ALBERT

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Contributors I Introduction 1 The Development of Climate Research / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 1.1 The Nature of Climate Studies 1.1.1 The Big Storm Controversy 1.1.2 The Great Planetary Oscillations 1.2 The Components of Climate Research 1.2.1 Dynamical Theory 1.2.2 Numerical Experimentation 1.2.3 Statistical Analysis 2 Misuses of Statistical Analysis in Climate Research / by HANS VON STORCH 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Mandatory Testing and the Mexican Hat 2.3 Neglecting Serial Correlation 2.4 Misleading Names: The Case of the Decorrelation Time 2.5 Use of Advanced Techniques 2.6 Epilogue II Analyzing The Observed Climate 3 Climate Spectra and Stochastic Climate Models / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Variables 3.3 Stochastic Climate Model 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies 3.5 Variability of Other Surface Variables 3.6 Variability in the Ocean Interior 3.7 Long Term Climate Changes 4 The Instrumental Data Record: Its Accuracy and Use in Attempts to Identify the "CO2 Signal" / by PHIL JONES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Homogeneity 4.2.1 Changes in Instrumentation, Exposure and Measuring Techniques 4.2.2 Changes in Station Locations 4.2.3 Changes in Observation Time and the Methods Used to Calculate Monthly Averages 4.2.4 Changes in the Station Environment 4.2.5 Precipitation and Pressure Homogeneity 4.2.6 Data Homogenization Techniques 4.3 Surface Climate Analysis 4.3.1 Temperature 4.3.2 Precipitation 4.3.3 Pressure 4.4 The Greenhouse Detection Problem 4.4.1 Definition of Detection Vector and Data Used 4.4.2 Spatial Correlation Methods 4.5 Conclusions 5 Interpreting High-Resolution Proxy Climate Data - The Example of Dendr о climatology / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.3 Site Selection and Dating 5.4 Chronology Confidence 5.4.1 Chronology Signal 5.4.2 Expressed Population Signal 5.4.3 Subsample Signal Strength 5.4.4 Wider Relevance of Chronology Signal 5.5 "Standardization" and Its Implications for Judging Theoretical Signal 5.5.1 Theoretical Chronology Signal 5.5.2 Standardization of "Raw" Data Measurements 5.5.3 General Relevance of the "Standardization" Problem 5.6 Quantifying Climate Signals in Chronologies 5.6.1 Calibration of Theoretical Signal 5.6.2 Verification of Calibrated Relationships 5.7 Discussion 5.8 Conclusions 6 Analysing the Boreal Summer Relationship Between World wide Sea-Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Variability / by M. NEIL WARD 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physical Basis for Sea-Surface Temperature Forcing of the Atmosphere 6.2.1 Tropics 6.2.2 Extratropics 6.3 Characteristic Patterns of Global Sea Surface Temperature: EOFs and Rotated EOFs 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 SST Data 6.3.3 EOF method 6.3.4 EOFs p^→1 - p^→3 6.3.5 Rotation of EOFs 6.4 Characteristic Features in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with the SST Patterns p^→2, p ^→3 and p^→2R in JAS 6.4.1 Data and Methods 6.4.2 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→2 6.4.3 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→3 6.4.4 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with Rotated EOF p^→2R 6.5 JAS Sahel Rainfall Links with Sea-Surface Temperature and Marine Atmosphere 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Rainfall in the Sahel of Africa 6.5.3 High Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.5.4 Low Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.6 Conclusions III Simulating and Predicting Climate 7 The Simulation of Weather Types in GCMs : A Regional Approach to Control-Run Validation / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Lamb Catalogue 7.3 An "Objective" Lamb Classification 7.4 Details of the Selected GCM Experiments 7.5 Comparing Observed and GCM Climates 7.5.1 Lamb Types 7.5.2 Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.3 Relationships Between Circulation Frequencies and Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.4 Weather-Type Spell Lengths and Storm Frequencies 7.6 Conclusions 7.6.1 Specific Conclusions 7.6.2 General Conclusions 8 Statistical Analysis of GCM Output / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Univariate Analysis 8.2.1 The i-Test on the Mean of a Normal Variable 8.2.2 Tests for Autocorrelated Variables 8.2.3 Field Significance 8.2.4 Example: GCM Response to a Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly 8.3 Multivariate Analysis 8.3.1 Test on Means of Multidimensional Normal Variables 8.3.2 Application to Response Studies 8.3.3 Application to Model Testing and Intercomparison 9 Field Intercomparison / by ROBERT E . LIVEZEY 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation for Permutation and Monte Carlo Testing 9.2.1 Local vs. Field Significance 9.2.2 Test Example 9.3 Permutation Procedures 9.3.1 Test Environment 9.3.2 Permutation (PP) and Bootstrap (BP) Procedures 9.3.3 Properties 9.3.4 Interdependence Among Field Variables 9.4 Serial Correlation 9.4.1 Local Probability Matching 9.4.2 Times Series and Monte Carlo Methods 9.4.3 Independent Samples 9.4.4 Conservatism 9.5 Concluding Remarks 10 The Evaluation of Forecasts / by ROBERT E. LIVEZEY 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Considerations for Objective Verification 10.2.1 Quantification 10.2.2 Authentication 10.2.3 Description of Probability Distributions 10.2.4 Comparison of Forecasts 10.3 Measures and Relationships: Categorical Forecasts 10.3.1 Contingency and Definitions 10.3.2 Some Scores Based on the Contingency Table 10.4 Measures and Relationships: Continuous Forecasts 10.4.1 Mean Squared Error and Correlation 10.4.2 Pattern Verification (the Murphy-Epstein Decomposition) 10.5 Hindcasts and Cross-Validation 10.5.1 Cross-Validation Procedure 10.5.2 Key Constraints in Cross-Validation 11 Stochastic Modeling of Precipitation with Applications to Climate Model Downscaling / by DENNIS LETTENMAIER 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Probabilistic Characteristics of Precipitation 11.3 Stochastic Models of Precipitation 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Applications to Global Change 11.4 Stochastic Precipitation Models with External Forcing 11.4.1 Weather Classification Schemes 11.4.2 Conditional Stochastic Precipitation Models 11.5 Applications to Alternative Climate Simulation 11.6 Conclusions IV Pattern Analysis 12 Teleconnections Patterns / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 12.1 Objective Teleconnections 12.2 Singular Value Decomposition 12.3 Teleconnections in the Ocean-Atmosphere System 12.4 Concluding Remarks 13 Spatial Patterns: EOFs and CCA / by HANS VON STORCH 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Expansion into a Few Guess Patterns 13.2.1 Guess Patterns, Expansion Coefficients and Explained Variance 13.2.2 Example: Temperature Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea 13.2.3 Specification of Guess Patterns 13.2.4 Rotation of Guess Patterns 13.3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 13.3.1 Definition of EOFs 13.3.2 What EOFs Are Not Designed for 13.3.3 Estimating EOFs 13.3.4 Example: Central European Temperature 13.4 Canonical Correlation Analysis 13.4.1 Definition of Canonical Correlation Patterns 13.4.2 CCA in EOF Coordinates 13.4.3 Estimation: CCA of Finite Samples 13.4.4 Example: Central European Temperature 14 Patterns in Time : SSA and MSSA / by ROBERT VAUTARD 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Reconstruction and Approximation of Attractors 14.2.1 The Embedding Problem 14.2.2 Dimension and Noise 14.2.3 The Macroscopic Approximation 14.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis 14.3.1 Time EOFs 14.3.2 Space-Time EOFs 14.3.3 Oscillatory Pairs 14.3.4 Spectral Properties 14.3.5 Choice of the Embedding Dimension 14.3.6 Estimating Time and Space-Time Patterns 14.4 Climatic Applications of SSA 14.4.1 The Analysis of Intraseasonal Oscillations 14.4.2 Empirical Long-Range Forecasts Using MSSA Predictors 14.5 Conclusions 15 Multivariate Statistical Modeling : POP-Model as a First Order Approximation / by JIN-SONG VON STORCH 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Cross-Covariance Matrix and the Cross-Spectrum Matrix 15.3 Multivariate AR(1) Process and its Cross-Covariance and Cross-Spectrum Matrices 15.3.1 The System Matrix A and its POPs 15.3.2 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Matrix Formulation 15.3.3 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Diagonal Components 15.3.4

Note: CONTENTS Introduction History and development along the Elliott and Dalton Highways Elliott Highway Hickel Highway Dalton Highway Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Climate Temperature Precipitation Physiography Permafrost and ground ice Hydrology Icings Pingos Geology Bedrock geology Glacial geology of the Brooks Range Vegetation Bottomland spruce-poplar forest Upland spruce-hardwood forest Lowland spruce-hardwood forest High shrub Low shrub bogs Moist tundra Wet tundra Alpine tundra Disturbance patterns Flora Soils Road log Introduction Fox Fox - Livengood Livengood Livengood - Yukon River Yukon River region and crossing Yukon River - Atigun Pass Cirque glaciation and processes in the Atigun Pass area Slushflow activity in the Atigun Pass area Atigun Valley - Prudhoe Bay The Prudhoe Bay region Oil-field development Geology Geomorphology. soils, and vegetation Selected references Appendix A - Soil taxonomy Appendix B - List of plants

Note: Contents Kurzfassung Summary 1 Introduction 1.1 Water Regime of Mountain Forests in Winter 1.2 Thermodynamics of Frozen Soils 1.3 Water Flow Pathways in Frozen Soils 1.4 Water Infiltration into and Runoff from Frozen Soils 1.5 Objectives and Outline of this Study 2 Field Measurements of Water Transport in Frozen Soils 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Test Site 2.3.2 Instrumentation 2.3.3 Soil Physical Properties 2.4 Results and Discussion 2.4.1 Entire Observation Period 2.4.2 Particular Snowmelt Events 2.4.3 Water Balance of Particular Snowmelt Events 2.5 Summary and Conclusions 3 Water and Solute Dynamics in Freezing Soil Columns 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Materials and Methods 3.3.1 Experimental Setup 3.3.2 Determination of the Liquid Water Content 3.3.3 Determination of the Solute Concentration 3.3.4 Model Approach for the Freezing Characteristic Curve 3.4 Results and Discussion 3.4.l Calibration Results 3.4.2 The Freezing and Thawing Cycle 3.4.3 Freezing Characteristic Curves 3.5 Conclusions 4 Modelling Runoff Dynamics in Sloped Frozen Soils 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Model Description 4.4 Model Application 4.5 Results and Discussion 4.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis 4.5.2 Model Calibration 4.5.3 Model Validation 4.5.4 Influence of Temporal Resolution on Model Output 4.5.5 Climate Change Scenarios 4.6 Summary and Conclusions 5 Concluding Remarks Appendices A Additional Field Measurements B Additional Cold-laboratory Measurements C Model Parameter File List of Symbols List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography Curriculum Vitae

Note: Dittfeld, H.-J.: Results of an eight years' gravimetric earth tide registration series at Potsdam Elstner, C.; Harnisch, M.; Schwahn, W.: On the determination of the gravimetric Mf tide at Potsdam

Note: Masterarbeit, University of Waterloo, 1995 , TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE AUTHOR'S DECLARATION BORROWER'S PAGE ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DEDICATION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 PURPOSE 1.3 OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 THERMAL REGIME 2.3 INHERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2.4 HYDROLOGICAL REGIME 2.5 INTEGRATED STUDIES 2.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 3 STUDY SITE LOCATION 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 REGIONAL CLIMATE 3.3 GEOLOGY 3.4 VEGETATION 3.5 COLOUR LAKE BASIN CHAPTER4 INHERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 METHODS 4.3 RESULTS 4.4 DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SS, EIF and GC Transects 4.4.2 Permafrost Transects 4.5 SUMMARY CHAPTER 5 THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 5.1 lNTRODUCTION 5.2 THEORY 5.2.1 Energy Balance 5.2.2 Active Layer Development 5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 Energy Balance 5.3.2 Ground Thermal Regime 5.3.3 Predicting of Active Layer Depths 5.4 RESULTS 5.4.1 Energy Balance 5.4.2 Ground Thermal Regime 5.4.3 Predicting Active Layer Depths 5.5 DISCUSSION 5.S.1 Energy Balance 5.5.2 Ground Temperatures and Ground Heat Flux 5.5.3 Predicting Active Layer Depths 5.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 6 HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 THEORY 6.2.1 Moisture Distribution 6.2.2 Maximum Storage within the Active Layer 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 Moisture Profiles Using TDR 6.3.2 Precipitation and Evaporation 6.3.3 Changes in Water Storage in the Active Layer 6.3.4 Maximum Water Storage in the Active Layer 6.4 RESULTS 6.4.1 Moisture Distribution 6.4.1.1 Water Content Peaks 6.4.1.2 Apparent Unfrozen Water Content 6.4.1.3 Temporal Trends of a Typical Moisture Profile 6.4.1.4 Deviations from a Typical Site 6.4.1.5 Moisture Distribution Along a Hillslope 6.4.2 Precipitation Infiltration 6.4.3. Water Storage 6.5 DISCUSSION 6.5.1 Effect of Hydrology on Active Layer Development 6.5.1.1 Precipitation 6.5.1.2 Ice and Water Content 6.5.1.3 Seasonal Changes in Soil Moisture Distribution 6.5.2 Effect of Active Layer on Hydrology 6.5.2. 1 Impermeable Boundary 6.5.2.2 Subsurface Ponding 6.5.2.3 Permafrost/Active Layer Boundary Topography 6.5.2.4 Effect of Active Layer Hydrology on Surface Water 6.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 7 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ACTIVE LAYER DEVELOPMENT 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 SUMMARY 7.3 CLIMATE CHANGE 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Increase of Temperature 7.3.3 Changing Precipitation 7.4 REMOTE SENSING 7.5 RECOMMENDATION FOR FuRTHER RESEARCH APPENDIX A PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX A.1: ACTIVE LAYER DEPTHS APPENDIX B THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX B.1: BASE CAMP METEOROLOGICAL STATION OBSERVATIONS APPENDIX B.2: DAILY ENERGY-BALANCE SUMMARY APPENDIX B.3: MONTHLY AVERAGES FROM THE DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE METEOROLOGICAL STATION APPENDIX B.4: EXAMPLE OF DIURNAL FLUCTUATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY BALANCE COMPONENTS APPENDIX B.5: SOIL TEMPERATURES AT THE INTENSIVE STUDY SITES APPENDIX B.6: ACCUMULATED THAWING DEGREE DAYS APPENDIX B.7: CURVE FOR FENWALL THERMISTORS APPENDIX B.8: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN √ADDT AND √TT APPENDIX C HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX C.1: VOLUMETRIC WATER CONTENT VALUES APPENDIX C.2: POTENTIAL INFILTRATION REFERENCES , Englisch

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Sources of information Acknowledgments Physical setting of the Fairbanks area Topography and geology Climate Selected references Frozen ground Seasonally frozen ground Definition The problem Cause of frost heaving Frost action in the Fairbanks area Frost action on pile construction Highway bridges The Alaska Railroad Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Other frost-heave problems Loss of bearing strength Solutions to the frost-action problem Permafrost Definition The problem Origin and thermal regime Distribution and thickness Permafrost in the Fairbanks area Permafrost of the flood plain Permafrost of alluvial fans, colluvial slopes, and silt lowlands Boundaries between permafrost and non permafrost areas Character of ground ice Principles of land use in permafrost areas Ground subsidence caused by thawing of ice-rich permafrost Preliminary statement Thermokarst phenomena General features Therrnokarst mounds Therrnokarst pits Effects on agricultural development Effects on railroads Effects on roads and highways Effects on airfields Effects on heated buildings Effects on natural-gas and oil pipelines General statement Gas pipelines Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Effects on buried utility lines Indicators of permafrost Recognition of the problem Vegetation Small landforms and natural surface patterns Selected references Ground water Preliminary statement Ground water in the Fairbanks area Preliminary statement Tanana and Chena River flood plains Upland hills Lower hillslopes and creek-valley bottoms Geologic hazards associated with ground-water movement in permafrost regions Preliminary statement Artesian wells Icings Seepage icings Stream icings Summary of icings Pingos Selected references Earthquakes Introduction Causes and locations of earthquakes Classification and terminology of earthquakes Earthquake hazards in the Fairbanks area Summary of the earthquake hazard Selected references Landslides Landslides in the Fairbanks area Selected references Hillside erosion in loess Preliminary statement Examples of loess erosion Selected references Flooding Introduction History of flooding in the Fairbanks area Frequency of flooding in the Fairbanks area Solution to the problem of flooding Introduction Structural measures Nonstructural measures Flood proofing Flood warning and evacuation Flood insurance Selected references , Englisch

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala, 1997 , Contents Frozen soil hydrology Review and practical relevance The complex frozen soil environment Objectives Heat exchange above and within frozen soils Heat exchange at the snow surface Heat transfer through the snow pack Soil freezing characteristic curve Frost-induced solute redistribution Water infiltration and redistribution in frozen soil Experimental work Modelling Model versus measurements Conclusions Ongoing and future work Improved description of the processes at the pore scale Improved description of the snow pack Link to larger-scale models References Acknowledgments , Englisch

Note: Table of Contents Chapter 1 Analysis / John S. Robertson, Karen Bolinger, Lawrence M. Glasser, Neil J.A. Sloane, and Rob Gross Chapter 2 Algebra / Brad Wilson, John Michaels, Patrick J. Driscoll, and Rob Gross Chapter 3 Discrete Mathematics / George K. Tzanetopoulos, Jeff Goldberg, Joseph J. Rushanan, and Mel Hausner Chapter 4 Geometry / Ray McLenaghan and Silvio Levy Chapter 5 Continuous Mathematics / Catherine Roberts and Ray McLenaghan Chapter 6 Special Functions / Ahmed I. Zayed, Nicco M. Temme, and Paul Jameson Chapter 7 Probability and Statistics / William C. Rinaman, Christopher Heil, Michael T. Strauss, Michael Mascagni, and Mike Sousa Chapter 8 Scientific Computing / Gary Stanek Chapter 9 Financial Analysis / Daniel Zwillinger Chapter 10 Miscellaneous / Michael T. Strauss, Rob Gross, and Victor J. Katz List of Notations Index

Note: Abstract Résumé Acknowledgments Welcome to Yellowknife Part I: The landscape and the people Geological evolution of the landscape Bedrock geology Surficial geology Climate and vegetation History of Yellowknife From gold to government Significant events Part II: Living with frozen ground Permafrost Regional distribution Permafrost occurrence in Yellowknife Significance of peat Significance of moisture Ice lenses Thaw stable and thaw unstable ground Thaw settlement Frost heave Development Buildings Roads Utilities Thermosyphons Climate change - an uncertain future for permafrost Climate and permafrost history Air temperature trends over the last century Response of air temperatures to doubling of greenhouse gases Effect of climate warming on permafrost in Yellowknife Impacts of climate warming Part III: Guide to field stops Introduction The Capital Tour - Capital Site to Bowling Green building Stop 1. The Capital Site - a profusion of peat Stop 2. Legislative Assembly - design with nature Stop 3. Legislative Assembly roadway - perils of paving peat Stop 4. Walking path - tipping trails Stop 5. Legislative Assembly parking lot - preserving permafrost Stop 6. Frame Lake - Yellowknife's aquatic centrepiece Stop 7. National Defence building - seeking solid ground Stop 8. Visitors Centre - rocking and rolling Stop 9. 49 Street thermosyphons - keeping it cool Stop 10. Bowling Green building - swallowing sidewalks The City Tour - 49 Avenue to Niven Lake Stop 11. 49 and 49 intersection - rolling roadways Stop 12. 49 Avenue - sagging sidewalks Stop 13. Downtown Yellowknife - safe on sand Stop 14. Gold Range Hotel - making things work Stop 15. Centre Square Mall - stemming shifting sands Stop 16. Boston Pizza - fast food on a slab Stop 17. Royal Oak Mines Inc. houses - half a century later Stop 18. 52 Avenue - up, up, and ... away Stop 19. 49 Street hill - leaving good ground Stop 20. 54 Avenue - frozen dangers underfoot Stop 21. Rockcliffe Apartments - creeping crawl space Stop 22. School Draw subdivision - houses on the move Stop 23. School Draw Park - from basements to basketballs Stop 24. Rock outcrop - on the shores of glacial Lake McConnell Stop 25. Detah ice road - crystal highway Stop 26. Old Town - doing things the old-fashioned way Stop 27. Franklin Avenue - whither frozen ground? Stop 28. Fritz Theil Park - from dump to diamond I Stop 29. Old sewage line - pipes and peat Stop 30. Niven Lake - a subarctic oasis I Part IV: The Niven Lake Trail Introduction Stop 1. A biological magnet for waterbirds Stop 2. The land of little sticks Stop 3. The wonder of wetlands Stop 4. Niven Lake -urban oasis for wildlife Stop 5. Peat, beautiful peat Stop 6. Honolulu north? Stop 7. Home sweet home -all year round Stop 8. Those mud-slinging, bug-poking shorebirds Glossary of terms Selected references List of field guides for Yellowknife

Note: Contents Summary Introduction Material and Methods 2.1 Experimental Approach and Concept 2.2 Cold Chamber Experiments 2.2.1 Packed Sand Columns 2.2.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith 2.3 Tracer Extraction and Determination of Tracer Concentrations 2.4 Digital Image Analysis 2.4.1 Photographic Recording 2.4.2 Image Analysis 2.4.3 Statistical Regression Analysis 2.5 Fluorescence Imaging 2.6 Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 2.7 Numerical Simulation 2.7.1 Model Description 2.7.2 Model Application 3 Results From Cold Chamber Experiments 3.1 Packed Sand Columns (Experiment I-III) 3.1.1 Infiltration Behaviour (Experiment I-III) 3.1.2 Dye Tracer Distribution (Experiment III) 3.1.3 Mass Recovery of Dye Tracers (Experiment III) 3.1.4 Vertical Distribution of Dye Tracers Determined From Large Sections (Experiment III) 3.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith (Experiment IV) 3.2.1 Infiltration Behaviour 3.2.2 Dye Tracer Distributions 3.2.3 Mass Recovery of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 3.2.4 Vertical Distribution of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 4 Results From Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 4.1 Dry Sand and Loam 4.2 Wet Sand 4.3 Wet Loam 5 Modelling Results 5.1 Thermal Regime 5.2 Water Content Profile Before the Irrigation 5.3 Infiltration Behaviour 5.4 Water Content Profile After the Irrigation 5.5 Solute Transport 5.6 Energy Exchange at the Surface 6 Conclusions 6.1 Conclusions About the Methods 6.2 Conclusions About the Water Infiltration in Frozen Soil List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Contributors I Introduction 1 The Development of Climate Research / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 1.1 The Nature of Climate Studies 1.1.1 The Big Storm Controversy 1.1.2 The Great Planetary Oscillations 1.2 The Components of Climate Research 1.2.1 Dynamical Theory 1.2.2 Numerical Experimentation 1.2.3 Statistical Analysis 2 Misuses of Statistical Analysis in Climate Research / by HANS VON STORCH 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Mandatory Testing and the Mexican Hat 2.3 Neglecting Serial Correlation 2.4 Misleading Names: The Case of the Decorrelation Time 2.5 Use of Advanced Techniques 2.6 Epilogue II Analyzing The Observed Climate 3 Climate Spectra and Stochastic Climate Models / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Variables 3.3 Stochastic Climate Model 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies 3.5 Variability of Other Surface Variables 3.6 Variability in the Ocean Interior 3.7 Long Term Climate Changes 4 The Instrumental Data Record: Its Accuracy and Use in Attempts to Identify the "CO2 Signal" / by PHIL JONES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Homogeneity 4.2.1 Changes in Instrumentation, Exposure and Measuring Techniques 4.2.2 Changes in Station Locations 4.2.3 Changes in Observation Time and the Methods Used to Calculate Monthly Averages 4.2.4 Changes in the Station Environment 4.2.5 Precipitation and Pressure Homogeneity 4.2.6 Data Homogenization Techniques 4.3 Surface Climate Analysis 4.3.1 Temperature 4.3.2 Precipitation 4.3.3 Pressure 4.4 The Greenhouse Detection Problem 4.4.1 Definition of Detection Vector and Data Used 4.4.2 Spatial Correlation Methods 4.5 Conclusions 5 Interpreting High-Resolution Proxy Climate Data - The Example of Dendr о climatology / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.3 Site Selection and Dating 5.4 Chronology Confidence 5.4.1 Chronology Signal 5.4.2 Expressed Population Signal 5.4.3 Subsample Signal Strength 5.4.4 Wider Relevance of Chronology Signal 5.5 "Standardization" and Its Implications for Judging Theoretical Signal 5.5.1 Theoretical Chronology Signal 5.5.2 Standardization of "Raw" Data Measurements 5.5.3 General Relevance of the "Standardization" Problem 5.6 Quantifying Climate Signals in Chronologies 5.6.1 Calibration of Theoretical Signal 5.6.2 Verification of Calibrated Relationships 5.7 Discussion 5.8 Conclusions 6 Analysing the Boreal Summer Relationship Between World wide Sea-Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Variability / by M. NEIL WARD 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physical Basis for Sea-Surface Temperature Forcing of the Atmosphere 6.2.1 Tropics 6.2.2 Extratropics 6.3 Characteristic Patterns of Global Sea Surface Temperature: EOFs and Rotated EOFs 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 SST Data 6.3.3 EOF method 6.3.4 EOFs p^→1 - p^→3 6.3.5 Rotation of EOFs 6.4 Characteristic Features in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with the SST Patterns p^→2, p ^→3 and p^→2R in JAS 6.4.1 Data and Methods 6.4.2 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→2 6.4.3 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→3 6.4.4 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with Rotated EOF p^→2R 6.5 JAS Sahel Rainfall Links with Sea-Surface Temperature and Marine Atmosphere 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Rainfall in the Sahel of Africa 6.5.3 High Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.5.4 Low Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.6 Conclusions III Simulating and Predicting Climate 7 The Simulation of Weather Types in GCMs : A Regional Approach to Control-Run Validation / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Lamb Catalogue 7.3 An "Objective" Lamb Classification 7.4 Details of the Selected GCM Experiments 7.5 Comparing Observed and GCM Climates 7.5.1 Lamb Types 7.5.2 Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.3 Relationships Between Circulation Frequencies and Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.4 Weather-Type Spell Lengths and Storm Frequencies 7.6 Conclusions 7.6.1 Specific Conclusions 7.6.2 General Conclusions 8 Statistical Analysis of GCM Output / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Univariate Analysis 8.2.1 The i-Test on the Mean of a Normal Variable 8.2.2 Tests for Autocorrelated Variables 8.2.3 Field Significance 8.2.4 Example: GCM Response to a Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly 8.3 Multivariate Analysis 8.3.1 Test on Means of Multidimensional Normal Variables 8.3.2 Application to Response Studies 8.3.3 Application to Model Testing and Intercomparison 9 Field Intercomparison / by ROBERT E . LIVEZEY 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation for Permutation and Monte Carlo Testing 9.2.1 Local vs. Field Significance 9.2.2 Test Example 9.3 Permutation Procedures 9.3.1 Test Environment 9.3.2 Permutation (PP) and Bootstrap (BP) Procedures 9.3.3 Properties 9.3.4 Interdependence Among Field Variables 9.4 Serial Correlation 9.4.1 Local Probability Matching 9.4.2 Times Series and Monte Carlo Methods 9.4.3 Independent Samples 9.4.4 Conservatism 9.5 Concluding Remarks 10 The Evaluation of Forecasts / by ROBERT E. LIVEZEY 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Considerations for Objective Verification 10.2.1 Quantification 10.2.2 Authentication 10.2.3 Description of Probability Distributions 10.2.4 Comparison of Forecasts 10.3 Measures and Relationships: Categorical Forecasts 10.3.1 Contingency and Definitions 10.3.2 Some Scores Based on the Contingency Table 10.4 Measures and Relationships: Continuous Forecasts 10.4.1 Mean Squared Error and Correlation 10.4.2 Pattern Verification (the Murphy-Epstein Decomposition) 10.5 Hindcasts and Cross-Validation 10.5.1 Cross-Validation Procedure 10.5.2 Key Constraints in Cross-Validation 11 Stochastic Modeling of Precipitation with Applications to Climate Model Downscaling / by DENNIS LETTENMAIER 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Probabilistic Characteristics of Precipitation 11.3 Stochastic Models of Precipitation 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Applications to Global Change 11.4 Stochastic Precipitation Models with External Forcing 11.4.1 Weather Classification Schemes 11.4.2 Conditional Stochastic Precipitation Models 11.5 Applications to Alternative Climate Simulation 11.6 Conclusions IV Pattern Analysis 12 Teleconnections Patterns / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 12.1 Objective Teleconnections 12.2 Singular Value Decomposition 12.3 Teleconnections in the Ocean-Atmosphere System 12.4 Concluding Remarks 13 Spatial Patterns: EOFs and CCA / by HANS VON STORCH 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Expansion into a Few Guess Patterns 13.2.1 Guess Patterns, Expansion Coefficients and Explained Variance 13.2.2 Example: Temperature Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea 13.2.3 Specification of Guess Patterns 13.2.4 Rotation of Guess Patterns 13.3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 13.3.1 Definition of EOFs 13.3.2 What EOFs Are Not Designed for 13.3.3 Estimating EOFs 13.3.4 Example: Central European Temperature 13.4 Canonical Correlation Analysis 13.4.1 Definition of Canonical Correlation Patterns 13.4.2 CCA in EOF Coordinates 13.4.3 Estimation: CCA of Finite Samples 13.4.4 Example: Central European Temperature 14 Patterns in Time : SSA and MSSA / by ROBERT VAUTARD 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Reconstruction and Approximation of Attractors 14.2.1 The Embedding Problem 14.2.2 Dimension and Noise 14.2.3 The Macroscopic Approximation 14.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis 14.3.1 Time EOFs 14.3.2 Space-Time EOFs 14.3.3 Oscillatory Pairs 14.3.4 Spectral Properties 14.3.5 Choice of the Embedding Dimension 14.3.6 Estimating Time and Space-Time Patterns 14.4 Climatic Applications of SSA 14.4.1 The Analysis of Intraseasonal Oscillations 14.4.2 Empirical Long-Range Forecasts Using MSSA Predictors 14.5 Conclusions 15 Multivariate Statistical Modeling : POP-Model as a First Order Approximation / by JIN-SONG VON STORCH 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Cross-Covariance Matrix and the Cross-Spectrum Matrix 15.3 Multivariate AR(1) Process and its Cross-Covariance and Cross-Spectrum Matrices 15.3.1 The System Matrix A and its POPs 15.3.2 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Matrix Formulation 15.3.3 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Diagonal Components

Note: Preface INTRODUCTION History of the Nazca Plate Project George P. Woollard and La Verne D. Kulm DIVERGENT BOUNDARY Tectonics of the Nazca-Pacific divergent plate boundary David K. Rea Structure and evolution of the Easter plate D. W. Handschumacher, R. H. Pilger, Jr., J. A. Foreman, and J. F. Camphell Petrogenesis and secondary alteration of upper layer 2 basalts of the Nazca plate K. F. Scheidegger and J. B. Corliss Temporal variations in secondary minerals from Nazca plate basalts, diabases, and microgabbros Debra S. Slakes and K. F. Scheidegger METALLIFEROUS SEDIMENTS Geochemistry of Nazca plate surface sediments: An evaluation of hydrothermal, biogenic, detrital, and hydrogenous sources Jack Dymond Metalliferous-sediment deposition in time and space: East Pacific Rise and Bauer Basin, northern Nazca plate G. Ross Heath and Jack Dymond Lead isotopic composition of metalliferous sediments from the Nazca plate E. Julius Dasch Sediment accumulation rate patterns on the northwest Nazca plate G. M. McMurtry. H. H. Veeh, and C. Moser Uranium and thorium isotopic investigations in metalliferous sediments of the northwestern Nazca plate H. Herbert Veeh Formation and growth of ferromanganese oxides on the Nazca plate Mitchell Lyle Sediment and associated structure of the northern Nazca plate D. L. Erlandson, D. M. Hussong, and J. F. Campbell Economic appraisal of Nazca plate metalliferous sediments Cvrus W. Field, Dennis G. Wetherell, and E. Julius Dasch CONTINENTAL MARGIN AND TRENCH Tectonics, structure, and sedimentary framework of the Peru-Chile Trench W. J. Schweller, L. D. Kulm, and R. A. Prince Coastal structure of the continental margin, northwest Peru and southwest Ecuador Glenn L. Shepherd and Ralph Moberly Sedimentary basins of the Peru continental margin: Structure, stratigraphy, and Cenozoic tectonics from 6°S to 16°S latitude T. Thornburg and L. D. Kulm Crustal structures of the Peru continental margin and adjacent Nazca plate, 9°S latitude Paul R. Jones III Crustal structure and tectonics of the central Peru continental margin and trench L. D. Kulm, R. A. Prince, W. French, S. Johnson, and A. Masias Late Cenozoic carbonates on the Peru continental margin: Lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and tectonic history La Verne D. Kulm, Hans Schroder, Johanna M. Resig, Todd M. Thornburg, Antonio Masias, and Leonard Johnson Vertical movement and tectonic erosion of the continental wall of the Peru-Chile Trench near 1 l°30'S latitude Donald M. Hussong and Larry K. Wipperman Shallow structures of the Peru Margin 12°S - 18°S S. H. Johnson and G. E. Ness Clay mineralogy of the Peru continental margin and adjacent Nazca plate: Implications for provenance, sea level changes, and continental accretion Victor J. Rosato and La Verne D. Kulm Structures of the Nazca Ridge and continental shelf and slope of southern Peru Richard Couch and Robert M. Whitsett Tectonics of the Nazca plate and the continental margin of western South America, 18° to 23°S William T. Coulbourn Biogeography of benthic foraminifera of the northern Nazca plate and adjacent continental margin Johanna M. Resig Estimation of depth to magnetic source using maximum entropy power spectra, with application to the Peru-Chile Trench Richard J. Blakely and Siamak Hassanzadeh An active spreading center collides with a subduction zone: A geophysical survey of the Chile Margin triple junction E. M. Herron, S. C. Cande, and B. R. Hall Structures of the continental margin of Peru and Chile Richard Couch, Robert Whit sett, Bruce Huehn, and Luis Briceno-Guarupe ANDEAN CONVERGENCE ZONE Volcanic gaps and the consumption of aseismic ridges in South America Amos Nur and Zvi Ben-Avraham Geological and geophysical variations along the western margin of Chile near lat 33° to 36°S and their reaction to Nazca plate subduction Allen Lowrie and Richard Hey Chile Margin near lat 38°S: Evidence for a genetic relationship between continental and marine geologic features or a case of curious coincidences? E. M. Herron Convergence and mineralization — Is there a relation? C. Wayne Burnham Role of subducted continental material in the genesis of calc-alkaline volcanics of the central Andes David E. James Isotopic composition of Pb in Central Andean ore deposits George R. Tilt on, Robert J. Pollak, Alan H. Clark, and Ronald C. R. Robertson Epilogue: Geostill reconsidered Cyrus W. Field and E. Julius Dasch

Note: Contents Preface List of Contributors Section I. Floristics, Vegetation, and Primary Production Ia. Vascular Plants Ib. Nonvascular Plants 1. Introduction / LARRY L. TIESZEN Background Research Design and Site Selections Overview of the Barrow Ecological System References 2. Vegetation, Floristics, and Phytogeography of Northern Alaska / D. F. MURRAY Tundra Landscapes and Vegetation Floristics and Phytogeography Acknowledgments References 3. Spatial and Temporal Variation of the Vegetation and its Productivity / P. J. WEBBER Introduction and Site Overview Methods Results Discussion Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 4. Seasonal Dynamics of Above- and Belowground Production of Vascular Plants at Barrow, Alaska / J. G. DENNIS , L. L. TIESZEN and M. A. VETTER Introduction Methods and Materials Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 5. Floristics, Phytogeography and Ecology of Arctic Alaskan Bryophytes / W. C. STEERE The Bryophyte Flora and its Floristic Elements Ecology and Physical Factors of the Environment Acknowledgments References 6. Composition and Bryomass of the Moss Layers of Two Wet-Tundra-Meadow Communities near Barrow, Alaska / J. R. RASTORFER Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 7. The Role of Lichens in the Structure, Productivity, and Mineral Cycling of the Wet Coastal Alaskan Tundra / M. E. WILLIAMS , E. D. RUDOLPH , E. A. SCHOFIELD , and D. C. PRASHER Introduction Environmental Setting Lichen Occurrence Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8. The Role of Algae in Tundra Soil / R. E. CAMERON , A. D. KNOX , and F. A. MORELLI Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 9. Ecto- and Endomycorrhizae of Arctic Plants at Barrow, Alaska / O. K. MILLER, JR. and G. A. LAURSEN Introduction Distribution of Ectomycorrhizae Distribution of Endomycorrhizae Distribution of Mycorrhizal Fungi Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Conclusions and Discussion Acknowledgments References Section II. Photosynthesis, Respiration and Water Relations. IIa. Plant and Community Photosynthesis IIb. Photosynthesis and Water Relations 10. Photosynthesis in the Principal Barrow, Alaska Species: A Summary of Field and Laboratory Responses / L. L. TlESZEN Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 11. Primary Production Processes in Arctic Bryophytes at Barrow, Alaska / W. C. OECHEL and B. SVEINBJÖRNSSON Introduction Field Research Site Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 12. Meteorological Assessment of CO2 Exchange Over an Alaskan Arctic Tundra / P. I. COYNE and J. J. KELLEY Introduction Theory Experimental Procedure Data Analysis Results Contents Discussion Acknowledgments References 13. Constraints on Tundra Productivity: Photosynthetic Capacity in Relation to Solar Radiation Utilization and Water Stress in Arctic and Alpine Tundras / M. M. CALDWELL, D. A. JOHNSON and M. FAREED Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References 14. Some Aspects of Water Relations of Arctic and Alpine Regions / P. C. MILLER, W. A. STONER, and J. R. EHLERINGER Introduction Conceptual Framework Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 15. Radio-Tracer Measurement of Transpiration in Tundra Vegetation, Barrow, Alaska / J. J. KORANDA , B. CLEGG, and M. STUART Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 16. Simulation of the Effect of the Tundra Vascular Plant Canopy on the Productivity of Four Moss Species / W. A. STONER, P. C. MILLER, and W. C. OECHEL Introduction Simulation Models and Methods Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References Section III. Growth and the Allocation and Use of Mineral and Organic Nutrients IIIa. Growth and Organic Nutrient Allocation IIIb. Inorganic Nutrient Utilization, Response to Fertilization, and Nitrogen Fixation IIIc. Growth, Nutrient and Population Modeling 17. Translocation and Allocation of 14C-Photoassimilate by Dupontia fisheri / M. L. ALLESSIO and L. L. TIESZEN Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 18. Growth, Turnover, and Respiration Rates of Roots and Tillers in Tundra Graminoids / W. D. BILLINGS, K. M. PETERSON, and G. R. SHAVER Introduction Methods Results Conclusions Acknowledgments References 19. The Interactions of Organic Nutrients, Soil Nitrogen, and Soil Temperature and Plant Growth and Survival in the Arctic Environment / B. H. MCCOWN Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 20. Plant Nutrient Limitations of Tundra Plant Growth / A. ULRICH and P. L. GERSPER Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 21. Phosphate Uptake and Nutrient Utilization by Barrow Tundra Vegetation / F. S. CHAPIN, III Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 22. Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Carbohydrate and Nutrient Levels in Dupontia fisheri and Arctagrostis latifolia / J. D. MCKENDRICK, V. J. OTT , and G. A. MITCHELL Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 23. Nitrogen Fixation in Arctic and Alpine Tundra / V. ALEXANDER, M. BILLINGTON, and D. M. SCHELL Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 24. A Model of Plant Growth and Phosphorus Allocation for Dupontia fisheri in Coastal, Wet-Meadow Tundra / W. A. STONER, P. C. MILLER, and L. L. TIESZEN Introduction Description of the Model Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 25. A Model of Carbohydrate, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Allocation and Growth in Tundra Production / P. C. MILLER, W. A. STONER, L. L. TIESZEN , M. ALLESSIO, B. MCCOWN , F. S. CHAPIN, and G. SHAVER Introduction Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References 26. A Simulation Model of Population Processes of Arctic Tundra Graminoids / B. A. LAWRENCE , M. C. LEWIS , and P. C. MILLER Introduction The Model Methods of Simulations Validation Simulation Experiments Summary Acknowledgments References 27. Summary / L. L. TIESZEN Introduction Historical and Floristic Relationships Abiotic Relationships Spatial and Temporal Relationships Summary References Appendix: Checklists of Vascular Plants, Bryophytes, and Lichens for the Alaskan U.S. IBP Tundra Biome Study Areas - Barrow, Prudhoe Bay, Eagle Summit / BARBARA M. MURRAY AND DAVID F. MURRAY Introduction Checklists References Index

Note: Kartenbeilage (Figure 1 : 1 of 12) unter dem Titel: Geophysical correlation between the geological zonation of Newfoundland and the British Isles : The geological zonation of Newfoundland and the British Isles and its offshore extension as defined geophysically (see text) /by R. T. Haworth and R. D. Jacobi , Kartenbeilage (Figure 2 : 2 of 12) unter dem Titel: Geophysical correlation between the geological zonation of Newfoundland and the British Isles : Compilation of magnetic anomaly data for the Canadian, British, Irish and French continental margins /by R. T. Haworth and R. D. Jacobi , Kartenbeilage (Figure 3 : 3 of 12) unter dem Titel: Geophysical correlation between the geological zonation of Newfoundland and the British Isles : Compilation of gravity anomaly data for the Canadian, British, Irish and French continental margins /by R. T. Haworth and R. D. Jacobi , Kartenbeilage (Figure 3 : 4 of 12) unter dem Titel: Crustal geometry of the Appalachian Orogen from seismic reflection studies : COCORP New England traverse Parts I and II /by Clifford J. Ando, Frederick A. Cook, Jack E. Oliver, Larry D. Brown, and Sidney Kaufman , Kartenbeilage (Figure 5 : 4 of 12) unter dem Titel: Crustal geometry of the Appalachian Orogen from seismic reflection studies : Québec seismic traverse 2001 /by Clifford J. Ando, Frederick A. Cook, Jack E. Oliver, Larry D. Brown, and Sidney Kaufman , Kartenbeilage (Figure 7 : 5 of 12) unter dem Titel: Crustal geometry of the Appalachian Orogen from seismic reflection studies : COCORP southern Appalachian traverse Part I /by Clifford J. Ando, Frederick A. Cook, Jack E. Oliver, Larry D. Brown, and Sidney Kaufman , Kartenbeilage (Figure 2 : 6 of 12) unter dem Titel: A deep structural profile across the Appalachians of southern Quebec : Geological map along the seismic line : compiled by P. St.-Julien and A. Slivitsky from maps by Clark and Globensky (1973), Muller (unpubl.), St--Julien (unpubl.), and Kelly (1975) /by Pierre St.-Julien, Anne Slivitsky, and Tomas Feininger , Kartenbeilage (Figure 3 : 6 of 12) unter dem Titel: A deep structural profile across the Appalachians of southern Quebec : Structural profile across the southwestern part of the Quebec Appalachians : Interpretation by P. St.-Julien, A. Slivitsky, and B. Granger, modified from an unpublished geophysical interpretation by SOQUIP /by Pierre St.-Julien, Anne Slivitsky, and Tomas Feininger , Kartenbeilage (Figure 4 : 7 of 12) unter dem Titel: A deep structural profile across the Appalachians of southern Quebec : Palinspastic section of the Cambrian-Ordovician units along the seismic line (modified from St-Julien and Hubert, 1975) /by Pierre St.-Julien, Anne Slivitsky, and Tomas Feininger , Kartenbeilage (Figure 5 : 7 of 12) unter dem Titel: A deep structural profile across the Appalachians of southern Quebec : Seismic profile 2001 (Quebec Department of Engery and Resources, DP665) /by Pierre St.-Julien, Anne Slivitsky, and Tomas Feininger , Kartenbeilage (Figure 1 : 8 of 12) unter dem Titel: Geologic interpretation of geophysical maps of the pre-cretaceous "basement" beneath the coastal plain of the southeastern United States : Aeromagnetic map of part of the southeastern Unites States (from Zietz and Gilbert, 1980) 〈1: 2000000〉 /by Michael W. Higgins and Isidore Zietz , Kartenbeilage (Figure 2 : 9 of 12) unter dem Titel: Geologic interpretation of geophysical maps of the pre-cretaceous "basement" beneath the coastal plain of the southeastern United States : Bouguer gravity map of part of the southeastern United States 〈1: 2000000〉 : compiled by David Daniels (personal communication) /by Michael W. Higgins and Isidore Zietz , Kartenbeilage (Figure 3 : 10 of 12) unter dem Titel: Geologic interpretation of geophysical maps of the pre-cretaceous "basement" beneath the coastal plain of the southeastern United States : Magnetic terranes of part of the southeastern United States 〈1: 2000000〉 /by Michael W. Higgins and Isidore Zietz , Kartenbeilage (Plate 1 : 11 of 12) unter dem Titel: An interpretation of the geology of the Mauritanides orogenic belt (West Africa) in the light of geophysical data : Geological map of the western margin of the West African craton (modified after Lécorché, 1980) /by J. P. Lécorché, J. Roussel, J. Sougy, and Z. Guetat , Kartenbeilage (Plate 2 : 12 of 12) unter dem Titel: An interpretation of the geology of the Mauritanides orogenic belt (West Africa) in the light of geophysical data : Bouguer gravity anomaly map (contour interval 5 mgal) of the western margin of the West African craton, also showing the principal geological subdivisions /by J. P. Lécorché, J. Roussel, J. Sougy, and Z. Guetat , Introduction (Robert D. Hatcher, Jr., Harold Williams, and Isidore Zietz) A new geophysical criterion to correlate the Acadian and Hercynian orogenies of western Europe and eastern Ameria (Jean-Pierre Lefort) A plate-tectonics model for the Paleozoic assembly of Pangea based on paleomagnetic data (Rob Van der Voo) Geophysical correlation between the geological zonation of Newfoundland and the British Isles (R. T. Haworth and R. D. Jacobi) Appalachian suspect terrones (Harold Williams and Robert D. Hatcher, Jr.) Exotic terranes in the New England Appalachians—limits, candidates, and ages: A speculative essay (E-an Zen) Crustal geometry of the Appalchian orogenfrom seismic reflection studies (Clifford J. Ando, Frederick A. Cook, Jack E. Oliver, Larry D. Brown, and Sidney Kaufman) A deep structural prof He across the Appalachians of southern Quebec (Pierre St.-Julien, Anne Slivitsky, and Thomas Feininger) Tectonic significance of paired gravity anomalies in the southern and central Appalachians (M. D. Thomas) Geologic interpretation of geophysical maps of the pre-Cretaceous "basement" beneath the Coastal Plain of the Southeastern United States (Michael W. Higgins and Isidore Zietz) An interpretation of the geology of the Mauritanides orogenic belt (West Africa) in the light of geophysical data (J. P. Lécorché, J. Roussel, J. Sougy, and Z. Guetat) Tectonic significance of similarities in the evolution of the Alabama-Pennsylvania Appalachians and the Alberta-British Columbia Canadian Cordillera (Raymond A. Price and Robert D. Hatcher, Jr.) The distribution of layer parallel shortening fabrics in the Appalachian foreland of New York and Pennsylvania: Evidence for two non-coaxial phases of the Alleghanian orogeny (Peter Geiser and Terry Engelder) Role of basement warps and faults in localizing thrust fault ramps (David Wiltschko and Daniel Eastman) Detachment, shear, and compression in the central Alps (H. P. Laubscher) Cover and basement: A contrast in style and fabrics (P. A. Rathbone, M. P. Coward, and A. L. Harris)

Note: Preface 1 Introduction 2 Introduction to Equilibrium Thermodynamics Gibbs energy and equilibrium G-x and T-x diagrams Algebraic equilibrium relations Approach 1 Approach 2 General equilibrium relation Worked examples 2 Problems 2 References 3 Activities and Standard States Standard state 1 Standard state 2 Standard state 3 Standard state 4 Summary Worked examples 3 Problems 3 References 4 Thermodynamics of Solids Mole fractions Activity coefficients Worked examples 4 Problems 4 References 5 Thermodynamics of Fluids Aqueous fluids Ions in solution Silicate liquids Worked examples 5 Problems 5 References 6 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Calculations Data Uncertainties Worked examples 6 Problems 6 References 7 Processes 1 Nucleation and growth Mass transfer Temperature-time dependence of rate processes Worked examples 7 References 8 Processes 2 Buffering Metasomatism Fractionation Worked examples 8 Problems 8 References 9 Petrological Topics Worked examples 9 References Appendix A Thermodynamic Properties Introduction Volume Entropy Enthalpy Gibbs energy Simplifications Approximations Volume Heat capacity Entropy and enthalpy Thermodynamic data References Appendix B A Maths Refresher Some formulae and relationships Solving a set of simultaneous equations Appendix C Standard States for Fluids Appendix D Solutions to Problems Appendix E Symbols, Units and Constants Index

Note: Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 2 Stress and strain 3 Structural symmetry 4 Structure and stratigraphical succession 5 Structures in brittle rocks: tension fractures and shear zones 6 Rock cleavage and schistosity: generalities 7 Fracture cleavage and strain-slip cleavage 8 Flow cleavage, schistosity and lineation 9 Boudinage 10 Drag-folds and parasitic folds 11 Mullion and rodding structures 12 Superposed minor structures 13 Minor structures and large-scale tectonics 14 Conclusions Bibliography Index

Note: A. Smoothed downwards continuations and the Bjerhammar sphere B. Numerical evaluations about the elimination of the iteration procedure term in the geodetic boundary value problem C. Considerations about the mixed boundary value problems of the geodesy D. Downwards continuations and the proof of the convergence of the spherical - harmonic development for a potential in the exterior of a regular surface E. The global embedding term in the space - time relation between the geodetic measurements and the geological masses

Note: Preface Part I DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS CHAPTER 1 Minerals Without Complex Anions NATIVE ELEMENTS Diamond C Sulfur S SULFIDES Sphalerite ZnS Pyrite FeS₂ HALIDES Halite NaCl Sylvite KCl Fluorite CaF₂ Carnallite KMgCl₃ · 6H₂O Cryolite Na₃AlF₆ OXIDES Periclase MgO Rutile TiO₂ Anatase TiO₂ Brookite TiO₂ Cassiterite SnO₂ Corundum Al₂O₃ Hematite Fe₂O₃ Ilmenite FeTiO₃ Perovskite CaTiO₃ THE SPINEL GROUP The Spinel Series (Mg,Fe²⁺ ,Zn,Mn)Al₂O₄ The Chromite Series (Fe²⁺,Mg)Cr₂O₄ The Magnetite Series (Fe²⁺,Mg,Zn,Mn,Ni)Fe₂³⁺ O₄ Chrysoberyl BeAl₂O₄ HYDROXIDES Brucite Mg(OH)₂ Gibbsite Al(OH)₃ The Diaspore-Boehmite Series α-AlO(OH)-γ-AlO(OH) The Goethite-Lepidocrocite Series α-FeO(OH)-γ-FeO(OH) Limonite FeO(OH) · nH₂O CHAPTER 2 Minerals With Complex Anions (Excluding Silicates) CARBONATES Calcite CaCO₃ Magnesite MgCO₃ Siderite FeCO₃ Rhodochrosite MnCO₃ Smithsonite ZnCO₃ The Dolomite-Ankerite Series CaMg(CO₃)₂-Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO₃)₂ Aragonite CaCO₃ Strontianite SrCO₃ Witherite BaCO₃ Cerussite PbCO₃ Malachite Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃ Azurite Cu₃(OH₂)(CO₃)₂ PHOSPHATES Xenotime YPO₄ Monazite (Ce,La,Th)PO₄ Amblygonite LiAl(PO₄)F The Lithiophilite-Triphylite Series Li(Mn,Fe)PO₄ Apatite Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F,OH,Cl) Wavellite Al₃(OH₃)(PO₄)₂ · 5H₂O SULFATES Anhydrite CaSO₄ Gypsum CaSO₄ · 2H2O Barite BaSO₄ Celestite SrSO₄ Anglesite PbSO₄ Alunite KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ Jarosite KFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ BORATES Borax Na₂B₄O₇ · 10H₂O Colemanite Ca₂B₆O₁₁ · 5H₂O The Ludwigite-Vonsenite Series (Mg,Fe²⁺)₂Fe³⁺BO₃ · O₂ CHAPTER 3 The Nesosilicates THE OLIVINE GROUP The Forsterite-Fayalite Series (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ The Tephroite-Fayalite Series (Mn, Fe)₂SiO₄ Monticellite CaMgSiO₄ THE GARNET GROUP Pyralspite Garnets (Mg,Fe²⁺,Mn)₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃ Ugrandite Garnets Ca₃(Al,Fe³⁺,Cr)₂(SiO₄)₃ ALUMINOSILICATES Andalusite Al₂SiO₅ Kyanite Al₂SiO₅ Sillimanite Al₂SiO₅ Topaz Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ Mullite 3Al₂O₃ · 2SiO₂ - 2Al₂O₃ · SiO₂ OTHER NESOSILICATES Dumortierite (Al,Fe³⁺)-O₃(BO₃)(SiO₄)₃ Zircon ZrSiO₄ Sphene CaTiSiO₅ Datolite CaB(SiO₄)OH Staurolite Fe₂²⁺Al₋₉O₆(SiO₄)₄(OH)₋₂ Sapphirine (Mg,Fe²⁺)₂Al₄O₆(SiO₄) Chloritoid (Fe²⁺,Mg,Mn)₂(Al,Fe³⁺)AI₃O₂(SiO₄)₂(OH)₄ The Humite Group nMg₂SiO₄Mg₁₋ₓTiₓ(OH,F)₂₋₂ₓO₂ (x 〈 1) CHAPTER 4 Sorosilicates and Cyclosilicates THE EPIDOTE GROUP The Clinozoisite-Epidote Series Ca₂(Al,Fe³⁺)₃O · SiO4 · Si₂O₇ · OH Zoisite Ca₂Al₃O · SiO₄ · Si₂O₇ · OH Piemontite Ca₂(Al,Fe³⁺,Mn³⁺)₃O · SiO₄ · Si₂O₇ · OH Allanite (Ca,Ce,La)₂(Al,Fe³⁺,Fe²⁺)₃O · SiO₄ · Si₂O₇ · OH Pumpellyite Ca₂Al₂(Mg,Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺,Al)(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)(OH)₂(H₂O,OH) Lawsonite CaAl₂Si₂O₇(OH)₂ · H₂O THE MELILITE GROUP The Gehlenite-Akermanite Series (Ca,Na)₂(Mg,Al)(Si,Al)₂O₇ OTHER SOROSILICATES Idocrase Ca₁₀(Mg,Fe²⁺)₂Al₄(Si₂O₇)₂(SiO₄)₅(OH,F)₄ Hemimorphite Zn₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂ · H₂O CYCLOSILICATES Beryl Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆ Cordierite Mg₂Al₃(Si₅Al)O₁₈ Tourmaline Na(Mg,Fe,Li.Al)₃Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH,F)₄ Axinite (Ca,Fe²⁺,Mn)₃Al₂BO₃(SiO₃)₄OH CHAPTER 5 Inosilicates THE PYROXENE GROUP The Enstatite-Orthoferrosilite Series Mg₂(SiO₃)₂-Fe₂(SiO₃)₂ The Diopside-Hedenbergite Series CaMg(SiO₃)₂-CaFe(SiO₃)₂ Pigeonite (Mg,Fe²⁺,Ca)(Mg,Fe²⁺)(SiO₃)₂ Augite (Ca,Mg,Fe²⁺,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺,Al,Ti,Cr)(Si,Al)₂O₆ The Aegirine to Aegirine-Augite Series NaFe³⁺(SiO₃)₂-(Na,Ca)(Fe³⁺,Fe²⁺,Mg,Al)(SiO₃)₂ Jadeite NaAl(SiO₃)₂ Omphacite (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺,Al)(SiO₃)₂ Spodumene LiAl(SiO₃)₂ THE PYROXENOID GROUP Wollastonite CaSiO₃ Rhodonite (Mn,Ca)SiO₃ Pectolite Ca₂NaH(SiO₃)₃ THE AMPHIBOLE GROUP Anthophyllite (Mg,Fe²⁺)₇(Si₄O₁₁)₂(OH)₂ The Cummingtonite-Grunerite Series (Mg,Fe²⁺)₇(Si₄O₁₁)₂(OH)₂ The Tremolite-Actinolite Series Ca₂(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅(Si₄O₁₁)₂(OH)₂ The Hornblende Series ("Common" Hornblende) Ca₂(Mg,Fe²⁺)₄(Al,Fe³⁺)(Si₇Al)O₂₂(OH)₂ Oxyhornblende (Basaltic Hornblende) Ca₂Na(Mg,Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺,Al,Ti)₅[(Si₃Al)O₁₁]₂(OH)₂ The Glaucophane-Crossite-Riebeckite Series Na₂(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Fe³⁺)₂(Si₄O₂₂)₂(OH)₂ Katophorite Na(Na,Ca)(Mg,Fe²⁺)₄Fe³⁺(Si₇Al)O₂₂(OH)₂ The Arfvedsonite-Eckermannite Series Na(Na₁.₅,Ca₀.₅)(Fe²⁺,Mg)₄Fe³⁺(Si₇.₅Al₀.₅)O₂₂(OH)₂ Barkevikite (Na,K)Ca₂(Fe²⁺,Mg,Fe³⁺,Mn)₅(Si₇Al )O₂₂(OH)₂ CHAPTER 6 Phyllosilicates THE CLAYS The Kaolin (Kandite) Group Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄ The Montmorillonite (Smectite) Group (1/2Ca,Na)₀.₆₇(Al,Mg,Fe)₄₋₆(Si.Al)₈O₂₀(OH)₄ · nH₂O The Illite Group (K,Na,H₃O)₁₋₂Al₄(Si₇₋₆Al₁₋₂)O₂₀(OH)₄ Glauconite (K,H₃O)₂(Fe³⁺,Al,Fe²⁺,Mg)₄(Si₇₋₇.₅Al₁₋₀.₅O₂₀(OH)₄ Vermiculit (Mg,Ca)[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅(Fe³⁺,Al)](Si₅AI₃)O₂₀(OH)₄ · 8H₂O The Palygorskite-Sepiolite Series (Mg,Al,Fe³⁺)₈Si₁₂O₃₀(OH)₄(OH₂)₄ · 8H₂O THE MICA GROUP Muscovite KAl₂(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂ Biotite K₂(Mg,Fe²⁺)₆₋₅Al₀₋₁(Si₆₋₅Al₂₋₃)O₂₀(OH,F)₄ Lepidolite K₂(Li₄₋₂Al₂₋₃)(Si₈₋₆Al₀₋₂)O₂₀(OH,F)₄ Zinnwaldite K₂(Fe₁₋₂²⁺Li₂₋₃Al₂)(Si₆₋₇Al₂₋₁)O₂₀(F,OH)₄ Brittle micas Ca₂(Al.Mg)₄(Al,Si)₈O₂₀(OH)₄ THE CHLORITE GROUP The Amesite-Antigorite Series (Mg,Al)₆(Si,Al)₄O₁₀(OH)₈ The Pseudothuringite-Brunsvigite Series (Fe,Al)₆(Si,Al)₄O₁₀(OH)₈ The Klementite-Delessite Series (Mg,Fe³⁺)₆(Si,Al)₄O₁₀(OH)₈ The Thuringite-Strigovite Series (Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺)₆(Si,Al)₄O₁₀(OH)₈ OTHER PHYLLOSILICATES Serpentine Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄ Talc Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂ Pyrophyllite Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂ Stilpnomelane (K,Na,Ca)₀₋₁(Fe³⁺,Fe²⁺,Mg,Mn,Al)₂(O,OH,H₂O)₆₋₇(Fe³⁺,Fe²⁺,Mg,Mn,Al)₅₋₆(Si₈O₂₀)(OH)₄ Prehnite Ca₂Al(AlSi₃)O₁₀(OH)₂ Apophyllite KCa₄(Si₄O₁₀)₂F · 8H₂O CHAPTER 7 Tektosilicates SILICA α-Quartz SiO₂ β-Quartz SiO₂ α-Tridymite SiO₂ α-Cristobalite SiO₂ Chalcedony SiO₂ Opal SiO₂ · nH₂O NATURAL GLASSES FELDSPARS Alkali Feldspars The Sanidine-High Albite Series (K,Na)AlSi₃O₈ The Orthoclase-Low Albite Series (K,Na)AlSi₃O₈ The Microline-Low Albite Series (K,Na)AlSi₃O₈ Plagioclase Feldspars Plagioclase (NaSi,CaAl)AlSi₂O₈ Barium Feldspar The Celsian-Orthoclase Series (BaAl,KSi)AlSi₂O₈ THE FELDSPATHOID GROUP Nepheline Na₃KAl₄Si₄O₁₆ Leucite KAlSi₂O₆ The Sodalite Group Na₈Al₆Si₆O₂₄Cl₂ Cancrinite (Ca,Na)₇₋₈(AlSiO₄)₆(CO₃,SO₄,Cl)₁₋₂ · 1-5H₂O THE ZEOLITE GROUP Analcime Na(AlSi₂)O₆H₂O Natrolite Na₂(AlSi₃)O₁₀ · 2H₂O Mesolite Na₂Ca₂[(Al₂Si₃)O₁₀]₃ · 8H₂O Scolecite Ca(Al₂Si₃)O₁₀ · 3H₂O Thomsonite NaCa₂[(Al,Si)₅O₁₀]₂ · 6H₂O Gonnardite Na₂Ca[(Al,Si)₅O₁₀]₂ · 6H₂O Mordenite (Na₂,K₂,Ca)(Al₂Si₁₀)O₂₄ · 7H₂O Laumontite Ca(Al₂Si₄)O₁₂ · 4H₂O Edingtonite Ba(Al₂Si₃)O₁₀ · 4H₂O Heulandite (Ca,Na₂)(Al₂Si₇)O₁₈ · 6H₂O Stilbite (Ca,Na₂,K₂)(Al₂Si₇)O₁₈ · 7H₂O Phillipsite (Ca,K₂,Na₂)₆[(Al₃Si)₅O₁₆]₂ · 12H₂O Harmotome Ba(Al₂Si₆)O₁₆ · 6H₂O Chabazite Ca(Al₂Si₄)O₁₂ · 6H₂O Gmelinite (Na₂,Ca)(Al₂Si₄)O₁₂ · 6H₂O OTHER TEKTOSILICATES Scapolite (Ca,Na)₄[(Al,Si)₃Al₃Si₆O₂₄](Cl,CO₃) Petalite Li(AlSi₄)O₁₀ Part II Optical and physical constants of the nonopaque minerals Isotropic Minerals Uniaxial Positive Minerals Uniaxial Negative Minerals Biaxial Positive Minerals Biaxial Negative Minerals Index

Note: Introduction / Charles E. Chapin and Wolfgang E. Elston References cited Ash-flow magmatism / Robert L. Smith Abstract Introduction Volumes of ash-flow sheets Size of magma chambers Zoned magma chambers Crater Lake, Oregon Bandelier Tuff, New Mexico SiO₂ and phenocryst variation in ash-flow sheets Periodicity-volume-composition relationships Discussion of model Summary and conclusions Acknowledgments References cited Cooling units and composite sheets in relation to caldera structure / Robert L. Christiansen Abstract Introduction Examples of ash-flow-caldera relations Mazama eruption and Crater Lake caldera Bandelier Tuff and Valles-Toledo calderas Thirsty Canyon Tuff and Black Mountain caldera Timber Mountain-Oasis Valley caldera complex Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field General pattern of ash-flow-caldera relations Acknowledgments References cited The Bishop Tuff: Evidence for the origin of compositional zonation in silicic magma chambers / Wes Hildreth Abstract Introduction Eruptive sequence Major units Units of uncertain correlation Summary of eruptive sequence Eruptive temperatures Accuracy and precision of T-fₒ₂ data Mineralogy Fe-Ti oxides Quartz Sanidine Plagioclase Biotite Pyroxenes Allanite Zircon Apatite Pyrrhotite Whole-rock chemistry Major elements Trace elements Compositional gaps Origin of the compositional zonation Crystal settling Assimilation Basaltic underplating Liquid immiscibility Progressive partial melting Trace elements during partial melting Convection-driven thermogravitational diffusion Lines of evidence Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References cited Rare-earth-element content of some highly differentiated ash-flow tuffs and lavas / Donald C. Noble, Ward L. Rigot, and Harry R. Bowman Abstract Introduction Specimens studied and methods of chemical analysis Results and discussion Acknowledgments References cited Geochemistry of the Los Chocoyos Ash, Quezaltenango Valley, Guatemala / William I. Rose, Jr., Norman K. Grant, and John Easter Abstract Introduction Field description Geochemistry Mineralogy and mineral chemistry Sr-isotope data Modeling of crystal fractionation Time required for crystal fractionation Conclusions Acknowledgments Appendix 1. Analytical methods References cited Geochemical correlation of genetically related rhyolitic ash-flow and air-fall ashes, central and western Guatemala and the equatorial Pacific / Gregory A. Hahn, William I. Rose, Jr., and Thomas Meyers Abstract Introduction Previous investigations of chemical fingerprinting The Los Chocoyos Ash and the stratigraphic sequence of the San Cristobal Group Characteristics of the ash-flow member Sample acquisition and preparation Trace-element analyses Chemical correlation Lateral chemical variations Source of the Los Chocoyos Ash Age of the Los Chocoyos Ash Conclusions Acknowledgments References cited Ignimbrites of the Sierra Madre Occidental and their relation to the tectonic history of western Mexico / Fred W. McDowell and Stephen E. Clabaugh Abstract Introduction Volcanic stratigraphy of the Sierra Madre Occidental Pre-Cretaceous volcanic rocks Lower volcanic complex Unconformity between the igneous sequences Upper volcanic supergroup Calderas of the upper volcanic supergroup Structure of the Sierra Madre Occidental Chemistry Tectonic relationships Acknowledgments References cited Emplacement of pyroclastic flows: A review / Michael F. Sheridan Abstract Introduction Eruptions Observed pyroclastic flows Theoretical eruption models Mobility Topographic barriers Energy line Deposits Morphology Depositional sequence Textures Large clasts Deflation Compositional variation Welded peralkaline ignimbrites Emplacement temperatures Models Fluidization Speculation Summary Acknowledgments References cited Primary and secondary flow structures in ash-flow tuffs of the Gribbles Run paleovalley, central Colorado / Charles E. Chapin and Gary R. Lowell Abstract Introduction Paleovalleys and the Wall Mountain Tuff Primary flow structures Gas cavities (lenticules) Lineation Foliation Primary folds Rotated lithic fragments Imbricated crystals Secondary now structures Secondary folds and growth faults Tension cracks Miscellaneous structures Steam spiracles Conclusions Acknowledgments References cited Welded air-fall tuffs / R.S.J. Sparks and J. V. Wright Abstract Introduction Field relationships Santorini, Greece The 1875 Askja welded tuffs, Iceland Other examples Petrology and chemistry Grain-size studies Santorini welded tuffs Askja welded tuff Compaction and welding Strain, bulk density, and porosity measurements Results for Santorini welded tuffs Results for Askja welded tuff Discussion Acknowledgments References cited Globule ignimbrite of Mount Suswa, Kenya / R. L. Hay, W. Hildreth, and R. N. Lambe Abstract Introduction Scope and purpose of study Geologic setting and previous work Description and field relationships Ignimbrite petrography Vitric materials Crystals and rock fragments Devitrification and gas-phase crystallization Low-temperature alteration Nature of lower ignimbrite sheet Nature of the magma Chemical composition Temperature and viscosity Emplacement of ignimbrite and origin of globules Acknowledgments References cited A model of pyroclastic surge / K. H. Wohletz and M. F. Sheridan Abstract Introduction Terminology Objectives and methods of study Deposits Bed forms Locations Results Pyroclastic-surge facies Discussion and conclusions Development of bed forms Reconstruction of the surge cloud A model of pyroclastic surge: Its fluidization and deflation Acknowledgments References cited Significance of the flattening of pumice fragments in ash-flow tuffs / Donald W. Peterson Abstract Introduction Pumice fragments in the Apache Leap Tuff Recognition and description of pumice fragments Flattening of the pumice Applications of the flattening studies Recognition of cooling units Implications of extreme flattening Determination of stratigraphic level and fault displacement Commercial application of flattening ratios Determination of the degree of welding Pumice flattening as a possible guide to relative temperature of emplacement and rate of accumulation Conclusions Acknowledgments References cited Ash-flow sheets and calderas: Their genetic relationship to ore deposits in Nevada / Edwin H. McKee Abstract Introduction Metal deposits in volcanic-tectonic systems Resurgent cauldrons Geologic setting Parameters of study Distribution of mines and ash-flow sheets Distribution of mines and calderas Discussion Acknowledgments References cited

Note: INTRODUCTION WHY SEM ANALYSIS? FORMAT SAMPLE PREPARATION HOW THE SEM WORKS THE SEM MICROGRAPH ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS BY SEM EDX ANALYSIS OF MINERALS SILICATES Silica Quartz Cristobalite (Opal-CT) Opal (Opal-A) Feldspars Potassium Feldspar Resorbed Potassium Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspar with K-Feldspar Overgrowths Resorbed Plagioclase Feldspar Clays Chlorite Illite Kaolinite Halloysite Smectite Nontronite Hectorite Illite-smectite Corrensite Glauconite Rectorite Palygorskite Vermiculite Zeolites Analcime Chabazite Clinoptilolite Erionite Heulandite Laumontite Mordenite Phillipsite Thomsonite Yugawaralite Micas Biotite Muscovite Phlogopite Amphiboles Hornblende Actinolite Riebeckite Pyroxenes Augite Hypersthene Others Talc Chrysotile Sphene CARBONATES Calcite Dolomite Ferroan Dolomite/Ankerite Siderite Chalk PHOSPHATES Apatite Collophane Florencite HALIDES Halite SULFIDES Pyrite Sphalerite SULFATES Gypsum Anhydrite Copiapite Melanterite Barite OXIDES Hematite and Goethite Rutile Magnetite llmenite MISCELLANEOUS Wood ENERGY TABLE OF CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY TRANSITIONS GLOSSARY REFERENCES

Note: Preliminary remarks Papers of the Plenary Sessions Kautzleben, Heinz: Some Actual Problems in the Interpretation of Geodynamic Processes Massevitsch, A. G.: Results of Co-Operation in Section 6 of the Intercosmos Program Chovitz, Bernard H.: Monitoring Geodetic Networks by Space Techniques Mather, R. S.: Some Possibilities for Recovering Oceanographic Information from the SEASAT Missions Burša, Milan: Some Problems on the Dynamics of the Earth-Moon-System Treder, Hans-Jürgen: Nach-Newtonsche Korrekturen zur Dynamik des Systems Erde - Mond und ihre Bedeutung für die relativistischen Gravitationstheorien Eržanov, Z. S.: Secular Polar Motion of the Earth and its Parameters Computation from Artificial Satellites Observations Pellinen, L. P.: 1 Recent Possibilities for the Determination of the Geopotential from Terrestrial and Satellite Data Vyskočil, Pavel: Some Relationships between Vertical Recent Movements of the Earth's Surface and Deep Crustal Structure Bulygina, O. M.; Surnin, Ju. V.; Tatevjan, S. K.: Использование Метода "Коротких Дуг" для Опредения Координат Наземных Станций Montag, Horst; Gendt, Gerd: Coordinate Determination of Stations of the "Large Chords" Project by the Semidynamic Method Balmino, Georges; Reigber, Christoph; Moynot, Bernard: Further Evaluation of the GRIM 2 Earth Gravity Field Model

Note: Global and Planetary Dynamics of the Earth Grafarend, E.; Hauer, K., The Equlibrium Figure of the Earth Burša, Milan, Gravity Field of Mars Tscherning, C.C., Models for the Auto- and Cross Covariances between Maas Density Anomalies and First and Second Order Derivatives of the Anomalous Potential of the Earth Holota, Petr Determination of the Free Boundary in Potential Theory, the Boundary Problem of Physical Geodesy Cannon, W.H.; Langley, R.B.; Petrachenko, W.T., Transatlantic Geodesy by Long Baseline Interferometry Jochmann, H., The Determination of the Length of the Chandler-Wobble by Comparison of the Astronomie Determined Annual Period of Polar Motion with the Period Calculated from Air Maas Shifts Hristov, Wladimir K., Bemerkungen zur Ableitung der Bewegung des Poles und der Weltzeit 1 Groten, E.; Schaab, H., Alternative Determinations of Geodetic Datum Shifts Barta, György, The Surface Mass Distribution of the Earth and the Geoid Figure Groten, E., Über den deterministischen Anteil am Geoid in Zentraleuropa im Zusammenhang mit plattentektonischen Aspekten Dobaczewska, Weneda, The Geoid Problem in Nowadays Works Dufour, H.M., Formule de WHITTAKER pour le calcul du potentiel terrestre Lelgemann, D., On the Definition of the Listing-Geoid taking into Consideration Different Height Systems Бодри, Б.; Бодри Л., Динамические влияния жидкого ядра на суточные земные приливы Перцев, Б.П., Влияние морских приливов на гравиметрические земноприливные наблюдения в Восточной Европе Schneider, Martin Manfred; Simon Dietrich, Investigations of Earth Tides at Tiefenort Harwardt, Hans; Simon, Dietrich, Ein druckgekapseltes Drahtstrainmeter für präzise geophysikalische Messungen Altmann, W.; Dittfeld, H.-J., Results of Earth Tide Observations at the Gravimetric Observatory Potsdam Schmitz-Hübsch, Harald, Das Oberbayerische Testnetz für Erdgezeiten - Erstvermessung von 1970-1975 - Elstner, Cl.; Harnisch, G.; Altmann, W.; Conrad, W., Results of High Precision Gravity Measurements along W-E Gravity Profile in GDR Area, in the Period 1970-1975 Gerstenecker, C., Zur Messung des vertikalen Schweregradienten Völgyesi, L., Interpolation of Deflection of the Vertical from Horizontal Gradients of Gravity Galas, Roman, On Some Analysis of Filtered Latitude Variations Ponomarev, D.; Wächter, S., Analyse der Dresdner Breitenbeobachtungen auf systematische Deklinationskorrektionen Dittrich, Johannes; Felsmann, Eva, Untersuchungen zur Jahreswelle in den Breitenbestimmungen aua PZT-Beobachtungen in Potsdam Hurnik, Hieronim, Some Experience with the Electronic Level Kołaczek, B., Application ot the Lunar Laser Ranging Technique for Determinations of the Earth Rotation in View of Accuracy of Computed Topocentric Distances of Lunar Retroreflectors Thurm, H., Bestimmung regionaler horizontaler Krustendeformationen im Süden der DDR aus älteren Triangulationen Harnisch, G., Zur Autokorrelationsfunktion der rezenten vertikalen Krustenbewegungen im Gebiet der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik Rother, K.; Wiegank, F., Zur Dynamik der Erdkruste in Europa anhand einer Interpretation paläomagnetischer Daten Meier, S., Rezente Eismassen-, Schwere- und Lotänderungen in der Ostantarktis und ihre möglichen Ursachen Anger, Gottfried, Uniquely Determined Mass Distributions in Inverse Problems Schwahn, W., Stochastic Source Models as the Base for the Statistical Treatment of Geophysical Potential Fields Arnold, K.; Schoeps, D., Lateral Inhomogeneities of the Density in the Upper Mantle of the Earth Ostrocsky, A.E., Long-Period Waves and Tilts of Earth Surtace Preceding Strong Earthquake Парийский, Н.Н; Перцев, Б.П., Учет сил инерции при анализе земнопрнливных наблюдений

Note: Use of Satellite Observations Sehnal, L., The Aerodynamic Lift in the Satellite Dynamics Ill, M., Über die Nord-Süd Asymmetrie der hohen Atmosphäre Иллеш-Алмар, Е. Анализ изменения плотности верхней атмосферы с 27-дневным циклом Кутаенко, Б.В., Оценка возможного повышения точности расчета положения ИСЗ при использовании прогнозируемых значений индексов геомагнитной возмущенности в солнечной активности Almár, L.; Horvath, A.; Illes-almár, E., New Results Concerning the Geomagnetic Effect in the Upper Atmosphere Vorbrich, K., Some Results of the Examination of the SBG Camera at Borowiec Георгиев, Н., Использование промежуточной орбиты ИЗС при решении геодезических задач Latka, Jan, The Determination of the Earth Gravity Field by use of Satellite Gradiometry Halme, Seppo J.; Paunonen, Matti; Sharma, A.B.R.; Kakkuri, Juhani; Kalliomäki, Kari (Presented by T.J. Kukkamäki), The Satellite Laser of Finland Neubert, Reinhart; Fischer, Harald, lmprovement of the Potsdam Laser Ranging Equipment Schillak, S.; Wnuk, E., Satellite Laser Ranging Station at Borowiec Hiršl, P.; Krajiček, V.; Pfeifer, M., Event Timer for the Second Generation Laser Radar Wilson, P.; Seeger, H.; Nottarp, K., The new Nd-YAG Laser-Ranging System for the Satellite Observation Station at Wettzell Hovorka, F.; Konrad, M., Utekal, J., Satellite Laser Ranging at Hradec Králové Mihaly, Sz., Possibilities in Improving Claseical Networks by Satellite Geodesy Батраков, Ю.В.; Никольская, Т.К., Об оптимальных условиях определения координат станций полудинамическим методом Stange, L.; Swiatek, K., On the Derivation of Long Terrestrial Distances from Laser Observations of Artificial Satellites Adam, J., Determination of Station Coordinates from Laser Observations Goral, Wladyslaw, Iterative Methods of Determination of Station Co-ordinates and Orbital Satellite Elements from DOPPLER Observations Halmos, F.; Szadeczky-Kardoss, Gy., Computation of Geodesics from Chord-Lengths Marek, K.-H.; Rehse, H., A Technology of Stellar Triangulation by Means of Balloon-Borne Beacons Кабелач, Йосеф, Триангуляция на высокие цели с помощью самолётов, если имеются направления и расстояния Хорват, А.; Хорват, П.; Петер, И., Дигитвизуальный телескоп для наблюдения ИСЗ Maase, E., Fernsehaufnahmesystem für die Ortung von Satelliten Stupak, T.; Vorbrich, K.; Wieckowski, J., Some Experiments with Satellite-Navigation Doppler Receivers Magnavox 'MX-902' and 'ITT-6001' Жагар, Ю.Х., Применение промежуточных орбит для прогнозирования движения ИСЗ Аксёнов, Е.П.; Вашковьяк, С.Н.; Емельянов, Н.В.; Определение орбит по по оптическим и лазерным наблюдениям Kostalecky, J., Tidal Movement of Satellite Stations Klokocnik, Jaroslaw, Determination of the Lumped Coefficients of 14th-Order from the Inclination Changes of the Interkosmos 9 and 10 Satellites Прилепин, М.Т., Заболотный, Н.С., Уточнение поправок на влтяегте атмосферы при изучении колебаний полюса Земли Swierkowska, Stanislawa, Stellar Testing Catalogue Kurzynska, Krystyna, The Influence of Refraction on Positional Observations of Earth's Artificial Satellites Касименко, Т.В.; Янковская, И.А., Исследование вариаций плотности атмосферы Земли по торможению спутника "Ореол" Adam, J., Accuracy Investigation of Simultaneous Photographic and Laser Observations of Artificial Satellites Hiršl, Petr, Retroreflector Shape - One of the Sources of Errors Gesamtinhaltsverzeichnis

Note: Vorwort Hovorka, D.; Pitoňák, P.; Spišiak, J.: Mesozoic basalts of the Malé Karpaty Mts. (the Western Carpathians) - Their significance for the tectonic interpretation of the Variscan granodiorite massif Savu, H.; Udrescu, C.: The prealpine basic and ultramaphic rocks from Romania Pilot, J.: Zu einigen isotopengeochemischen Ergebnissen und Problemen basischer Magmatite Mitteleuropas Виноградова, В.И., Буякайте, М.И.: Изотопный состав стронция в породах Войквро-Сыньинского офиолитового массива Полярного Урала Колчева, К., Желязкова-панайотова, М.: Ультрабазиты и связанное с ним хром-никельмагнетитовое оруденение в районе гор. Ардино (Центральные Родопы, Болгария) Зоненшайн, Л.П.: Сравнение базальтого ложа прошлых и современных океанов Добрецов, Н.Л.: Условня образования пироповых перидотитов и зклогоюитов в кристаллическом Фундаменте Богемского массива и его аналогов Werner, C.-D.: Ophiolites and initialites - a comparing reflection Haupt, M.; Kramer, W.; Noack, C.: Beiträge zum initialen Magmatismus des Saxothuringikums (Vogtländisches Synklinorium) Collective of authors: Final remarks on field work and sessions of the Problem Commission IX, Subcommission 2, in 1981 under the theme 'Ophiolithes and initialites of northern border of the Bohemian massif' Erläuterung der Tafeln

Note: Table of Contents Foreword The Global Context The Arctic in a Global Context The ARCSS Program The Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program The Scientific Goals of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Objectives Significant Research and Findings of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Program Research Implementation of ARCSS Program Research ARCSS Program Components Paleoenvironmental Studies Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Integrative Studies Synthesis, Integration, and Modeling Studies (SIMS) New Initiatives Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE) International Collaboration The Future of the ARCSS Program Priorities for the Future Research Questions Integrative Strategies Community Coordination and Integration Coordination and Integration Logistics Support Working with Arctic Residents Community Planning and Science Management ARCSS Committee Science Steering Committees Periodic Meetings of ARCSS Principal Investigators Appendices ARCSS Program Contact Information A History of ARCSS Program Development ARCSS Data Protocol References and Relevant Reports Contributors and Reviewers

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Norges landbrukshøgskole, 1999 , Englisch

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory of ground wave propagation from a horizontal electric dipole Equipment and methods Results Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited

Note: Contents SESSION I PROGRESS REPORT ON THE REMOTE DETECTION OF CAT BY INFRARED / Robert W. Astheimer LARGE LASER RADAR FOR ATMOSPHERIC PROBING / Howard W. Halsey TUNABLE DYE LIDAR TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS / Richard D. Hake, Jr., Edward K. Proctor and Roy A. Long A REVIEW OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MULTIBAND CAMERAS / Philip N. Slater AN ELECTRONIC MULTI BAND CAMERA FILM VIEWER / L. Howard Roberts SESSION II SOME REMARKS ON REMOTE SENSING AND THE EARTH RESOURCES SURVEY PROGRAM / Robert A. Summers AUTOMATIC TERRAIN CLASSIFICATION FROM PHOTOGRAPHY / R. Michael Hord and Nicholas Gramenopoulos USE OF THE PLANCK LAW IN REMOTE SENSING / Charles E. Campbell SATELLITE DATA AND ESTIMATES OF PRECIPITATION FOR HYDROLOGIC APPLICATIONS / Paul A. Davis and Sidney M. Serebreny THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL STUDY / R. P. Wakeman, M. Jackson and S. Roth AUTOMATIC CORRELATION OF EARTH RESOURCES DATA - A PILOT SYSTEM DESIGN / Robert P. Wakeman and Eugene Hart SESSION III REMOTE SENSING OF OIL POLLUTION BY ULTRAVIOLET FLUORESCENCE / Charles E. Campbell REMOTE SENSING OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AND GASEOUS POLLUTANT FLOW / Anders F. Jepsen SURFACE WINDS FROM SUN-GLITTER MEASUREMENTS FROM A SPACECRAFT / Donald S. Webber OCEAN COLOR MEASUREMENTS UTILIZING A NOON ORBIT FOR EARTH RESOURCES SATELLITE APPLICATIONS / R. Bruce Gerding and Keith R. Jenkin HIGH ALTITUDE REMOTE SPECTROSCOPY OF THE OCEAN / Peter G. White SESSION IV OPTICAL DESIGN OF AN IMAGING SPECTRAL RADIOMETER FOR EARTH RESOURCES APPLICATIONS / H. D. Wolpert, Thomas I. Harris, Forrest S. Reynard A SOLID STATE MULTISPECTRAL IMAGER / Abraham Green, Steven Kennedy and Clarence K. Yutkowitz THE MICROWAVE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE OF SALT WATER ICE / Alex Stogryn REMOTE SENSING OF THE NEAR-SURFACE MOISTURE PROFILE OF SPECULAR SOILS WITH MULTI-FREQUENCY MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY / Gene A. Poe AN AIRBORNE KA-BAND MICROWAVE RADIOMETRIC MEASUREMENT MAPPING SYSTEM / M. C. Hoover and Robert P. Moore SPEAKERS

Note: Contents Chapter 1. Major Fields of Application [1.1] Introduction [1.2] Medicine; X-ray Computed Tomography [1.3] Medicine; Emission Computed Tomography [1.4] Medicine; Ultrasound CT [1.5] Astronomy [1.6] Electron Microscopy [1.7] Nuclear Magnetic Resonance [1.8] Optics [1.9] Stress Analysis, Geophysics, and Other Areas [1.10] References Chapter 2. Definition of the Radon Transform [2.1] Introduction [2.2] Two Dimensions [2.3] Three Dimensions [2.4] Extension to Higher Dimensions [2.5] Some Important Examples Chapter 3. Basic Properties [3.1] Introduction [3.2] Homogeneity [3.3] Linearity [3.4] Transform of a Linear Transformation [3.5] Shifting Property [3.6] Transform of Derivatives [3.7] Transforms Involving Hermite Polynomials [3.8] Transforms Involving Laguerre Polynomials [3.9] Derivatives of the Transform [3.10] Transform of Convolution Chapter 4. Relation to Other Transforms [4.1] Introduction [4.2] Relation to the Fourier Transform [4.3] Relation to the Gegenbauer Transform [4.4] Relation to the Hough Transform Chapter 5. Inversion [5.1] Introduction [5.2] Odd Dimension [5.3] Even Dimension [5.4] Unification and the Adjoint [5.5] Fourier Methods Chapter 6. Recent Development of Inversion Methods [6.1] Introduction [6.2] Projection-Slice Theorem [6.3] Backprojection [6.4] Backprojection of Filtered Projections [6.5] Filter of Backprojections [6.6] Iterative Methods [6.7] Three-dimensional Methods [6.8] Categorized References Chapter 7. Series Methods [7.1] Introduction [7.2] Gegenbauer Transform Pair [7.3] Circular Harmonic Expansion ( n = 2) [7.4] Spherical Harmonic Expansion (n = 3) [7.5] A Tchebycheff Transform Pair of the Second Kind [7.6] Orthogonal Function Expansions on the Unit Disk [7.7] Orthogonal Function Expansions Over the Entire Plane [7.8] Other Approaches Chapter 8. More Properties, Applications, and Generalizations [8.1] Introduction [8.2] Characterization of the Transform [8.3] A Discrete Version [8.4] Picture Restoration [8.5] Transformations in Geophysics [8.6] The Integral Equation of Potential Scattering [8.7] Partial Differential Equations [8.8] Generalizations and Other Uses Appendix A. Translation of Radon's 1917 Paper Appendix B. Generalized Functions Appendix C. Special Functions References Index

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: National geodynamics Project-Upington geotraverse : simplified geological map 〈1: 250000〉 : Draughting and colour seperation by R M E Kováts /by V Vajner, J van Bever Donker, C Z van Zyl, and C.W.Stowe , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: The Namaqualand geotraverse 〈1: 250000〉 /by H.J. Blignault, J.A.H. Marais, S.W. van der Merwe, G. van Aswegen and J.A. Muller

Note: Introduction Trip 1. A Streetcar to Subduction Trip 2. To Fort Mason and Subducted Sandstone Trip 3. Baker's Beach and Fort Point: A Trip to Melange and Serpentine Trip 4. A Sedentary Survey of the Structure of the City (With Side Trips Afoot) Trip 5. Marin Headlands: Pillow Basalt and Chert Trip 6. A Boat Trip to the Blueschist Facies: Angel Island and the Metamorphosed Francisan Trip 7. After Subduction Is Over: A BART Trip to a Transform Fault Appendix Glossary Selected Bibliography

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Provisional geological map of the barberton greenstone belt and surrounding granitic terrane, Eastern Transvaal and Swaziland 〈1: 250000〉 : drawn by N.A.De N.C. Gomes and R.M. N.C. Gomes /by C.R. Anhaeusser, L.J. Robb and M.J. Viljoen, 1981

Note: Table of Contents Introduction N. J. Price and K. R. McClay https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.01 What is a Thrust? What is a Nappe? J. G. Dennis, R. A. Price, J. K. Sales, R. Hatcher, A. W. Bally, W. J. Perry, H. P. Laubscher, R. E. Williams, D. Elliott, D. K. Norris, D. W. Hutton, T. Emmett, and K. R. McClay https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.02 I. Mechanics of Thrusts and Nappes Thoughts on the tectonics of folded belts A. W. Bally https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.03 Pore pressure, discontinuities, isostasy and overthrusts P. E. Gretener https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.04 Gravitational gliding in deltas G. Mandl and W. Crans https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.05 Thrust sheet deformation at a ramp: summary and extensions of an earlier model D. V. Wiltschko https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.06 Deformation and secondary faulting near the leading edge of a thrust fault D. A. Rodgers and W. D. Rizer https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.07 Mechanical model of thrust sheet gliding and imbrication G. Mandl and G. K. Shippam https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.08 The rock mechanics of thrust and nappe formation S. A. F. Murrell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.09 Subduction and coeval thrust belts, with particular reference to North America A. G. Smith https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.10 The role of gravity in orogenic belts H. Ramberg https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.11 II. Rock Products of Thrusting Dynamic analysis of a small imbricate thrust and related structures, Front Ranges, Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains J. H. Spang and S. P. Brown https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.12 The microfabric of calcite tectonites from the Helvetic Nappes (Swiss Alps) S. M. Schmid, M. Casey, and J. Starkey https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.13 Very low grade metamorphism with a reverse gradient induced by an overthrust in Haute-Savoie (France) J. Aprahamian and J.-L. Pairis https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.14 Saline horizons acting as thrust planes along the southern margin of the Damara Orogen (Namibia/SW-Africa) H. J. Behr, H. Ahrendt, A. Schmidt, and K. Weber https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.15 Sliding and other deformation mechanisms in a glacier of salt, S Iran C. J. Talbot https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.16 The Caledonides of northern Norway: relation between preferred orientation of quartz lattice, strain and translation of the nappes A.-M. Boullier and J.-M. Quenardel https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.17 Structure and distribution of fault rocks in the Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand R. H. Sibson, S. H. White, and B. K. Atkinson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.18 Uplift rates and thermal structure in the Alpine Fault Zone and Alpine Schists, Southern Alps, New Zealand C. J. Adams https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.19 III. Thrust and Nappe Regimes. A. ‘The Old World’ Caledonides The internal geometry of nappes: criteria for models of emplacement M. A. Cooper https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.20 The strain profile above a major thrust fault, Finnmark, N Norway N. J. Milton and G. D. Williams https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.21 The Moine Thrust Zone: an overview K. R. McClay and M. P. Coward https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.22 Tectonic slides in the Caledonides D. H. W. Hutton https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.23 Estimation of the rate and amount of absolute lateral shortening in an orogen using diachronism and strike slipped segments W. E. A. Phillips https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.24 Strain within thrust sheets M. P. Coward and J. H. Kim https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.25 III. Thrust and Nappe Regimes. A. ‘The Old World’ Alpine Tectonics of the Helvetic Nappes J. G. Ramsay https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.26 The 3D propagation of décollement in the Jura H. P. Laubscher https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.27 Fold-and-thrust tectonics in the Helvetic Nappes (E Switzerland) O. A. Pfiffner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.28 Some observations on the development of thrust faults in the Ultradauphinois Zone, French Alps A. Beach https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.29 Gravity sliding in the Maritime Alps R. H. Graham https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.30 III. Thrust and Nappe Regimes. A. ‘The Old World’ Eurasia Sutures, thrusts and nappes in the Variscan Arc of western Europe: plate tectonic implications Ph. Matte and J. P. Burg https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.31 Wrench related thrusting along a Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental margin: Antalya Complex, SW Turkey N. H. Woodcock and A. H. F. Robertson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.32 Thrust and strike slip fault interaction along the Chaman transform zone, Pakistan R. D. Lawrence and R. S. Yeats S. H. Khan, A. Farah, and K. A. DeJong https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.33 Active thrusting and the evolution of the Zagros fold belt J. A. Jackson and T. J. Fitch D. P. McKenzie https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.34 An overview of thrusts and nappes of western Himalaya V. C. Thakur https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.35 Ambiguity in interpretation of seismic data from modern convergent margins: an example from the IPOD Japan Trench transect R. von Huene, M. Arthur, and B. Carson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.36 Geometrical problems and implications of large scale over-thrusting in the Banda Arc -Australian margin collision zone M. G. Audley-Charles https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.37 Neogene thrust emplacement from a frontal arc in New Guinea J. Milsom https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.38 IV. Thrust and Nappe Regimes. B. ‘The New World’ The Americas The Cordilleran foreland thrust and fold belt in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains R. A. Price https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.39 The nature and significance of large ‘blind’ thrusts within the northern Rocky Mountains of Canada R. I. Thompson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.40 Metamorphic complex of SE Canadian Cordillera and relationship to foreland thrusting R. L. Brown https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.41 Thrust nappes in the Rocky Mountain Foothills near Mountain Park, Alberta H. A. K. Charlesworth and W. E. Kilby https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.42 Deformational styles in two Mesozoic fault zones, western Washington, USA D. S. Cowan and R. B. Miller https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.43 Thrusts and nappes in the North American Appalachian Orogen R. D. Hatcher, Jr. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.44 COCORP seismic reflection profiling across thrust faults J. A. Brewer, F. A. Cook, L. D. Brown, J. E. Oliver, S. Kaufman, and D. S. Albaugh https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.45 Mechanisms for basement shortening in the Andean foreland fold belt of southern South America Margaret A. Winslow https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.46

Note: Table of Contents Japan The Shimanto Belt of Japan: Cretaceous-lower Miocene active-margin sedimentation A. Taira, H. Okada,J. H. Whitaker, and A. J. Smith https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.01 Sedimentation across the Japan Trench off northern Honshu Island Roland von Huene and Michael A. Arthur https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.02 Tectonics of some forearc fold belts in and around the arc-arc crossing area in central Japan Yujiro Ogawa https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.03 Forearc geological structure of the Japanese Islands Tsunemasa Shiki and Yoshibumi Misawa https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.04 Central America Facies belts of the Middle America Trench and forearc region, southern Mexico: results from Leg 66 DSDP J. Casey Moore, Joel S. Watkins, Kenneth J. McMillen, Stephen B. Bachman, Jeremy K. Leggett, Neil Lundberg, Thomas H. Shipley, Jean-Francois Stephan, Floyd W. Beghtel, Arif Butt, Borys M. Didyk, Nobuaki Niitsuma, Les E. Shephard, and Herbert Stradner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.05 Tectonic processes along the Middle America Trench inner slope Thomas H. Shipley, John W. Ladd, Richard T. Buffler, and Joel S. Watkins https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.06 Sedimentation in different tectonic environments of the Middle America Trench, southern Mexico and Guatemala Kenneth J. McMillen, Robert H. Enkeboll, J. Casey Moore, Thomas H. Shipley, and John W. Ladd https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.07 A summary of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 67 shipboard results from the Mid-America Trench transect off Guatemala Roland von Huene, Jean Aubouin, Jacques Azema, Grant Blackinton, Jerry A. Carter, William T. Coulbourn, Darrel S. Cowan, Joseph A. Curiale, Carlos A. Dengo, Richard W. Faas, William Harrison, Reinhard Hesse, Donald M. Hussong, John W. Ladd, … View all authors https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.08 Evolution of the slope landward of the Middle America Trench, Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica Neil Lundberg https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.9 South America Cenozoic structure, stratigraphy and tectonics of the central Peru forearc L. D. Kulm, T. M. Thornburg, and H.-J. Schrader J. M. Resig https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.10 Forearc and other basins, continental margin of northern and southern Peru and adjacent Ecuador and Chile R. Moberly, G. L. Shepherd, and W. T. Coulbourn https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.11 The geology of the western part of the Borbón Basin, North-west Ecuador C. D. R. Evans and J. E. Whittaker https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.12 Aleutians Ancient plate boundaries in the Bering Sea region M. S. Marlow, A. K. Cooper, D. W. Scholl, and H. McLean https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.13 The Chugach Terrane, a Cretaceous trench-fill deposit, southern Alaska Tor H. Nilsen and Gian G. Zuffa https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.14 Structural evolution of coherent terranes in the Ghost Rocks Formation, Kodiak Island, Alaska Tim Byrne https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.15 Asia and Australasia Sedimentation in the Sunda Trench and forearc region Gregory F. Moore, Joseph R. Curray, and Frans J. Emmel https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.16 Development of the North Island Subduction System, New Zealand Gerrit J. van der Lingen https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.17 Atlantic The Barbados Ridge Complex: tectonics of a mature forearc system G. K. Westbrook https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.18 Sedimentology and structure of the Scotland Group, Barbados C. J. Pudsey and H. G. Reading https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.19 Subduction and tectonics on the continental margin off northern Spain: observations with the submersible Cyana Jacques-André Malod, Gilbert Boillot, Claude Lepvier, Georges Mascle, and Josette Taugourdeau-Lantz Raymond Capdevila, Pierre-Alain Dupeuble, and Carla Müller https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.20 Mediterranean Subduction in the Hellenic Trench: probable role of a thick evaporitic layer based on Seabeam and submersible studies X. Le Pichon, P. Huchon, J. Angelier, N. Lybéris, J. Boulin, and D. Bureau J.P. Cadet, J. Dercourt, G. Glaçon, H. Got, D. Karig, J. Mascle, L.E. Ricou, and F. Thiebault https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.21 Detailed tectonic trends on the central part of the Hellenic Outer Ridge and in the Hellenic Trench System N. H. Kenyon, R. H. Belderson, and A. H. Stride https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.22 The structure of the Calabro-Sicilian Arc: result of a post-orogenic intra-plate deformation Forese Carlo Wezel https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.23 Makran of Iran and Pakistan Deformation of the Makran accretionary sediment prism in the Gulf of Oman (north-west Indian Ocean) Robert S. White https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.24 The Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic history of western Baluchistan Pakistan—the northern margin of the Makran subduction complex Russell S. Arthurton, Abul Farah, and Wahiduddin Ahmed https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.25 The Makran, Southeastern Iran: the anatomy of a convergent plate margin active from Cretaceous to Present G. J. H. McCall and R. G. W. Kidd https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.26 California The Coastal Belt of the Franciscan: youngest phase of northern California subduction Steven B. Bachman https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.27 The Franciscan Complex of northernmost California: sedimentation and tectonics K. R. Aalto https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.28 Sedimentation, metamorphism and tectonic accretion of the Franciscan assemblage of northern California M. C. Blake, Jr, A. S. Jayko, and D. G. Howell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.29 Deformation of partly dewatered and consolidated Franciscan sediments near Piedras Blancas Point, California Darrel S. Cowan https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.30 Initiation and evolution of the Great Valley forearc basin of northern and central California, U.S.A. Raymond V. Ingersoll https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.31 Forearc Terranes in Orogenic Belts Cretaceous-Palaeogene Flysch Zone of the East Alps and Carpathians: identification and plate-tectonic significance of ‘dormant’ and ‘active’ deep-sea trenches in the Alpine-Carpathian Arc Reinhard Hesse https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.32 The anatomy of a Lower Palaeozoic accretionary forearc: the Southern Uplands of Scotland J. K. Leggett W. S. McKerrow and D. M. Casey https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.33 Sedimentology, volcanism, structure and metamorphism of the northern margin of a Lower Palaeozoic accretionary complex; Bail Hill-Abington area of the Southern Uplands of Scotland Barry C. Hepworth, Grahame J. H. Oliver, and Michael J. McMurtry https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.34 Facies, Petrology and Models Sedimentary facies associations within subduction complexes Michael B. Underwood and Steven B. Bachman https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.35 Composition of modern deep-sea sands from arc-related basins J. Barry Maynard, Renzo Valloni, and Ho-Shing Yu https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.36 Initiation of subduction zones: implications for arc evolution and ophiolite development D. E. Karig https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1982.010.01.37

Note: Weathering Processes Lichen weathering of minerals: implications for pedogenesis M. J. Wilson D. Jones https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.01 Porewater reactions in the unsaturated zone with special reference to groundwater quality in England D. A. Spears https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.02 A review of experimental weathering of basic igneous rocks David C. Cawsey and Paul Mellon https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.03 Kaolinites, Laterites and Bauxites Kaolinisation and the formation of silicified wood on late Jurassic Gondwana surfaces H. Wopfner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.04 Kaolinitic weathering profiles in Brittany: genesis and economic importance J. Esteoule-Choux https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.05 The origin and occurrence of Devon Ball Clays A. Vincent https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.06 The Ayrshire Bauxitic Clay: an allochthonous deposit? S. K. Monro F. C. Loughnan and M. C. Walker https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.07 Base metal concentrations in kaolinised and silicified lavas of the Central Burma volcanics T. R. Marshall B. J. Amos D. Stephenson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.08 A low level laterite profile from Uganda and its relevance to the question of parent material influence on the chemical composition of laterites M. J. McFarlane https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.09 Palaeoenvironment of lateritic bauxites with vertical and lateral differentiation Ida Valeton https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.10 Geochemistry of a nickeliferous laterite profile, Liberdade, Brazil J. Esson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.11 Red Beds Reddening of tropical coastal dune sands R. Gardner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.12 Post-depositional reddening of late Quaternary coastal dune sands, north-eastern Australia K. Pye https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.13 Origin of red beds in a moist tropical climate (Etruria Formation, Upper Carboniferous, UK) B. M. Besly P. Turner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.14 Duricrusts: Calcretes, Silcretes and Gypcretes Environment of silcrete formation: a comparison of examples from Australia and the Cologne Embayment, West Germany H. Wopfner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.15 Silcrete in Western Australia: geomorphological settings, textures, structures, and their genetic implications W. J. E. van de Graaff https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.16 Geochemistry of weathering profile silcretes, southern Cape Province, South Africa M. A. Summerfield https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.17 Pliocene channel calcrete and suspenparallel drainage in West Texas and New Mexico C. C. Reeves, Jr https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.18 Concentration of uranium and vanadium in calcretes and gypcretes Donald Carlisle https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.19 Ancient duricrusts and related rocks in perspective: a contribution from the Old Red Sandstone John Parnell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.20 A process-response model for the formation of pedogenic calcretes Colin F. Klappa https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.21 Stable isotope abundances in calcretes A. S. Talma F. Netterberg https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.22 A Geotechnical classification of calcretes and other pedocretes F. Netterberg J. H. Caiger https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.23 Karstic residual fluorite-baryte deposits at two localities in Derbyshire R. P. Shaw https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.24 Cenozoic pedogenesis and landform development in south-east England John A. Catt https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.25

Note: 1. Introduction --- Robin Nicholson: Caledonian correlations: Britain and Scandinavia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:3-18, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.01 Anthony K. Higgins and W. E. Adrian Phillips: East Greenland Caledonides—an extension of the British Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:19-32, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.02 M. J. Kennedy: The continuation of the Canadian Appalachians into the Caledonides of Britain and Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:33-64, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.03 2. Basement-Cover Relationships: Map: Basement-Cover Relationships / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:67-91, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.04 David Bamford: Seismic constraints on the deep geology of the Caledonides of northern Britain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:93-96, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.06 Ian S. Sanders: Observations on eclogite- and granulite-facies rocks in the basement of the Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:97-100, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.07 Paul A. Rathbone and Anthony L. Harris: Basement-cover relationships at Lewisian inliers in the Moine rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:101-107, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.08 Derek Flinn, P. L. Frank, Maureen Brook, and I. R. Pringle: Basement-cover relations in Shetland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:109-115, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.09 G. S. Johnstone, Jane Plant, and Janet V. Watson: Regional geochemistry of the Northern Highlands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:117-128, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.10 Martin Brewer, Maureen Brook, and Derek Powell: Dating of the tectono-metamorphic history of the southwestern Moine, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:129-137, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.11 - M. A. J. Piasecki and O. van Breemen: The ‘Central Highland Granulites’: cover-basement tectonics in the Moine / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:139-144, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.12 Donald M. Ramsay and Brian A. Sturt: The status of the Banff nappe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:145-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.13 Charles Barry Long and Bruce William Yardley: The distribution of pre-Caledonian basement in the Ox Mountains inlier, Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:153-156, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.14 - P. S. Kennan, W. E. A. Phillips, and P. Strogen: Pre-Caledonian basement to the paratectonic Caledonides in Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:157-161, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.15 3. Tectonics --- M. R. W. Johnson, D. J. Sanderson, and N. J. Soper: Deformation in the Caledonides of England, Ireland and Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:163-186, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.17 M. P. Coward and A. W. B. Siddans: The tectonic evolution of the Welsh Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:187-198, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.18 J. L. Roberts and J. E. Treagus: Stratigraphical and structural correlation between the Dalradian rocks of the SW and Central Highlands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:199-204, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.19 Peter R. Thomas: New evidence for a Central Highland Root Zone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:205-211, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.20 H. J. Bradbury, A. L. Harris, and R. A. Smith: Geometry and emplacement of nappes in the Central Scottish Highlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:213-220, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.21 Ben Harte: The Tarfside succession and the structure and stratigraphy of the eastern Scottish Dalradian rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:221-228, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.22 Graham J. Borradaile: Pre-tectonic reconstruction of the Islay anticline: implications for the depositional history of Dalradian rocks in the SW Highlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:229-238, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.23 D. H. W. Hutton: Dalradian structure in the Creeslough area, NW Donegal, Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:239-241, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.24 Peter William Geoffrey Tanner and Robert Milner Shackleton: Structure and stratigraphy of the Dalradian rocks of the Bennabeola area, Connemara, Eire / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:243-256, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.25 W. E. A. Phillips, A. M. Flegg, and T. B. Anderson: Strain adjacent to the Iapetus suture in Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:257-262, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.26 T. B. Anderson and T. D. J. Cameron: A structural profile of Caledonian deformation in Down / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:263-267, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.27 Martin H. Eales: Structure of the Southern Uplands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:269-273, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.28 Thomas J. Kelly and Michael D. Max: A strain section across part of the Caledonian orogen in W Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:275-280, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.29 Patrick M. Shannon: The tectonic evolution of the lower Palaeozoic rocks of extreme SE Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:281-285, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.30 Lindsay M. Parson: The state of strain adjacent to the Great Glen fault / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:287-289, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.31 J. R. Mendum: Caledonian thrusting in NW Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:291-297, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.32 Robert Milner Shackleton: The British Caledonides: comments and summary / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:299-304, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.33 4. Metamorphism --- D. J. Fettes: A metamorphic map of the British and Irish Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:305-321, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.35 Ben Harte and Neil F. C. Hudson: Pelite facies series and the temperatures and pressures of Dalradian metamorphism in E Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:323-337, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.36 P. R. A. Wells and S. W. Richardson: Thermal evolution of metamorphic rocks in the Central Highlands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:339-344, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.37 J. A. Winchester and K. H. Whittles: The pattern of three-dimensional metamorphism in the Killin area, Inverness-shire: a direct method of determining the thickness of metamorphic zones in the Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:345-349, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.38 Harry J. Bradbury: Migmatisation, deformation and porphyroblast growth in the Dalradian of Tayside, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:351-356, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.39 J. R. Ashworth: Textural and mineralogical evolution of migmatites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:357-361, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.40 R. St J. Lambert, J. A. Winchester, and J. G. Holland: Time, space and intensity relationships of the Precambrian and lower Palaeozoic metamorphisms of the Scottish Highlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:363-367, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.41 Bruce W. D. Yardley, C. Barry Long, and Michael D. Max: Patterns of metamorphism in the Ox Mountains and adjacent parts of Western Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 8:369-374, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1979.008.01.42 B

Note: Articles Introduction J. Brooks https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.01 Geological and Geochemical Studies of Northwest European Continental Shelf The role of the Department of Energy in petroleum exploration of the United Kingdom P. J. Walmsley https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.02 Gas Exploration and Reserves in Europe A. Makourine https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.03 A Review of Geochemical Data Related to the Northwest European Gas Province P. C. Barnard and B. S. Cooper https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.04 Surface Geochemical Exploration in the North Sea J. L. Gevirtz, B. D. Carey, and S. R. Blanco https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.05 Analytic Procedure and Results of an Isotope Geochemical Surface Survey in an Area of the British North Sea E. Faber and W. Stahl https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.06 Petroleum Offshore Sniffer Exploration J. Sigalove https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.07 Petroleum Exploration Onshore U.K. G. J. Candy https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.08 North Sea petroleum exploration T. P. Brennand https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.09 Exploration of the Norwegian Shelf Hans Rønnevik, Svein Eggen, and Jan Vollset https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.10 Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Palaeocene Sands in the Northern North Sea D. C. Mudge and G. M. Bliss https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.11 Geochemistry of Porosity Enhancement and Reduction in Clastic Sediments C. D. Curtis https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.12 Applications of Geochemistry to Sandstone Reservoir Studies Hilary Irwin and Andrew Hurst https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.13 Organofacies and Early Maturation Effects in Upper Jurassic Sediments From the Inner Moray Firth Basin, North Sea M. J. Pearson and D. Watkins https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.14 Aspects of Burial Diagenesis, Organic Maturation and Palaeothermal History of an Area in the South Viking Graben, North Sea M. J. Pearson, D. Watkins, and J-L Pittion D. Caston and J. S. Small https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.15 Some Geological Controls on Oil Composition in the U.K. North Sea C. Cornford, J. A. Morrow, A. Turrington, J. A. Miles, and J. Brooks https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.16 Kerogen Types, Organic Maturation and Hydrocarbon Occurrences in the Moray Firth and South Viking Graben, North Sea Basin M. J. Fisher and Jennifer A. Miles https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.17 Geochemistry of North and South Brae Areas, North Sea R. H. Reitsema https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.18 The Search for Petroleum in Northern Ireland A. E. Griffith https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.19 Frontier exploration in Western and Northwest Europe D. G. Roberts https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.20 Petroleum Exploration of Europe Origins of Natural Gas in the Po Valley, N. Italy L. Mattavelli, T. Ricchiuto, and D. Grighani M. Schoell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.21 Isotope Geochemistry of Natural Gases in Central Europe M. Schoell and M. J. Whiticar https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.22 Geochemical Observations and Oil Genesis in the German Alps and their foreland K. Kuckelkorn, H. Wehner, and H. Hufnagel https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.23 Basin Evolution and Hydrocarbon Generation D. P. McKenzie https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.25 Oil Potential of Coals: A Geochemical Approach B. Durand and M. Paratte https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.26 Pyrolysis-Mass Spectrometry in Coal Chemistry: a study of the coalification of vitrites and the typification of Australian Brown Coals P. A. Schenck, J. W. de Leeuw, and T. C. Viets J. Haverkamp https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.27 Identification of Amorphous Sedimentary Organic Matter by Transmitted Light Microscopy D. J. Batten https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.28 Spectral Correlation of Spore Coloration Standards P. M. R. Smith https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.29 Selection Criteria for the Use of Vitrinite Reflectance as a Maturity Tool J. M. A. Buiskool Toxopeus https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.30 Use of Porphyrins as a Maturity Parameter for Oils and Sediments A. J. G. Barwise https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.31 Petroleum Geochemical Principles and Techniques Organic Geochemistry and Basin Modelling — Important Tools in Petroleum Exploration D. H. Welte, M. A. Yükler, M. Radke, D. Leythaeuser, U. Mann, and U. Ritter https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.24 Geological Information on Hydrocarbon Exploration on the U.K. Continental Shelf Introduction G. G. Baxter https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.32 The Compilation of an Earth Science Bibliography for the North Sea and Adjacent Areas D. J. McKay https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.33 Commercially Available Geological Databanks—U.K.C.S. P. Wigley https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.34 Geological Information from Hydrocarbon Exploration on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf J. R. V. Brooks https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.35 EXPHST—A Program to Analyse the History of Exploration Success within a Basin or Country K. J. Chew and H. Stephenson https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.36 The Use of Computerized Information in Britoil, Exploration Division G. G. Baxter https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.012.01.37

Note: 1 Energetic basis General relations Equations of state and chemical potential of pure gases, liquids, and solids Phases of variable composition Reactions and equations of equilibrium The Gibbs phase rule Effect of gravitational field Kinetics 2 Equilibrium of mineral systems One-component transitions Univariant transformations of solids Univariant reactions involving gases The system CaO-MgO-CO₂ Exchange equilibria The distribution of minor elements Coupled equilibria involving solid solutions and gases Intrinsic and extrinsic stability Ionic processes Crystal-melt equilibria 3 Kinetics of mineral systems General Quasiequilibrium processes in a temperature gradient Quasiequilibrium processes under isothermal conditions Crystal kinetics Kinetics of dissociation Kinetics of complex heterogeneous reactions Kinetics of rock deformation 4 Classifications of rocks Chemical classification Mineral facies classification Relation between bulk chemistry and mineral composition 5 Chemical and petrogenetic processes in space Solids in space The problem of the origin of the solar system Condensation from a gas of solar composition The effect of nonequilibrium ionization System O-Si-Mg-Fe-Ni-P 6 Meteorites General characteristics The dating of events in meteorite history Classification schemes Mineralogy Petrography of the chondrites Bulk chemical characteristics Prior's rules Oxidation and hydration states of meteorites Carbon reactions in meteorites Reactions involving sulfur and phosphorus compounds in meteorites Element distributions in meteorites Mechanisms of liquidus crystallization for the chondrites Origin of the metallic components of chondrites Pressure of formation of meteorites Origin of meteorites : a critique of theories and hypotheses 7 The terrestrial planets Gross physical and chemical characteristics Origin and evolution Chemistry and petrology of Venus The atmosphere and surface of Mercury Mars The Moon Comparative planetology 8 Metamorphism and metamorphic mechanisms Introduction Origin of microstructures and textures Kinetic aspects of crystallization Rates of metamorphic reactions Mineral orientation Origin of macrostructures Origin of compositional variations Summary 9 Metamorphic minerals Experimental appraisal of the stability of minerals Theoretical analysis of stabilities of crystalline solutions 10 Metamorphic mineral facies Diagenesis and metamorphism; the zeolite and lawsonite facies Greenschist facies Amphibolite facies Granulite facies 11 Experimental and theoretical study of metamorphic systems Geometric analysis of phase equilibria Method of interpreting metamorphic assemblages The system K₂O-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O Assemblages with staurolite The system SiO₂-K₂O-Al₂O₃-FeO-MgO-H₂O in transition from amphibolite to granulite facies Anthophyllite-gedrite pelitic rocks The system CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O Assemblages with cordierite in the granulite facies The charnockite assemblage Magnesian, calcic, and carbonate rocks Metamorphism of ultramafic rocks The iron formations Rocks of high pressure and controversial origin 12 Properties, origin, and environment of magmas Structures of silicate melts Solubilities of volatile components Densities of magmas Viscosities of magmas Liquid Immiscibility Origin of magmas General features of the occurence of magmatic rocks 13 Differentiation and crystallization of magmas The existence of rock series and their meaning Homogeneous differentiation Heterogeneous differentiation by separation of a fluid phase Separation of a fluid phase in a crystallizing magma Crystallization and heterogeneous differentiation in magmas Subtraction and variation diagrams 14 Igneous plutons: Their physical chemistry and mode of occurence The compositional fields of igneous rocks General factors in the differentiation of basaltic magmas Differentiated gabbroic complexes Large calc-alkali plutonic complexes The physical chemistry of calc-alkaline-type differentiation Origin of calc-alkali magmas Alkaline rocks Assimilation and alteration of inclusions Structural environment and mode of emplacement of igneous plutons Plutonic rocks of complex origin 15 Volcanism and volcanic fluids Introduction Volcanic and hypabyssal mineralogy Volcanoes and volcanic deposits Volcanic fluids References Subject Index Author Index

Note: I. Nature and Formation of Oceanic Lithosphere --- Magma Chambers: Products and Processes --- J. A. Orcutt, M. Burnett, and J. S. McClain: Evolution of the ocean crust: results from recent seismic experiments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:7-16, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.01 --- M. R. Fisk: Depths and temperatures of mid-ocean-ridge magma chambers and the composition of their source magmas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:17-23, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.02 --- M. F. J. Flower: Spreading-rate parameters in ocean crust: analogue for ophiolite? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:25-40, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.03 --- J. D. Smewing, N. I. Christensen, I. D. Bartholomew, and P. Browning: The structure of the oceanic upper mantle and lower crust as deduced from the northern section of the Oman ophiolite / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:41-53, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.04 --- R. T. Gregory: Melt percolation beneath a spreading ridge: evidence from the Semail peridotite, Oman / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:55-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.05 --- J. S. Pallister: Parent magmas of the Semail ophiolite, Oman / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:63-70, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.06 --- P. Browning: Cryptic variation within the Cumulate Sequence of the Oman ophiolite: magma chamber depth and petrological implications / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:71-82, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.07 --- D. Elthon, J. F. Casey, and S. Komor: Cryptic mineral-chemistry variations in a detailed traverse through the cumulate ultramafic rocks of the North Arm Mountain massif of the Bay of Islands ophiolite, Newfoundland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:83-97, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.08 --- Fracture Zones --- R. S. White: Atlantic oceanic crust: seismic structure of a slow-spreading ridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:101-111, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.09 --- J. M. Auzende, G. Ceuleneer, G. Cornen, T. Juteau, Y. Lagabrielle, G. Lensch, C. Mevel, A. Nicolas, H. Prichard, A. Ribeiro, E. Ruellan, and J. R. Vanney: Intraoceanic tectonism on the Gorringe Bank: observations by submersible / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:113-120, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.10 --- J. Honnorez, C. Mevel, and R. Montigny: Occurrence and significance of gneissic amphibolites in the Vema fracture zone, equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:121-130, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.11 --- J. A. Karson: Variations in structure and petrology in the Coastal Complex, Newfoundland: anatomy of an oceanic fracture zone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:131-144, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.12 --- Mantle Structures --- A. Nicolas and M. Rabinowicz: Mantle flow pattern at oceanic spreading centres: relation with ophiolitic and oceanic structures / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:147-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.13 --- Lavas and Sediments --- J. Malpas and G. Langdon: Petrology of the Upper Pillow Lava suite, Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:155-167, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.14 --- J. F. Boyle and A. H. F. Robertson: Evolving metallogenesis at the Troodos spreading axis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:169-181, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.1--- Isotope Studies & Metamorphism --- D. Elthon, J. R. Lawrence, R. E. Hanson, and C. Stern: Modelling of oxygen-isotope data from the Sarmiento ophiolite complex, Chile / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:185-197, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.16 --- D. S. Stakes, H. P. Taylor , jr, and R. L. Fisher: Oxygen-isotope and geochemical characterization of hydrothermal alteration in ophiolite complexes and modern oceanic crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:199-214, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.17 --- M. J. Thirlwall and B. J. Bluck: Sr-Nd isotope and chemical evidence that the Ballantrae ‘ophiolite’, SW Scotland, is polygenetic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:215-230, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.18 --- M. A. Menzies: Chemical and isotopic heterogeneities in orogenic and ophiolitic peridotites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:231-240, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.19 --- Zulfiqar Ahmed and A. Hall: Petrology and mineralization of the Sakhakot-Qila ophiolite, Pakistan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:241-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.20 --- II. Emplacement (Obduction) of Ophiolites --- Ophiolite Emplacement and Obduction --- J. G. Spray: Possible causes and consequences of upper mantle decoupling and ophiolite displacement / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:255-268, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.21 --- J. F. Casey and J. F Dewey: Initiation of subduction zones along transform and accreting plate boundaries, triple-junction evolution, and forearc spreading centres—implications for ophiolitic geology and obduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:269-290, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.22 --- Y. Ogawa and J. Naka: Emplacement of ophiolitic rocks in forearc areas: Examples from central Japan and Izu-Mariana-Yap island arc system / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:291-301, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.23 --- M. P. Searle and R. K. Stevens: Obduction processes in ancient, modern and future ophiolites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:303-319, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.24 --- N. H. Woodcock and A. H. F. Robertson: The structural variety in Tethyan ophiolite terrains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:321-330, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.25 --- Regional Studies --- H. Colley: An ophiolite suite in Fiji? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:333-340, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.26 --- H. L. Davies and A. L. Jaques: Emplacement of ophiolite in Papua New Guinea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:341-349, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.27 --- J. S. Milsom: The gravity field of the Marum ophiolite complex, Papua New Guinea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:351-357, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.28 --- R. G. Coleman: Ophiolites and the tectonic evolution of the Arabian Peninsula / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:359-366, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.29 --- G. Wadge, G. Draper, and J. F. Lewis: Ophiolites of the northern Caribbean: A reappraisal of their roles in the evolution of the Caribbean plate boundary / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:367-380, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.30 --- B. A. Sturt, H. Furnes, and D. Roberts: A conspectus of Scandinavian Caledonian ophiolites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:381-391, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.31 --- R. Hall: Ophiolites: Figments of Oceanic Lithosphere? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:393-403, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.32 --- D. A. Rothery: The role of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) imagery in mapping the Oman ophiolite / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 13:405-413, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.33

Note: Articles Introductory remarks on the transport problem W. S. Fyfe https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.01 Model of hydrothermal ore genesis J. W. Elder https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.02 Identification of ore-deposition environment from trace-element geochemistry of associated igneous host rocks J. A. Pearce and G. H. Gale https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.03 Identification of the origin of oreforming solutions by the use of stable isotopes S. M. F. Sheppard https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.04 Hydrogen and oxygen isotope evidence for sea-water-hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition, Troodos complex, Cyprus T. H. E. Heaton and S. M. F. Sheppard https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.05 Hydrodynamic model for the origin of the ophiolitic cupriferous pyrite ore deposits of Cyprus E. T. C. Spooner https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.06 Origin and emplacement of ophiolites I. G. Gass https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.07 Hydrothermal alteration of the basaltic lavas of the Troodos Ophiolite Complex associated with the formation of the massive sulphide deposits G. Constantinou https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.08 Rare-earth element evidence for the genesis of the metalliferous sediments of Troodos, Cyprus A. H. F. Robertson and A. J. Fleet https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.09 Modern submarine hydrothermal mineralization: examples from Santorini and the Red Sea D. S. Cronan, P. A. Smith, and R. D. Bignell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.10 Mineralization at destructive plate boundaries: a brief review M. S. Garson and A. H. G. Mitchell https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.11 Porphyry copper deposits J. P. Hunt https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.12 Metallic mineralization affiliated to subaerial volcanism: a review R. H. Sillitoe https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.13 Igneous geology and the evolution of hydrothermal systems in some sub-volcanic tin deposits of Bolivia J. N. Grant, C. Halls, W. Avila, and G. Avila https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.14 Occurrence, origin and significance of mechanically transported sulphide ores at Buchans, Newfoundland J. G. Thurlow https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.15 Geological setting of the Skorovas orebody within the allochthonous volcanic stratigraphy of the Gjersvik Nappe, central Norway C. Halls, A. Reinsbakken, I. Ferriday, A. Haugen, and A. Rankin https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.16 The Planes-San Antonio pyritic deposit of Rio Tinto, Spain: its nature, environment and genesis D. Williams, R. L. Stanton, and F. Rambaud https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.17 Kuroko deposits: their geology, geochemistry and origin Takeo Sato https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.18 Stable isotope studies on Bougainville and in Matupi Harbour, New Britain, Papua New Guinea J. H. Ford, D. C. Green, J. R. Hulston, I. H. Crick, and S. M. F. Sheppard https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.19 Volcanogenic mineralization at Avoca, Co. Wicklow, Ireland, and its regional implications J. W. Platt https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.20 Discussion https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.21

Note: Vorwort/Preface part I: Development and spatial position of molasses and their region of accumulation Lützner, H.; Vass, D.: Subdivision and stages of development of Variscan and Alpine molasses (on the base of the example of Central European Variscides and West Carpathians) Vass, D.; Krystek, I.; Stranik, Zd.: Tectonic activity in time of formation of Main and Late molasses in Czechoslovakian West Carpathians Vozarova, A.; Vozar, J.: Subdivision and stages of development of Variscan molasse of the Czechoslovakian West Carpathians Schwab, G.: The transition between molasse stage and platform cover in the Variscan Central Europe Волочкоич, К.Л. : Верхнепалеозойские орогенные комплексы и структуры Южного Тянь-Шаня (Late Paleozoic orogenic complexes and structures of Southern Tjan-Schan) Леонов, Ю.Г. ; Щерба, И.Г. : Некоторые особенности верхенекайнозойских моласс в зпиплатформенной активизации юга Средней Азии (Some features of Upper Cenozoic molasee in area of epi-platform reactivation in southern Middle Asia) Щерба, И.Г. : Характерный механизм образовация олистостромов в эпоху горообразования (Typical mechanism of olistostrome formation in orogenic epochs) Леонов, Ю.Г. : Корреляция тектонических движений в орогенных областях (областях молассообразования) и за их пределами (Correlation of tectonic movements within and outside of orogene regions (regions of molasse formation) part II: Geological development of block-tectonics in the region of Elbe-Lineament, especially in the territory of G.D.R. Bankwitz, P.; Frischbutter, A.; Bankwitz, E.: Structure and tectonic development of Elbe-zone Ludwig, A.O.: Die strukturelle Entwicklung des NW-Abschnittes des Elbe-Lineaments und Vergleich mit dem anschließenden SE-Abschnitt im Gebiet der DDR (The structural development of the NW-part of Elbe-lineament and comparison with the south-eastern part on the territory of G.D.R.) Benek, R.: Über Beziehungen des permosilesischen Vulkanismus zum Bruchmuster, speziell zum Elbe-Lineament (On relations of Permo-Silesian volcanism to the fault pattern, especially to the Elbe-lineament) Stackebrandt, W.: Zum tektonischen Charakter der Harznordrandstörung (On tectonic character of Northern Harz border fault system) Janssen, Chr.: Analyse der Spannungsverteilung im Tafeldeckgebirge des Subherzynen Beckens und angrenzender Gebiete (Investigations of distribution of paleostress in platform cover of Subhercyn basin and adjacent regions) Fusan, O.; Kvitkovič, J.; Plancǎr, J.: Bau und Dynamik einiger Blöcke der Westkarpaten (Structure and dynamics of several tectonic blocke of the West Carpathians) Николаев, В.Г.: Консолидированная земная кора паннонского бассейна (The consolidation of earth's crust in the Pannonian Basin)

Note: A. A test for the Marussi condition. B. On the evaluation of the numerical amount of the residual term of the solution of the geodetic boundary value problem. C. The solution of the first mixed boundary value problem of the geodesy as an optimal method for the computation of the altimetrygravimetry problem. D. Gravity disturbances as boundary values on the surface of the Earth. E. A proof of the convergence of the spherical - harmonics series development of a potential exterior of a regular surface by the completeness of the system of the base functions at the surface.