ALBERT

Description: The energy transition is inducing new investments in the electricity production and infrastructure sectors worldwide. Turkey, with its increasing energy demand met mostly by fossil fuel resources, faces significant risk of a higher dependency degree on energy imports in the future. In order to address this issue, Turkey’s public policy framework includes not only strategies to increase the share of renewable energy resources in its energy mix but also aims to develop a local manufacturing industry and to enable technology transfer. This study examines the co-benefits to industrial development and trade of increased deployment of renewable energy in Turkey. The research is carried out in the context of the COBENEFITS project, which assesses a range of additional co-benefits of renewable energy in developing countries, besides reducing energy sector greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, when compared to conventional energy systems. The study also provides initial insights on the regional trade opportunities available to Turkey, should technological gaps in the solar and wind sectors be narrowed. The study methodology focused firstly on defining value chains for the solar and wind energy sectors in Turkey. This was done using licence and pre-licence information from the Energy Market Regulatory Authority and a unique administrative micro dataset (EIS) that includes all registered firms in Turkey and their domestic and export transactions. Secondly, coefficients for the value of production and trade were calculated. Finally, projections on industrial development and import–export values were estimated according to four scenarios for increased renewable energy (RE) capacity. As this study takes a static look at the scenarios, the current trade deficit resulting from low local value of production and technological gaps in the manufacturing of renewable energy equipment are also observed as core issues that should be addressed by renewable energy policies.

Description: For a long time， with the continuous expansion of the oil and gas genesis theory and the increasing global demand for clean energy， hydrogen， as an important link connecting the theory of inorganic and organic hydrocarbon generation， as well as a promising clean energy， has gradually attracted widespread academic attention. The genesis of hydrogen in natural gas is relatively complex and diverse. According to its reaction mechanism， it can be divided into two categories： inorganic and organic. Inorganic genesis is mainly earth degassing， water rock reaction and water radiation decomposition， while organic genesis is dominated by biological action and organic matter pyrolysis. At present， hydrogen isotope and geochemical characteristics of associated gases are mainly used to identify the origin of hydrogen. However， due to the complex and diverse sources of hydrogen and its active chemical properties， it is still unable to identify the origin of hydrogen systematically and accurately. Due to the extensive genesis of hydrogen， natural gas with different hydrogen concentrations has been found in different geological conditions around the world， and the hydrogen content varies greatly （0.1%-99%）. Hydrogen can participate in hydrocarbon generation in Fischer Tropsch synthesis as a reducing agent， and also can be used as a hydrogen source to improve the hydrocarbon yield during the thermal evolution of organic matter. Therefore， the existence of hydrogen may extend the lower limit of deep gas exploration and development. Based on the systematic summary of the genetic mechanism and distribution of hydrogen， this paper discusses the energy significance of hydrogen in natural gas， and provides a reference for the future research on hydrogen rich natural gas resources.