ALBERT

Note: Contents Part I: Mafic rocks Introduction: Magmatic deposits associated with mafic rocks / A. J. Naldrett Sulfide melts: crystallization temperatures, solubilities in silicate melts, and Fe, Ni, and Cu partitioning between basaltic magmas and olivine / A. J. Naldrett Vapor associated with mafic magma and controls on its composition / E. A. Mathez Geochemistry of platinum-group elements in mafic and ultramafic rocks / E. A. Mathez & C. L. Peach Komatite-associated nickel sulfide deposits / C.M. Lesher Ores associated with flood basalts / A. J. Naldrett Contamination and the origin of the sudbury structure and its ores / A. J. Naldrett Stratiform PGE deposits in layered intrusions / A. J. Naldrett Interactions involving fluids in the stillwater and bushveld complexes: observations from the rocks / E. A. Mathez Part II: Silicic rocks Introduction: Ore deposits associated with silicic rocks / J.A. Whitney Origin and evolution of silicic magmas / J.A. Whitney Magmatic ore-forming fluids: Thermodynamic and mass-transfer calculations of metal concentrations / P.A. Candela Felsic magmas, volatiles, and metallogenesis / P.A. Candela Granitoid textures, compositions, and volatile fugacities associated with the formation of Tungsten-dominated skarn deposits / J.D. Keith, W. van Middelaar, A. H. Clark, & C. J. Hodgson

Note: J. B. Dawson, D. A. Carswell, J. Hall, and K.H. Wedepohl: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:vii-viii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.01 --- R. Meissner: Twenty years of deep seismic reflection profiling in Germany—a contribution to our knowledge of the nature of the lower Variscan crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:1-10, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.02 --- D. H. Matthews: Seismic reflections from the lower crust around Britain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:11-21, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.03 --- S. B. Smithson: A physical model of the lower crust from North America based on seismic reflection data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:23-34, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.04 --- V. Haak and R. Hutton: Electrical resistivity in continental lower crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:35-49, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.05 --- J. Hall: The physical properties of layered rocks in deep continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:51-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.06 --- D. S. Chapman: Thermal gradients in the continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:63-70, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.07 --- J. F. Dewey: Diversity in the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:71-78, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.08 --- N. J. Kusznir and R. G. Park: Continental lithosphere strength: the critical role of lower crustal deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:79-93, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.09 --- K. Weber: Metamorphism and crustal rheology—implications for the structural development of the continental crust during prograde metamorphism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:95-106, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.10 --- S. A. F. Murrell: The role of deformation, heat, and thermal processes in the formation of the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:107-117, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.11 --- K. Fuchs: Intraplate seismicity induced by stress concentration at crustal heterogeneities—the Hohenzollern Graben, a case history / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:119-132, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.12 --- K. Lambeck: Crustal structure and evolution of the central Australian basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:133-145, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.13 --- R. W. Kay and S. M. Kay: Petrology and geochemistry of the lower continental crust: an overview / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:147-159, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.14 --- J. Touret: Fluid inclusions in rocks from the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:161-172, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.15 --- S. R. Taylor and S.M. McLennan: The chemical composition of the Archaean crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:173-178, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.16 --- R. L. Rudnick and S. R. Taylor: Geochemical constraints on the origin of Archaean tonalitic-trondhjemitic rocks and implications for lower crustal composition / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:179-191, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.17 --- D. A. Carswell and S.J. Cuthbert: Eclogite facies metamorphism in the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:193-209, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.18 --- S. Moorbath and P.N. Taylor: Geochronology and related isotope geochemistry of high-grade metamorphic rocks from the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:211-220, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.19 --- B. F. Windley and J. Tarney: The structural evolution of the lower crust of orogenic belts, present and past / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:221-230, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.20 --- C. Pin and J. D. Sills: Petrogenesis of layered gabbros and ultramafic rocks from Val Sesia, the Ivrea Zone, NW Italy: trace element and isotope geochemistry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:231-249, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.21 --- S. Robertson: Evolution of the late Archaean lower continental crust in southern West Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:251-260, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.22 --- L. Schiøtte, D. Bridgwater, K.D. Collerson, A.P. Nutman, and A.B. Ryan: Chemical and isotopic effects of late Archaean high-grade metamorphism and granite injection on early Archaean gneisses, Saglek-Hebron, northern Labrador / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:261-273, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.23 --- D. M. Shaw, J. J. Cramer, M. D. Higgins, and M. G. Truscott: Composition of the Canadian Precambrian shield and the continental crust of the earth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:275-282, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.24 --- M. Raith and P. Raase: High grade metamorphism in the granulite belt of Finnish Lapland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:283-295, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.25 --- R. C. Newton and E.C. Hansen: The South India-Sri Lanka high-grade terrain as a possible deep-crust section / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:297-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.26 --- H.-G. Stosch, G. W. Lugmair, and H.A. Seck: Geochemistry of granulite-facies lower crustal xenoliths: implications for the geological history of the lower continental crust below the Eifel, West Germany / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:309-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.27 --- H. Downes and A. Leyreloup: Granulitic xenoliths from the French Massif Central—petrology, Sr and Nd isotope systematics and model age estimates / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:319-330, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.28 --- J. R. Broadhurst: Mineral reactions in xenoliths from the Colorado Plateau; implications for lower crustal conditions and fluid composition / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:331-349, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.29 --- P. W. C. van Calsteren, N. B. W. Harris, C. J. Hawkesworth, M. A. Menzies, and N. W. Rogers: Xenoliths from southern Africa: a perspective on the lower crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:351-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.30 --- W. L. Griffin and S. Y. O’Reilly: The lower crust in eastern Australia: xenolith evidence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:363-374, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.31

Note: Contents Foreword Synopsis Introduction Authority Purpose and scope SIPRE organization and activities Cryological problems and military end points Present state of knowledge General Introduction Terminology and classification Snow and ice Introduction Physical properties and geometry Density and water equivalent Water holding or storage capacity of snow Water transmission through snow Bound water Crystallography and metamorphism Porosity and permeability Mechanical properties Elasto-plastic properties Friction Strength Hardness Electromagnetic properties Dielectric constants Conductivity Magnetic properties Piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects Triboelectricity Freezing potential Thermodynamic properties Thermal properties Radiation Phase relations Engineering problems Snow and ice removal Snow compaction Snow draft control Trafficability Temporary structures Snow melt and runoff Maps Frozen ground and permafrost Introduction Frost action Theory of frost action Cyclic freezing and thawing Manifestations of frost actions Frost heave on freezing Reduction in load-carrying capacity on thawing Soil movements on slopes Ground properties affecting or affected by frost action Composition, grain size, and grain-size distribution Soil-moisture-movement properties Thermal properties Structure of unfrozen ground Structure of frozen ground Strength of frozen ground Freezing point Ground conditions affecting or affected by frost action Density Degree of saturation Interrelation of climate, position, vegetation, and soil Frost phenomena Climate Position Vegetation Engineering problems Excavation and replacement Subsurface drainage Base courses Insulation courses Surface icing and its control Trafficability Building foundations Maps Current related research Introduction Military cryological research in United States and Canada Non-military cryological research in the Western World Research needed Introduction Subjects for fundamental research Subjects for applied research

Note: Contents: Preface / Olav Orheim. - General report of the expedition / Olav Orheim. - Geodetic-topographic measurements in Dronning Maud Land and Bouvetøya / Trond Eiken & Knut Svendsen. - Ornithological investigations in Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Fridtjof Mehlum, Claus Bech & Svein Haftorn. - Geology of Gjelsvikfjella and Western Mühlig-Hofmannfjella / Yoshihide Ohta & Bjørn Tørudbakken. - Botany of Gjelsvikfjella and Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Torstein Engelskjøn. - Terrestrial invertebrates of Mühlig-Hofmannfjella / Lauritz Sømme. - Meteorological and glaciological studies in Dronning Maud Land / Yngvar Gjessing. - Geological and paleomagnetic research in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Harald Furnes & Reidar Løvlie. - Sedimentological research in northwestern part of Dronning Maud Land / Snorre Olaussen. - Geomorphological and glaciological observations in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Stig Jonsson. - Geophysical studies in the southern Weddell Sea / Kristen Haugland & Yngve Kristoffersen. - Marine geological studies on the Weddell Sea shelf / Anders Solheim & Yngve Kristoffersen. - Radiolaria in surface plankton collected on trans-Atlantic crossing of NARE 1984/85 / Kjell R. Bjørklund. - Hydrographic observations on the southern Weddell Sea shelf break / Arne Foldvik & Tor Gammelsrød. - Iceberg research and other glaciological studies from K/V "Andenes" / Monica Kristensen & Olav Orheim.

Note: Continental Rift Basins --- H. G. Reading: African Rift tectonics and sedimentation, an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:3-7, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.01 --- A. T. Grove: Geomorphology of the African Rift System / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:9-16, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.02 --- African Rift Basin Development --- J. D. Fairhead: Geophysical controls on sedimentation within the African Rift Systems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:19-27, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.03 --- B. R. Rosendahl, D. J. Reynolds, P. M. Lorber, C. F. Burgess, J. McGill, D. Scott, J. J. Lambiase, and S. J. Derksen: Structural expressions of rifting: lessons from Lake Tanganyika, Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:29-43, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.04 --- B. H. Baker: Tectonics and volcanism of the southern Kenya Rift Valley and its influence on rift sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:45-57, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.05 --- L. A. J. Williams and G. R. Chapman: Relationships between major structures, salic volcanism and sedimentation in the Kenya Rift from the equator northwards to Lake Turkana / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:59-74, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.06 --- C. J. Swain, N. J. Skinner, and M. A. Khan: Depth to metamorphic basement in the Koobi Fora region from seismic and gravity data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:75-84, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.07 --- R. T. Watkins: Volcano-tectonic control on sedimentation in the Koobi Fora sedimentary basin, Lake Turkana / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:85-95, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.08 --- Siliciclastic, Chemical, Pedogenic and Organic Sediments in Contemporary Rift Environments --- I. Reid and L. E. Frostick: Slope processes, sediment derivation and landform evolution in a rift valley basin, northern Kenya / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:99-111, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.09 --- L. E. Frostick and I. Reid: Evolution and sedimentary character of lake deltas fed by ephemeral rivers in the Turkana basin, northern Kenya / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:113-125, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.10 --- A. S. Cohen, D. S. Ferguson, P. M. Gram, S. L. Hubler, and K. W. Sims: The distribution of coarse-grained sediments in modern Lake Turkana, Kenya: implications for clastic sedimentation models of rift lakes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:127-139, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.11 --- R. F. Yuretich: Controls on the composition of modern sediments, Lake Turkana, Kenya / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:141-152, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.12 --- P. I. Abell and J. P. McClory: Sedimentary carbonates as isotopic marker horizons at Lake Turkana, Kenya / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:153-158, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.13 --- R. W. Renaut, J. J. Tiercelin, and R. B. Owen: Mineral precipitation and diagenesis in the sediments of the Lake Bogoria basin, Kenya Rift Valley / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:159-175, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.14 --- H. P. Eugster: Lake Magadi, Kenya: a model for rift valley hydrochemistry and sedimentation? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:177-189, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.15 --- R. Crossley: Sedimentation by termites in the Malawi Rift Valley / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:191-199, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.16 --- J. Casanova: East African Rift stromatolites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:201-210, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.17 --- A. Hamilton and D. Taylor: Mire sediments in East Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:211-217, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.18 --- Sedimentary History of African Rift Basins --- J. J. Tiercelin: The Pliocene Hadar Formation, Afar depression of Ethiopia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:221-240, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.19 --- M. A. J. Williams, Getaneh Assefa, and D. A. Adamson: Depositional context of Plio-Pleistocene hominid-bearing formations in the Middle Awash valley, southern Afar Rift, Ethiopia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:241-251, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.20 --- R. Bonnefille, C. Robert, A. M. Lezine, G. Perinet, G. Delibrias, C. Elenga, J. P. Herbin, and J. J. Tiercelin: Palaeoenvironment of Lake Abijata, Ethiopia, during the past 2000 years / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:253-265, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.21 --- P. G. Williamson and R. J. G. Savage: Early rift sedimentation in the Turkana basin, northern Kenya / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:267-283, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.22 --- A. Hill, G. Curtis, and R. Drake: Sedimentary stratigraphy of the Tugen Hills, Baringo, Kenya / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:285-295, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.23 --- C. K. Nyamweru: Quaternary environments of the Chalbi basin, Kenya: sedimentary and geomorphological evidence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:297-310, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.24 --- R. B. Owen and R. W. Renaut: Sedimentology, stratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Holocene Galana Boi Formation, NE Lake Turkana, Kenya / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:311-322, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.25 --- A. Vincens, J. Casanova, and J. J. Tiercelin: Palaeolimnology of Lake Bogoria (Kenya) during the 4500 BP high lacustrine phase / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:323-330, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.26 --- N. Thouveny and M. Taieb: Preliminary magnetostratigraphic record of Pleistocene deposits, Lake Natron Basin, Tanzania / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:331-336, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.27 --- Sedimentation and the Preservation of Fossil Faunas --- R. L. Hay: Role of tephra in the preservation of fossils in Cenozoic deposits of East Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:339-344, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.28 --- M. Pickford: Sedimentation and fossil preservation in the Nyanza Rift System, Kenya / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:345-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.29 --- C. Denys, J. Chorowicz, and J. J. Tiercelin: Tectonic and environmental control on rodent diversity in the Plio-Pleistocene sediments of the African Rift System / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 25:363-372, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.025.01.30

Note: Contents: Introduction. - NE Greenland. Previous investigations of subfossil and extant freshwater diatoms. - Klaresø. - Sølejren. - Present investigations. - Vandsøen. - The taxa. - Taxonomical remarks. - W Greenland. Previous investigations of the subfossil diatom flora. - Johannes Iversen Sø. - Gytjesø. - Sârdlup tîmane taserssuaq. - Kigssaviat taserssua. - Galium Kær. - Spongilla sø. - Present investigations. - Qeqertat, Inglefield Bredning. - The taxa. - Taxonomical remarks. - Ecological remarks. - Eqalunguit, Disko. - The taxa. - Changes in pH of the environment. - Taxonomical remarks. - Langesø and Rundesø, Tugtuligssuaq. - The taxa. - Changes in pH of the environment. - Taxonomical remarks. - Acknowledgements. - References.

Note: Teilweise in deutscher, englischer, französischer, russischer und spanischer Sprache

Note: Chapter 1. Thermodynamic Analysis of Phase Equilibria in Simple Mineral Systems by Robert C. Newton, p. 1 - 34 Chapter 2. Models of Crystalline solutions by Alexandra Navrotsky, p. 35 - 70 Chapter 3. Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Systems Containing Several Solid Solutions by Bernard J. Wood, p. 71 - 96 Chapter 4. Thermodynamic Model for Aqueous Solutions of Liquid-like Density by Kenneth S. Pitzer, p. 97 - 142 Chapter 5. Models of Mineral Solubility in Concentrated Brines with Application to Field Observations by John H. Weare, p. 143 - 176 Chapter 6. Calculation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Species and the Solubilities of Minerals in Supercritical Electrolyte Solutions by Dimitri A. Sverjensky, p. 177 - 210 Chapter 7. Igneous Fluids by John R. Holloway, p. 211 - 234 Chapter 8. Ore Fluids: Magmatic to Supergene by George H. Brimhall and David A. Crerar, p. 235 - 322 Chapter 9. Thermodynamic Models of Molecular Fluids at the Elevated Pressures and Temperatures of Crustal Metamorphism by John M. Ferry and Lukas Baumgartner, p. 323 - 366 Chapter 10. Mineral Solubilities and Speciation in Supercritical Metamorphic Fluids by Hans P. Eugster and Lukas Baumgartner, p. 367 - 404 Chapter 11. Development of Models for Multicomponent Melts: Analysis of Synthetic Systems by Rober G. Berman and Thomas H. Brown, p. 405 - 442 Chapter 12. Modeling Magmatic Systems: Thermodynamic Relations by Mark S. Ghiorso, p. 443 - 466 Chapter 13. Modeling Magmatic Systems: Petrologic Applications by Mark S. Ghiorso and Ian S.E. Carmichael, p. 467 - 500

Note: Contents INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1. GOING OUT? requirements to be met, minimum equipment, field trips 2. STATIONS AND BASES Macquarie Island, Commonwealth Bay, Casey, Edgeworth David, Davis, Law, Mawson, Heard Island 3. TRAVEL IN ANTARCTICA blizzards, whiteout, revasses, sea ice hazards and emergency 4. LIGHT-WEIGHT TRAVEL IN ANTARCTICA walking, skiing, manhauling, dog sledging 5. MOTORISED TOBOGGANS operation, sledges 6. HEAVY VEHICLE TRAVEL IN ANTARCTICA planning, train methods, navigating, extracting crevassed vehicles, Hagglunds on sea ice 7. AIRCRAFT TRAVEL safety, loading, flying, ground-to-air signals, marshalling, forced landings 8. SMALL BOAT TRAVEL safety, minimum equipment, emergency action 9. CLOTHING AND FIELD EQUIPMENT wearing clothing properly, knot tying, slings, harnesses, karabiners, jumars, anchors, ice axes, crampons, packs, sleeping gear 10. SNOW AND ICE TECHNIQUES step-cutting, descending, self-arresting, roping up for climbing, belays, abseiling, roping up for glacier travel, extraction from crevasses, rescue stretcher use 10. SHELTER tent erection, Apple huts, primus, tilley lamp, emergency shelters, bivouac for a lone person 12. FIELD RATIONS packs, cooking, emergency food 13. NAVIGATION maps, magnetic compass, magnetic variation, bearings, locating south at night, locating north, vehicle compass, trail marking 14. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS VHF channels, VHF repeater, VHF hand-helds and repairs, vehicle VHF, HF frequencies, HF radios, HF antennae, EPIRBs, PIRBs, Radio Box, Selcal, callsigns, schedules, Morse, to ships and aircraft, distress and urgency calls 15. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES AND SEARCH AND RESCUE priorities, lost individual, lost party, searchmasters, SAR phases, search techniques, location by dipole aerial, radio failure on Macquarie Island 16. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION Antarctic Treaty and acts, SPAs, SSSis, offences, Heard and McDonald Islands, Macquarie Island, Southern Ocean APPENDIX I. Field camp equipment list APPENDIX II. Distances, weights and volumes