ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Synthetic aperture radar provides broad-area imaging at high resolutions, which is used in applications such as environmental monitoring, earth-resource mapping, and military systems. This book presents the tools required for the digital processing of synthetic aperture radar images. They are of three types: (a) the elements of physics, (b) mathematical models and (c) image processing methods adapted to particular applications.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. The physical basis of synthetic aperture radar imagery (Jean-Marie Nicolas and Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle). Chapter 2. The principles of synthetic aperture radar (Jean-Marie Nicolas and Frederic Adragna). Chapter 3. Existing satellite SAR systems (Jean-Marie Nicolas and Frederic Adragna). Chapter 4. Synthetic aperture radar images (Frederic Adragna, Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle and Jean-Marie Nicolas). Chapter 5. Speckle models (Armand Lopes, Rene Garello and Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle). Chapter 6. Estimation of reflectivity and filtering of SAR images (Armand Lopes, Florence Tupin and Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle). Chapter 7. Classification of SAR images (Danielle Ducrot, Florence Tupin and Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle). Chapter 8. Detection of points, contours and lines (Florence Tupin and Armand Lopes). Chapter 9. Geometry and relief (Frederic Adragna). Chapter 10. Radar-grammetry (Henri Maitre). Chapter 11. Radar-clinometry (Henri Maitre). Chapter 12. Interferometry (Frederic Adragna and Jean-Marie Nicolas). Chapter 13. Phase unwrapping (Emmanuel Trouve and Henri Maitre). Chapter 14. Radar oceanography (Jean-Marc Le Caillec and Rene Garello).

Description / Table of Contents: Simulation Techniques --- One-dimensional Electromagnetic Particle Code: KEMPO1 A Tutorial on Microphysics in Space Plasmas / Y. Omura / pp. 1-21 --- Vlasov-code simulation / J. Büuchner / pp. 23-46 --- δf Particle-in-Cell Plasma Simulation Model: Properties and Applications / R. D. Sydora / pp. 47-60 --- Automatic Adaptive Multi-Dimensional Particle In Cell / G. Lapenta / pp. 61-76 --- Generalized Curvilinear Coordinates in Hybrid and Electromagnetic Codes / D. W. Swift / pp. 77-89 --- A New Methodology for Multi-Scale Simulation of Plasmas / H. Karimabadi, Y. Omelchenko, J. Driscoll, R. Fujimoto, and K. Perumalla / pp. 91-99 --- Numerical methods used in the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry Global code to model the magnetosphere / J. G. Lyon / pp. 101-109 --- Unstructured Meshes and Finite Elements in Space Plasma Modelling: Principles and Applications / R. Marchand, J. Y. Lu, K. Kabin, and R. Rankin / pp. 111-143 --- Visualization of Tangled Vector Field Topology and Global Bifurcation of Magnetospheric Dynamics / D. Cai, K. Nishikawa, and B. Lembege / pp. 145-166 --- Introduction to Virtual Reality Visualization by the CAVE system / N. Ohno and A. Kageyama / pp. 167-207 --- Simulation Software --- KEMPO1 Kyoto university ElectroMagnetic Particle cOde: 1d version / Y. Omura / pp. 209-235 --- The Elements for Setting up a Hybrid or Electromagnetic Code in Curvilinear Coordinates / D. W. Swift / pp. 237-282

Description / Table of Contents: PART I PARTICLE SIMULATIONS --- INTRODUCTION TO PARTICLE SIMULATION MODELS AND OTHER APPLICATION TO ELECTROSTATIC PLASMA WAVES / Hideo Okuda / pp. 3-41 --- PARTICLE SIMULATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND ITS APPLICATION TO SPACE PLASMAS / Hiroshi Matsumoto and Yoshiharu Omura / pp. 43-102 --- RELATIVISTIC CODE APPLIED TO RADIATION GENERATION / A. T. Lin / pp. 103-116 --- MODERN DEVELOPMENT IN PARTICLE SIMULATION / J. C. Adam / pp. 117-130 --- PART II MHD SIMULATIONS --- PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION IN SPACE PLASMAS / Tetsuya Sato / pp. 133-153 --- MHD MODELLING OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE / C. C. Wu / pp. 155-177 --- NUMERICALLY-SIMULATED FORMATION AND PROPAGATION OF INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS / S. T. Wu / pp. 179-201 --- ANOMALOUS TRANSPORT BY KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITIES / Akira Miura / pp. 203-224 --- PART III OTHER-METHOD SIMULATIONS --- PARTICLE BEHAVIOR IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE / R. A. Wolf and R. W. Spiro / pp. 227-254 --- HYBRID SIMULATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO THE EARTH'S BOW SHOCK / D. Winske and M. M. Leroy / pp. 255-278 --- VLASOV SIMULATION OF ION ACOUSTIC DOUBLE LAYERS / G. Chanteur / pp. 279-301 --- SIMULATION MODELS FOR SPACE PLASMAS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AS A KEY TO THEIR DESIGN AND ANALYSIS / Christian T. Dum / pp. 303-375

Description / Table of Contents: Part I: An integrated framework of disaster risk management --- An Integrated Risk Analysis Framework for Emerging Disaster Risks: Toward a better risk management of flood disaster in urban communities / S. Ikeda / pp. 1-21 --- Fundamental Characteristics of Flood Risk in Japan's Urban Areas / T. Sato / pp. 23-40 --- Integration Framework of Flood Risk Management: What should be integrated? / K. Seo / pp. 41-56 --- Public Preference and Willingness to Pay for Flood Risk Reduction / G. Zhai / pp. 57-87 --- New Mode of Risk Governance Enhanced by an e-community Platform / T. Nagasaka / pp. 89-107 --- Part II: Interdisciplinary studies of flood risk --- Uncertainty in Flood Risks and Public Understanding of Probable Rainfall / S. Shimokawa and Y. Takeuchi / pp. 109-119 --- Public Perception of Flood Risk and Community-based Disaster Preparedness / T. Motoyoshi / pp. 121-134 --- Residents' Perception about Disaster Prevention and Action for Risk Mitigation: The case of the Tokai flood in 2000 / K. Takao / pp. 135-151 --- Roles of Volunteers in Disaster Prevention: Implications of questionnaire and interview surveys / I. Suzuki / pp. 153-163 --- Issues and Attitudes of Local Government Officials for Flood Risk Management / K. Terumoto / pp. 165-176 --- The Niigata Flood in 2004 as a Flood Risk of "Low Probability but High Consequence" / T. Sato, T. Fukuzono, and S. Ikeda / pp. 177-192 --- Insurance Issues of Catastrophic Disasters in Japan: Lessons from the 2005 Hurricane Katrina Disaster / H. Tsubokawa / pp. 193-198 --- Part III: Pilot studies of implementing social platform of risk management in local community: Participatory flood risk communication support system (Pafrics) --- Participatory Flood Risk Communication Support System (Pafrics) / T. Fukuzono, T. Sato, Y. Takeuchi, K. Takao, S. Shimokawa, I. Suzuki, G. Zhai, K. Terumoto, T. Nagasaga, K. Seo, and S. Ikeda / pp. 199-211 --- Flood Risk Communication with Pafrics / Y. Takeuchi and I. Suzuki / pp. 213-224

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The CERN Accelerator School (CAS) was founded in 1983 with the aim to preserve and disseminate the knowledge accumulated at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) and elsewhere on particle accelerators and storage rings. This is being achieved by means of a biennial programme of basic and advanced courses on general accelerator physics supplemented by specialized and topical courses as well as Workshops. The chapters included in this present volume are taken from one of the specialized courses, Applied Geodesy for Particle Accelerators, held at CERN in April 1986. When construction of the first large accelerators started in the 1950's, it was necessary to use geodetic techniques to ensure precise positioning of the machines' components. Since that time the means employed have constantly evolved in line with technological progress in general, while a number of specific developments - many of them achieved at CERN - have enriched the range of available instruments. These techniques and precision instruments are used for most of the world's accelerators but can also be applied in other areas of industrial geodesy: surveying of civil engineering works and structures, aeronautics, nautical engineering, astronomical radio-interferometers, metrology of large dimensions, studies of deformation, etc. The ever increasing dimensions of new accelerators dictates the use of the best geodetic methods in the search for the greatest precision, such as distance measurements to 10 -7, riqorous evaluation of the local geoid and millimetric exploitation of the Navstar satellites. At the same time, the powerful computer methods now available for solving difficult problems are also applicable at the instrument level where data collection can be automatically checked. Above all, measuring methods and calculations and their results can be integrated into data bases where the collection of technical parameters can be efficiently managed. In order to conserve the logical presentation of the different lectures presented at the CAS school, the chapters presented here have been grouped under four main topics. The first and the fourth deal with spatial and theoretical geodesy, while the second and third are concerned with the work of applied geodesy, especially that carried out at CERN. Readers involved in these subjects will find in the following chapters, if not the complete answer to their problems, at least the beginning of solutions to them.

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION The evaporite deposits of the Werra district, especially in the Hattorf mining field, are considered a worldwide unique location for the occurence of numerous basalt dikes and magmatic fluid phases fixed in salt rocks. In spite of the great number of studies dealing with the magmatites in the Werra region, previous investigations have rarely attempted more than a predominantly 'qualitative' description of the basaltic rocks and the effects of volcanism on the evaporites (see Chapter 2). The method of interpreting the mineralogical and chemical composition of the evaporites at the basalt contact is based on previous works (KNIPPING 1984; KNIPPING & HERRMANN 1985). This study should contribute to understanding (i) the mechanism of intrusion of the basaltic rnelts and (ii) the metamorphic processes occurring in the evaporites caused by mobile phases during volcanism. Hence, the following methods were applied: The mineralogical and chemical description of the basaltic rocks with recent nomenclature including the possible differences between individual dikes and between surface- and subsurface-exposed basalts. Seven surface and 48 subsurface exposures at the Hattorf mine of Kali & Salz AG were studied. Application of the most recent knowledge on basalt genesis for interpreting observational and experimental results. Studies on the sulfur and carbon isotope distributions of the native sulfur from several subsurface exposures and the enrichments of gases (predominantly CO2) in the evaporites. Calculation of the spatial and temporal temperature distribution in the evaporite rocks following intrusion of the basaltic melts. For purposes of clarity a few of the terms which will be used frequently here will first be defined: basalt - all of the intrusive rocks studied can be assigned mineralogically and chemically to the basalt family in a broader sense. Thus, the terms basaltic rock or, in short, basalt will be used for these rocks. rock salt - instead of the term salt for halitic rocks the term rock salt is used. Besides, the evaporites are generally designated as host rocks (for the basalt dikes) as well. gases - especially in the German literature the term carbon dioxide or carbonic acid (= Kohlensäure) is frequently used for the gases enclosed in the evaporites of the Werra-Fulda district. ACKERMANN et al (1964) found, in addition to carbon dioxide, considerable amounts of nitrogen and minor amounts of methane. In the following therefore the terms gas mixture or gas will be used. The various basalt dikes found in the Hattorf mining field are described here in terms of their mineralogy and geochemistry for the first time. In doing so it is necessary to number them from east to west. To avoid confusion with older numerations (e.g. SIEMENS 1971) the various dike systems are designated by capital letters (A to P).

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The Lower Triassic Buntsandstein in Middle Europe which originated in mainly continental fluvla] environment in the Mid-European Triassic Basin is a famous terrestrial red bed sequence that is discussed in the geological literature since more than 200 years. Much of the earlier work had been devoted to stratigraphical, palaeogeographical and petrographical problemsof the Buntsandstein. The sedimentological analysis and deposltional modelling in the German-type facies, however, is the youngest branch of Buntsandstein investigation and started only a few decades ago. During the last ten years when I began to concentrate on the interpretation of the genesis of the Buntsandstein, much work has been carried out and has already been documented in numerous papers that focussed on various aspects of sedimentology, particularly on reconstruction of fluvial and aeolian depositional mechanisms, significance of palaeosols, importance of fluvial conglomerates, palaeoecology of the fossils, interdisciplinary sedimentology, diagenesis of heavy minerals and origin of the red colour. A summary of the present knowledge in the western part of the German Basin is given in a compilation of regional articles together with general discussions and comparative contributions and especially with an extensive colour photographic documentation in an earlier book (reference on p. 12). In the last few years when more and more material became available not only from the Buntsandstein s. str. (Lower Triassic Scythian) in the Mid-European Triassic Basin, but also from correlative sequences in adjoining areas and even older or younger series of similar facies and origin, it became more and more evident that a synthesis of the state of the art would be necessary, if not inevitably for outlining the general frame and illustrating the diversification of facies associations in numerous temporal and spatial scales. That is why I decided to edit an international proceedings volume on the Buntsandstein which is to compile contributions from many regions and different stratigraphic units with emphasis on various aspects of fluvia] sedi~ntation, but stressing also the importance of the distribution of associated environments such as aeolian dunes and calcrete palaeosols. In spite of my own enthusiasm for the Buntsandstein continental red bed formation (the Lower Triassic red rocks seem to have a very special flavour for being so attractive for me) and regardless of the expansion of my investigations from my original Eife] area (where I learnt how to assess the facies assoCiations in terms of depositional modelling and where I collected an enormous amount of data that served as a valuable base for the production of various case studies which were published during the last years) to several other regions, it was without any doubt that it would not be possible for me alone to finish such an overregional proceedings book within a reasonable time, but that I had to beg various colleagues for their collaboration by writing papers on the Buntsandstein in their investigated areas for this volume. Although the response to my first and second circulars soon showed that it would not be possible to publish a compilation of articles from almost all the studied regions, formations and aspects within a reasonable time with avoiding too much delay of appearance for early contributors, I am very happy that finally many colleagues provided me with papers from almost all the countries in Europe where Buntsandstein is cropping out at the surface. In spite of the tremendous editorial work which was necessary to polish the English, to improve the contents of text and drawings and to put the sequence of papers into a general stream line, I would like to thank all my colleagues who contributed to this volume for their support of the project and particularly for their understanding of my editorial task, especially in case of my frequently serious intervention into their early manuscripts and illustrations. Looking for a publisher in the early stages of planning the volume, I found immediately support by Dr. W. Engel (Department of Geological Sciences of the Springer- Verlag) who generously offered me to take the book into the newly founded series "Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences". From the beginning of organization, writing and editing, I appreciated very much the close cooperation with Dr. Engel who always had an ear for my problems and gave me the necessary freedom to finish the volume along the lines of my intention. Although the preparation of the camera-ready manuscript leaves nearly all the work and responsibility with the author, I am especially grateful to Dr. Engel for his guarantee of almost immediate publication after receipt of the final manuscript which allowed me to polish and incorporate latest ideas up to the very terminal moment. Writing on a subject like the Buntsandstein which has proven to be considerably diversified in terms of sedimentary processes and depositional mechanisms, it became soon apparent that a full discussion along my original intention would easily end up with several thousands of pages in size and would consume much more than a few years. Having already rePeatedly experienced in the past that during course of incorporation of nearly all the relevant literature, the reference l i s t of the final paper is often longer than the whole first draft of the article after one or two years collection of data and ideas, there was no other way than to decide to keep the bibliography short. In order to restrict the book to an economical frame and not to frighten the readership to death, but especially to avoid drowning of the red line through the volume, many contributions had to be written as summary presentations without detailed discussion of the literature. Speaking particularly for the articles that have been written by myself either alone or together with friends, I can assure that this is by no means the result of proud neglectance of other works, but only the necessity of streamlining of the book, and that much of the detailed discussion of comparative examples from the literature has to be done in subsequent special papers. It is impossible to acRnowledge all the people that helped me to arrive at the present goal. Special merits, however, deserve those who stimulated my interest for the Buntsandstein. I am especially indebted to Prof. Dr. G. Fuchs (Landessammlungen fur Naturkunde, Karlsruhe) who proposed me ten years ago to work on the Eifel Buntsandstein for my M.Sc. Thesis, and who later supervised together with Prof. Dr. W. Dachroth (Department of Geology and Palaeontology, University of Heidelberg) the preparation of my Ph.D. Thesis. The good luck of the former to choose the Eifel for me as a starting region (which later proved to have a key position for approaching the evolution of fluvial sedimentation in many other Buntsandstein areas), and the earlier investigations of the latter (although largely unpublished and even only briefly touched in his contribution to this volume) triggered my love of the Buntsandstein which has reached a preliminary climax with the present book. It is my pleasure to dedicate this volume to my two former supervisors with very many thanks for their support and in honour of their merit to have lighted the fire. It is my sincere wish to acknowledge again all the people who contributed with articles to this volume for their help to prepare this summary of the state of the art of Buntsandstein fluvial sedimento]og~y. I also want to sincerely thank all friends and colleagues who supplied ideas and facts in oral or written form and who guided me in the field during course of my comparative investigations that helped me considerably in proceeding with the interpretation of the Buntsandstein. Thanks are also due to Helmut Mader (my father) and Martha Herrmann (my aunt) for their support. I am further indebted to those who have been involved in the various technical aspects of the preparation of the manuscript from the beginning of word processor typesetting of the text and reprography of the illustrations to the final printing. I do hope that the compilation of articles on fluvial aspects of the Buntsandstein in this book will stimulate the interest of many people in the topic of sedimentological modelling of terrestrial red bed sequences and will internationally highlight the position of the Buntsandstein as an extraordinarily attractive case history of fluvial deposition.

Description / Table of Contents: Biolaminated deposits, produced by microbial communities, were studied in modern peritidal environments and in the rock record. The term microbial, mat refers to modern, the term stromatolite to ancient analogs. The term biolaminated deposits was used to encompass both microbial mats and stromatolites. Microbial mat environments studied are the Gavish Sabkha, the Solar Lake, both hypersaline back-barrier systems at the Gulf of Aqaba, Sinai Peninsula, and the "Farbstreifen-Sandwatt" (versicolored sandy tidal flats) on Mellum, an island in the estuary embayment of the southern North Sea coast. Three facies-relevant categories were distinguished: (i) the mat-forming microbiota, (2) environmental conditions controlling mat types and lithology, (3) bioturbation and grazing. Cyanobacteria account for biogenic sediment accretion in all cases studied. Three major groups occur: filamentous cyanobacteria, coccoid unicells with binary fission and those with multiple fission. In the presence of these groups the following mat types evolve: (i) continuously flat (stratiform) L~-laminae (occur in all environments studied); (2) translucent, vertically extended Lv-laminae (only Gavish Sabkha and Solar Lake); (3) nodular granules (only Gavish Sabkha). Basically, the development of mats is controlled by moisture. Thus high-lying parts where the groundwater table runs more than 40 cm below surface are bare of mats. These are: The circular slope and elevated center of the Gavish Sabkha, the shorelines of the Solar Lake and the episodically flooded upper supratidal zone of Mellum Island. The following situations of water supply were found to stimulate mat growth: (i) Capillary movement of groundwater to exposed surfaces, (2) shallowest calm water, both realized in the Gavish Sabkha and the Solar Lake. On Mellum Island, mats form in the lower supratidal zone, which is flooded in the spring tide cycle and wetted during low tide by capillary groundwater. Salinity is almost that of normal seawater, whereas in the Solar Lake, it ranges from 45 °/oo to 180 °/oo and in the Gavish Sabkha, it reaches more than 300 °/oo. Salinity increase is correlated with rising concentrations of magnesium and sulfate ions. In the Gavish Sabkha, episodic sheetfloods cause high-rate sedimentation which is accidental to the living mats. Episodic low-rate sedimentation stimulates the mats to grow through the freshly deposited sediment layer. This occurs predominantly on Mellum Island due to eolian transport. Within the Gavish Sabkha, mineralogy of sediments, community structures, standing crops, redox potentials and pH are highly correlative to the increasing evenness in moisture supply which is realized by the inclination of the system below mean sea level. These conditions bring about a lateral sequence of facies types which include (I) siliciclastic biolaminites at the coastal bar base, (2) nodular to biolaminoid carbonates at saline mud flats, (3) regularly stratified stromatolitic carbonates with ooids and oncoids within the hypersaline lagoon, (4) biolaminated sulfate towardthe elevated center. High-magnesium calcite in facies type 3 precipitates around decaying organic matter and forms also the ooids and oncoids. These occur predominantly within hydroplastic Lv-laminae which provide numerous nucleation centers. Within the Solar Lake, facies type 3 (stromatolitic carbonates with ooids and oncoids) is most important, and grows to extraordinary thickness at the lake's shelf. The regular alternation of dark and light laminae results from seasonally oscillating water depths. These conditions couple back over changing light and salinity intensities to changing dominance structures of mat-building communities. Increasing salinity correlates with decreasing water depth and accounts for the relative abundance of coccoid unicells and diatoms, both active producers of extracellular slimes (Lv-laminae). Water depths locally or temporarily increased favor surface colonization by Mic~ocoleu8 chthonoplastes (Lh-laminae). The biolaminated deposits of the versicolored tidal flats on Mellum Island are similar to facies type 1 of the Gavish Sabkha (siliciclastic biolaminites). Differences exist in the lithology: Sediments upon or through which the mats on Mellum Island grow are made up of clean sand. The grains originate predominantly from re-worked glacial sediments and are rounded to well rounded. By contrast, the strong angularity of siliciclastic grains in the Gavish Sabkha clearly shows their status as primary weathering products. In all environments studied, insects play a significant role. Mainly salt beetles contribute to the lebensspuren spectrum. There is no indication that burrowing and grazing beetles and dipterans are detrimental to the growing mat systems. According to the marine fauna, two distributional barriers exist: (i) physical and (2) biogeochemical factors. Physical barriers are (a) hypersalinity and barrier-closing, which restrict the marine fauna in the Gavish Sabkha and the Solar Lake to a few species, mainly meiofaunal elements such as ostracods and copepods. Only in the Gavish Sabkha, one marine gastropod species occurs which colonizes mud flats of lower salinity. A salinity barrier of about 70 °/oo separates the gastropod habitats from the zones of growing mats. Under reduced salinity, the snails are able to destroy the microbial mats completely. (b) Decreasing regularity of flooding in the microbial mat environment of Mellum Island excludes intertidal deformative burrowers such as cockles and lugworms. However, locally the mats are pierced by numerous dwelling traces. These stem from small polychaetes and amphipod crustaceans which are able to spread over the intertidal-supratidal boundary and settle up to the MHWS-Ievel. Biogeochemical barriers are oxygen depletion within the sediments, high ammonia and sulfide contents, which generate through bacterial break-down of organic matter. Within the highly productive mats of Mic~ocoleu8 chthonoplastes on Mellum Island, dwelling traces of marine polychaetes and amphipod crustaceans disappear due to these conditions. The name of the mat-forming species, Microcoleus chthonoplastes, indicates its capacity to form "soils" (Greek chthonos). While lithology is not altered, the presence of Mic~ocoleu8 mats leads to a habitat change which excludes trace-making "arenophile" invertebrate species and favors "chthonophile" species which do not leave traces. Stromatolitic microstructures studied in rock specimens were interpreted using modern analogs: Microcolumnar buildups in Precambrian stromatolites, ooids and oncoids were compared with those of modern microbial mats. The nodular to biolaminoid facies type found in the Gavish Sabkha was suggested to be an analog to the Plattendolomite facies of Permian Zechstein, North Poland. Studies of the Lower Jurassic ironstone of Lorraine clearly indicate that fungi have been involved in the formation of stromatolites, ooids and oncoids. In conclusion, the comparative study of microstructures in microbial mats and stromatolites reveals a better understanding in both fields. In many cases, it was geology which first revealed the similarity of recent forms to those ancient ones and consequently encouraged research into them.

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION Sediments are increasingly recognized as both a carrier and a possible source of contaminants in aquatic systems, and these materials may also affect groundwater quality and agricultural products when disposed on land. Contaminants are not necessarily fixed permanently by the sediment, but may be recycled via biological and chemical agents both within the sedimentary compartment and the water column. Bioaccumulation and food chain transfer may be strongly affected by sediment-associated proportions of pollutants. Benthic organisms, in particular, have direct contact with sediment, and the contaminant level in the sediment may have greater impact on their survival than do aqueous concentrations. Following the findings of positive correlations between liver lesions in English Sole and concentrations of certain aromatic hydrocarbons in Puget Sound (Washington) sediment, it can be suspected that such substrates may also be responsible for a host of other serious and presently unrecognized changes at both the organismal and ecosystem levels (Malins et al., 1984). Modern research on particle-bound contaminants probably originated with the idea that sediments reflect the biological, chemical and physical conditions in a water body (Züllig, 1956). Based on this concept the historical evolution of limnological parameters could be traced back from the study of vertical sediment profiles. In fact, already early in this century Nipkow (1920) suggested that the alternative sequence of layers in a sediment core from Lake Zürich might be related to variations in the trophic status of the lake system. During the following decades of limnological research on eutrophication problems sediment aspects were playing only a marginal role, until it was recognized that recycling from bottom deposits can be a significant factor in the nutrient budget of an aquatic system. Similarly, in the next global environmental issue, the acidification of inland waters sediment-related research only became gradually involved. Here too, it is now accepted that particle-interactions can affect aquatic ecosystems, e.g. by enhancing the mobility of toxic metals. In contrast to the eutrophication and acidification problems, research on toxic chemicals has included sediments aspects from its beginning: Artificial radionuclides in the Columbia and Clinch Rivers in the early sixties (Sayre et al., 1963); in the late sixties heavy metals in the Rhine River system (De Groot, 1966) and methyl mercury (Jensen & Jerne- 16v, 1967) at Minamata Bay in Japan, in Swedish lakes, in Alpine Lakes, Laurentian Great Lakes and in the Wabigoon River system in Canada; organochlorine insecticides and PCBs in Lakes St. Clair and Erie during the seventies (Frank et al., 1977); chlorobenzenes and TCDDs in the Niagara River system and Lake Ontario in the early eighties (Oliver & Nicol, 1982; Smith et al., 1983). In the present lecture notes, following the description of priority pollutants related to sedimentary phases (Chapter 2), four aspects will be covered, which in an overlapping succession also reflect the development of knowledge in particle-associated pollutants during the past twenty-five years: - the identification, surveillance, monitoring and control of sources and distribution of pollutants (Chapter 3); - the evaluation of solid/solution relations of contaminants in surface waters (Chapter 4); - the study of in-situ processes and mechanisms in pollutant transfer in various compartments of the aquatic ecosystems (Chapter 5);- The assessment of the envlroD-mental impact of particle-bound contaminants, i.e. the development of sediment quality criteria (Chapter 6). A final chapter will focus on practical aspects with contaminated sediments. Available technologies will be described as well as future perspectives for the management of dredged materials. Here too, validity of remedial measures can only be assessed by integrated, multidisciplinary research. In the view of the growing information on the present subject and owing to the limitations in the framework of this monography, the reader is referred to additional selected bibliography, which is attached at the end of this Chapter i. Additional information on the more recent publications on contaminated sediments is given in the annual review volume of the Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, June edition.

Description / Table of Contents: The study of calcareous bedding rhythms has become an important field in Geology. Often these bedding rhythms are simply interpreted as representations of primary climatic cycles without showing the effects of any appreciable diagenetic overprinting. This study, however, deals predominantly with the diagenetic processes which are usually large and affect both the amplitude and rhythm of carbonate oscillations. The purpose of this textbook is two fold. First, it intends to provide a better understanding of the processes of diagenetic bedding. Secondly, this new approach allows one to quantify and to understand diagenesis in terms of mass exchanges. This is possible through the development of methods which combine chemical data with compaction measurements. These methods can be also used independent of the marl-limestone alternation problem.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE It is increasingly necessary to develop industrial and hydraulic engineering constructions under unfavourable geological or geotechnical conditions. Furthermore, it becomes more and more important to build effectively and economically and to find optimal solutions for a long-term steady function of the constructions. This emphatically demands exhaustive information on the structural situations and engineering parameters of local site assessments by areal investigations of the sites and the petrophysical parameters in situ. This requires, however, the use of geophysical techniques. During the last two or three decades international applied geophysics has systematically developed new possibilities for site investigations for the determination of petrophysical parameters in situ as well as for observation of the system building and site. As in "New techniques in engineering", geophysical methods make it possible to develop areal models of subsurface conditions of building sites, to quantify relevant engineering parameters in situ, as well as to analyze the longterm behaviour of the buildings, which are influenced by internal or external factors. With regard to the broad spectrum of applied geophysics, there are few methods, that especially favour application in engineering and groundwater studies. These methods are distinguished by a relatively simple measuring technique and good measuring progress, e.g. the geoelectrical self-potential method, the geoelectrical resistivity method as well as a newly developed devices for geothermic measurements. There exist numerous publications, broadly scattered in the technical literature, concerning the theoretical bases and applications of these methods, but until now, there have been only a few meetings to exchange experience and results on an international level. This was the aim of the symposium "Detection of Subsurface Flow Phenomena by Self-Potential/Geoelectrical and Thermometric Methods", held in Karlsruhe from 14-18 March 1988. An outstanding part of the symposioum was represented by the results of a research project, coordinated by the University of Karlsruhe (Department of Geology and Institute of Soil and Rock Mechanics) and the Federal Waterway Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), Karlsruhe. Regarding the subject "Experiments to ascertain the relations between hydraulic potentials in the underground and the geoelectrical and thermic potentials set off by these", the research work took four years. The project was sponsered by the Volkswagen Foundation/Hannover. The goal was to develop and test objective techniques for detecting leakages in dams, locating, demarcating and designating quantitatively inhomogeneous spheres in dams with the aim of detecting damage and subsurface flow phenomena as soon as possible. The symposium consisted of a three-day lecture meeting with about 40 papers and a summarizing respectively closing roundtable discussion, a visit to the laboratories and to the in situ constructions within the area of BAW developed in the frame of the research project. This included a technical excursion to the Rhine-Staustufe Iffezheim with its very impressive waterway constructions and an excursion to the Geophysical Observatory near Schiltach (Black Forest). The Observatory belongs to the Universities of Karlsruhe and Stuttgart. Approximately 80 scientists from 15 countries participated the symposium. They were welcomed by the Rector of the University, Professor Dr. A. Kunle and the representative of the Federal Ministry of Traffic, Dr. G. Schröder. Professor Dr. H. Hötzl elucidated the scientific problems and the economical importance of the project as a speaker of the research group. The following papers dealt with the fundamental aspects of geoelectrical and thermometric measurements, with the theory of these methods, the state and developing ter~dencies concerning devices, data acquisition, processing and interpretation as well as noise effects. It became clear that the solution of the complex scientific-technical problems of waterway constructions and environmental protection requires broad, interdisciplinary cooperation and international collaboration. Thus it would be possible to minimize the personnel, temporal and economic efforts. The intended cooperation of geoscientists, engineering geologists, building engineers and representatives of other disciplines make it possible, not only to exchange experiences and results relating to international problems unsolved until now, but also to determine new guidelines with regard to the scientific organization of further investigations. Thus in order to inform all interested parties of the main topics of the symposium and to advance international cooperation in the future, the present review includes a part of the papers and reports of the excursions recommended by the participants of the meeting, which have been divided into the following topics: - Introduction to engineering-geophysical problems and attempts at their solution; - Geoelectrical self-potential measurements; - Geoelectrical resistivity measurements; - Geothermic measurements; - Case histories; - Some topics of the roundtable discussion; - Reports concerning the excursions. The editors wish to thank very much all those, who contributed to the success of the symposium and to the publication of the present report. Finally they venture the note, that the authors theirselves are responsible for the content of their papers.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE It is to-day generally recognized by environmental scientists that the particular behaviour of trace metals in the environment is determined by their specific physico-chemical forms rather than by their total concentration. With the introduction, several years ago, of atomic absorption spectrometry at many laboratories involved in environmental studies, a technique for simple, rapid and cheap determination of total metal concentrations in environmental samples became available. As a consequence, there is a plethora of scientific papers and reports where metal concentrations in the environment are only reported as total concentrations. It appears that the simplicity of making accurate determinations of total metal contents in water, sediment and biological samples has somewhat masked the need for improved knowledge about the various forms of metals occurring in the environment as well as the bioavailahility of these forms. In other words, the need for metal speciation in studies of metals in the environment does not seem to have become obvious to most environmental scientists until relatively recently. As a matter of fact, it was only in the middle of the 1970s that the first systematic attempts were made to obtain information about the various metal species occurring in environmental samples. During the last ten years, however, a revolutionary change of attitude towards the importance of metal speciation has occurred and considerable research effort has been devoted by environmental scientists to measuring the concentrations of biologically important trace metals in surface waters. There is currently an increasing effort to couple the development of chemical analytical techniques to process-related biological problems. Concurrently, a new focus is being imposed on ecological impact studies, that of determining which active trace metal species merit the most intensive research from the standpoint of environmental perturbation. Current efforts are directed towards the development of chemical speciation schemes which can be related directly to measures of bioavailability...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE It was only during the last few years, that the geological effects of storms and hurricanes in shallow-marine environments have been better appreciated. Not only were storm deposits recognized to dominate many shelf sequences, they also proved to be valuable tools in facies and paleogeographical analysis. Additionally, storm layers form important hydrocarbon reservoirs. Storm-generated sequences are now reasonably mell documented in terms of their facies associations in the stratigraphic record. Much less is known, however, about the effects and the depositional processes of modern storms, and about the styles of storm sedimentation on basinwide scales. Accordingly, the goal of this study is two-fold: 1. it presents two case studies of modern carbonate and terrigenous clastics storm sedimentatioq. The models derived from these actualistic examples can be used to interprete possible ancient analogues. 2. it presents a comprehensive analysis of an ancient storm depositional system (Muschelkalk) on a basin-wide scale. The underlying approach of this study is a process-oriented analysis of sedimentary sequences, an approach that ~as summarized by Matthews (1974, 1984) as "dynamic stratigraphy". The integration of actualistic models with a "dynamic" stratigraphic analysis helps to understand the dynamics of storm depositional systems; these models have a potential to be applied to other basins and to predict the facies organisation and the facies evolution in such systems...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE In a densily populated industrialized country, waste disposal must be compatible with the requirements of the environment. This is one of the indispensable requirements to guarantee an effective protection of the environment. In the past years the waste disposal industry has been given increasing attention by the general public as well as the authorities. This confirms the necessity of adapting the quality of waste disposal to the technological standard of the production. While in the past, waste disposal performance was more or less evaluated in terms of short-term costs, there is at present a reorientation in the direction of a science-based waste disposal industry. These new tendencies are taking into account ecological factors as well as the long-term consequences - i.e., for decades and centuries to come - of waste disposal methods. In this light, particular attention is given to the depositing of residues whose utilization does not appear meaningful from an ecological point of view, or would require disproportionate ressources. It is an important concern of the Federal Authorities to encourage the rapid materialization of disposal solutions which can function as ultimate deposits, and which will therefore cause neither water pollution nor gaseous emissions. In view of this goal it is necessary to establish criteria and regulations for the wastes to be deposited as well as for the characteristics of the deposits. This field confronts science with an urgent but rewarding challenge and calls for close collaboration between many different specialized disciplines...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE Our planet is evolving and changing; its surface is capable of unleashing great violence as its crust is created and destroyed. Quite remarkably, it has been only recently that the fundamental elements of this evolution were fully appreciated, and only within the last decade have there been technologies capable of directly meastLring the global motions of the Earth's crust which are one of the most visible manifestations of these processes. Before the advent of space technologies, the nature of contemporary global plate motions went largely unobserved. These motions were understood from the geological records, and plate rates for million year averages were established_ Fortunately, the revolution in geophysics brought about by the general acceptance of plate tectonic theory has been paralleled by significant advances in space geodesy oceanography and geophysics. New space technologies have rapidly matured, yielding new insights and capabilities for more completely understanding the dynamical properties of the Earth, its oceans and atmosphere. Likewise, the evolving earth sciences capabilities from space are fostering new questions and goals made possible through the creative exploitation of satellite missions. A workshop entitled "The Interdisciplinary Role of Space Geodesy" was held in Erice, Italy, on the island of Sicily on July 23-29, 1988, to discuss the directions and challenges of space geodeys for the decades to come. This international gathering was made possible by the E. Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture int he framework of tis International School of Geodesy. The workshop was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of education, the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research, the Sicilian Regional Government, the Italian National Institute of Geophysics, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States. This volume is the result of the dedicated effort undertaken by an international group of scientists and administrators who have contemplated the challenge of the future of space-based earth science for the next decade. Recognizing the need for defining new milestones both in science and technology, they have developed a detailed report of what could be achieved and what challenges remain after twenty fertile years of space exploration...

Description / Table of Contents: This book is the collection of the Lecture Notes of an International Summer School of Theoretical Geodesy held in Assisi (Italy) from May 23 to June 3 -1988.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES --- Architectural Elements and Bounding Surfaces in Channelized Clastic Deposits: Notes on Comparisons between Fluvial and Turbidite Systems / A. D. MIALL / pp. 3-15 --- A Simulation of Basin Margin Sedimentation to Infer Geometry and Lithofacies—A Carbonate Example— / K. NAKAYAMA and C. G. St. C. KENDALL / pp. 17-31 --- Gravel Fabric of Clast-Supported Resedimented Conglomerate / K. YAGISHITA / pp. 33-42 --- Magnetic Fabrics and Depositional Processes / A. TAIRA / pp. 43-77 --- Chapter 2: FLUVIAL TO COASTAL FACIES --- Sedimentation in Coarse-Grained Sand-Bedded Meanders: Distinctive Deposition of Suspended Sediment / F. ISEYA and H. IKEDA / pp. 81-112 --- Mechanism of Inverse Grading of Suspended Load Deposits / F. ISEYA / pp. 113-129 --- Coastal Eolian Dune Deposits of the Pleistocene Shimosa Group in Chiba, Japan / H. NAKAZATO, H. SATO, and F. MASUDA / pp. 131-141 --- Synsedimentary Conjugate Faults in the Pleistocene Tidal Deposits at Ushibori, Ibaraki, Japan / H. AONO and F. MASUDA / pp. 143-149 --- Description and Genesis of Tidal Bedding in the Cobequid Bay-Salmon River Estuary, Bay of Fundy, Canada / R. W. DALRYMPLE and Y. MAKINO / pp. 151-177 --- Petrofacies of Paleo-Tokyo Bay Sands, the Upper Pleistocene of Central Honshu, Japan / M.ITO and F.MASUDA / pp. 179-196 --- Faunal Condensation in Early Phases of Glacio-Eustatic Sea-Level Rise, Found in the Middle to Late Pleistocene Shimosa Group, Boso Peninsula, Central Japan / Y. KONDO / pp. 197-212 --- Chapter 3: SHALLOW MARINE FACIES --- Sedimentology and History of Sea Level Changes in the East China Sea and Adjacent Seas / B.-C. SUK / pp. 215-231 --- Sediments and Sedimentary Processes in the Yellow and East China Seas / J. D. MILLIMAN, Y. S. QIN, and Y. A. PARK / pp. 233-249 --- Bedforms and Their Migration Patterns in the Southern Bungo Strait, Japan / K. IKEHARA and Y. KIN05HITA / pp. 251-260 --- The Kuroshio-Generated Bedform System in the Osumi Strait, Southern Kyushu, Japan / K. IKEHARA / pp. 261-273 --- Ocean Current-Controlled Sedimentary Facies of the Pleistocene Ichijiku Formation, Kazusa Group, Boso Peninsula, Japan / N. NAKAYAMA and F. MASUDA / pp. 275-293 --- Multi-Layered Progradational Sequences in the Shelf and Shelf Slope of the Southwest Japan Forearc / Y. OKAMURA / pp. 295-318 --- Storm-Built Sand Ridges on the Inner Shelf of Kashima-Nada, Northeast Japan / Y. SAITO / pp. 319-330 --- Storm Deposits in the Inner Shelf and Their Recurrence Intervals, Sendai Bay, Northeast Japan / Modern Y. SAITO / pp. 331-344 --- Sea-Level Controlled Shallow-Marine Systems in the Plio-Pleistocene Kakegawa Group, Shizuoka, Central Honshu, Japan: Comparison of Transgressive and Regressive Phases / M. ISHIBASHI / pp. 345-363 --- Coarse Clastic Sedimentation in the Triassic Offshore Sequence of the South- eastern Kitakami Mountains, Japan / K. KAMADA / pp. 365-375 --- Depositional Facies of the Viséan (Carboniferous) Limestones in the South Kitakami Terrane, Northeast Japan / T. KAWAMURA / pp. 377-391 --- Chapter 4: SLOPE TO DEEP-WATER FACIES --- Depositional Scheme of Neogene Bedded Siliceous Rocks in an Active Upwelling Area-On the Wakkanai Formation, Northern Hokkaido, Japan / H. FUKUSAWA / pp. 395-419 --- Turbidites and Related Clastic Systems in the Tertiary Chichibu Basin, Central Japan / K. M. LATT / pp. 421-438 --- Two Stages of Submarine Fan Sedimentation in an Ancient Forearc Basin, Central Japan / S. TOKUHASHI / pp. 439-468 --- Synsedimentary Folding of a Sandstone Layer: Paleoslope Deduced from the Folding Process / M. FUSEYA / pp. 469-481 --- Miocene Offshore Tractive Current-Worked Conglomerates—Tsubutegaura, Chita Peninsula, Central Japan— / T. YAMAZAKI, M. YAMAOKA, and T. SHIKI / pp. 483-494 --- Coarse Clast Dominant Submarine Debrite, the Mio-Pliocene Fujikawa Group, Central Japan / W. SOH / pp. 495-510 --- Basal Structures of the Pleistocene Chikura Submarine Sliding Sheet in the Southernmost Boso Peninsula, Central Japan / T. ITO and S. SUGIYAMA / pp. 511-528 --- Topography and Sedimentary Facies of the Nankai Deep Sea Channel / K. SHIMAMURA / pp. 529-556 --- Ancient Trench-Fill and Trench-Slope Basin Deposits: An Example from the Permian Nishiki Group, Southwest Japan / A. HARA and K. KIMINAMI / pp. 557-575 --- Tectono-Sedimentary Settings of Seep Biological Communities—A Synthesis from the Japanese Subduction Zones— / K. FUJIOKA and A. TAIRA / pp. 577-602 --- Chapter 5: VOLCANIC FACIES --- Sedimentary Facies of the Mio-Pliocene Volcanotectonic Depressions along the Volcanic Front in Northeast Honshu, Japan / M. UTADA and T. ITO / pp. 605-618 --- Submarine Depositional Processes for Volcaniclastic Sediments in the Mio- Pliocene Misaki Formation, Miura Group, Central Japan / W. SOH, A. TAIRA, Y. OGAWA, H. TANIGUCHI, K. T. PICKERING, and D. A. V. STOW / pp. 619-630 --- Chapter 6: TECTONICS AND SEDIMENTATION --- Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene Kuji Basin of Northeast Japan: Tectonic Controls on Strike-Slip Basin Sedimentation / K. MINOURA and H. YAMAUCHI / pp. 633-658 --- The Itsukaichimachi Group: A Middle Miocene Strike-Slip Basin-Fill in the Southeastern Margin of the Kanto Mountains, Central Honshu, Japan / M. ITO / pp. 659-673 --- Structural Control on Sedimentation of Coal-Bearing Formations in Japan / K. FUJII / pp. 675-688 --- Coarse-Grained Turbidite Sedimentation Resulting from the Miocene Collision Event in Central Hokkaido, Japan / K. HOYANAGI / pp. 689-709 --- Eocene Foreland Thrust-Fold Belt of the Central Ryukyu Island Arc: Deduced from Sedimentary Structures in the Kayo Formation / H. UJIIE / pp. 711-722 --- Rifting of the Gondwanaland and Uplifting of the Himalayas Recorded in Mesozoic and Tertiary Fluvial Sediments in the Nepal Himalayas / H. SAKAI / pp. 723-732

Description / Table of Contents: Early Japanese contributions to space weather research—1945-1960— / A. Nishida / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 1-22 --- Hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, and astrophysical plasmas / E. N. Parker / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 23-40 --- The 1960s—A decade of remarkable advances in middle atmosphere research / M. A. Geller / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 41-62 --- Hinode "a new solar observatory in space" / S. Tsuneta, L. K. Harra, and S. Masuda / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 63-75 --- Coronal mass ejections and space weather / N. Gopalswamy / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 77-120 / © TERRAPUB, Tokyo, 2009. No claim is made to original U.S. Government works. / [Full text] (PDF 3.9 MB) --- Magnetotail after Geotail, Interball and Cluster: Thin current sheets, fine structure, force balance and stability / L. Zelenyi, H. Malova, A. Artemyev, V. Popov, A. Petrukovich, D. Delcourt, and A. Bykov / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 121-170 --- Simulating solar 'climate' / M. Dikpati / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 171-199 --- Evidence for solar forcing: Some selected aspects / J. Beer and K. McCracken / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 201-216 --- Total solar irradiance variability: What have we learned about its variability from the record of the last three solar cycles? / C. Fröhlich / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 217-230 --- Mechanisms for solar influence on the Earth's climate / J. D. Haigh / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 231-256 --- Variability in the stratosphere: The sun and the QBO / K. Labitzke and M. Kunze / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 257-278 --- Gravity wave coupling from below: A review / R. A. Vincent / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 279-293 --- What we have learnt from CPEA (Coupling Processes in the Equatorial Atmosphere): A review / S. Fukao / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 295-336 --- Vertical coupling by the semidiurnal tide in Earth's atmosphere / J. M. Forbes / Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers from the 2007 Kyoto Symposium, / pp. 337-348

Description / Table of Contents: Reconstructing past climate and past ocean circulation demands the highest possible precision and accuracy which urges the scientific community to look at different sediment records such as the ones from coastal zones to deep-sea with a more complete set of technical and methodological tools. However, the information given by each tool varies in precision, accuracy and in significance according to their environmental settings. It is therefore essential to compare tools. With that in mind, and as part of the International year of Planet Earth, a workshop entitled `From deep-sea to coastal zones: Methods and Techniques for studying palaeoenvironments' took place in Faro (Portugal), from 25–29 February 2008 in order to: present several methods and techniques that can be used for studying sediments from deep-sea to coastal zones, namely for reconstructing palaeoenvironments in order to document past climatic changes and short to long-term environmental processes; allow cross experience between different fields and specialties, either from deep-sea to coastal zones or from micropaleontology to geochemistry; give the opportunity to students from different universities and countries to attend the workshop; publish a special volume on the presented methods and techniques during the workshop. The workshop was organized in four non-parallel sessions dealing with the use of micropaleontology, isotopes, biogeochemistry and sedimentology, as tools for palaeoenvironmental studies. The present IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science proceedings reflect this organization and papers are published in each theme. The papers are either short reviews or case studies and are highlighted below. The remains of microorganisms found in sediments are the main proxies used in micropaleontological studies. However, the link between fossilized remains and their living origin is not easy to reconstruct only based on the geologic/sedimentary record. Accordingly, Barbosa presents a review of the actual knowledge of living phytoplankton dynamics and the processes, or environmental conditions, which could contribute to the production of fossilized biogenic remains. In the next paper, de Vernal presents a review, based on several case studies, on how palynological fossils observed in sediments are used in tracing biogenic fluxes, characterizing sedimentary environments, or even reconstructing hydrographical conditions and productivity. The two other papers presented in the micropaleontological proxy section are case studies on the use of dinoflagellates (Rochon) and calcareous plankton remains (Guerreiro et al), respectively, to better understand their local or regional environmental living characteristics ant therefore their specific interpretation for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction at a regional scale. Isotopic proxies can be used either as provenance tracers or as chronometers of different processes. Once again, each study can provide a very specific framework of the proxies' use and it is very important to know and evaluate the limits of these tools in each environment and/or type of analyzed material. Accordingly, the two first articles deal with the study of organic carbon either by carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (Hélie) or by radiocarbon (Mollhenhauer and Rethemeyer) analysis. The two other articles in this section deal with the use of radioisotopes. Ghaleb reviews the methods for measuring short-lived radiosisotopes in sediments, giving examples of their use for estimating recent sedimentary accumulation rates; whereas Hillaire-Marcel reviews the potential use of U-series isotopes as radiochronometers in biogenic carbonates. Geochemistry groups more than one field of expertise. However, in the present section, inorganic geochemistry is not treated and both articles present work on a very specific, and at the same time very complex, compound of the organic matter realm: black carbon. As such, Veilleux et al present a density fractionation method for isolating the small quantities of soot-like and graphitic material usually found in natural samples, whereas González-Vila et al. illustrate the potential of the combined use of analytical pyrolysis and solid state 13C NMR to determine the presence of black carbon and to characterize the refractory organic matter in marine sediments from the Gulf of Cadiz (Spain). In the last section, two papers are presented and discuss sedimentological proxies. In their paper, using diffuse spectral reflectance data, Veiga-Pires and Mestre try to determine if `twinned cores' (or paired cores) can be used as duplicate records to increase the volume of sediments collected in the field, whereas Drago et al discuss the use of fish remains in sediments for the reconstruction of paleoproductivity. Each of the above papers benefited from the constructive comments of at least two reviewers and we wish to sincerely thank the reviewers for their timely evaluation. We also thank the participants, volunteers and organizers of the workshop for their implication, making this first workshop on Methods and Techniques for studying palaeoenvironments (METECH) a success. The workshop and this proceeding would not have been possible without the financial and logistical support of GEOTOP, CIMA, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FACC07/1/1315) and IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science...

Description / Table of Contents: Measuring and Monitoring POPs: A Critique / R. S. S. Wu, A. K. Y. Chan, B. Richardson, D. W. T. Au, J. K. H. Fong, P. K. S. Lam and J. P. Giesy / pp. 1-6 --- Fish Models in Impact Assessment of Carcinogenic Potential of Environmental Chemical Pollutants: An Appraisal of Hermaphroditic Mangrove Killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus / S. Raisuddin and J.-S. Lee / pp. 7-15 --- Research on Ecotoxicology and Applications in Singapore: Description of the Sponge Aggregation Assay / B. Goh / pp. 17-29 --- Perspective of Ecotoxicological Conduction for Water Quality Monitoring in Thailand / N. Tapaneeyakul / pp. 31-35 --- Chronic Effects of Waterborne PFOS Exposure on Growth, Development, Reproduction and Hepatotoxicity in Zebrafish / Y. Du, X. Shi, K. Yu, C. Liu and B. Zhou / pp. 37-54 --- Testicular Toxicity of Arsenic on Spermatogenesis in Fish / F. T. Celino, S. Yamaguchi, C. Miura and T. Miura / pp. 55-60 --- Prostanoid Signaling Mediates Circulation Failure Caused by TCDD in Developing Zebrafish / H. Teraoka, A. Kubota, Y. Kawai and T. Hiraga / pp. 61-80 --- Molecular Basis for Differential Dioxin Sensitivity in Birds: Characterization of Avian AHR Isoforms / E.-Y. Kim, H. Iwata, T. Yasui, N. Inoue, J.-S. Lee, D. G. Franks, S. I. Karchner, M. E. Hahn and S. Tanabe / pp. 81-86 --- Application of Bioassays for the Detection of Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds in Wastes and the Environment / H. Takigami, G. Suzuki and S. Sakai / pp. 87-94 --- Modulation of Expression of Oxidative Stress Genes of the Intertidal Copepod Tigriopus japonicus after Exposure to Environmental Chemicals / J.-S. Lee and S. Raisuddin / pp. 95-105 --- Application of Ascidian DNA Microarray Analysis for Risk Assessment of Marine Chemical Pollutants / K. Azumi, S. Amano, S. V. Sabau, A. Kamimura, N. Satoh and R. Koyanagi / pp. 107-110 --- Immune Gene Expression Levels Correlate with the Phenotype of Japanese Flounder Exposed to Heavy Oil / J.-Y. Song, K. Nakayama, Y. Murakami and S.-I. Kitamura / pp. 111-122 --- Yeast OMICS System for Environmental Toxicology / Y. Tanaka, T. Higashi, R. Rakwal, J. Shibato, S. Wakida and H. Iwahashi / pp. 123-132 --- Genomic Response in Daphnia to Chemical Pollutants / H. Watanabe, K. Kobayashi, Y. Kato, S. Oda, R. Abe, N. Tatarazako and T. Iguchi / pp. 133-142 --- Medaka DNA Microarray: A Tool for Evaluating Physiological Impacts of Various Toxicants / K. Kishi, E. Kitagawa, H. Iwahashi, K. Suzuki and Y. Hayashi / pp. 143-154 --- Sensing of Heavy Metals Using Caenorhabditis elegans DNA Microarray / N. Tominaga, T. Matsuno, S. Kohra and K. Arizono / pp. 155-161 --- Application of Microarray Technology to Toxicity Evaluation in Wild Common Cormorants Contaminated with Persistent Organic Pollutants / K. Nakayama, H. Iwata, L. Tao, K. Kannan, M. Imoto, E.-Y. Kim, K. Tashiro and S. Tanabe / pp. 163-170 --- Effects of Heavy Oil on the Developing Japanese Flounder Paralichthys Olivaceus / H. Nokame, S.-I. Kitamura, K. Nakayama, S. Matsuoka, H. Sakaguchi and Y. Murakami / pp. 171-178 --- Genetic Polymorphisms Influencing Arsenic Metabolism in Human: Evidence from Vietnam / T. Agusa, J. Fujihara, T. B. Minh, P. T. K. Trang, H. Takeshita, H. Iwata, P. H. Viet and S. Tanabe / pp. 179-185 --- Low Induction Potencies of Cytochrome P450 2B and 3A by Persistent Organic Pollutants in Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica) / H. Sakai, H. Iwata, E.-Y. Kim, E. A. Petrov and S. Tanabe / pp. 187-195 --- Effects of Dioxins and Related Compounds in the Liver of Wild Baikal Seals: An Implication from a Toxicogenomic Approach / S. Hirakawa, D. Imaeda, K. Nakayama, E.-Y. Kim, T. Kunisue, S. Tanabe, E. A. Petrov, V. B. Batoev and H. Iwata / pp. 197-205 --- Interspecies Difference in Susceptibility of TCDD-induced Avian CYP1A5 Transactivation is Dependent on AHR1, not on CYP1A5 Promoter/Enhancer Region / J.-S. Lee, E.-Y. Kim, H. Iwata and S. Tanabe / pp. 207-224 --- Molecular Characterization of Avian Metallothionein (MT) 1 and 2 Isoforms: mRNA Expression, Transactivation Potency, and Detoxification Potential Associated with Element Exposure / D.-H. Nam, E.-Y. Kim and H. Iwata / pp. 225-239 --- Vacuolar-type H+-Translocating ATPase is the Target of Tributyltin Chloride / K. Akiyama, S. Chardwiriyapreecha, T. Chahomchuen, N. Sugimito, T. Sekito, S. Nishimoto, T. Sugahara and Y. Kakinuma / pp. 241-249 --- Characterization of the Vacuolar Transporters for Amino Acid Recycling in Yeast Autophagy / T. Chahomchuen, T. Sekito, K. Hondo, S. Nishimoto, T. Sugahara and Y. Kakinuma / pp. 251-261 --- The Structure-Activity Relationships of Flaxseed Lignan, Secoisolariciresinol / T. Sugahara, S. Yamauchi, S. Nishimoto, A. Kondo, F. Ohno, S. Tominaga, Y. Nakashima, T. Kishida, K. Akiyama, M. Maruyama and Y. Kakinuma / pp. 263-268 --- Risk Assessment of Heavy Oil on Terrestrial Mammals / S. Nishimoto, M. Yamawaki, S.-I. Kitamura, K. Akiyama, Y. Kakinuma and T. Sugahara / pp. 269-274 --- The Role of the Earthworm, Pheretima (Metaphire) hilgendorfi, in Terrestrial Ecosystem Nutrient Cycling / M. Nozaki, C. Miura, Y. Tozawa and T. Miura / pp. 275-279 --- Toxicological Effects of Heavy Oil on Carp by NMR-based Metabolic Profiling of Plasma / S. Uno, E. Kokushi and J. Koyama / pp. 281-289 --- In vitro and in vivo Estrogenic Effects of Fluorotelomer Alcohols in Medaka (Oryzias latipes) / H. Ishibashi, R. Yamauchi, M. Matsuoka, J.-W. Kim, M. Hirano, A. Yamaguchi, N. Tominaga and K. Arizono / pp. 291-301 --- Expression Analysis of Ecdysone Receptor and Ultraspiracle through Molting Period in Mysid Crustacean, Americamysis bahia / M. Hirano, H. Ishibashi, R. Yamauchi, J.-W. Kim and K. Arizono / pp. 303-310 --- Temporal Variation of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in Baikal Seals (Pusa sibirica) / D. Imaeda, T. Kunisue, Y. Ochi, H. Iwata, O. Tsydenova, S. Takahashi, M. Amano, E. A. Petrov, V. B. Batoev and S. Tanabe / pp. 311-320 --- Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Blood of Cetacean Species Stranded along the Japanese Coast / S. Murata, T. Kunisue, S. Takahashi, T. K. Yamada and S. Tanabe / pp. 321-330 --- Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Hexabromocyclododecanes in Japanese Human Adipose Tissues / T. Isobe, H. Oda, N. Takayanagi, T. Kunisue, M. Nose, T. Yamada, H. Komori, N. Arita, N. Ueda, S. Takahashi and S. Tanabe / pp. 331-338 --- Spatial Distribution and Accumulation of Organohalogen Compounds in Human Breast Milk from the Philippines / G. Malarvannan, T. Kunisue, T. Isobe, A. Sudaryanto, S. Takahashi, M. Prudente and S. Tanabe / pp. 339-347 --- Cell-to-cell Contact is Required for Transfer of Tetracycline Resistance Gene tet(M) in Marine Bacteria / F. A. Neela, N. Nagahama and S. Suzuki / pp. 349-353 --- Occurrence Rates of Sulfamethoxazole and Erythromycin-Resistant Bacteria and Drug Concentrations in Wastewater of Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture (VAC) Sites in Northern Vietnam / P. T. P. Hoa, S. Managaki, N. Nakada, H. Takada, D. H. Anh, P. H. Viet and S. Suzuki / pp. 355-359 --- Comparative Study of Pesticide Effects (Herbicide and Fungicide) on Zooplankton Community / K.-H. Chang, M. Sakamoto, J.-Y. Ha, T. Murakami, Y. Miyabara, S. Nakano, H. Imai, H. Doi and T. Hanazato / pp. 361-366 --- Succession of Harmful Algae Microcystis (Cyanophyceae) Species in a Eutrophic Pond / H. Imai, K.-H. Chang, M. Kusaba and S. Nakano / pp. 367-372

Description / Table of Contents: This book presents the first broad look at the rapidly emerging field of data-intensive science, with the goal of influencing the worldwide scientific and computing research communities and inspiring the next generation of scientists. Increasingly, scientific breakthroughs will be powered by advanced computing capabilities that help researchers manipulate and explore massive datasets. The speed at which any given scientific discipline advances will depend on how well its researchers collaborate with one another, and with technologists, in areas of eScience such as databases, workflow management, visualization, and cloud-computing technologies. This collection of essays expands on the vision of pioneering computer scientist Jim Gray for a new, fourth paradigm of discovery based on data-intensive science and offers insights into how it can be fully realized.

Description / Table of Contents: This topical volume of the Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics utilizes new information not previously accessible for fog related research. It focuses on surface and remote sensing observations of fog, various numerical model applications using new parameterizations, fog climatology, and new statistical methods. The results presented in this special issue come from research efforts in North America and Europe, mainly from the Canadian Fog Remote Sensing And Modeling (FRAM) and European COST-722 fog/visibility related projects. Students, postgraduates, and researchers, interested in cloud physics, physical meteorology, aviation meteorology, climate, weather forecasting, and in other adjacent disciplines, can use this book as a basis for future developments in fog research. It is hoped that this book will lead to new scientific challenges in fog related research, teaching, and applications.