ALBERT

Anmerkung: G. D. Williams: Tectonics and seismic sequence stratigraphy: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.01 --- J. A. Cartwright, R. C. Haddock, and L. M. Pinheiro: The lateral extent of sequence boundaries / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:15-34, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.02 --- Sarah Prosser: Rift-related linked depositional systems and their seismic expression / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:35-66, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.03 --- David Waltham, Stuart Hardy, and Abdulnaser Abousetta: Sediment geometries and domino faulting / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:67-85, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.04 --- Alan M. Roberts, Graham Yielding, and Michael E. Badley: Tectonic and bathymetric controls on stratigraphic sequences within evolving half-graben / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:87-121, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.05 --- Aidan M. Joy: Comments on the pattern of post-rift subsidence in the Central and Northern North Sea Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:123-140, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.06 --- W. G. Higgs and K. R. McClay: Analogue sandbox modelling of Miocene extensional faulting in the Outer Moray Firth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:141-162, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.07 --- M. P. R. Light, M. P. Maslanyj, R. J. Greenwood, and N. L. Banks: Seismic sequence stratigraphy and tectonics offshore Namibia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:163-191, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.08 --- Joachim Deramond, Pierre Souquet, Marie-José Fondecave-Wallez, and Martin Specht: Relationships between thrust tectonics and sequence stratigraphy surfaces in foredeeps: model and examples from the Pyrenees (Cretaceous-Eocene, France, Spain) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:193-219, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.09

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. Statistics for Spatial Data 1.1 Spatial Data and Spatial Models 1.2 Introductory Examples 1.2.1 Geostatistical Data 1.2.2 Lattice Data 1.2.3 Point Patterns 1.3 Statistics for Spatial Data: Why? PART I GEOSTATISTICAL DATA 2. Geostatistics 2.1 Continuous Spatial Index 2.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Coal Ash in Pennsylvania 2.2.1 Intrinsic Stationarity 2.2.2 Square-Root-Differences Cloud 2.2.3 The Pocket Plot 2.2.4 Decomposing the Data into Large- and Small-Scale Variation 2.2.5 Analysis of Residuals 2.2.6 Variogram of Residuals from Median Polish 2.3 Stationary Processes 2.3.1 Variogram 2.3.2 Covariogram and Correlogram 2.4 Estimation of the Variogram 2.4.1 Comparison of Variogram and Covariogram Estimation 2.4.2 Exact Distribution Theory for the Variogram Estimator 2.4.3 Robust Estimation of the Variogram 2.5 Spectral Representations 2.5.1 Valid Covariograms 2.5.2 Valid Variograms 2.6 Variogram Model Fitting 2.6.1 Criteria for Fitting a Variogram Model 2.6.2 Least Squares 2.6.3 Properties of Variogram-Parameter Estimators 2.6.4 Cross-Validating the Fitted Variogram 3. Spatial Prediction and Kriging 3.1 Scale of Variation 3.2 Ordinary Kriging 3.2.1 Effect of Variogram Parameters on Kriging 3.2.2 Lognormal and Trans-Gaussian Kriging 3.2.3 Cokriging 3.2.4 Some Final Remarks 3.3 Robust Kriging 3.4 Universal Kriging 3.4.1 Universal Kriging of Coal-Ash Data 3.4.2 Trend-Surface Prediction 3.4.3 Estimating the Variogram for Universal Kriging 3.4.4 Bayesian Kriging 3.4.5 Kriging Revisited 3.5 Median-Polish Kriging 3.5.1 Gridded Data 3.5.2 Nongridded Data 3.5.3 Median Polishing Spatial Data: Inference Results 3.5.4 Median-Based Covariogram Estimators are Less Biased 3.6 Geostatistical Data, Simulated and Real 3.6.1 Simulation of Spatial Processes 3.6.2 Conditional Simulation 3.6.3 Geostatistical Data 4. Applications of Geostatistics 4.1 Wolfcamp-Aquifer Data 4.1.1 Intrinsic-Stationarity Assumption 4.1.2 Nonconstant-Mean Assumption 4.2 Soil-Water Tension Data 4.3 Soil-Water-Infiltration Data 4.3.1 Estimating and Modeling the Spatial Dependence 4.3.2 Inference on Mean Effects (Spatial Analysis of Variance) 4.4 Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome Data 4.5 Wheat-Yield Data 4.5.1 Presence of Trend in the Data 4.5.2 Intrinsic Stationarity 4.5.3 Median-Polish (Robust) Kriging 4.6 Acid-Deposition Data 4.6.1 Spatial Modeling and Prediction 4.6.2 Sampling Design 4.7 Space-Time Geostatistical Data 5. Special Topics in Statistics for Spatial Data 5.1 Nonlinear Geostatistics 5.2 Change of Support 5.3 Stability of the Geostatistical Method 5.3.1 Estimation of Spatial-Dependence Parameters 5.3.2 Stability of the Kriging Predictor 5.3.3 Stability of the Kriging Variance 5.4 Intrinsic Random Functions of Order k 5.5 Applications of the Theory of Random Processes 5.6 Spatial Design 5.6.1 Spatial Sampling Design 5.6.2 Spatial Experimental Design 5.7 Field Trials 5.7.1 Nearest-Neighbor Analyses 5.7.2 Analyses Based on Spatial Modeling 5.8 Infill Asymptotics 5.9 The Many Faces of Spatial Prediction 5.9.1 Stochastic Methods of Spatial Prediction 5.9.2 Nonstochastic Methods of Spatial Prediction 5.9.3 Comparisons and Some Final Remarks PART II LATTICE DATA 6. Spatial Models on Lattices 6.1 Lattices 6.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Sudden Infant Deaths in North Carolina 6.2.1 Nonspatial Data Analysis 6.2.2 Spatial Data Analysis 6.2.3 Trend Removal 6.2.4 Some Final Remarks 6.3 Conditionally and Simultaneously Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.1 Simultaneously Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.2 Conditionally Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.3 Comparison 6.4 Markov Random Fields 6.4.1 Neighbors, Cliques, and the Negpotential Function Q 6.4.2 Pairwise-Only Dependence and Conditional Exponential Distributions 6.4.3 Some Final Remarks 6.5 Conditionally Specified Spatial Models for Discrete Data 6.5.1 Binary Data 6.5.2 Counts Data 6.6 Conditionally Specified Spatial Models for Continuous Data 6. 7 Simultaneously Specified and Other Spatial Models 6.7.1 Simultaneously Specified Spatial Models 6.7.2 Other Spatial Models 6.8 Space-Time Models 7. Inference for Lattice Models 7.1 Inference for the Mercer and Hall Wheat-Yield Data 7.1.1 Data Description 7.1.2 Spatial Lattice Models 7.2 Parameter Estimation for Lattice Models 7.2.1 Estimation Criteria 7.2.2 Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Estimation 7.2.3 Some Computational Details 7.3 Properties of Estimators 7.3.1 Increasing-Domain Asymptotics 7.3.2 The Jackknife and Bootstrap for Spatial Lattice Data 7.3.3 Cross-Validation and Model Selection 7.4 Statistical Image Analysis and Remote Sensing 7.4.1 Remote Sensing 7 .4.2 Ordinary Discriminant Analysis 7.4.3 Markov-Random-Field Models 7.4.4 Edge Processes 7.4.5 Textured Images 7.4.6 Single Photon Emission Tomography 7.4.7 Least Squares and Image Regularization 7.4.8 Method of Sieves 7.4.9 Mathematical Morphology 7.5 Regional Mapping, Scotland Lip-Cancer Data 7.5.1 Exploratory Regional Mapping 7.5.2 Parametric Empirical Bayes Mapping 7.6 Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome Data 7.6.1 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis 7.6.2 Auto-Poisson Model 7 .6.3 Auto-Gaussian Model 7. 7 Lattice Data, Simulated and Real 7.7.1 Simulation of Lattice Processes 7.7.2 Lattice Data PART III SPATIAL PATTERNS 8. Spatial Point Patterns 8.1 Random Spatial Index 8.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Longleaf Pines (Pinus palustris) 8.2.1 Data Description 8.2.2 Complete Spatial Randomness, Regularity, and Clustering 8.2.3 Quadrat Methods 8.2.4 Kernel Estimators of the Intensity Function 8.2.5 Distance Methods 8.2.6 Nearest-Neighbor Distribution Functions and the K Function 8.2.7 Some Final Remarks 8.3 Point Process Theory 8.3.1 Moment Measures 8.3.2 Generating Functionals 8.3.3 Stationary and Isotropic Point Processes 8.3.4 Palm Distributions 8.3.5 Reduced Second Moment Measure 8.4 Complete Spatial Randomness, Distance Functions, and Second Moment Measures 8.4.1 Complete Spatial Randomness 8.4.2 Distance Functions 8.4.3 K Functions, 8.4.4 Animal-Behavior Data 8.4.5 Some Final Remarks 8.5 Models and Model Fitting 8.5.1 Inhomogeneous Poisson Process 8.5.2 Cox Process 8.5.3 Poisson Cluster Process 8.5.4 Simple Inhibition Point Processes 8.5.5 Markov Point Process 8.5.6 Thinned and Related Point Processes 8.5.7 Other Models 8.5.8 Some Final Remarks 8.6 Multivariate Spatial Point Processes 8.6.1 Theoretical Considerations 8.6.2 Estimation of the Cross K Function 8.6.3 Bivariate Spatial-Point-Process Models 8.7 Marked Spatial Point Processes 8.7.1 Theoretical Considerations 8.7.2 Estimation of Moment Measures 8.7.3 Marked Spatial-Point-Process Models 8.8 Space-Time Point Patterns 8.9 Spatial Point Patterns, Simulated and Real 8.9.1 Simulation of Spatial Point Patterns 8.9.2 Spatial Point Patterns 9. Modeting Objects 9.1 Set Models 9.1.1 Fractal Sets 9.1.2 Fuzzy Sets 9.1.3 Random Closed Sets: An Example 9.2 Random Parallelograms in IR 2 9.3 Random Closed Sets and Mathematical Morphology 9.3.1 Theory and Methods 9.3.2 Inference on Random Closed Sets 9.4 The Boolean Model 9.4.1 Main Properties 9.4.2 Generalizations of the Boolean Model 9.5 Methods of Boolean-Model Parameter Estimation 9.5.1 Analysis of Random-Parallelograms Data 9.5.2 Analysis of Heather-Incidence Data 9.5.3 Intensity Estimation in the Boolean Model 9.6 Inference for the Boolean Model 9.7 Modeling Growth with Random Sets 9.7.1 Random-Set Growth Models 9.7.2 Tumor-Growth Data 9.7.3 Fitting the Tumor-Growth Parameters References Author Index Subject lndex

Anmerkung: Contents Preface / Cheng Guodong, R.M. Kamensky Comparison: development condition of frozen ground in the Bolshaya-Almatinka-Kosmo Permafrost Station, Kasakhstan and the Tian Shan Glaciological Station, China / Qiu Guoqing and A.P. Gorbunov Permafrost and pereletok in the forest zoe of Tian Shan / A.P. Gorbunov Distribution and thermal regime of alpine permafrost in the middle-section of East Tian Shan, China / Jin Huijun, Qiu Guoqing, Zhao Lin and Wang Shujuan Comparative characteristics of icings in Zailiysky Alatau and East Tian Shan / A.P. Gorbunov and E.D. Ermolin Some new data of D.S. electrical soundings of permafrost in Northern Tian Shan / Zeng Zhonggong, Wang Shujuan and A.E. Nemov The depositional characteristics of sediments in the Borehole No. 2 and No. 4 in the source area of Urumqi river / Zhao Lin and Qiu Guoqing Rock glaciers in Bolshaya Almatinka river basin and Urumqi river basin of Northern and Eastern Tian Shan / A.P. Gorbunov and S.N. Titkov Comparative characteristics of frost mound in the Mt. Zailiysky Alatau, Mt. Kalaucheng and Mt. Bogda / S.N. Titkov, Zhao Lin and Jin Huijun Permafrost and climate at the upper reach of Urumqi river during the past 15 000 years / Zhao Lin, Qui Guoqing and Jin Huijun Development condition of the polygonal soil-wedges in Zailiysky Alatau / A.P. Gorbunov, E.D. Ermolin, Zeng Zhonggong and Qiu Guoqing Pollen composition and its significance in the reconstruction of paleoclimate in Northern Tian Shan during the past 5000 year / Ma Yuzheng, Qiu Guoqing and Zhao Lin Discussion: Geocryological studies in Central Asia - Present and future / A.P. Gorbunov, E.D. Ermolin, S.N. Titkov, Qiu Guoqing, Zeng Zhanggong, Wang Shujuan, Zhao Lin and Jin Huijun , Zusammenfassung in russischer und chinesischer Sprache

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Foreword. - Introduction: Simulation Modeling and Spreadsheets. - 1. MODELING NATURAL SYSTEMS. - 1. Blowing Smoke: Atmospheric Dispersion of Air Pollution. - 2. Running Water: The Underground Transport of Pollutants. - 3. Preserving a Species: Finding the Minimum Viable Population. - 4. Sustainable Yield: Managing the Forest for the Trees. - 5. Here Comes the Sun: Solar Energy from a Flat-Plate Collector. - 2. MODELING SOCIAL SYSTEMS. - 6. Macroeconomic Policy: Econometrics and the Klein Model. - 7. Urban Form: The Lowry Model of Population Distribution. - 8. Affordable Housing: The Bertaud Model. - 9. Traffic on the Roads: Modeling Trip Generation and Trip Distribution. - 10. Throwing Things Away: A Model for Waste Management. - 11. Multi-Criteria Analysis: An Environmental Impact Assessment Model. - 3. MODELING ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS. - 12. Life in a Spreadsheet: John Conway's Game. - 13. The Game of Choice: Neighborhood Tolerance. - 14. The Game Machine: Cellular Automata, Chaos, and Fractals. - 4. THE WORLD IN A SPREADSHEET. - Conclusion: Modeling with Microcomputers. - APPENDICES. - A. Creating the Models. - B. The Recipes. - Index. - Program Listings. - Listing 1.1 SMOKE. - Listing 2.1 WATER. - Listing 3.1 BEARS. - Listing 4.1 TREES. - Listing 5.1 SOLAR. - Listing 6.1 KLEIN. - Listing 7.1 LOWRY. - Listing 8.1 BERTAUD. - Listing 9.1 TRAFFIC. - Listing 10.1 WASTE. - Listing 11.1 EIA. - Listing 12.1 LIFE. - Listing 13.1 CHOICE. - Listing 14.1 GAMACH. - Program Recipes. - Recipe 1: Blowing Smoke. - Recipe 2: Running Water. - Recipe 3: Preserving a Species. - Recipe 4: Sustainable Yield. - Recipe 5: Here Comes the Sun. - Recipe 6: The Klein Model. - Recipe 7: The Lowry Model. - Recipe 8: The Bertaud Model. - Recipe 9: Traffic on the Roads. - Recipe 10: Throwing Things Away. - Recipe 11: Multi-Criteria Analysis and EIA. - Recipe 12: The Game of Life. - Recipe 13: The Game of Choice. - Recipe 14: The Game Machine.

Anmerkung: ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ Глава 1. АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР 1.1. Об основных пoнятияx криоморфологии. Криоморфокомплскс и криоморфогенетический анализ 1.2. Некоторые проблемные вопросы гeoкpиологии, палеогеографии и четвертичной гeoлoгии paйона исследований 1.3. Основные проблемы геоморфологии и неотектоники Глава 2. КРАТКАЯ ГЕОЛОГО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА РАЙОНА 2.1. Физико-географический очерк 2.2. Главные черты структурно-геологического строения Глава 3. МЕРЗЛОТНО-ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ГЕОМОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ 3.1. Сезонно-талые и мноrолетнемерзлые породы 3.2. Рельеф 3.3. Распространение и региональная специфика основных современных рельефообразующих процессов Глава 4. РОЛЬ ПРОЦЕССОВ КРИОМОРФОГЕНЕЗА В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ РЕЛЬЕФА Глава 5. МЕСТО КРИОМОРФОГЕНЕЗА В ЭВОЛЮЦИИ ЛАНДШАФТОВ 5.1. Криоморфогенез в позднем плейстоцепе 5.2. Криоморфогенез в голоцене 5.3 Криоморфогенез на современном этапе Глава 6. ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ КРИОМОРФОКОМПЛЕКСОВ КАК ВАЖНЕЙШЕЕ ЗВЕНО МЕТОДА КРИОМОРФОГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА (на примере устьевой обпасти р. Лены) ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ЛИТЕРАТУРА ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ , In kyrillischer Schrift

Anmerkung: TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Section 1: Overview Features of Polar Regions Relevant to Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry / L. A Barrie Climatology of Arctic and Antarctic Tropospheric Ozone / S. J. Oltmans Polar Sunrise Studies / J. Bottenheim Section II: Tropospheric Oxidants Modelling Meteorology and Transport of Air Masses in Arctic Regions / T. Iversen Impact of Global NOx Sources on the Northern Latitudes / H. Levy II, W. J. Moxim and P S. Kasibhatla Ozone Depletion During Polar Sunrise / J. C. McConnell, G. S. Henderson Section Ill: Field Studies Relationship Between Anthropogenic Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone Trends in the Arctic Troposphere / D. Jaffe Halocarbons in the Arctic and Antarctic Atmosphere / W. T. Sturges Measurements of Hydrocarbons in Polar Maritime Air Masses / S. A Penkett Carbon Monoxide and Light Alkanes as Tropospheric Tracers of Anthropogenic Ozone / D. D. Parrish Atmospheric Distribution of NO, 03, CO, and CH4 above the North Atlantic Based on the STRATOZ Ill Flight / D. H. Ehhalt, F. Rohrer and A Wahner Spectroscopic Measurement of Bromine, Oxide, Ozone, and Nitrous Acid in Alert / M. Hausmann, T. Rudolf, and U. Platt Ice Core Analysis in Arctic and Antarctic Regions / M. Legrand Record of Atmospheric Oxidant from Polar Ice Cores Over the past 100,000 Years: Dream or Real Possibility? / A Neftel and K. Fuhrer Section V: Marine Sources and Sinks Sources of Organobromines to the Arctic Atmosphere / R. Moore, R. Tokarczyk and C. Geen Hydrocarbons Emission from the Ocean / B. Bonsang Cycle of Tropospheric Phosgene / T.P. Kindler, W. L. Chameides, P. H. Wine, D. Cunnold, F. Alyea Session VI: Laboratory Studies of Heterogeneous Reactions Chemical Interactions of Tropospheric Halogens on Snow/Ice / M. J. Molina Reactions of Halogens Species on Ice Surfaces / D. R. Hanson and A. R. Ravishankara Heterogeneous Reactions of Chlorine Compounds / C. Zetzsch and W. Behnke Liquid Phase Photochemistry in Relation to Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogens / J. A Lavigne and C. H. Langford Session Vll: Homogeneous Gas-phase Reactions Ozone HOx Photochemistry in the Troposphere - Latitudinal Dependence of Reaction Rates / R. A Cox ClO + ClO → Products: A Case Study in Halogen Monoxide Disproportionation and Recombination Reactions / S. P. Sander, S. L. Nickolaisen and R. R. Friedl Thermal Stability of Peroxynitrates / K. H. Becker, F. Kirchner and F. Zabel Temperature Dependence (256-296 K) of the Absorption Cross Sections of Bromoform in the Wavelength Range 285-360 nm / G. K. Moortgat, R. Meller and W. Schneider Oxidation of Organic Sulfur Compounds / I. Barnes, K. H. Becker and R. D. Overath Halogen and Sulfur Reactions Relevant to Polar Chemistry / P. H. Wine, J.M. Nicovish, R.E. Stickel and Z. Zhao, C.J. Shackelford, K.D. Kreutter, E.P. Daykin, and S. Wang Reactions of BrO Radicals Relevant to Polar Chemistry / G. Le Bras Comparative Assessment of the Role of lodine Photochemistry in Tropospheric Ozone Depletion / M. E. Jenkin

Anmerkung: Contents Contributors page Preface Plates Part One: Fundamentals of Large Eddy Simulation 1 Some Historical Remarks on the Use of Nonlinear Viscosities / Joseph Smagorinsky 2 Subgrid-Scale Modeling / Joel H. Ferziger 3 Some Basic Challenges for Large Eddy Simulation Research / Steven A. Orszag, Ilya Staroselsky, and Victor Yakhot 4 Some Contributions of Two-Point Closure to Large Eddy Simulations / Jackson R. Herring and Robert M. Kerr 5 Stochastic Backscatter Formulation for three-Dimensional Compressible Flows / Cecil E. Leith Part Two: Large Eddy Simulation in Engineering 6 Applications of Large Eddy Simulations in Engineering: An Overview / Ugo Piomelli Incompressible Flows 7 Large Eddy Simulation of Scalar Transport with the Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Model / William Cabot and Parviz Moin 8 Renormalization Group Theory Simulation of Transitional and Turbulent Flow over a Backward-Facing Step / George E. Karniadakis, Steven A. Orszag, and Victor Yakhot 9 Spectral Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Shear Flows / Marcel Lesieur, Olivier Métais , Xavier Normand, and Aristeu Silveira-Neto 10 Anisotropic Representation of Subgrid-Scale Reynolds Stress in Large Eddy Simulation / Kiyosi Horiuti 11 Large Eddy Simulation of Transitional Flow / Thomas A. Zang and Ugo Piomelli Compressible and Reacting Flows 12 Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation of Compressible Turbulence / Gordon Erlebacher and Mohammed Y. Hussaini 13 Large Eddy Simulation of Mixing Layers / Saad A. Ragab and Shaw-Ching Sheen 14 A Linear-Eddy Mixing Model for Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion / Suresh Menon, Patrick A. McMurtry, and Alan R. Kerstein 15 Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation of Reacting Homogeneous Turbulence / Cyrus K. Madnia and Peyman Givi Part Three: Large Eddy Simulation in Geophysics 16 Large Eddy Simulation in Geophysical Turbulence Parameterization: An Overview / John C. Wyngaard and Chin-Hoh Moeng Atmospheric Sciences 17 Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System in the Large Eddy Simulation Mode: From inhomogeneous Surfaces to Cirrus Clouds / William R. Cotton, Robert L. Walko, Keeley R. Costigan, Piotr J. Flatau, and Roger A. Pielke 18 Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Convection over Flat and Wavy Surfaces / Ulrich Schumann Physical Oceanography 19 The Role of Oceans in Climate Change: A Challenge to Large Eddy Simulation / Greg Holloway 20 Modeling the Oceanic Planetary Boundary Layer / James C. McWilliams, Patrick C. Gallacher, Chin-Hoh Moeng, and John C. Wyngaard 21 Diapycnal Mixing in the Ocean: A Review / Peter Müller 22 Near-Surface Mixing and the Ocean's Role in Climate / Mark A. Cane Environmental Flows 23 Conjunctive Filtering Procedures in Surface Water Flow and Transport / Keith W. Bedford and Woon K. Yeo 24 Leonard and Cross-Term Approximations in the Anisotropically Filtered Equations of Motion / Alvaro A. Aldama 25 Large Eddy Simulation as a Tool in Engineering and Geophysics: Panel Discussion / Thomas A. Zang Part Four: Large Eddy Simulation and Massively Parallel Computing 26 Parallel Computing for Large Eddy Simulation / Cecil E. Leith 27 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Large Eddy Simulation, and Massively Parallel Computing / William P. Dannevik Index

Anmerkung: CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS FOREWORD / E. Imre Friedmann and Anne B. Thistle MARINE ENVIRONMENTS MICROBIAL PROCESSES IN THE SOUTHERN OCEANS / David M. Karl PHYTOPLANKTON / Sayed Z. El-Sayed and Greta A. Fryxell PROTOZOOPLANKTON / D. L Garrison and M. M. Gowing MICROORGANISMS IN ANTARCTIC SEA ICE / A. C. Palmisano and D. L Garrison NEARSHORE BENTHIC MARINE SEDIMENTS / D. C. White, G. A. Smith, J. B. Guckert, and P. O. Nichols DEGRADATION OF PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATERIAL IN THE ANTARCTIC / James T. Staley and Russell P. Herwig TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS MICROORGANISMS IN THE ANTARCTIC ICE / S. S. Abyzov THE MICROBIOLOGY OF ANTARCTIC SOILS / H. S. Vishniac TERRESTRIAL LITHOPHYTIC (ROCK) COMMUNITIES / James A. Nienow and E. Imre Friedmann SOILS HEATED BY VOLCANISM / Paul A. Broady LICHENS IN THE ANTARCTIC REGION / Ludger Kappen ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORS OF MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN CONTINENTAL ANTARCTIC LAKES / George M. Simmons, Jr., J. Robie Vestal, and Robert A. Wharton, Jr. MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES AND PROCESSES IN ANTARCTIC FLOWING WATERS / W. F. Vincent, C. Howard-Williams, and P. A. Broady OTHER TOPICS HUMAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES / Harold G. Muchmore, E. Nan Scott, and Alan J. Parkinson RELEVANCE OF ANTARCTIC MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS TO EXOBIOLOGY / Christopher P. McKay PROTECTION OF ANTARCTIC MICROBIAL HABITATS / Sidney Draggan INDEX

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Introduction List of Symbols Part I Fundamentals Chapter 1 Identification of Clouds 1.1 Atmospheric Structure and Scales 1.2 Cloud Types Identified Visually 1.2.1 Genera, Species, and Étages 1.2.2 Low Clouds 1.2.3 Middle Clouds 1.2.4 High Clouds 1.2.5 Orographic Clouds 1.3 Cloud Systems Identified by Satellite 1.3.1 Mesoscale Convective Systems 1.3 .2 Hurricanes 1.3.3 Extratropical Cyclones Chapter 2 Atmospheric Dynamics 2.1 The Basic Equations 2.1.1 Equation of Motion 2.1.2 Equation of State 2.1.3 Thermodynamic Equation 2.1.4 Mass Continuity 2.1.5 Water Continuity 2.1.6 The Full Set of Equations 2.2 Balanced Flow 2.2.1 Quasi-Geostrophic Motion 2.2.2 Semigeostrophic Motions 2.2.3 Gradient-Wind Balance 2.2.4 Hydrostatic Balance 2.2.5 Thermal Wind 2.2.6 Cyclostrophic Balance 2.3 Anelastic and Boussinesq Approximations 2.4 Vorticity 2.5 Potential Vorticity 2.6 Perturbation Form of the Equations 2.6.1 Equation of State and Continuity Equation 2.6.2 Thermodynamic and Water-Continuity Equations 2.6.3 Equation of Motion 2.6.4 Eddy Kinetic Energy Equation 2.7 Oscillations and Waves 2.7.1 Buoyancy Oscillations 2.7.2 Gravity Waves 2.7.3 Inertial Oscillations 2.7.4 Inertio-Gravity Waves 2.8 Adjustment to Geostrophic and Gradient Balance 2.9 Instabilities 2.9.1 Buoyant, Inertial, and Symmetric Instabilities 2.9.2 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability 2.9.3 Rayleigh-Benard Instability 2.10 Representation of Eddy Fluxes 2.10.1 K-Theory 2.10.2 Higher-Order Closure 2.10.3 Large-Eddy Simulation 2.11 The Planetary Boundary Layer 2.11.1 The Ekman Layer 2.11.2 Boundary-Layer Stability 2.11.3 The Surface Layer Chapter 3 Cloud Microphysics 3.1 Microphysics of Warm Clouds 3.1.1 Nucleation of Drops 3.1.2 Condensation and Evaporation 3.1.3 Fall Speeds of Drops 3.1.4 Coalescence 3.1.5 Breakup of Drops 3.2 Microphysics of Cold Clouds 3.2.1 Homogeneous Nucleation of Ice Particles 3.2.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation of Ice Particles 3.2.3 Deposition and Sublimation 3.2.4 Aggregation and Riming 3.2.5 Hail 3.2.6 Ice Enhancement 3.2.7 Fall Speeds of Ice Particles 3.2.8 Melting 3.3 Types of Microphysical Processes and Categories of Water Substance in Clouds 3.4 Water-Continuity Equations 3.5 Explicit Water-Continuity Models 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 Explicit Modeling of Warm Clouds 3.5.3 Explicit Modeling of Cold Clouds 3.6 Bulk Water-Continuity Models 3 .6.1 Bulk Modeling of Warm Clouds 3.6.2 Bulk Modeling of Cold Clouds Chapter 4 Radar Meteorology 4.1 General Characteristics of Meteorological Radars 4.2 Reflectivity Measurements 4.2.1 Obtaining Reflectivity from Returned Power 4.2.2 Relating Reflectivity to Precipitation 4.2.3 Estimating Areal Precipitation from Radar Data 4.3 Polarization Data 4.4 Doppler Velocity Measurements 4.4.1 Radial Velocity 4.4.2 Velocity and Range Folding 4.4.3 Vertical Incidence Observations 4.4.4 Range-Height Data 4.4.5 Velocity-Azimuth Display Method 4.4.6 Multiple-Doppler Synthesis 4.4.7 Retrieval of Thermodynamic and Microphysical Variables Part II Phenomena Chapter 5 Shallow-Layer Clouds 5.1 Fog and Stratus in a Boundary Layer Cooled from Below 5.1.1 General Considerations 5.1.2 Turbulent Mixing in Fog 5.1.3 Radiation Fog 5. 1.4 Arctic Stratus 5.2 Stratus, Stratocumulus, and Small Cumulus in a Boundary Layer Heated from Below 5.2.1 General Considerations 5.2.2 Cloud-Topped Mixed Layer 5.2.3 Mesoscale Structure of Mixed-Layer Clouds 5.3 Cirriform Clouds 5.3.1 General Considerations 5.3.2 Cirrus Uncinus 5.3.3 Ice-Cloud Outflow from Cumulonimbus 5.3.4 Cirriform Cloud in a Thin Layer Apart from a Generating Source 5.4 Altostratus and Altocumulus 5.4.1 Altostratus and Altocumulus Produced as Remnants of Other Clouds 5.4.2 Altocumulus as High-Based Convective Clouds 5.4.3 Altostratus and Altocumulus as Shallow-Layer Clouds Aloft 5.4.4 Ice Particle Generation by Altocumulus Elements 5.4.5 Interaction of Altocumulus and Lower Cloud Layers Chapter 6 Nimbostratus 6.1 Stratiform Precipitation 6.1.1 Definition and Distinction from Convective Precipitation 6.1.2 Radar-Echo Structure 6.1.3 Microphysical Observations 6.1.4 Role of Convection 6.2 Nimbostratus with Shallow Embedded Convection Aloft 6.3 Nimbostratus Associated with Deep Convection 6.4 Radiation and Turbulent Mixing in Nimbostratus Chapter 7 Cumulus Dynamics 7.1 Buoyancy 7.2 Pressure Perturbation 7.3 Entrainment 7.3.1 General Considerations 7.3.2 Continuous, Homogeneous Entrainment 7.3.3 Discontinuous, Inhomogeneous Entrainment 7.4 Vorticity 7.4.1 General Considerations 7.4.2 Horizontal Vorticity 7.4.3 Vertical Vorticity 7.5 Modeling of Convective Clouds 7.5.1 General Considerations 7.5.2 One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Model 7.5.3 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models Chapter 8 Thunderstorms 8.1 Small Cumulonimbus Clouds 8.2 Multicell Thunderstorms 8.3 Supercell Thunderstorms 8.4 Environmental Conditions Favoring Different Types of Thunderstorms 8.5 Supercell Dynamics 8.5.1 Storm Splitting and Propagation 8.5.2 Directional Shear 8.6 Transition of the Supercell to the Tomadic Phase 8.7 Nonsupercell Tornadoes and Waterspouts 8.8 The Tornado 8.8.1 Observed Structure and Life Cycle 8.8.2 Tornado Vortex Dynamics 8.9 Gust Fronts 8.10 Downbursts 8.10.1 Definitions and Descriptive Models 8.10.2 Effects of Microbursts on Aircraft 8.10.3 Dynamics of Microbursts 8.11 Lines of Thunderstorms Chapter 9 Mesoscale Convective Systems 9.1 General Characteristics of the Cloud and Precipitation Patterns 9.1.1 Satellite Observations 9.1.2 Precipitation Structure 9.1.3 Life Cycle of a Precipitation Area 9.2 The Squall Line with Trailing Stratiform Precipitation 9.2.1 General Features 9.2.2 The Convective Region 9.2.3 The Stratiform Region 9.3 General Kinematic Characteristics of Mesoscale Convective Systems 9.3.1 Divergence Associated with Mesoscale Convective Systems 9.3.2 Vorticity in Regions Containing Mesoscale Convective Systems Chapter 10 Clouds in Hurricanes 10.1 General Features of Hurricanes 10.1.1 Definition and Regions of Formation 10.1.2 General Pattern of Clouds and Precipitation 10.1.3 Storm-Scale Kinematics and Thermodynamics 10.2 The Inner-Core Region 10.3 Basic Hurricane Dynamics 10.4 Clouds and Precipitation in the Eyewall 10.4.1 Slantwise Circulation in the Eyewall Cloud 10.4.2 Strength of the Radial-Vertical Circulation in the Eyewafl Cloud 10.4.3 Vertical Convection in the Eyewall 10.4.4 Downdrafts 10.4.5 Eyewall Propagation 10.5 Rainbands Chapter 11 Precipitating Clouds in Extratropical Cyclones 11.1 Structure and Dynamics of a Baroclinic Wave 11.1.1 Idealized Horizontal and Vertical Structure 11.1.2 Dynamics Governing Large-Scale Vertical Air Motion 11.1.3 Application of the Omega Equation to a Real Baroclinic Wave 11.1.4 Low-Level Cyclone Development 11.2 Circulation at a Front 11.2.1 Quasi-Geostrophic Frontogenesis 11.2.2 Semigeostrophic Frontogenesis 11.2.3 Moist Frontogenesis 11.2.4 Some Simple Theoretical Examples 11.3 Horizontal Patterns of Frontal Zones in Developing Cyclones 11.4 Clouds and Precipitation in a Frontal Cyclone 11.4.1 Satellite-Observed Cloud Patterns 11.4.2 Distribution of Precipitation within the Cloud Pattern 11.4.3 Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainbands 11.4.4 Wide Cold-Frontal Rainbands 11.4.5 Warm-Frontal Rainbands 11.4.6 Clouds and Precipitation Associated with the Occlusion 11.5 Clouds in Polar Lows 11.5.1 Comma-Cloud System 11.5.2 Small Hurricane-like Vortex Chapter 12 Orographic Clouds 12.1 Shallow Clouds in Upslope Flow 12.2 Wave Clouds Produced by Long Ridges 12.2.1 Flow over Sinusoidal Terrain 12.2.2 Flow over a Ridge of Arbitrary Shape 12.2.3 Clouds Associated with Vertically Propagating Waves 12.2.4 Clouds Associated with Lee Waves 12.2.5 Nonlinear Effects: Large-Amplitude Waves, Blocking, the Hydraulic Jump, and Rotor Clouds 12.3 Clouds Associated with Flow over Isolated Peaks 12.4 Orographic Precipitation 12.4.1 Seeder-Feeder Mechanism over Small Hills 12.4.2 Upslope Condensation 12.4.3 Orographic Convection References Index

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Anmerkung: Mantle and Magmatic Processes --- George P. L. Walker: Basaltic-volcano systems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:3-38, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.01 --- M. J. O’Hara: Trace element geochemical effects of imperfect crystal-liquid separation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:39-59, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.02 --- Alexander R. McBirney: Differentiated rocks of the Galapagos hotspot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:61-69, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.03 --- Martin A. Menzies, Weiming Fan, and Ming Zhang: Palaeozoic and Cenozoic lithoprobes and the loss of 〉120 km of Archaean lithosphere, Sino-Korean craton, China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:71-81, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.04 --- Ophiolites and Oceanic Crust --- Alastair Robertson and Costas Xenophontos: Development of concepts concerning the Troodos ophiolite and adjacent units in Cyprus / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:85-119, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.05 --- Dorothee Dietrich and Sara Spencer: Spreading-induced faulting and fracturing of oceanic crust: examples from the Sheeted Dyke Complex of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:121-139, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.06 --- C. J. MacLeod and B. J. Murton: Structure and tectonic evolution of the Southern Troodos Transform Fault Zone, Cyprus / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:141-176, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.07 --- J. Malpas, T. Calon, and G. Squires: The development of a late Cretaceous microplate suture zone in SW Cyprus / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:177-195, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.08 --- A. W. Shelton: Troodos revisited: the Mount Olympus gravity anomaly / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:197-212, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.09 --- Alan G. Smith: Tectonic significance of the Hellenic-Dinaric ophiolites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:213-243, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.10 --- I. D. Bartholomew: The interaction and geometries of diapiric uprise centres along mid-ocean ridges — evidence from mantle fabric studies of ophiolite complexes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:245-256, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.11 --- Stephen Roberts and Christopher Neary: Petrogenesis of ophiolitic chromitite / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:257-272, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.12 --- H. M. Prichard and R. A. Lord: An overview of the PGE concentrations in the Shetland ophiolite complex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:273-294, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.13 --- H. Elderfield, R. A. Mills, and M. D. Rudnicki: Geochemical and thermal fluxes, high-temperature venting and diffuse flow from mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems: the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26°N / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:295-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.14 --- Martin A. Menzies, Andrew Long, Gerry Ingram, Matthew Tatnell, and David Janecky: MORB peridotite-sea water interaction: experimental constraints on the behaviour of trace elements, 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ratios / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:309-322, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.15 --- Tectonics and Convergent Margins --- J. F. Dewey, P. D. Ryan, and T. B. Andersen: Orogenic uplift and collapse, crustal thickness, fabrics and metamorphic phase changes: the role of eclogites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:325-343, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.16 --- Robert M. Shackleton: Tectonics of the Mozambique Belt in East Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:345-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.17 --- N. B. W. Harris, C. J. Hawkesworth, and A. G. Tindle: The growth of continental crust during the Late Proterozoic: geochemical evidence from the Arabian Shield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:363-371, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.18 --- Julian A. Pearce and Ian J. Parkinson: Trace element models for mantle melting: application to volcanic arc petrogenesis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:373-403, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.19 --- Peter J. Wyllie and Michael B. Wolf: Amphibolite dehydration-melting: sorting out the solidus / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:405-416, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.20 --- Claudio Vita-Finzi: Evaluating Late Quaternary uplift in Greece and Cyprus / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:417-424, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.21 --- Continental Rifting --- Ray Macdonald and Brian G. J. Upton: The Proterozoic Gardar rift zone, south Greenland: comparisons with the East African Rift System / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:427-442, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.22 --- K. G. Cox, N. Charnley, R. C. O. Gill, and K. A. Parish: Alkali basalts from Shuqra, Yemen: magmas generated in the crust-mantle transition zone? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:443-453, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.23 --- N. W. Rogers: The isotope and trace element geochemistry of basalts from the volcanic islands of the southern Red Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:455-467, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.24 --- Jon M. Davis, Wolfgang E. Elston, and Chris J. Hawkesworth: Basic and intermediate volcanism of the Mogollon-Datil volcanic field: implications for mid-Tertiary tectonic transitions in southwestern New Mexico, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:469-488, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.25 --- George P. L. Walker: Re-evaluation of inclined intrusive sheets and dykes in the Cuillins volcano, Isle of Skye / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:489-497, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.26 --- Analytical Techniques --- Philip J. Potts, Chris J. Hawkesworth, Peter van Calsteren, and Ian P. Wright: Advances in analytical technology and its influence on the development of modern inorganic geochemistry: a historical perspective / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76:501-520, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.27

Anmerkung: In kyrill. Schr.