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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: How the Steel Was Tempered in East Asia. Nikolai Ostrovsky’s novel How Steel Was Tempered (1932-34) tells the story of a young Ukrainian man named Pavel Korchagin who sacrifices his life and body to forge a steel-like spirit amid revolution, civil war, and postwar socialist construction. Although his physical injuries, which left him paralyzed and even blind, looks somehow grotesque, but his heroic self-sacrifice also had the power to inspire young readers. Regarded as an exemplary work of Soviet socialist realism, it was translated into many languages and read avidly at one time by left-wing readers in the West as well as in the Communist countries in the East. It was particularly influential in China, where it is so popular that even today it is invariably named as one of the favorite books of university students. This is in contrast to post-Soviet Russia today, in which the novel has lost the privileged position it once enjoyed and is no longer widely read. In China under the socialist regime, Ostrovsky’s novel was published in large numbers as suitable reading for young people and incorporated into school education. However, their active introduction in the public sphere alone does not explain their popularity. Chinese readers seem to have become deeply emotionally involved in the protagonist’s unsuccessful love affair with Tonya, a young girl whose bourgeois gestures and characterization must have been considered negative. As a result, the Soviet ideological novel has brought an unexpected meaning of European-style romantic love for Chinese readers. This presentation will trace the reception of Ostrovsky’s novel and the changes in the heroine Tonya’s image by comparing five adaptations: two Soviet films in 1942 and 1957, a Chinese lianhuanhua (serial picture book) in 1972, a Japanese manga in 1975, and a Chinese TV drama in 1999.
    Keywords: Socialist Realism ; Nikolai Ostrovsky ; adaptation ; China's reception ; Japan's reception ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Russian
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: Paradoxality as a Specific Feature of Dostoevsky’s Literary Works. Techniques, Stylistics, Mechanisms of Action. All works by Dostoevsky reveal the presence of paradox. These paradoxes act according to mechanisms that depend either on the fictional (polyphonic) or nonfictional (monologic) text “dominant.” Taking as a starting point (a) the arguments of G.S. Morson, according to whom paradoxes “seem to carry the quintessence of ‘Dostoevskyism’, particularly of his brand of humor,” (b) the analysis of Dostoevsky’s paradoxical humor; and (c) the three main categories of paradoxes (“empty or rhetorical”, “negative”, “positive”), we argue that Dostoevsky applies a fourth type of paradox, one that affects neither the premise nor the ending of the paradoxical structure, but their intrinsic logical interconnection. This article analyses a repertoire of paradoxical techniques used by Dostoevsky, focusing on the destabilizing humoristic function they enact.
    Keywords: Dostoevsky ; paradox ; skeptical humor ; Grand Inquisitor ; polyphony ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 3
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    Firenze University Press | Ф.М. Достоевский: Юмор, парадоксальность, демонтаж
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: Humor and Irony as a Means of Combating Atheism in the Discourse of F.M. Dostoevsky . The question of the God’s existence troubled Dostoevsky throughout his life. He created a very convincing portrait of the atheist of his time. He did not consider unbelievers immoral, but only “infected with recklessness”, and when speaking of his atheist acquaintances, often admitted that they were good people. Dostoevsky created the image of an atheist as an intelligent person, who is guided not by the heart, but by the mind and who often evokes sympathy for his questing, his thinking, and his suffering (like Versilov or Ivan Karamazov). If we carefully consider the “atheistic” characters of Dostoevsky, however, we will see that atheism is a phenomenon associated with something both bad and funny. Through humorous details, Dostoevsky imperceptibly creates an image of the “atheist” as a comical and frivolous person.
    Keywords: Dostoevsky ; atheism ; humor ; irony ; unbelievers ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: “We laughed like from a tickle on the heart.” Dostoevsky’s Muddy Confession. When considering laughter in Dostoevsky, one immediately thinks of the long “tirade” in The Adolescent, which proposes a kind of physiology of laughter, and its unpredictable effects on the perception of those who witness it. Laughter and caustic humor color even the most intimate confessions and can serve to partially mask the difficult action of revealing oneself before others. Modernity itself is the era of self-exhibition, of a sort of widespread confession. And yet, the laughter of modernity has lost the essence of joy. Joy is a function of that almost impossible sincerity that unveils the essence of man. The grimace of the fool, who shamelessly denudes himself before others in confession, becomes a sign of the isolation of the modern self and the end of the utopia of sincerity pursued by Rousseau.
    Keywords: confession ; Dostoevsky ; laughter ; modernity ; sincerity ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: On Features of Word Usage in Dostoevsky’s Poetic Dictionary in Connection with M.L. Uralskij and G. Mondry’s Dostoevsky and the Jews (St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 2021) . This article addresses the question of Dostoevsky’s alleged anti-Semitism with particular attention to Uralskij and Mondry’s book devoted to this topic, in which conclusions about the author’s chauvinism and xenophobia are based on his use of the word ‘Jew’ (zhid). For almost the entirety of the 19th century, however, such word usage was not a marker of anti-Semitism. Throughout his life, Dostoevsky communicated with many representatives of the Jewish people without differentitating them in any particular way from representatives of other nationalities. In the writer’s poetic dictionary, the word ‘Jew’ sometimes denotes a person who acquires unscrupulously, examples of which Dostoevsky found in all nationalities of the world, including the Russian.
    Keywords: Dostoevsky ; Jewish question ; national character ; denial of anti-Semitism ; Russian word zhid ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 6
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: Foreword. Dostoevsky: Paradox, Humor, Deconstruction. A foreword to the present book and to each of the 15 articles that are part of it. While the analysis of humor, paradox, and deliberate deconstruction has generally occupied a marginal position in the study of Dostoevsky’s universe, it seems impossible to understand his poetics without pointed attention to these categories. The present book aims to fill the existing gap by focusing on the nature of ambivalent humor, paradoxicality, and methods of “de-automatizing” consciousness through deconstruction. It is precisely the dialogical and paradoxical nature of Dostoevsky’s artistic method that enables such different and sometimes contradictory readings.
    Keywords: Dostoevsky ; Paradox ; Humor ; Deconstruction ; Dostoevsky Studies ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: In Dostoevsky’s binary poetics, an opposition can be drawn between two fundamental stances – asceticism and incontinence. Ascetics adhere to an ethos of self-restraint in response to the desires of the flesh. Incontinents act spontaneously to gratify their desires. The current study draws an analogy between the behavior pattern of Dostoevsky’s self-denying intellectual heroes and that of exiled castrate (skoptsy) communities. Dostoevsky’s ascetics represent a cerebral mindset attracted to visions of social utopia; their intellectualizing detaches them from the life of the body and thus weirdly parallels the strictures of the skoptsy. An encounter between an ascetic and a prostitute serves as a central plot moment in works such as Crime and Punishment and Notes from Underground.
    Keywords: Dostoevsky ; ascetism ; sectarianism ; castrates ; drunkenness ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: While the analysis of humor, paradox, and deliberate deconstruction has generally occupied a marginal position in the study of Dostoevsky’s universe, it seems impossible to understand his poetics without pointed attention to these categories. The present book aims to fill the existing gap by focusing on the nature of ambivalent humor, paradoxicality, and methods of ‘de-automatizing’ consciousness through deconstruction, arguing that these are central elements in Dostoevsky’s creative arsenal. It is precisely the dialogical and paradoxical nature of his artistic method that enables such different and sometimes contradictory readings. Dostoevsky, who proclaimed «the excitement of compassion» as the secret of humor (in the ‘funny’ there is always sadness and even despair), more generally exposes in his writing the structural duality of all phenomena.
    Keywords: Dostoevsky ; Paradox ; Humor ; Deconstruction ; Comparative Studies ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: Vladivostok is likened to the Bosphorus. The remoteness of the Far East made it difficult for the European part of the Russian Empire to recognise Vladivostok geographically. Therefore, through analogy to the Mediterranean, it was consciously integrated into the state. On the other hand, by using kanji combinations, which evoke images of traditional Japanese poetry, the Japanese created a sense of familiarity with Vladivostok. In most cases, regarding the social situation during the Revolutionary and Intervention War periods, researchers’ interest was restricted to the scheme of the conflict between the Red Army and the White Army and the victory or defeat of the October Revolution. However, more than 30 years after the dissolution of the USSR, the events of this period are now being examined by scholars mainly from the perspective of the residents and outsiders in various regions who, without knowing the consequences of the revolution, were both anticipating and anxious about significant social changes. The multicultural nature of the Far East is being discussed on the occasion of the centenary of the Siberian exodus. This article examines the cultural situation in and around Vladivostok, focusing on developments such as the education system and modernist currents in the arts. Vladivostok served as both an entrance to Siberia for the Japanese or other foreign troops and an exit for emigres.
    Keywords: Vladivostok ; Siberian intervention ; Multicultral and multinational society ; Ethnic language education ; Centre and periphery ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Russian
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: Reception of Russian Literature of the Silver Age in China. In the late 20th century, there emerged a significant cultural fervor for the Russian literature of the Silver Age within Chinese academic circles, primarily focused on literary studies. This article examines the history of translating Russian literature of the Silver Age in China and its level of research development. It is revealed that, on one hand, the initial attempts at translating literary works of the Silver Age into Chinese began in the first half of the 20th century, with notable activity during the May Fourth Movement and towards the end of the 20th century. Consequently, works by well-known writers had more opportunities to be translated into Chinese and gain attention from the academic community, while many works by lesser-known authors remained overlooked. On the other hand, Chinese scholars’ research on Russian literature of the Silver Age encompasses various literary genres such as poetry, novels, and dramas, with a focus on individual writers and their works. However, comprehensive and systematic studies in this field are still lacking. The examination of the history of translation and the level of research on Russian literature of the Silver Age in China contributes to academic progress, facilitates exchange and collaboration among scholars, provides reference materials and recommendations, and establishes a foundation for further in-depth research.
    Keywords: Reception of Russian literature in China ; Silver Age ; Reception studies ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Russian
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Teaching of Russian as Foreign Language at the advanced level aims to teach students a wide range of linguistic and stylistic elements of oral and written speech typical of the modern Russian language. For a good professional training of students, teaching materials should be flexible and up-to-date, they should present the language actually used in everyday communication in any sphere of life and work. This textbook applies the model of communicative analysis of N.S. Valgina to the analysis of written texts of mostly non-literary type, which promotes the development of analytical competence at the textual, linguistic and stylistic levels. The course is intended for advanced Russian language students (B2 +) studying at the Master's level of linguistic studies.
    Keywords: Text ; Communicative analysis ; Russian as FL ; Stylistics ; Non-literary text ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Russian
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  • 12
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    Firenze University Press | Ф.М. Достоевский: Юмор, парадоксальность, демонтаж
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: Onomastics and Paradox: Dostoevsky and the Collapse of the Ontological Integrity of Character. Onomastics plays a key role in Dostoevsky’s poetics: the names of most of his characters are essential to their portraits, even though these names rarely signify unambiguously. Moreover, a number of his characters are nameless and a semantic tension arises from this absence: the impossibility of “branding” the hero with a name prevents us from identifying his or her features through verbal onomastic symbolism. The portrait of such characters necessarily remains somewhat murky. It is no coincidence that the “nameless heroes” are the most paradoxical and enigmatic characters of Dostoevsky’s creative world. By denying them names, Dostoevsky seeks to destroy the inner integrity of these heroes, their identity, in order that a living, independent, and contradictory personality emerges in them.
    Keywords: Dostoevsky ; Onomastics and Ontology ; Characters’ names ; Nameless heroes ; Hermeneutics of the name ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: The Paradox of Female Sexual Desire in Crime and Punishment: On the Question of the Female Breast . This article examines references to the female breast found in Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment to reveal the contradictory role of female sexuality in his literary world. Despite feminist inclinations and a personal familiarity with “emancipated love,” he had particular difficulty with issues of women’s sexual desire and female corporeality, associating them with danger. He actively suppressed the bodies and desire of physically attractive women in his work. In Crime and Punishment, for ex., both Sonia and Dunia attract male desire, but do not express their own. References to the female breast in his work reveal this deep ambivalence about the female body: now alluring, now menacing, now subject to torture, the breast can also be symbolically maternal or disease-ridden.
    Keywords: Dostoevsky ; breast ; sexuality ; desire ; maternity ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: A Gentle Creature’s Paradox. The aim of this article is to analyze a smile as a mimetic, nonverbal facial expression. Although a smile most often displays joy and pleasure, it sometimes expresses emotions such as sadness, cruelty, anger, etc. This analysis aims to focus on the paradoxical “mistrustful, silent, and evil smile” of A Gentle Creature. Her smile marks the beginning of her life with the Pawnbroker and it is her companion until the end of her life. The paradox of smile illuminates other paradoxes such as that of communication (verbal/nonverbal, communication/its negation), of death (suicide and the icon, destruction/resurrection, silence/birth of words), of the Pawnbroker’s story (author-narrator, narrative/story, fantastic/realistic, contradictions in the story), and of the event (real event/event in the narrator’s mind).
    Keywords: smile ; Dostoevsky ; А Gentle Creature ; story ; paradox ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: About Slavonicisms in The Brothers Karamazov. This work draws attention to the function of Slavonicisms in The Brothers Karamazov. In the last dialogue between Kolja Krasotkin and Alesha Karamazov, Kolja’s lines about postmortality or immortality are stylistically limited to the framework of the middle-lower register of Russian and thus exclude any metaphysical component. Alesha’s response, in contrast, is constructed in a Slavonic idiolect that belongs simultaneously to the conventional and to the mythopoetic. Another case of this appeal to the Slavonic register may be found in the dispute between Ivan and the devil regarding the recognition or denial of the incarnation of evil in the world. Claiming incarnation, Satan tries to demonstrate the equivalence of demonic and human nature. The primary instrument deployed in this argument is a Slavonicism, claimed by Satan, but which does not belong to him.
    Keywords: Dostoevsky ; The Brothers Karamazov ; Slavonicisms ; paradox ; dialogue with the Devil ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Korehito Kurahara and “Proletarian Realism”: Proletarian Literature in Japan in 1920s. This paper examines the proletarian literature movement that emerged in Japan in the 1920s, focusing on Korehito Kurahara, a leading proponent. Kurahara studied Russian literature and his theory, “proletarian realism,” was based on concepts promoted by the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP). The paper analyzes two of Kurahara’s works from which proletarian realism originated. Both works are based on arguments between leaders of the proletarian writers’ organization and A. Volonsky. After Kurahara, Japan attempted to interpret proletarian literature from the perspective of literary history, which Kurahara incorporated into Japanese literature based on RAPP discussions. This suggests that Japanese proletarian literary theory developed under the influence of the Soviet Union.
    Keywords: Korehito Kurahara ; Japanese literature ; Soviet literature ; proletarian realism ; A. Voronsky ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Russian
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Ukrainian motifs in A. S. Makarenko’s Pedagogical Poem. Makarenko’s Pedagogical Poem in the Stalin era was perceived as a eulogy to the collective, while in late Soviet times the dominance of the collective and the tendency to violent solutions already irritated the Russian reader. The German historian Goetz Hillig saw Makarenko as a world pedagogical genius, created his scientific biography, and published a scholarly edition of his writings in German. Elena Tolstaya looks at The Poem, set in post-revolutionary Ukraine, in the aspect of Russian-Ukrainian bilingualism, and looks for possible responses to the actualities of the late 20s – early 30s.
    Keywords: Makarenko ; Socialist realism ; Ukraine ; bilingualism ; peasantry. ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Russian
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  • 18
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: The Ukrainian Theme in the Legacy of Vladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky. Vladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky (1880-1940) combined the characteristics of a convinced individualist, a nationalist-statist, and an equally convinced liberal with a tendency toward anarchism. He respected every people’s struggle for independence and called nationalism “the individualism of nations”. In his prose, essays and journalism, Jabotinsky was able to synthesize rational analysis with fearless intuition. This combination enabled him to predict both World Wars I and II and the Holocaust, long before Hitler invaded Poland. As a young man he lived for several years in Italy, which he considered his spiritual homeland. His views were formed, on the one hand, under the influence of Italian socialists, Garibaldi and Italian culture in general, and, on the other hand, under the influence of Ukrainian socialists, champions of independence. He maintained friendly contacts with some of them because he combined his Zionism with Ukrainianophilia, which survived despite the monstrous Jewish pogroms organized by the Petlyura troops in 1919-20. A special theme touched upon in the report is the supposed echoes of Ukrainian spontaneous individualism in Jabotinsky’s anarchist tendencies.
    Keywords: Vladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky ; zionism ; anti-Semitism ; Ukraine ; anarchism ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Russian
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: Dostoevsky’s Dialectic: The Name of the Father and the Saving Power of Childhood. The artistic experience of Dostoevsky’s novels combines two rather heterogeneous hermeneutic strategies – the analysis of the unconscious and of existential utopia. In the first case, Dostoevsky problematizes the completeness of the symbolic order of culture as such through the thematization of the figure and name of the Father. From the perspective of the second strategy, Dostoevsky creates his own utopia of a symbolic order, with the eternal substance of people’s life capable of infinite renewal in the child’s soul in the role of the great Other. His novels reveal what can be called the creative core of culture. The murder of Fyodor Karamazov is an archetypal event, a sacrifice of the Body of the Father for the sake of the NAME of the dead Father, it initiates a paradigmatic process in the Symbolic.
    Keywords: Dostoevsky ; Lacan ; Body of the Father ; Father’s Name ; childhood ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: “Learn from Gorky”: “conversion” of Japanese proletarian wrier Tokunaga Sunao. In the proletarian literary movement that flourished in Japan in the 1920s and 1930s, the main goal of proletarian literature was considered for intellectual writers to awaken the will to revolution in working readers. The writer from working class Sunao Tokunaga after the collapse of the revolutionary movement in 1933 began to write stories based on the life and attitude of the working people, offering to “learn from Gorky” and his autobiographical works that depicted the behavior and attitude of people at the bottom of society. At the same time, Tokunaga was involved in the colonial movement of the Japanese Empire of that time, because he, as a result of identification with the Japanese workers, lost sight of the expulsion and oppression of the indigenous people in Manchuria.
    Keywords: Sunao Tokunaga ; The City Without the Sun ; Japanese proletarian literature ; Socialist realism ; Manchuria pioneering movement ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Russian
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: Deconstruction in Dostoevsky’s Novels: Ideas, Plans, Preparatory Materials, Main Text . This article examines the role of deconstruction in Dostoevsky’s novels as a technique for bringing the ideological and psychological components of images into collision. These images are imbued with complex paradoxical meaning, revealing anthropological and philosophical issues in the writer’s work. Crime and Punishment advances the theme of a need for crime in order to achieve the moral rebirth of the hero. Moving forward on this path, the novel dismantles both inner and outer limits in the space of the hero. In The Idiot, Dostoevsky links passionate and antagonistic motifs to the Christian idea, thereby deconstructing boththe entire ethical concept of Myškin and the narrative associated with it. In The Adolescent the main character is subjected to destructive motivational interventions.
    Keywords: Dostoevsky ; deconstruction ; dismantling ; paradoxicity ; Christian idea ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: “Both violin and contrabass”: The Figure of Paradox and the Poetics of Bewilderment in the Artistic Thinking of Pirandello and Dostoevsky. Pirandello and Dostoevsky are deeply linked at thematic, ideological and textual levels. In 1908, Pirandello published the treatise Humorism, in which he elaborated an original theory of humor and substantiated a worldview that is quite close to the type of artistic consciousness inherent in Dostoevsky’s work, and is genetically related to it. The poetics of paradox, in which every mental and sensual experience is tested by its “opposite”, encourages the reader to “hang” between two seemingly mutually exclusive principles while opening up the possibility of a new, more complex understanding of reality and of the Other. This article presents aspects of Pirandello’s theory of humor in a new light, revealing their potential for application to the analysis of Dostoevsky’s work.
    Keywords: Dostoevsky ; Pirandello ; humorism ; reflection ; paradox ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: Russian
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Moscow at the turn of history. About the “toponymic upheaval” and not only. The article digs into the urban (and political) geography of Moscow and how this is perceived in Italy in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union. In particular, the investigation will focus on a number of volumes related to the late Soviet era that were published in Italy between the late 1980s and the mid-1990s. The authors are mainly newspaper and TV correspondents: Vittorio Zucconi (1944-2019, Il Corriere della sera, Si fa presto a dire Russia); Demetrio Volcic (1931-2021, RAI, Mosca. I giorni della fine); Enrico Franceschini (1956, La Repubblica) who is both a journalist (La fine dell'impero. Ultimo viaggio in URSS) and a novelist (La donna della Piazza Rossa). However, the texts index also includes a politician, Giulio Andreotti (L’URSS vista da vicino. Dalla guerra fredda a Gorbaciov), and a comic character, Mickey Mouse, who, in an October 1988 issue number, shows how in the years of perestroika people looked at the nascent (dying) country with both fear and curiosity. All the authors, regardless of their profession and orientation, have the feeling that they are also witnessing history through urban geography; it is no coincidence that all the texts analyzed, to varying extents, “photograph” buildings, streets, monuments... that is to say , “places,” which may be “old,” i.e. inherited from previous travelers or the result of historical, political or literary reminiscences, or “new” places, where a new path of history is being written.
    Keywords: Urban geography ; Moscow ; Perestroika ; Travelogue ; Italian correspondents from Moscow ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Russian
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