ALBERT

Note: Contents: Figures. - Tables. - Preface. - Illustrations. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1 Background. - 1.2 Scope of the text. - 1.3 World vegetation types. - 1.3.1 Vegetation formations and zones. - 1.3.2 Zonobiomes. - 1.3.3 Exoclimates. - 1.3.4 The Canadian vegetation classification system. - 1.3.5 Ecozones. - 1.3.6 Floristic realms. - 1.3.7 Plant species nomenclature. - 1.4 Soil classification and soil systems. - 1.5 Climatic parameters. - 1.5.1 The role of climate. - 1.5.2 Moisture indices. - 1.5.3 Climate diagrams. - 1.6 Plant strategies. - 1.6.1 Competition. - 1.6.2 Hydrature and moisture regulation. - 1.6.3 Life forms. - 1.6.4 Leaf morphology and adaptation. - 1.7 Biomass and net primary productivity. - 2. Tundra 2.1 Tundra distribution. - 2.2 Climate. - 2.3 Soils. - 2.4 Tundra in North America. - 2.4.1 Ecoclimatic sub-provinces and regions. - 2.4.2 High and mid-Arctic. - 2.4.3 Low Arctic. - 2.5 Tundra in other Northern Hemisphere locations. - 2.5.1 Arctic Tundra. - 2.5.2 Typical Tundra. - 2.5.3 Southern Tundra. - 2.5.4 Tundra on Arctic Islands. - 2.6 Tundea in the Southern Hemisphere. - 2.6.1 The Antarctic Subregion. - 2.6.2 The Sub-Antarctic Subregion. - 2.7 Alpine Tundra. - 2.7.1 Temperate-latitude alpine Tundra. - 2.7.2 Low-latitude (equatorial) alpine Tundra. - 2.8 Primary production and phytomass in Tundra. - 3. Forest-Tundra or Boreal-Tundra Ecotone. - 3.1 Definitions. - 3.2 Distribution. - 3.3 Climate. - 3.4 Soils. - 3.5 Forest-Tundra in Canada. - 3.5.1 Ecoclimatic sub-provinces. - 3.5.2 The shrub subzone (Northern Forest-Tundra). - 3.5.3 The forest subzone (Southern Forest Tundra). - 3.6 Eurasian Forest-Tundra. - 3.7 Primary production and phytomass in forest-Tundra. - 4. Boreal Forest (Taiga) and Mixed Forest Transition. - 4.1 Distribution. - 4.2 Climate. - 4.3 Soils. - 4.4 Boreal forest in North America. - 4.4.1 Open Lichen Woodland. - 4.4.2 Northern Coniferous Forest. - 4.4.3 Mixed-Forest (Boreal-Broadleaf ecotone). - 4.4.4 Mixed-Forest transition to grassland (Northern Mixedwoods). - 4.5 Eurasian Boreal. - 4.5.1 The European Boreal. - 4.5.2 The Siberian Boreal. - 4.5.3 Northwest Pacific Fringe Boreal. - 4.6 Primary production and phytomass in boreal forest. - 5. Prairie (Steppe). - 5.1 Distribution. - 5.2 Climate. - 5.2.1 North America. - 5.2.2 Climate in Eurasia and elsewhere. - 5.3 Soils. - 5.4 Prairie in North America. - 5.4.1 The Canadian Prairie. - 5.4.2 Prairie in the USA. - 5.5. Eurasian Steppe. - 5.6 Southern Hemisphere Grasslands. - 5.6.1 The High Veldt. - 5.6.2 The Pampas/Campos Grasslands. - 5.7 Primary production and biomass. - 6. Cordilleran Environments in Western North America. - 6.1 Canada's Cordilleran ecoclimatic provinces. - 6.1.1 Distribution. - 6.1.2 Climate. - 6.1.3 Soils. - 6.1.4 Pacific Coastal Mesothermal Forest. - 6.1.5 Pacific Coastal Subalpine Forest. - 6.1.6 Cordilleran Forest Region. - 6.1.7 Cordilleran Cold Steppe and Savanna Forst. - 6.1.8 Canadian Cordilleran Subalpine Forest. - 6.1.9 Alpine Tundra and Boreal Forest. - 6.2 The Cordilleran Region in the USA. - 6.2.1 Distribution. - 6.2.2 Northwest Coast Conifer-Hardwood Forests. - 6.2.3 Montane Pine Forests. - 6.2.4 Sagebrush and Grasslands. - 6.2.5 Interior Hemlock-Douglas-Fir-Larch. - 6.2.6 Subalpine Forest. - 6.3 Primary Production and Phytomass. - 7. Temperate Deciduous Forests. - 7.1 Distribution. - 7.2 Climate. - 7.3 Soils. - 7.4 Temperate Deciduous Forest in North America. - 7.4.1 Canada. - 7.4.2 United States of America. - 7.4.3 Southern Mexico and South America. - 7.5 Europe. - 7.5.1 Atlantic Deciduous Forest. - 7.5.2 Central European Deciduous Forest. - 7.5.3 East European Deciduous Forest. - 7.6 Asia. - 7.7 Southern Hemisphere. - 7.8 Primary Production and Phytomass. - 8. Wetlands. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Climate. - 8.3 Soils. - 8.4 Canadian Wetland Classification. - 8.4.1 Canadian Wetland Classification System. - 8.4.2 Wetland classes. - 8.4.3 Wetland forms and types. - 8.5 Canadian Wetlands. - 8.5.1 Arctic Wetlands. - 8.5.2 Subarctic Wetlands. - 8.5.3 Boreal Wetlands. - 8.5.4 Prairie Wetlands. - 8.5.5 Temperate Wetlands. - 8.5.6 Oceanic Wetlands. - 8.5.7 Mountain Wetlands. - 8.6 Wetlands in the USA. - 8.7 Eurasian Wetlands. - 8.7.1 European Wetlands. - 8.7.2 Asian Wetlands. - 8.8 Central and South American Wetlands. - 8.9 African Wetlands. - 8.10 Austromalesian and Pacific Wetlands. - 8.11 Phytomass and Primary Production. - 9. Conclusion. - Appendix: Biomials and their local names as used in the text. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: G. D. Williams: Tectonics and seismic sequence stratigraphy: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.01 --- J. A. Cartwright, R. C. Haddock, and L. M. Pinheiro: The lateral extent of sequence boundaries / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:15-34, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.02 --- Sarah Prosser: Rift-related linked depositional systems and their seismic expression / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:35-66, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.03 --- David Waltham, Stuart Hardy, and Abdulnaser Abousetta: Sediment geometries and domino faulting / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:67-85, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.04 --- Alan M. Roberts, Graham Yielding, and Michael E. Badley: Tectonic and bathymetric controls on stratigraphic sequences within evolving half-graben / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:87-121, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.05 --- Aidan M. Joy: Comments on the pattern of post-rift subsidence in the Central and Northern North Sea Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:123-140, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.06 --- W. G. Higgs and K. R. McClay: Analogue sandbox modelling of Miocene extensional faulting in the Outer Moray Firth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:141-162, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.07 --- M. P. R. Light, M. P. Maslanyj, R. J. Greenwood, and N. L. Banks: Seismic sequence stratigraphy and tectonics offshore Namibia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:163-191, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.08 --- Joachim Deramond, Pierre Souquet, Marie-José Fondecave-Wallez, and Martin Specht: Relationships between thrust tectonics and sequence stratigraphy surfaces in foredeeps: model and examples from the Pyrenees (Cretaceous-Eocene, France, Spain) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:193-219, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.09

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. Statistics for Spatial Data 1.1 Spatial Data and Spatial Models 1.2 Introductory Examples 1.2.1 Geostatistical Data 1.2.2 Lattice Data 1.2.3 Point Patterns 1.3 Statistics for Spatial Data: Why? PART I GEOSTATISTICAL DATA 2. Geostatistics 2.1 Continuous Spatial Index 2.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Coal Ash in Pennsylvania 2.2.1 Intrinsic Stationarity 2.2.2 Square-Root-Differences Cloud 2.2.3 The Pocket Plot 2.2.4 Decomposing the Data into Large- and Small-Scale Variation 2.2.5 Analysis of Residuals 2.2.6 Variogram of Residuals from Median Polish 2.3 Stationary Processes 2.3.1 Variogram 2.3.2 Covariogram and Correlogram 2.4 Estimation of the Variogram 2.4.1 Comparison of Variogram and Covariogram Estimation 2.4.2 Exact Distribution Theory for the Variogram Estimator 2.4.3 Robust Estimation of the Variogram 2.5 Spectral Representations 2.5.1 Valid Covariograms 2.5.2 Valid Variograms 2.6 Variogram Model Fitting 2.6.1 Criteria for Fitting a Variogram Model 2.6.2 Least Squares 2.6.3 Properties of Variogram-Parameter Estimators 2.6.4 Cross-Validating the Fitted Variogram 3. Spatial Prediction and Kriging 3.1 Scale of Variation 3.2 Ordinary Kriging 3.2.1 Effect of Variogram Parameters on Kriging 3.2.2 Lognormal and Trans-Gaussian Kriging 3.2.3 Cokriging 3.2.4 Some Final Remarks 3.3 Robust Kriging 3.4 Universal Kriging 3.4.1 Universal Kriging of Coal-Ash Data 3.4.2 Trend-Surface Prediction 3.4.3 Estimating the Variogram for Universal Kriging 3.4.4 Bayesian Kriging 3.4.5 Kriging Revisited 3.5 Median-Polish Kriging 3.5.1 Gridded Data 3.5.2 Nongridded Data 3.5.3 Median Polishing Spatial Data: Inference Results 3.5.4 Median-Based Covariogram Estimators are Less Biased 3.6 Geostatistical Data, Simulated and Real 3.6.1 Simulation of Spatial Processes 3.6.2 Conditional Simulation 3.6.3 Geostatistical Data 4. Applications of Geostatistics 4.1 Wolfcamp-Aquifer Data 4.1.1 Intrinsic-Stationarity Assumption 4.1.2 Nonconstant-Mean Assumption 4.2 Soil-Water Tension Data 4.3 Soil-Water-Infiltration Data 4.3.1 Estimating and Modeling the Spatial Dependence 4.3.2 Inference on Mean Effects (Spatial Analysis of Variance) 4.4 Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome Data 4.5 Wheat-Yield Data 4.5.1 Presence of Trend in the Data 4.5.2 Intrinsic Stationarity 4.5.3 Median-Polish (Robust) Kriging 4.6 Acid-Deposition Data 4.6.1 Spatial Modeling and Prediction 4.6.2 Sampling Design 4.7 Space-Time Geostatistical Data 5. Special Topics in Statistics for Spatial Data 5.1 Nonlinear Geostatistics 5.2 Change of Support 5.3 Stability of the Geostatistical Method 5.3.1 Estimation of Spatial-Dependence Parameters 5.3.2 Stability of the Kriging Predictor 5.3.3 Stability of the Kriging Variance 5.4 Intrinsic Random Functions of Order k 5.5 Applications of the Theory of Random Processes 5.6 Spatial Design 5.6.1 Spatial Sampling Design 5.6.2 Spatial Experimental Design 5.7 Field Trials 5.7.1 Nearest-Neighbor Analyses 5.7.2 Analyses Based on Spatial Modeling 5.8 Infill Asymptotics 5.9 The Many Faces of Spatial Prediction 5.9.1 Stochastic Methods of Spatial Prediction 5.9.2 Nonstochastic Methods of Spatial Prediction 5.9.3 Comparisons and Some Final Remarks PART II LATTICE DATA 6. Spatial Models on Lattices 6.1 Lattices 6.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Sudden Infant Deaths in North Carolina 6.2.1 Nonspatial Data Analysis 6.2.2 Spatial Data Analysis 6.2.3 Trend Removal 6.2.4 Some Final Remarks 6.3 Conditionally and Simultaneously Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.1 Simultaneously Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.2 Conditionally Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.3 Comparison 6.4 Markov Random Fields 6.4.1 Neighbors, Cliques, and the Negpotential Function Q 6.4.2 Pairwise-Only Dependence and Conditional Exponential Distributions 6.4.3 Some Final Remarks 6.5 Conditionally Specified Spatial Models for Discrete Data 6.5.1 Binary Data 6.5.2 Counts Data 6.6 Conditionally Specified Spatial Models for Continuous Data 6. 7 Simultaneously Specified and Other Spatial Models 6.7.1 Simultaneously Specified Spatial Models 6.7.2 Other Spatial Models 6.8 Space-Time Models 7. Inference for Lattice Models 7.1 Inference for the Mercer and Hall Wheat-Yield Data 7.1.1 Data Description 7.1.2 Spatial Lattice Models 7.2 Parameter Estimation for Lattice Models 7.2.1 Estimation Criteria 7.2.2 Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Estimation 7.2.3 Some Computational Details 7.3 Properties of Estimators 7.3.1 Increasing-Domain Asymptotics 7.3.2 The Jackknife and Bootstrap for Spatial Lattice Data 7.3.3 Cross-Validation and Model Selection 7.4 Statistical Image Analysis and Remote Sensing 7.4.1 Remote Sensing 7 .4.2 Ordinary Discriminant Analysis 7.4.3 Markov-Random-Field Models 7.4.4 Edge Processes 7.4.5 Textured Images 7.4.6 Single Photon Emission Tomography 7.4.7 Least Squares and Image Regularization 7.4.8 Method of Sieves 7.4.9 Mathematical Morphology 7.5 Regional Mapping, Scotland Lip-Cancer Data 7.5.1 Exploratory Regional Mapping 7.5.2 Parametric Empirical Bayes Mapping 7.6 Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome Data 7.6.1 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis 7.6.2 Auto-Poisson Model 7 .6.3 Auto-Gaussian Model 7. 7 Lattice Data, Simulated and Real 7.7.1 Simulation of Lattice Processes 7.7.2 Lattice Data PART III SPATIAL PATTERNS 8. Spatial Point Patterns 8.1 Random Spatial Index 8.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Longleaf Pines (Pinus palustris) 8.2.1 Data Description 8.2.2 Complete Spatial Randomness, Regularity, and Clustering 8.2.3 Quadrat Methods 8.2.4 Kernel Estimators of the Intensity Function 8.2.5 Distance Methods 8.2.6 Nearest-Neighbor Distribution Functions and the K Function 8.2.7 Some Final Remarks 8.3 Point Process Theory 8.3.1 Moment Measures 8.3.2 Generating Functionals 8.3.3 Stationary and Isotropic Point Processes 8.3.4 Palm Distributions 8.3.5 Reduced Second Moment Measure 8.4 Complete Spatial Randomness, Distance Functions, and Second Moment Measures 8.4.1 Complete Spatial Randomness 8.4.2 Distance Functions 8.4.3 K Functions, 8.4.4 Animal-Behavior Data 8.4.5 Some Final Remarks 8.5 Models and Model Fitting 8.5.1 Inhomogeneous Poisson Process 8.5.2 Cox Process 8.5.3 Poisson Cluster Process 8.5.4 Simple Inhibition Point Processes 8.5.5 Markov Point Process 8.5.6 Thinned and Related Point Processes 8.5.7 Other Models 8.5.8 Some Final Remarks 8.6 Multivariate Spatial Point Processes 8.6.1 Theoretical Considerations 8.6.2 Estimation of the Cross K Function 8.6.3 Bivariate Spatial-Point-Process Models 8.7 Marked Spatial Point Processes 8.7.1 Theoretical Considerations 8.7.2 Estimation of Moment Measures 8.7.3 Marked Spatial-Point-Process Models 8.8 Space-Time Point Patterns 8.9 Spatial Point Patterns, Simulated and Real 8.9.1 Simulation of Spatial Point Patterns 8.9.2 Spatial Point Patterns 9. Modeting Objects 9.1 Set Models 9.1.1 Fractal Sets 9.1.2 Fuzzy Sets 9.1.3 Random Closed Sets: An Example 9.2 Random Parallelograms in IR 2 9.3 Random Closed Sets and Mathematical Morphology 9.3.1 Theory and Methods 9.3.2 Inference on Random Closed Sets 9.4 The Boolean Model 9.4.1 Main Properties 9.4.2 Generalizations of the Boolean Model 9.5 Methods of Boolean-Model Parameter Estimation 9.5.1 Analysis of Random-Parallelograms Data 9.5.2 Analysis of Heather-Incidence Data 9.5.3 Intensity Estimation in the Boolean Model 9.6 Inference for the Boolean Model 9.7 Modeling Growth with Random Sets 9.7.1 Random-Set Growth Models 9.7.2 Tumor-Growth Data 9.7.3 Fitting the Tumor-Growth Parameters References Author Index Subject lndex

Note: Contents Foreword by Y. I. Chernov Introduction Explanations to tables Table 1: Distribution of the vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Table 2: The main characteristics of the vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Table 3: List of the weedy and adventitious vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Conclusion Acknowledgements References

Note: Table of Contents: Airborne lidar for measurements of atmospheric gases and aerosols / Edward C. Browell. - Lidar observation of aerosol stratigication in the case of sea breeze circulation near the shore / I. Kolev, O. Parvanov, B. Kaprielov, E. Donev, D. Ivanov. - Laser radar observation of the fog by "Yamase Wind" from the Okhotsk sea / M. Jyumonji and H. Uchiyama. - An overview of lidar studies of the atmosphere at Pune, India / P. C. S. Devara, P. E. Raj, G. Pandithurai and S. Sharma. - Lidar activity in China / Huanling Hu. - Technique for determining atmospheric aerosol optical parameters by multi-wavelength laser sounding / A. P. Chaikovsky, V. N. Shcherbakov, S. B. Tauroginskaya. - Aerosol microphysical properties influence on lidar particle size retrieval / Y. Emery, C. Flesia, A. Mugnai. - Stratifications and size distributions of aerosols derived from simultaneous measurements with lidar and radiometers / Tadahiro Hayasaka, Yasuhiko Meguro, Yasuhiro Sasano and Tamio Takamura. - Retrieval of aerosol size distribution moments with multi-wavelength lidar / L. de Schoulepnikoff, B. Stein, R. Rairoux. - Dial and long-path measurements of pollution / Martin J. T. Milton. - Dial measurement of CH4, CO2, CO and N2O using a tunable IR source based on the Ti:Sapphire laser / Michihiro Uchiumi, Oi Choo Chee, Katsunori Muraoka, Mitsuno Maeda and Osamu Uchino. - Trace gas fluxes in the convective boundary layer observed with DIAL and Radar-RASS / C. Senff, M. Bauer, J. Bösenberg, G. Grabbe, G. Peters, T. Schaberl. - Remote Sensing of mass fluxes of trace gases in the boundary layer / Ch. Werner, R. Haus, F. Köpp and K. Schäfer. - Contrail observation by ground based scanning lidar / Volker Freudenthaler, Frank Homburg and Horst Jäger. - Airborne lidar and radiometric detection and analysis of chemical plumes / Edward E. Uthe. - Development of an imaging laser radar for long-range gas plume visualization / Thomas J. Kulp, Randall Kennedy, Michael Delong, and Darrel Garvis. - Numerical study of a pump and probe lidar experiment for in situ tropospheric measurements of the OH radical / A. Clappier, B. Calpini, E. Durieux, L. Fiorani, L. Jaquet, H. van den Bergh. - Iron Boltzmann factor lidar: proposed new remote seinsing technique for mesospheric temperature / Jerry A. Gelbwachs. - A new method for monitoring asbestos fiber aerosols by measuring polarization of scattered light: principle / Norihisa Hiromoto, Toshikazu Itabe, Ken-ichi Araki, and Shigeo Ito. - Dual-dial measurements of ozone profiles / Zhien Wang, Huanling Hu, Jun Zhou. - Three dimensional imaging at 10 km using a diode pumped soild state ladar / J. R. Brandt and T. D. Steiner. - High spectral resolution lidar measurements using an I2 absorption filter / E. W. Eloranta and P. Piironen. - Computer modeling of a lidar receiving system with a nanosecond resolution / D. V. Stoyanov and T. N. Dreischuh. - Lidar observation of the troposphere in Tokyo / Toshiyuki Murayama. - A program for the environmental monitoring by laser radar of Metro Manila, Philippines / Minella C. Alarcon. - Laser altimetry measurements of Okhotsk Sea Ice from an airplane / Mitsuno Ishizu, Tetsuro Aoki, Kohei Mizutani, Masao Takabe, Tosikazu Itabe. - Airborne lidar sensing of Lake Baikal water area / I. E. Penner and V. S. Shamanaev. - The Pacific '93 Aircraft Lidar Experiment / Raymond M. Hoff, Michael Harwood and Andrew Sheppard. - Lidar observation of turbulent structure in marine boundary layer / Susumu Yamagishi, Hiroshi Yamanouchi, and Masayuki Tsuchiya. - Analytical inversion method for the lidar equation: sensitivity to multiple scattering and particle shape / C. Flesia and A. Starkov. - Lidar sensing of aerosol optical parameters in lower troposphere / Yu. S. Balin and I. A. Razenkov. - Multi-wavelength laser sounding of the troposphere over continental regions / A. P. Chaikovsky, I. S. Hutko, A. P. Ivanov, F. P. Osipenko, V. N. Shcherbakov, S. B. Tauroginskaya. - Tropospheric aerosol measurements using Lidar, sunphotometer and particle counter / Tamio Takamura, Yasuhiro Sasano, and Tadahiro Hayasaka. - Wavelength dependence of aerosol optical parameters measured by a tuneable lidar / Ryoichi Toriumi and Hideo Tai and Hiroshi Okumura and Nobuo Takeuchi. - Aerosol extinction profiling with CO2-lidar / Arne Hågård and Rolf Persson. - High spectral resolution lidar measurements of particle size / E. W. Eloranta and P. Piironen. - Dial measurements of nitrogen dioxide based on solid-state lasers / Ryoichi Toriumi and Hideo Tai, Nobuo Takeuchi. - Airborne UV-Dial urban plume measurements / James L. McElroy, Curtis M. Edmonds, and Donald H. Bundy, Hans Moosmüller, Rudolpha M. Jorgensen, Raul J. Alvarez, II. - Surveillance of industrial emissions using lidar techniques / Hand Edner, Pär Ragnarson, and Eva Wallinder. - Lidar measurements of volcanic gas fluxes / Hans Edner, Pär Ragnarson, Sune Svanberg, and Eva Wallinder. - Extending the CO2 dial mapping capability. Observations of gaseous diffusion over complex terrain / S. Egert, D. Peri, J. Sivan, Y. Baungarten. - Studies the stratospheric aerosol layer by spectral-polarization lidar / A. P. Chaikovsky, A. P. Ivanov, F. P. Osipenko, V. N. Shcherbakov. - Theory of lidar using Modulation Interference Radar (MIR) and its fundamental experiments using super sonic waves / Motoharu Jinguuji, Sachio Ehara and Tohru Mogi. - Synthetic aperture laser radar for 10 µm-Band high -resolution imaging / Shin Yoshikado and Tadashi Aruga. - An ozone-aerosol lidar and a three-wavelength inversion technique / Qiu Jinhuan. - Measurement of depolarization and fluorescence of the cedar pollen for lidar application / Katsuya Kiuchi, Makoto Abo and Chikao Nagasawa. - Lidar studies of light scattering anisotropy in the atmosphere / B. V. Kaul, A. L. Kuznetsov and I. V. Samokhvalov. - Depolarization measurements with the high spectral resolution lidar / E. W. Eloranta and P. Piironen. - Lidar polarization measurements necessity in two cases of study of processes in the atmospheric planetary boundary layer / I. Kolev, O. Parvanov, B. Kaprielov. - Comparison of multiple scattering in cloud and fog / Yuici Okazaki, Kazuo Noguchi, Hiroshi Okumura, Nobuo Takeuchi. - Cloud microstructure effect on the lidar return with multiple scattering / E. P. Zege, I. L. Katsev, I. N. Polonsky, A. A. Kokhanovsky. - Measurements of upper tropospheric moisture with a raman lidar / Scott E. Bisson and J. E. M. Goldsmith, Anthony D. Del Genio. - Temporal and spatial variability of atmospheric water vapor / S. H. Melfi, Keith Evans, David Whiteman, and Richard Ferrare. - Temperature effect on water vapor measurements with CO2 differential absorption lidars / Avishai Ben-David. - Dial measurements of water vapor using two narrowband Ti:Sapphire lasers / Chikao Nagasawa, Makoto Abo, Kenji Kimiyama. - Water vapor DIAL using an Alexandrite regenerative amplifier / V. Wulfmeyer, J. Bösenberg. - A comparison of water vapor measurements made by Raman lidar and radiosondes / R. A. Ferrare, S. H. Melfi, D. N. Whiteman, K. D. Evans, F. J. Schmidlin. - Daytime raman lidar profiling of atmospheric water vapor / J. E. M. Goldsmith and Scott E. Bisson. - Scale invariant properties of water vapor measured by a raman lidar / Keith D. Evans, S. H. Melfi, R. A. Ferrare, D. N. Whiteman, A. Marshak and A. Davis. - Micro pulse lidar systems and applications / James Spinhirne. - Compact lidar systems for surface, ship-based, and airborne remote sensing of the atmosphere / R. M. Hardesty, C. J. Grund, W. L. Eberhard, B. J. Rye, and Y. Zhao. - All solid-state laser system for airborne water vapor concentration measurements in the stratosphere using the dial technique in the near infrared / G. Ehret, W. Renger, E. Murphy and Ch. Werner. - Overview of lidar activities at NASDA / Akira Kikuchi, Takashi Noguchi. - Extending the dynamic range of differential absorption lidar measure

Note: Contents Preface / Cheng Guodong, R.M. Kamensky Comparison: development condition of frozen ground in the Bolshaya-Almatinka-Kosmo Permafrost Station, Kasakhstan and the Tian Shan Glaciological Station, China / Qiu Guoqing and A.P. Gorbunov Permafrost and pereletok in the forest zoe of Tian Shan / A.P. Gorbunov Distribution and thermal regime of alpine permafrost in the middle-section of East Tian Shan, China / Jin Huijun, Qiu Guoqing, Zhao Lin and Wang Shujuan Comparative characteristics of icings in Zailiysky Alatau and East Tian Shan / A.P. Gorbunov and E.D. Ermolin Some new data of D.S. electrical soundings of permafrost in Northern Tian Shan / Zeng Zhonggong, Wang Shujuan and A.E. Nemov The depositional characteristics of sediments in the Borehole No. 2 and No. 4 in the source area of Urumqi river / Zhao Lin and Qiu Guoqing Rock glaciers in Bolshaya Almatinka river basin and Urumqi river basin of Northern and Eastern Tian Shan / A.P. Gorbunov and S.N. Titkov Comparative characteristics of frost mound in the Mt. Zailiysky Alatau, Mt. Kalaucheng and Mt. Bogda / S.N. Titkov, Zhao Lin and Jin Huijun Permafrost and climate at the upper reach of Urumqi river during the past 15 000 years / Zhao Lin, Qui Guoqing and Jin Huijun Development condition of the polygonal soil-wedges in Zailiysky Alatau / A.P. Gorbunov, E.D. Ermolin, Zeng Zhonggong and Qiu Guoqing Pollen composition and its significance in the reconstruction of paleoclimate in Northern Tian Shan during the past 5000 year / Ma Yuzheng, Qiu Guoqing and Zhao Lin Discussion: Geocryological studies in Central Asia - Present and future / A.P. Gorbunov, E.D. Ermolin, S.N. Titkov, Qiu Guoqing, Zeng Zhanggong, Wang Shujuan, Zhao Lin and Jin Huijun , Zusammenfassung in russischer und chinesischer Sprache