 Measures and Relationships: Categorical Forecasts 10.3.1 Contingency and Definitions 10.3.2 Some Scores Based on the Contingency Table 10.4 Measures and Relationships: Continuous Forecasts 10.4.1 Mean Squared Error and Correlation 10.4.2 Pattern Verification (the Murphy-Epstein Decomposition) 10.5 Hindcasts and Cross-Validation 10.5.1 Cross-Validation Procedure 10.5.2 Key Constraints in Cross-Validation 11 Stochastic Modeling of Precipitation with Applications to Climate Model Downscaling / by DENNIS LETTENMAIER 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Probabilistic Characteristics of Precipitation 11.3 Stochastic Models of Precipitation 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Applications to Global Change 11.4 Stochastic Precipitation Models with External Forcing 11.4.1 Weather Classification Schemes 11.4.2 Conditional Stochastic Precipitation Models 11.5 Applications to Alternative Climate Simulation 11.6 Conclusions IV Pattern Analysis 12 Teleconnections Patterns / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 12.1 Objective Teleconnections 12.2 Singular Value Decomposition 12.3 Teleconnections in the Ocean-Atmosphere System 12.4 Concluding Remarks 13 Spatial Patterns: EOFs and CCA / by HANS VON STORCH 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Expansion into a Few Guess Patterns 13.2.1 Guess Patterns, Expansion Coefficients and Explained Variance 13.2.2 Example: Temperature Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea 13.2.3 Specification of Guess Patterns 13.2.4 Rotation of Guess Patterns 13.3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 13.3.1 Definition of EOFs 13.3.2 What EOFs Are Not Designed for 13.3.3 Estimating EOFs 13.3.4 Example: Central European Temperature 13.4 Canonical Correlation Analysis 13.4.1 Definition of Canonical Correlation Patterns 13.4.2 CCA in EOF Coordinates 13.4.3 Estimation: CCA of Finite Samples 13.4.4 Example: Central European Temperature 14 Patterns in Time : SSA and MSSA / by ROBERT VAUTARD 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Reconstruction and Approximation of Attractors 14.2.1 The Embedding Problem 14.2.2 Dimension and Noise 14.2.3 The Macroscopic Approximation 14.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis 14.3.1 Time EOFs 14.3.2 Space-Time EOFs 14.3.3 Oscillatory Pairs 14.3.4 Spectral Properties 14.3.5 Choice of the Embedding Dimension 14.3.6 Estimating Time and Space-Time Patterns 14.4 Climatic Applications of SSA 14.4.1 The Analysis of Intraseasonal Oscillations 14.4.2 Empirical Long-Range Forecasts Using MSSA Predictors 14.5 Conclusions 15 Multivariate Statistical Modeling : POP-Model as a First Order Approximation / by JIN-SONG VON STORCH 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Cross-Covariance Matrix and the Cross-Spectrum Matrix 15.3 Multivariate AR(1) Process and its Cross-Covariance and Cross-Spectrum Matrices 15.3.1 The System Matrix A and its POPs 15.3.2 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Matrix Formulation 15.3.3 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Diagonal Components 15.3.4

Note: Contents Contributors page Preface Plates Part One: Fundamentals of Large Eddy Simulation 1 Some Historical Remarks on the Use of Nonlinear Viscosities / Joseph Smagorinsky 2 Subgrid-Scale Modeling / Joel H. Ferziger 3 Some Basic Challenges for Large Eddy Simulation Research / Steven A. Orszag, Ilya Staroselsky, and Victor Yakhot 4 Some Contributions of Two-Point Closure to Large Eddy Simulations / Jackson R. Herring and Robert M. Kerr 5 Stochastic Backscatter Formulation for three-Dimensional Compressible Flows / Cecil E. Leith Part Two: Large Eddy Simulation in Engineering 6 Applications of Large Eddy Simulations in Engineering: An Overview / Ugo Piomelli Incompressible Flows 7 Large Eddy Simulation of Scalar Transport with the Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Model / William Cabot and Parviz Moin 8 Renormalization Group Theory Simulation of Transitional and Turbulent Flow over a Backward-Facing Step / George E. Karniadakis, Steven A. Orszag, and Victor Yakhot 9 Spectral Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Shear Flows / Marcel Lesieur, Olivier Métais , Xavier Normand, and Aristeu Silveira-Neto 10 Anisotropic Representation of Subgrid-Scale Reynolds Stress in Large Eddy Simulation / Kiyosi Horiuti 11 Large Eddy Simulation of Transitional Flow / Thomas A. Zang and Ugo Piomelli Compressible and Reacting Flows 12 Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation of Compressible Turbulence / Gordon Erlebacher and Mohammed Y. Hussaini 13 Large Eddy Simulation of Mixing Layers / Saad A. Ragab and Shaw-Ching Sheen 14 A Linear-Eddy Mixing Model for Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion / Suresh Menon, Patrick A. McMurtry, and Alan R. Kerstein 15 Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation of Reacting Homogeneous Turbulence / Cyrus K. Madnia and Peyman Givi Part Three: Large Eddy Simulation in Geophysics 16 Large Eddy Simulation in Geophysical Turbulence Parameterization: An Overview / John C. Wyngaard and Chin-Hoh Moeng Atmospheric Sciences 17 Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System in the Large Eddy Simulation Mode: From inhomogeneous Surfaces to Cirrus Clouds / William R. Cotton, Robert L. Walko, Keeley R. Costigan, Piotr J. Flatau, and Roger A. Pielke 18 Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Convection over Flat and Wavy Surfaces / Ulrich Schumann Physical Oceanography 19 The Role of Oceans in Climate Change: A Challenge to Large Eddy Simulation / Greg Holloway 20 Modeling the Oceanic Planetary Boundary Layer / James C. McWilliams, Patrick C. Gallacher, Chin-Hoh Moeng, and John C. Wyngaard 21 Diapycnal Mixing in the Ocean: A Review / Peter Müller 22 Near-Surface Mixing and the Ocean's Role in Climate / Mark A. Cane Environmental Flows 23 Conjunctive Filtering Procedures in Surface Water Flow and Transport / Keith W. Bedford and Woon K. Yeo 24 Leonard and Cross-Term Approximations in the Anisotropically Filtered Equations of Motion / Alvaro A. Aldama 25 Large Eddy Simulation as a Tool in Engineering and Geophysics: Panel Discussion / Thomas A. Zang Part Four: Large Eddy Simulation and Massively Parallel Computing 26 Parallel Computing for Large Eddy Simulation / Cecil E. Leith 27 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Large Eddy Simulation, and Massively Parallel Computing / William P. Dannevik Index

Note: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: Vorwort. - 1. Einleitung. - 1.1 Abgrenzung zwischen Wetter und Klima. - 1.2 Moderner Mensch und Wetter. - 2. Zusammensetzung und Aufbau der Atmosphäre. - 2.1 Zusammensetzung der Atmosphäre. - 2.2 Aufbau der Atmosphäre. - 2.2.1 Troposphäre. - 2.2.2 Stratosphäre. - 2.2.3 Mesosphäre. - 2.2.4 Thermosphäre. - 2.2.5 Exosphäre. - 2.2.6 Magnetosphäre. - 2.3 Einfluss der Land/Meer·Verteilung auf das Wetter. - 3. Meteorologische Messungen. - 3.1 Messung der Temperatur. - 3.1.1 Definition der Temperatur. - 3.1.2 Quecksilberthermometer. - 3.1.3 Andere Temperaturmessmethoden. - 3.1.4 Temperaturmessungen in der Meteorologie. - 3.1.5 Aufstellung der Temperatur-Messinstrumente. - 3.2 Messung der Feuchtigkeit. - 3.3 Messung des atmosphärischen Druckes. - 3.4 Messung des Windes. - 3.5 Messung des Niederschlages. - 3.6 Beobachtung der Wolken. - 3.7 Messung der Sonnenscheindauer. - 3.8 Messungen mit Radiosonden. - 4. Barometerformel. - 4.1 Barometerformel. - 4.2 Homogene Atmosphäre ρ = ρo = konst. - 4.3 Isotherme Atmosphäre T =konstant. - 4.4 Praktische Anwendung der Barometerformel. - 4.4.1 Druckreduktion auf Meeresniveau. - 4.4.2 Altimeter. - 4.5 Wetterkarten. - 5. Thennodynamik. - 5.1 Erster Hauptsatz der Wännelehre. - 5.1.1 Spezifische Wärme. - 5.2 Adiabatische Vorgänge dQ = 0. - 5.2.1 Potentielle Temperatur. - 5.2.2 Lapse-Rate bei adiabatischen Vorgängen in trockener Luft. - 5.2.3 Graphische Darstellung der adiabatischen Zustandsänderung. - 5.3 Feuchte Luft. - 5.4 Mischungsverhältnis w. - 5.5 Allgemeines über die Kondensation infolge Abkühlung. - 5.5.1 Isobare Abkühlung. - 5.5.2 Mischung von zwei Luftmassen. - 5.5.3 Abkühlung durch adiabatische Expansion. - 5.6 Zustandsänderungen von Wasser. - 5.7 Feuchtadiabatische Vorgänge. - 5.8 Pseudopotentielle Temperatur θe. - 5.9 Verdunstung. - 5.10 Stabilität der Atmosphäre. - 5.10.1 Stabilität unterhalb der Kondensationsbasis. - 5.10.2 Stabilität oberhalb der Kondensationsbasis. - 5.10.3 Wolkenbildung in instabiler Atmosphäre. - 6. Wolken und Niederschlag. - 6.1 Wolken. - 6.2 Niederschläge. - 6.2.1 Formen der Niederschläge. - 6.2.2 Theorie der Gewitterwolken. - 6.2.2.1 Niederschlagsbildung. - 6.3 Hagelbekämpfung. - 6.3.1 Hagelschäden. - 6.3.2 Grassversuche in der Magadinoebene und in Südrussland. - 7. Strahlung. - 7.1 Allgemeines. - 7.2 Allgemeine Gesetze der Strahlung. - 7.3 Streuung. - 7.3.1 Rayleigh-Streuung. - 7.3.2 Mie-Streuung. - 7.4 Intensität der Sonnenstrahlung. - 7.5 Energiegewinn des Systems Erde-Atmosphäre aus der Sonnenstrahlung. - 7.5.1 Die Strahlungsbilanz nach London. - 7.5.2 Abhängigkeit der Strahlungsbilanz von der geographischen Breite. - 7.5.3 Messung der Strahlungsbilanz mit Hilfe von Satelliten. - 8. Windgesetze. - 8.1 Allgemeine Bewegungsgleichung. - 8.2 Druckkraft. - 8.3 Strömungsgleichungen auf der rotierenden Erde. - 8.4 Geostrophischer Wind. - 8.5 Ablenkung des Windes in Bodennähe. - 8.6 Änderung des geostrophischen Windes mit der Höhe. - 9. Allgemeine Zirkulation. - 9.1 Allgemeine Zirkulation. - 9.2 Folgerungen über die allgemeine Zirkulation. - 9.3 Weltweite Klimaverteilung als Funktion der allgemeinen Zirkulation. - 10. Grosswetterlagen in Mitteleuropa. - 10.1 Grundelemente,der synoptischen Meteorologie. - 10.1.1 Druckgebiete. - 10.1.2 Die Luftmassen. - 10.1.3 Fronten. - 10.2 Hauptwetterlagen. - 10.2.1 Hochdrucklage über Mitteleuropa. - 10.2.1.1 Allgemeine Übersicht. - 10.2.1.2 Sommerliches Hochdruckwetter. - 10.2.1.3 Winterliches Hochdruckwetter. - 10.2.2 Tiefdrucklage über Mitteleuropa. - 10.2.2.1 Allgemeine Übersicht. - 10.2.2.2 Winterliche Kaltlufttropfen. - 10.2.2.3 Sommerliche Kaltlufttropfen. - 10.2.3 Nordostlage. - 10.2.3.1 Allgemeine Übersicht. - 10.2.3.2 Winterliche Nordostlage. - 10.2.4 Südlage. - 10.2.4.1 Allgemeine Übersicht. - 10.2.4.2 Entstehung des Föhns. - 10.2.4.3 Föhnlage. - 10.2.5 Westlage. - 10.2.5.1 Allgemeine Übersicht. - 10.2.5.2 Westwindwetter. - 10.2.6 Nordlage. - 10.2.6.1 Allgemeine Übersicht. - 10.2.6.2 Spätfrost bei Nordlage. - 10.2.7 Nordwestlage. - 10.2.7.1 Allgemeine Übersicht. - 10.2.7.2 Lawinensituation bei Nordwestlage. - 10.3 Witterungsverlauf vom 20.12.1970 bis zum 3.2.1971. - 11. Wetterprognose und gobale Atmosphärenforschung. - 11.1 Wetterprognose. - 11.1.1 Einteilung von Wetterprognosen. - 11.1.2 Methode für Wettervorhersage. - 11.1.3 Die Langfristprognose. - 11.2 Globale Atmosphärenforschung.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Zusammenfassungen 1. Problemstellung 2. Terrestrische Refraktion in der Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre 2.1. Lichtausbreitung und Refraktionskoeffizient 2.2. Vertikales Temperaturprofil in der Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre 2.3. Meteorologische Prozesse in der Grenzschicht Antarktikas 2.4. Terrestrische Refraktion Und vertikales Temperaturprofil über polaren Schnee- und Eisflächen (Literaturübersicht) 3. Terrestrische Refraktion bei der trigonometrischen Höhenbestimmung 3.1. Formeln 3.2. Technische Realisierung 3.3. Meßprogramm 3.3.1. Lagemessungen 3.3.2. Streckenbestinunungen für die Refraktionsuntersuchungen 3.3.3. Höhenbestimmungen 3.3.3.1. Nivellements 3.3.3.2. Vertikale Eisbewegung 3.3.3.3. Höhenübertragung auf den Mast 3.3.3.4. Genauigkeit der Höhenbestimmung 3.3.4. Relief der Schneeoberfläche 3.3.5. Messung der Zenitwinkel 3.3.5.1. Beobachtungsprogramm 3.3.5.2. Anzahl der Beobachtungen 3.3.5.3. Dauer und Synchronität der Beobachtungen 3.3.6. Elektrooptische Streckenmessung 3.3.6.1. Meßprogramm 3.3.6.2. Gerätetechnische Parameter 3.4. Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.1. Mittlerer Fehler der Streckenmessung 3.4.2. Mittlere Beobachtungsfehler der Zenitwinkel 3.4.3. Mittlere Fehler des berechneten Höhenwinkels A0, B0 für RK = 0 auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.4. Mittlere Fehler der berechneten Refraktionswinkel und der Refraktionskoeffizienten auf den Endpunkten der Linien auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.5. Mittlere Fehler des Refraktionskoeffizienten RKM auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.5. Mittlere Refraktionskoeffizienten RKM 3.6. Refraktionskoeffizienten RKA und RKB der einzelnen Visuren 3.7. Differenz der Refraktionswinkel (Refraktionskoeffizienten) bei gegenseitigen gleichzeitigen Beobachtungen 3.8. Geschlossene Dreiecke 4. Thermische Struktur der eisnahen Luftschicht und terrestrische Refraktion 4.1. Meßprogramm und Datenverarbeitung 4.1.1. Geräte 4.1.2. Meßprogramm 4.1.3. Datenverarbeitung 4.2. Meteorologische Verhältnisse im Maßgebiet 4.2.1. Station Molodeznaja 4.2.2. Meßfeld (Punkte 1 - 3)· 4.3. Vertikales Temperaturprofil in der Schicht 0 - 6 m über dem Inlandeis 4.3.1. Form der Temperaturprofile 4.3.2. Ausgewählte Tagesgänge der vertikalen Temperaturgradienten 4.3.3. Statistische Analyse der Temperaturgradienten 4.3.3.1. Empirische Verteilungsfunktionen 4.3.3.2. Mittlerer Jahres- und Tagesgang 4.3.3.3. Räumliche Unterschiede bei gleichzeitigen Messungen 4.3.4. Korrelation mit meteorologischen Parametern 4.3.5. Berechnung von integralen Temperaturgradienten aus wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4. Berechnung von lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten aus dem vertikalen Temperaturprofil 4.4.1. Ausgewählte Tagesgänge der lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4.2. Statistische Analyse der lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4.2.1. Empirische Verteilungsfunktionen 4.4.2.2. Mittlerer Jahres- und Tagesgang 4.4.3. Korrelation mit meteorologischen Parametern 4.5. Vergleich zwischen geodätischen und lokalen meteorologischen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.6. Multiple Regression zwischen dem wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizient und meteorologischen Parametern 4.6.1. Schätzung des wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.6.2. Schätzung der Differenz des wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten von Stand- und Zielpunkt 4.7. Näherungsweise Lösung des FEARNLEY-Integrals und Korrelation mit geodätischen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.7.1. Beschreibung des Rechenverfahrens 4.7.2. Vergleich zwischen RK und RP, RM, RF und RJ 4.7.3. Übersicht über die relativen Abweichungen 4.8. Abhängigkeit der Differenz der Refraktionswinkel bei gleichzeitigen gegenseitigen Beobachtungen von meteorologischen Elementen 5. Schlußbemerkungen 6. Literaturverzeichnis

Note: Table of Contents: Airborne lidar for measurements of atmospheric gases and aerosols / Edward C. Browell. - Lidar observation of aerosol stratigication in the case of sea breeze circulation near the shore / I. Kolev, O. Parvanov, B. Kaprielov, E. Donev, D. Ivanov. - Laser radar observation of the fog by "Yamase Wind" from the Okhotsk sea / M. Jyumonji and H. Uchiyama. - An overview of lidar studies of the atmosphere at Pune, India / P. C. S. Devara, P. E. Raj, G. Pandithurai and S. Sharma. - Lidar activity in China / Huanling Hu. - Technique for determining atmospheric aerosol optical parameters by multi-wavelength laser sounding / A. P. Chaikovsky, V. N. Shcherbakov, S. B. Tauroginskaya. - Aerosol microphysical properties influence on lidar particle size retrieval / Y. Emery, C. Flesia, A. Mugnai. - Stratifications and size distributions of aerosols derived from simultaneous measurements with lidar and radiometers / Tadahiro Hayasaka, Yasuhiko Meguro, Yasuhiro Sasano and Tamio Takamura. - Retrieval of aerosol size distribution moments with multi-wavelength lidar / L. de Schoulepnikoff, B. Stein, R. Rairoux. - Dial and long-path measurements of pollution / Martin J. T. Milton. - Dial measurement of CH4, CO2, CO and N2O using a tunable IR source based on the Ti:Sapphire laser / Michihiro Uchiumi, Oi Choo Chee, Katsunori Muraoka, Mitsuno Maeda and Osamu Uchino. - Trace gas fluxes in the convective boundary layer observed with DIAL and Radar-RASS / C. Senff, M. Bauer, J. Bösenberg, G. Grabbe, G. Peters, T. Schaberl. - Remote Sensing of mass fluxes of trace gases in the boundary layer / Ch. Werner, R. Haus, F. Köpp and K. Schäfer. - Contrail observation by ground based scanning lidar / Volker Freudenthaler, Frank Homburg and Horst Jäger. - Airborne lidar and radiometric detection and analysis of chemical plumes / Edward E. Uthe. - Development of an imaging laser radar for long-range gas plume visualization / Thomas J. Kulp, Randall Kennedy, Michael Delong, and Darrel Garvis. - Numerical study of a pump and probe lidar experiment for in situ tropospheric measurements of the OH radical / A. Clappier, B. Calpini, E. Durieux, L. Fiorani, L. Jaquet, H. van den Bergh. - Iron Boltzmann factor lidar: proposed new remote seinsing technique for mesospheric temperature / Jerry A. Gelbwachs. - A new method for monitoring asbestos fiber aerosols by measuring polarization of scattered light: principle / Norihisa Hiromoto, Toshikazu Itabe, Ken-ichi Araki, and Shigeo Ito. - Dual-dial measurements of ozone profiles / Zhien Wang, Huanling Hu, Jun Zhou. - Three dimensional imaging at 10 km using a diode pumped soild state ladar / J. R. Brandt and T. D. Steiner. - High spectral resolution lidar measurements using an I2 absorption filter / E. W. Eloranta and P. Piironen. - Computer modeling of a lidar receiving system with a nanosecond resolution / D. V. Stoyanov and T. N. Dreischuh. - Lidar observation of the troposphere in Tokyo / Toshiyuki Murayama. - A program for the environmental monitoring by laser radar of Metro Manila, Philippines / Minella C. Alarcon. - Laser altimetry measurements of Okhotsk Sea Ice from an airplane / Mitsuno Ishizu, Tetsuro Aoki, Kohei Mizutani, Masao Takabe, Tosikazu Itabe. - Airborne lidar sensing of Lake Baikal water area / I. E. Penner and V. S. Shamanaev. - The Pacific '93 Aircraft Lidar Experiment / Raymond M. Hoff, Michael Harwood and Andrew Sheppard. - Lidar observation of turbulent structure in marine boundary layer / Susumu Yamagishi, Hiroshi Yamanouchi, and Masayuki Tsuchiya. - Analytical inversion method for the lidar equation: sensitivity to multiple scattering and particle shape / C. Flesia and A. Starkov. - Lidar sensing of aerosol optical parameters in lower troposphere / Yu. S. Balin and I. A. Razenkov. - Multi-wavelength laser sounding of the troposphere over continental regions / A. P. Chaikovsky, I. S. Hutko, A. P. Ivanov, F. P. Osipenko, V. N. Shcherbakov, S. B. Tauroginskaya. - Tropospheric aerosol measurements using Lidar, sunphotometer and particle counter / Tamio Takamura, Yasuhiro Sasano, and Tadahiro Hayasaka. - Wavelength dependence of aerosol optical parameters measured by a tuneable lidar / Ryoichi Toriumi and Hideo Tai and Hiroshi Okumura and Nobuo Takeuchi. - Aerosol extinction profiling with CO2-lidar / Arne Hågård and Rolf Persson. - High spectral resolution lidar measurements of particle size / E. W. Eloranta and P. Piironen. - Dial measurements of nitrogen dioxide based on solid-state lasers / Ryoichi Toriumi and Hideo Tai, Nobuo Takeuchi. - Airborne UV-Dial urban plume measurements / James L. McElroy, Curtis M. Edmonds, and Donald H. Bundy, Hans Moosmüller, Rudolpha M. Jorgensen, Raul J. Alvarez, II. - Surveillance of industrial emissions using lidar techniques / Hand Edner, Pär Ragnarson, and Eva Wallinder. - Lidar measurements of volcanic gas fluxes / Hans Edner, Pär Ragnarson, Sune Svanberg, and Eva Wallinder. - Extending the CO2 dial mapping capability. Observations of gaseous diffusion over complex terrain / S. Egert, D. Peri, J. Sivan, Y. Baungarten. - Studies the stratospheric aerosol layer by spectral-polarization lidar / A. P. Chaikovsky, A. P. Ivanov, F. P. Osipenko, V. N. Shcherbakov. - Theory of lidar using Modulation Interference Radar (MIR) and its fundamental experiments using super sonic waves / Motoharu Jinguuji, Sachio Ehara and Tohru Mogi. - Synthetic aperture laser radar for 10 µm-Band high -resolution imaging / Shin Yoshikado and Tadashi Aruga. - An ozone-aerosol lidar and a three-wavelength inversion technique / Qiu Jinhuan. - Measurement of depolarization and fluorescence of the cedar pollen for lidar application / Katsuya Kiuchi, Makoto Abo and Chikao Nagasawa. - Lidar studies of light scattering anisotropy in the atmosphere / B. V. Kaul, A. L. Kuznetsov and I. V. Samokhvalov. - Depolarization measurements with the high spectral resolution lidar / E. W. Eloranta and P. Piironen. - Lidar polarization measurements necessity in two cases of study of processes in the atmospheric planetary boundary layer / I. Kolev, O. Parvanov, B. Kaprielov. - Comparison of multiple scattering in cloud and fog / Yuici Okazaki, Kazuo Noguchi, Hiroshi Okumura, Nobuo Takeuchi. - Cloud microstructure effect on the lidar return with multiple scattering / E. P. Zege, I. L. Katsev, I. N. Polonsky, A. A. Kokhanovsky. - Measurements of upper tropospheric moisture with a raman lidar / Scott E. Bisson and J. E. M. Goldsmith, Anthony D. Del Genio. - Temporal and spatial variability of atmospheric water vapor / S. H. Melfi, Keith Evans, David Whiteman, and Richard Ferrare. - Temperature effect on water vapor measurements with CO2 differential absorption lidars / Avishai Ben-David. - Dial measurements of water vapor using two narrowband Ti:Sapphire lasers / Chikao Nagasawa, Makoto Abo, Kenji Kimiyama. - Water vapor DIAL using an Alexandrite regenerative amplifier / V. Wulfmeyer, J. Bösenberg. - A comparison of water vapor measurements made by Raman lidar and radiosondes / R. A. Ferrare, S. H. Melfi, D. N. Whiteman, K. D. Evans, F. J. Schmidlin. - Daytime raman lidar profiling of atmospheric water vapor / J. E. M. Goldsmith and Scott E. Bisson. - Scale invariant properties of water vapor measured by a raman lidar / Keith D. Evans, S. H. Melfi, R. A. Ferrare, D. N. Whiteman, A. Marshak and A. Davis. - Micro pulse lidar systems and applications / James Spinhirne. - Compact lidar systems for surface, ship-based, and airborne remote sensing of the atmosphere / R. M. Hardesty, C. J. Grund, W. L. Eberhard, B. J. Rye, and Y. Zhao. - All solid-state laser system for airborne water vapor concentration measurements in the stratosphere using the dial technique in the near infrared / G. Ehret, W. Renger, E. Murphy and Ch. Werner. - Overview of lidar activities at NASDA / Akira Kikuchi, Takashi Noguchi. - Extending the dynamic range of differential absorption lidar measure