ALBERT

Note: Zugl.: Kaiserslautern, Univ., Habil., 2002

Note: Contents: Preface to the eighth edition. - Acknowledgements. - 1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY. - A The atmosphere. - B Solar energy. - C Global circulation. - D Climatology. - E Mid-latitude disturbances. - F Tropical weather. - G Palaeoclimates. - H The global climate system. - 2 ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION, MASS AND STRUCTURE. - A Composition of the atmosphere. - 1 Primary gases. - 2 Greenhouse gases. - 3 Reactive gas species. - 4 Aerosols. - 5 Variations with height. - 6 Variations with latitude and season. - 7 Variations with time. - B Mass of the atmosphere. - 1 Total pressure. - 2 Vapour pressure C The layering of the atmosphere. - 1 Troposphere. - 2 Stratosphere. - 3 Mesosphere. - 4 Thermosphere. - 5 Exosphere and magnetosphere. - 3 SOLAR RADIATION AND THE GLOBAL ENERGY BUDGET. - A Solar radiation. - 1 Solar output. - 2 Distance from the sun. - 3 Altitude of the sun. - 4 Length of day. - B Surface receipt of solar radiation and its effects. - 1 Energy transfer within the earth-atmosphere system. - 2 Effect of the atmosphere. - 3 Effect of cloud cover. - 4 Effect of latitude. - 5 Effect ofland and sea. - 6 Effect of elevation and aspect. - 7 Variation of free-air temperature with height. - C Terrestrial infra-red radiation and the greenhouse effect. - D Heat budget of the earth. - E Atmospheric energy and horizontal heat transport. - 1 The horizontal transport of heat. - 2 Spatial pattern of the heat budget components. - 4 ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE BUDGET. - A The global hydrological cycle. - B Humidity. - 1 Moisture content. - 2 Moisture transport. - C Evaporation. - D Condensation. - E Precipitation characteristics and measurement. - 1 Forms of precipitation. - 2 Precipitation characteristics. - a Rainfall intensity. - b Areal extent of a rainstorm. - c Frequency of rainstorms. - 3 The world pattern of precipitation. - 4 Regional variations in the altitudinal maximum of precipitation. - 5 Drought. - 5 ATMOSPHERIC INSTABILITY, CLOUD FORMATION AND PRECIPITATION PROCESSES. - A Adiabatic temperature changes. - B Condensation level. - C Air stability and instability. - D Cloud formation. - 1 Condensation nuclei. - 2 Cloud types. - 3 Global cloud cover. - E Formation of precipitation. - 1 Bergeron-Findeisen theory. - 2 Coalescence theories. - 3 Solid precipitation. - F Precipitation types. - 1 'Convective type' precipitation. - 2 'Cyclonic type' precipitation. - 3 Orographic precipitation. - G Thunderstorms. - 1 Development. - 2 Cloud electrification and lightning. - 6 ATMOSPHERIC MOTION: PRINCIPLES. - A Laws of horizontal motion. - 1 The pressure-gradient force. - 2 The earth's rotational deflective (Coriolis) force. - 3 The geostrophic wind. - 4 The centripetal acceleration. - 5 Frictional forces and the planetary boundary layer. - B Divergence, vertical motion and vorticity. - 1 Divergence. - 2 Vertical motion. - 3 Vorticity. - C Local winds. - 1 Mountain and valley winds. - 2 Land and sea breezes. - 3 Winds due to topographic barriers. - 7 PLANETARY-SCALE MOTIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN. - A Variation of pressure and wind velocity with height. - 1 The vertical variation of pressure systems. - 2 Mean upper-air patterns. - 3 Upper wind conditions. - 4 Surface pressure conditions. - B The global wind belts. - 1 The trade winds. - 2 The equatorial westerlies. - 3 The mid-latitude (Ferrel) westerlies. - 4 The polar easterlies. - C The general circulation. - 1 Circulations in the vertical and horizontal planes. - 2 Variations in the circulation of the northern hemisphere. - a Zonal index variations. - b North Atlantic Oscillation. - D Ocean structure and circulation. - 1 Above the thermocline. - a Vertical. - b Horizontal. - 2 Deep ocean water interactions. - a Upwelling. - b Deep ocean circulation. - 3 The oceans and atmospheric regulation. - 8 NUMERICAL MODELS OF THE GENERAL CIRCULATION, CLIMATE AND WEATHER PREDICTION / T. N. Chase and R. G. Barry. - A Fundamentals of the GCM. - B Model simulations. - 1 GCMs. - 2 Simpler models. - 3 Regional models. - C Data sources for forecasting. - D Numerical weather prediction. - 1 Short- and medium-range forecasting. - 2 'Nowcasting'. - 3 Long-range outlooks. - 9 MID-LATITUDE SYNOPTIC AND MESOSCALE SYSTEMS. - A The airmass concept. - B Nature of the source area. - 1 Cold airmasses. - 2 Warm airmasses. - C Airmass modification. - 1 Mechanisms of modification. - a Thermodynamic changes. - b Dynamic changes. - 2 The results of modification: secondary airmasses. - a Cold air. - b Warm air. - 3 The age of the airmass. - D Frontogenesis. - 1 Frontal waves. - 2 The frontal-wave depression. - E Frontal characteristics. - 1 The warm front. - 2 The cold front. - 3 The occlusion. - 4 Frontal-wave families. - F Zones of wave development and frontogenesis. - G Surface/upper-air relationships and the formation of frontal cyclones. - H Non-frontal depressions. - 1 The lee cyclone. - 2 The thermal low. - 3 Polar air depressions. - 4 The cold low. - I Mesoscale convective systems. - 10 WEATHER AND CLIMATE IN MIDDLE AND HIGH LATITUDES. - A Europe. - 1 Pressure and wind conditions. - 2 Oceanicity and continentality. - 3 British airflow patterns and their climatic characteristics. - 4 Singularities and natural seasons. - 5 Synoptic anomalies. - 6 Topographic effects. - B North America. - 1 Pressure systems. - 2 The temperate west coast and Cordillera. - 3 Interior and eastern North America. - a Continental and oceanic influences. - b Warm and cold spells. - c Precipitation and the moisture balance. - C The subtropical margins. - 1 The semi-arid southwestern United States. - 2 The interior southeastern United States. - 3 The Mediterranean. - 4 North Africa. - 5 Australasia. - D High latitudes. - 1 The southern westerlies. - 2 The sub-Arctic. - 3 The polar regions. - a The Arctic. - b Antarctica. - 11 TROPICAL WEATHER AND CLIMATE. - A The intertropical convergence. - B Tropical disturbances. - 1 Wave disturbances. - 2 Cyclones. - a Hurricanes and typhoons. - b Other tropical disturbances. - 3 Tropical cloud clusters. - C The Asian monsoon. - 1 Winter. - 2 Spring. - 3 Early summer. - 4 Summer. - 5 Autumn. - D East Asian and Australian summer monsoons. - E Central and southern Africa. - 1 The African monsoon. - 2 Southern Africa. - F Amazonia. - G El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. - 1 The Pacific Ocean. - 2 Teleconnections. - H Other sources of climatic variations in the tropics. - 1 Cool ocean currents. - 2 Topographic effects. - 3 Diurnal variations. - I Forecasting tropical weather. - 1 Short- and extended-range forecasts. - 2 Long-range forecasts. - 12 BOUNDARY LAYER CLIMATES. - A Surface energy budgets. - B Non-vegetated natural surfaces. - 1 Rock and sand. - 2 Water. - 3 Snow and ice C Vegetated surfaces. - 1 Short green crops. - 2 Forests. - a Modification of energy transfers. - b Modification of airflow. - c Modification of the humidity environment. - d Modification of the thermal environment. - D Urban surfaces. - 1 Modification of atmospheric composition. - a Aerosols. - b Gases. - c Pollution distribution and impacts. - 2 Modification of the heat budget. - a Atmospheric composition. - b Urban surfaces. - c Human heat production. - d Heat islands. - 3 Modification of surface characteristics. - a Airflow. - b Moisture. - 4 Tropical urban climates. - 13 CLIMATE CHANGE. - A General considerations. - B Climate forcings and feedbacks. - 1 External forcing. - 2 Short-term forcing and feedback. - C The climatic record. - 1 The geological record. - 2 Late glacial and post-glacial conditions. - 3 The past 1000 years. - D Possible causes of recent climatic change. - 1 Circulation changes. - 2 Energy budgets. - 3 Anthropogenic factors. - E Model s

Note: Beiträge teilweise englisch, teilweise russisch , Überwiegend kyrillische Schrift

Note: Enthält 5 Zeitschriftenaufsätze , Dissertation, Göteborgs Universitet, 2002 , Table of Contents: Introduction Methods Summary of Papers Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV Paper V Conclusions and discussion Acknowledgements References Appendices Paper I: Late Quaternary stratigraphy of western Yamal Peninsula, Russia : new constraints on the configuration of the Eurasian ice sheet / Forman, S. L., Ingólfson, Ó., Gataullin, V., Manley, W. F., Lokrantz, H. Paper II: Late Quaternary stratigraphy, glacial limits and paleoenvironments of the Maresale area, western Yamal Peninsula, Russia / Forman, S. L., Ingólfson, Ó., Gataullin, V., Manley, W. F., Lokrantz, H. Paper III: Late Quaternary stratigraphy, Radiocarbon Chronology, and Glacial History at Cape Shpindler, Southern Kara Sea, Arctic Russia / Manley, W. F., Lokrantz, H., Gataullin, V., Ingólfson, Ó., Andersson, T. Paper IV: Glaciotectonised Quaternary sediments at Cape Shpindler, Yugorski Peninsula, Arctic Russia : implications of glacial history, ice movements and Kara Sea Ice Sheet configuration / Lokrantz, H., Ingólfson, Ó. and Forman, S. L. Paper V: Origin of a massive ground ice body on Yugorski Peninsula, Arctic Russia : buried glacier ice or intrasedimental segregation ice? / Lokrantz, H. and Ingólfson, Ó.

Note: Contents: Preface / Helle V. Goldman, Bruce Forbes & Gary Kofinas. - Research planning in the face of change: the human role in reindeer/caribou systems / Gary Kofinas, Gail Osherenko, David Klein & Bruce Forbes. - Reindeer husbandry/hunting in Russia in the past, present and future / Leonid M. Baskin. - Chukotkan reindeer husbandry in the post-socialist transition / Patty A. Gray. - Nenets reindeer herders on the lower Yenisei River: traditional economy under current conditions are responses to economic change / Konstantin B. Klokov. - Reindeer pastoralism in modern Siberia: research and survival during the time of crash / Igor Krupnik. - Managing reindeer and wildlife on Alaska's Seward Peninsula / Jim Dau. - Response of reindeer and caribou to human activities / Scott A. Wolfe, Brad Griffith & Carrie A. Gray Wolfe. - High voltage transmission lines and their effect on reindeer: a research programme in progress / Eigil Reimers, Kjetil Flydal & Rune Stenseth. - Responses of West Greenland caribou to the approach of humans on foot / Peter Aastrup. - Arctic grazing systems and industrial development: can we minimize conflicts? / David R. Klein. - Regional effects of climate change on reindeer: a case study of the Muotkatunturi region in Finnish Lapland / Susan E. Lee, Malcolm C. Press, John A. Lee, Tim Ingold & Terhi Kurttila. - Reindeer in tundra ecosystems: the challenges of understanding system complexity / Feodor V. Kryazhimskii & Alexey N. Danilov. - Status, directions and priorities of reindeer husbandry research in Sweden / Öje Danell. - Need and opportunity for a North American caribou knowledge cooperative / Don Russell, Gary Kofinas & Brad Griffith. - Native reindeer herders' priorities for research / Johan Mathis Turi. - Letter from Varandei / Andrei V. Golovnev.

Note: Contents: 1 Background. - 2 Processing overview. - 2.1 AAPP. - 2.2 BUFR and CMA. - 2.3 Cloud mask and thinning in HIRLAM 3D-VAR. - 2.4 Radiative transfer calculations. - 2.5 Data selection. - 3 Bias correction and error statistics. - 3.1 The need for bias correction. - 3.2 Bias correction method. - 3.3 Background errors in observation space. - 3.4 Estimation of observation error covariance statistics. - 3.4.1 Rotated channels. - 3.4.2 Estimation from analysis departures (DNMI). - 3.4.3 Non-diagonal cost contributions. - 3.4.4 Approach using comparison with background error (SMHI). - 4 Impact studies. - 4.1 Overview. - 4.2 The May 2001 impact study at DNMI. - 4.3 December 1999 SMHI experiment. - 4.3.1 Data coverage and model area. - 4.3.2 Verification. - 4.3.3 Results. - 4.3.4 The "French storm". - 4.4 December 2001 NOAA 16 impact study at DMI. - 4.5 January 2002 NOAA 16 impact study at DMI. - 5 Ongoing and future work. - 5.1 Overview. - 5.2 Use of observations over ice. - 5.3 Moisture channels. - 5.4 Future sensors. - 6 Conclusions and outlook for the future. - Acknowledgment. - References.

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction - All Staff meeting 2002 / Per Undén. - Report of Hirlam Management Group visit to Met Éireann / Per Undén. - The operational HIRLAM at the Finnish Meteorological Institute / Kalle Eerola. - Recent changes in the operational suites at Météo-France / Dominique Giard. - HIRLAM operational activities in Met Éireann / Ray McGrath. - Operational HIRLAM at met.no / Ole Vignes. - SMHI operational HIRLAM systems / Lars Meuller. - Revision of the ECMWF humidity analysis 1: Construction of a gaussian control variable / Elías Valur Hólm. - A nudging procedure to assimilate analyses of cloud and precipitation in a version of HIRLAM / Bent Hansen Sass and Claus Petersen. - HIRLAM 4DVAR / Xiang-Yu Huang, Xiaohua Yang, Nils Gustafsson, Kristian Mogensen and Magnus Lindskog. - Progress in the investigation of problems in the operational 4d-var assimilation at Météo-France / Dominique Giard. - Recent and future developments in the turbulence modeling in HIRLAM / Geert Lenderink. - Parametrization of the effects of subgrid-scale orography / Laura Rontu and Kai Sattler. - ISBA tests in a Nordic area - an update / Simo Järvenoja. - Results of the SAT-MAP-CLIMATE project / Niels Woetmann Nielsen, Charlotte Hasager, Henrik Søgaard, Jens H Chrisensen, Niels Otto Jensen and Eva Bøgh. - Progress and problems in the Functional Boxes / Erik Bazile. - Status Kain Fritsch Rash Kristjansson and Hirlam 22 km experiences / Sander Tijm, Roy Wichink, Oscar van de Velde, Ben Wichers Schreur and Toon Moene. - The representation of shallow cumulus convection and associated cloud fields in the Rossby Centre Atmospheric modell / Colin Jones and Enrique Sanchez. - Parametrization of mountain-related effects in fine-scale HIRLAM - items for discussion / Laura Rontu. - Testing alternative lateral boundary strategies: A progress report / Aidan McDonald. - Current situation with the NH HIRLAM / Aarne Mannik and Rein Room. - Manipulations to determine the hybrid coordinate in HIRLAM / Per Undén and Nils Gustafsson. - Comparison of convection and condensation schemes under non-hydrostatic Hirlam model: A case study / Sami Niemela and Carl Fortelius. - Real time solution of forward and inverse air pollution problems with a numerical dispersion model based on short-term weather forecasts / Mikhail Sofiev. - Asyncronous I/O in HIRLAM / Ole Vignes. - HIRLAM coding styles / Gerard Cats. - NWP on a GRID compute environment / Gerard Cats. - HIRLAM verification scores, 1st quarter 2002 / Per Undén. - Validation test for HIRLAM 5.1.4: winter condition / Xiaohua Yang. - Recent tests of proposed revisions to the STRACO cloud scheme / Bent Hansen Sass and Xiaohua Yang.

Note: Landslide Tsunamis: Recent Findings and Research Directions / J.-P. Bardet, C. E. Synolakis, H. L. Davies, F. Imamura… / Pages 1793-1809 --- Characterization of Earthquake Strong Ground Motion / P. G. Somerville, R. W. Graves / Pages 1811-1828 --- The 1998 Papua New Guinea Earthquake and its Fault Plane Estimated from Relocated Aftershocks / Nobuo Hurukawa, Yoshinobu Tsuji, Budi Waluyo / Pages 1829-1841 --- T Waves from the 1998 Papua New Guinea Earthquake and its Aftershocks: Timing the Tsunamigenic Slump / Emile A. Okal / Pages 1843-1863 --- Triggering Mechanisms of Slope Instability and their Relationship to Earthquakes and Tsunamis / S. G. Wright, E. M. Rathje / Pages 1865-1877 --- Landslide-generated Tsunamis: Geotechnical Considerations / W. D. Liam Finn / Pages 1879-1894 --- The Aitape 1998 Tsunami: Reconstructing the Event from Interviews and Field Mapping / H. L. Davies, J. M. Davies, R. C. B. Perembo, W. Y. Lus / Pages 1895-1922 --- Possible Coseismic Large-scale Landslide off the Northern Coast of Papua New Guinea in July 1998: Geophysical and Geological Results from SOS Cruises / Takeshi Matsumoto, David R. Tappin / Pages 1923-1943 --- Tectonics and Slumping in the Source Region of the 1998 Papua New Guinea Tsunami from Seismic Reflection Images / S. Sweet, E. A. Silver / Pages 1945-1968 --- Erosion and Sedimentation from the 17 July, 1998 Papua New Guinea Tsunami / Guy Gelfenbaum, Bruce Jaffe / Pages 1969-1999 --- Mitigation Lessons from the July 17, 1998 Papua New Guinea Tsunami / Lori Dengler, Jane Preuss / Pages 2001-2031 --- Large-scale Basement-involved Landslides, California Continental Borderland / M. R. Legg, M. J. Kamerling / Pages 2033-2051 --- Failure of Marine Deposits and their Redistribution by Sediment Gravity Flows / J. P. M. Syvitski, E. W. H. Hutton / Pages 2053-2069 --- Re-examination of the Source Mechanism of the 1998 Papua New Guinea Earthquake and Tsunami / Fumihiko Imamura, Kazumasa Hashi / Pages 2071-2086 --- The July 1998 Papua New Guinea Earthquake: Mechanism and Quantification of Unusual Tsunami Generation / Kenji Satake, Yuichiro Tanioka / Pages 2087-2118 --- Field Survey and Numerical Simulations: A Review of the 1998 Papua New Guinea Tsunami / Patrick J. Lynett, Jose C. Borrero, Philip L.-F. Liu… / Pages 2119-2146 --- Tsunami Wave Height Dependence on Landslide Volume / T. S. Murty / Pages 2147-2153 --- Some Aspects of Energy Balance and Tsunami Generation by Earthquakes and Landslides / L. J. Ruff / Pages 2155-2176 --- A Theoretical Comparison of Tsunamis from Dislocations and Landslides / Emile A. Okal, Costas E. Synolakis / Pages 2177-2188 --- Normal Mode Energetics for Far-field Tsunamis Generated by Dislocations and Landslides / Emile A. Okal / Pages 2189-2221