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  • Books  (17)
  • Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI  (17)
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  • Books  (17)
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  • English  (17)
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  • 1
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: landscape change ; agent-based models ; simulation ; modelling ; spatial ; interdisciplinary ; innovation
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of agent-based models (ABMs) and modelling for understanding landscape change and dynamics continues to grow. One reason for the popularity of ABMs is that they provide a framework to represent multiple, discrete, multi-faceted, heterogeneous actors (human or otherwise) and their relationships and interactions between one another and their environment, through time and across space. This special issue seeks to showcase innovative uses of ABMs for investigating and explaining landscape change and dynamics and to explore and identify how researchers in different disciplines can learn from one another to further innovate. Thus, this special issue will emphasise multidisciplinary dialogue between researchers using ABM in physical geography, hydrology, ecology, land change science, economics, alternative histories, archaeology, sociology, psychology and others. Innovation may come in the form of computational, conceptual, analytical, participatory or epistemological advances in the use of ABM for a range of aims and motivations associated with landscape change and dynamics. Modelling advances may include new ways of representing agent decisions and/or interactions, establishing and evaluating model structures and rules, presenting and visualising change, multi-scale analysis, comparative techniques, narrative methods, and more. The presentation of innovative agent-based modelling from diverse research backgrounds and perspectives will demonstrate opportunities for learning and enable dialogue to enhance future use of ABMs for understanding landscape change.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 314 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Land
    ISBN: 9783038422815
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Keywords: Underwater ; Photogrammetry ; Bathymetry ; ROV ; 3D modelling ; Multi-media ; Marine biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Water covers approximately 71% of the planet’s surface and human activities have been relying on it since remote times. Many traces of these exist under the “zero level” and will continue to exist in the future. Measuring, positioning, and mapping objects under water have experienced very significant modifications, brought about by advances in technology and also by changed requirements, demands for new products, introduction of new tools, and the modification of existing equipment. The exploration, documentation, and recording of underwater environments remains a difficult task, and is sometimes still unsolved. The research, design, and development of techniques and procedures for correctly validating underwater environments are more than ever important. This Special Issue originates from the ISPRS/CIPA Workshop "UNDERWATER 3D RECORDING & MODELING—Experiences in Data Acquisition, Calibration, Orientation, Modelling & Accuracy Assessment” (http://3dom.fbk.eu/files/underwater/index.html).
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 368 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Sensors
    ISBN: 9783038422235
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: coordinate measuring machine ; structural design ; contact or noncontact probe ; micro/nano-CMM ; error compensation ; measuring path ; free-form measurement
    Description / Table of Contents: Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) have been conventionally used in industry for 3D-dimensional and form-error measurements of macro parts for many years. Ever since the first CMM, developed by Ferranti Co. in late 1950s, they have been regarded as versatile measuring equipment, yet many CMMs on the market still have inherent systematic errors due to the violation of the Abbe Principle in the design aspect. Current CMMs are suitable only for part tolerance above 10 μm. With the rapid advent of ultraprecision technology, multi-axis machining, and micro/nanotechnology in the past twenty years, new types of ultraprecision and micro/nao-CMMs are urgently needed in all aspects of society.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 198 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Applied Sciences
    ISBN: 9783038422778
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: aerosol ; gases ; cloud processing ; aqueous chemistry ; volatile organic compounds ; biogenic ; anthropogenic ; remote sensing ; in-situ measurements
    Description / Table of Contents: Falcinelli, S.; Pirani, F.; Vecchiocattivi, F. The Possible Role of Penning Ionization Processes in Planetary Atmospheres. Atmosphere 2015, 6(3), 299-317; doi:10.3390/atmos6030299 --- Park, S.; Seo, B.; Lee, G.; Kahng, S.; Jang, Y. Chemical Composition of Water Soluble Inorganic Species in Precipitation at Shihwa Basin, Korea. Atmosphere 2015, 6(6), 732-750; doi:10.3390/atmos6060732 --- Kassianov, E.; Berg, L.; Pekour, M.; Barnard, J.; Chand, D.; Flynn, C.; Ovchinnikov, M.; Sedlacek, A.; Schmid, B.; Shilling, J.; Tomlinson, J.; Fast, J. Airborne Aerosol in Situ Measurements during TCAP: A Closure Study of Total Scattering. Atmosphere 2015, 6(8), 1069-1101; doi:10.3390/atmos6081069 --- Majewski, G.; Rogula-Kozłowska, W.; Czechowski, P.; Badyda, A.; Brandyk, A. The Impact of Selected Parameters on Visibility: First Results from a Long-Term Campaign in Warsaw, Poland. Atmosphere 2015, 6(8), 1154-1174; doi:10.3390/atmos6081154 --- Khwaja, H.; Aburizaiza, O.; Hershey, D.; Siddique, A.; E., D.; Zeb, J.; Abbass, M.; Blake, D.; Hussain, M.; Aburiziza, A.; Kramer, M.; Simpson, I. Study of Black Sand Particles from Sand Dunes in Badr, Saudi Arabia Using Electron Microscopy. Atmosphere 2015, 6(8), 1175-1194; doi:10.3390/atmos6081175 --- Wu, Z.; Liu, F.; Fan, W. Characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 at Mount Wutai Buddhism Scenic Spot, Shanxi, China. Atmosphere 2015, 6(8), 1195-1210; doi:10.3390/atmos6081195 --- Saldarriaga-Noreña, H.; López-Márquez, R.; Murillo-Tovar, M.; Hernández-Mena, L.; Ospina-Noreña, E.; Sánchez-Salinas, E.; Waliszewski, S.; Montiel-Palma, S. Analysis of PAHs Associated with Particulate Matter PM2.5 in Two Places at the City of Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Atmosphere 2015, 6(9), 1259-1270; doi:10.3390/atmos6091259 --- Faxon, C.; Bean, J.; Ruiz, L. Inland Concentrations of Cl2 and ClNO2 in Southeast Texas Suggest Chlorine Chemistry Significantly Contributes to Atmospheric Reactivity. Atmosphere 2015, 6(10), 1487-1506; doi:10.3390/atmos6101487 --- Asa-Awuku, A.; Sorooshian, A.; Flagan, R.; Seinfeld, J.; Nenes, A. CCN Properties of Organic Aerosol Collected Below and within Marine Stratocumulus Clouds near Monterey, California. Atmosphere 2015, 6(11), 1590-1607; doi:10.3390/atmos6111590 --- Yang, M.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Q.; Ding, A.; Li, Y. The Influence of Sandstorms and Long-Range Transport on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 in the High-Altitude Atmosphere of Southern China. Atmosphere 2015, 6(11), 1633-1651; doi:10.3390/atmos6111633 --- Rubio, M.; Lissi, E.; Gramsch, E.; Garreaud, R. Effect of Nearby Forest Fires on Ground Level Ozone Concentrations in Santiago, Chile. Atmosphere 2015, 6(12), 1926-1938; doi:10.3390/atmos6121838 --- Lopez, D.; Rabbani, M.; Crosbie, E.; Raman, A.; Arellano, A.; Sorooshian, A. Frequency and Character of Extreme Aerosol Events in the Southwestern United States: A Case Study Analysis in Arizona. Atmosphere 2016, 7(1), 1; doi:10.3390/atmos7010001 --- Stovern, M.; Guzmán, H.; Rine, K.; Felix, O.; King, M.; Ela, W.; Betterton, E.; Sáez, A. Windblown Dust Deposition Forecasting and Spread of Contamination around Mine Tailings. Atmosphere 2016, 7(2), 16; doi:10.3390/atmos7020016 --- Raman, A.; Arellano, A.; Sorooshian, A. Decreasing Aerosol Loading in the North American Monsoon Region. Atmosphere 2016, 7(2), 24; doi:10.3390/atmos7020024 --- Hetem, I.; Andrade, M. Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter Emitted from the Resuspension of Road and Pavement Dust in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil. Atmosphere 2016, 7(3), 31; doi:10.3390/atmos7030031
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 322 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Atmosphere
    ISBN: 9783038422853
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: elemental mercury ; gaseous oxidized mercury ; particulate mercury ; chemical transformations of atmospheric mercury ; cycling of atmospheric mercury ; regional and global modeling of atmospheric mercury ; emission inventories for atmospheric mercury
    Description / Table of Contents: Mercury is a serious environmental toxin that is distributed globally by large-scale atmospheric circulations. Atmospheric chemists have only been studying mercury in earnest for approximately the past 10 years. In the troposphere elemental mercury (Hgo) is observed ubiquitously with contemporary mixing ratios at the parts per quadrillion by volume (ppqv; 1 ng m−3 = 112 ppqv) level. The distributions of gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) and particulate mercury (HgP) are not well documented at this time. In fact, the chemical composition of GOM is presently highly uncertain. At most mid-latitude locations, Hgo exhibits seasonality with the lowest mixing ratios in the fall and the greatest in late winter/early spring. It is highly desirable to conduct measurements of a variety of trace gases along with atmospheric mercury to facilitate source identification, but few studies have done so to date. A serious drawback in modeling atmospheric mercury is a lack of reliable rigorous emission inventories. Consequently, much work is needed to identify mercury sources and to quantify emission strengths. There are few published papers on measurements of atmospheric mercury from aircraft. Initial work has shown that there is little to no Hgo above the tropopause and that HgP is elevated there. The chemical cycling and transformations in the tropopause region are essentially unstudied. Both measurements and modeling are required to ascertain the important processes affecting atmospheric mercury in the tropopause region.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 290 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Atmosphere
    ISBN: 9783038422914
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: Global and regional water cycles ; Climate change ; Water resource variability ; Remote sensing of water resources ; LiDAR applications for water resources ; Surface Water fluctuations ; Model simulations of water resources
    Description / Table of Contents: Climate change affects global and regional water cycling, as well as surficial and subsurface water availability. These changes have increased the vulnerabilities of ecosystems and of human society. Understanding how climate change has affected water resource variability in the past and how climate change is leading to rapid changes in contemporary systems is of critical importance for sustainable development in different parts of the world. This Special Issue focuses on “Water Resource Variability and Climate Change” and aims to present a collection of articles addressing various aspects of water resource variability as well as how such variabilities are affected by changing climates. Topics include the reconstruction of historic moisture fluctuations, based on various proxies (such as tree rings, sediment cores, and landform features), the empirical monitoring of water variability based on field survey and remote sensing techniques, and the projection of future water cycling using numerical model simulations. Articles are about recent discoveries related to water resource variability in paleoenvironmental reconstruction, hydrology, and geomorphology, as well as articles concerning new emerging technologies and their applications in monitoring water resource variability.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 378 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Water
    ISBN: 9783038422303
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Keywords: Aquatic ecosystem monitoring ; Aquatic ecosystem assessment ; Aquatic ecosystem management ; Aquatic ecosystem services ; Aquatic ecosystem policy ; Restoration ; Conservation ; Biological indicators ; Streams/ Rivers/ Lakes/ Wetlands ; Aquatic ecology ; Ecohydrology ; Limnology
    Description / Table of Contents: Today, sustainability of a healthy freshwater ecosystem and its associated ecosystem services are hot issues with ever-growing attention placed upon them. We are increasingly recognizing that they are crucial for the survival of the aquatic biota and human beings on our planet. The efficient monitoring of water resources is fundamental for effective management of water quality and aquatic ecosystems. The first stage in sustainable ecosystem management is the evaluation of the current status of target ecosystems. Traditionally, and even today, physico-chemical parameters have mainly been used to evaluate the quality of water resources. However, they have a large limit to grab the wholeness of water system, particularly in the sense of ecosystem health and integrity, for which ecological monitoring should be based on biological factors. Various approaches are applicable to ecosystem health assessment at different levels of the biological hierarchy, from genes to ecosystems. This Special Issue is designed to improve scientific understanding and strategies for sound aquatic ecosystem management and services for researchers, decision makers, and stakeholders.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 422 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Water
    ISBN: 9783038422679
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: environmental tracers ; groundwater ; stable isotopes ; radioactive isotopes ; water resource systems ; water resources management ; water dating, transit and residence times ; complex systems ; inter- and intra-aquifer mixing ; distributed systems ; vulnerability, sustainability, and uncertainty in water resource systems
    Description / Table of Contents: Environmental tracers continue to provide an important tool for understanding the source, flow and mixing dynamics of water resource systems through their imprint on the system or their sensitivity to alteration within it. However, 60 years or so after the first isotopic tracer studies were applied to hydrology, the use of isotopes and other environmental tracers are still not routinely necessarily applied in hydrogeological and water resources investigations where appropriate. There is therefore a continuing need to promote their use for developing sustainable management policies for the protection of water resources and the aquatic environment. This Special Issue focuses on the robustness or fitness-for-purpose of the application and use of environmental tracers in addressing problems and opportunities scientifically, to promote their wider use and to address substantive issues of vulnerability, sustainability, and uncertainty in (ground)water resources systems and their management.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 226 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Water
    ISBN: 9783906980928
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: hydrological modeling ; ecological modeling ; model coupling ; flexible model toolkits ; hydro-biogeochemistry ; climate and land use change ; erosion ; biodiversity
    Description / Table of Contents: Water is not only an interesting object to be studied on its own, it also is an important component driving almost all ecological processes occurring in our landscapes. Plant growth depends on soil water content, as well is nutrient turnover by microbes. Water shapes the environment by erosion and sedimentation. Species occur or are lost depending on hydrological conditions, and many infectious diseases are water-borne. Modeling the complex interactions of water and ecosystem processes requires the prediction of hydrological fluxes and stages on the one side and the coupling of the ecosystem process model on the other. While much effort has been given to the development of the hydrological model theory in recent decades, we have just begun to explore the difficulties that occur when coupled model applications are being set up.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 322 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Water
    ISBN: 9783038422129
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: air quality
    Description / Table of Contents: Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is known to have far-ranging impacts, from human health to climate forcing. The characterization of emission sources and the quantification of specific source impacts to PM concentrations significantly enhance our understanding of and our ability to eventually predict the fate and transport of atmospheric PM and its associated impacts on humans and the environment. The source apportionment of PM has been realized through combinations of chemical analysis (of elemental tracers, particle size, isotopic composition, and organic composition via unique tracers and molecular fingerprints) and numerical modeling (e.g., diagnostic source ratios, chemical mass balance modeling, positive matrix factorization, and Monte Carlo simulations). Recent advances in source apportionment applications have contributed unique combinations of chemical and numerical techniques for determining the contributions of specific sources, including diesel exhaust and biomass burning. These advances also identify and help characterize the contributions of previously uncharacterized sources. Numerical modeling has also enabled estimations of contributions of emission sources to atmospherically processed PM in urban and rural regions.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 226 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Atmosphere
    ISBN: 9783038422990
    Language: English
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