ALBERT

Description: On the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the ecological crisis appears in every physical and social aspect, and typically affects the rangelands on which most local people depend for their livelihood. Until today, however, changes in land use and vegetation cover on this Plateau have not yet been adequately and practically treated in studying the framework of sustainability. This thesis deals first with the basic ecological influences and interactions before reviewing their implications for development. The limitations of an ecological perspective is recognized, but this stems mainly from the misapplication of perspective and should not detract from its value. Ecology is undoubtedly the most basic and pervasive of the many determinants of the pastoral production systems of the high-frigid land. To ignore ecology or to fail to take it into account is to court disaster. The amount of literature reflects the importance of the subject but is not reviewed here in any detail; rather the aim is simply to set the scene for later discussions.

Description: thesis

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen

Description: Der vorliegende Band 52 der Abhandlungen „Anthropogeographie“ des Instituts für Geographische Wissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin erfasst mit 54 Beiträgen den wissenschaftlichen Forschungsstand der IGU-Kommission “Urban Development and Urban Life”. Die vorgelegten Fassungen stellen die diskutierte und revidierte Form der Beiträge dar, die während der Jahrestagung der Kommission vom 15. bis 20. August 1994 in Berlin gehalten wurden. Die Tagung selbst stand unter dem Thema “Urban Transition and Quality of Life” und forderte damit in den jeweils zwei Einführungs- und zahlreichen weiterführenden Referaten der drei Arbeitsthemen 1) “Restructuring Urban Systems in Central and Eastern Europe“, 2) “Unemployment and Informal Economy in Cities” und 3) “Urban Identity, City Image and Urban Marketing” zu Bewertungen des Forschungsstandes bzw. kritischen Stellungnahmen durch aktuelle Forschungen heraus.

Description: 〈html〉 〈body〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0004.pdf"〉Titelseite〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0005.pdf"〉Titelseite〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0006.pdf"〉Vorwort〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0007.pdf"〉Foreword〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0008.pdf"〉Inhaltsverzeichnis〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈/body〉 〈/html〉 〈br〉 〈html〉 〈body〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0009.pdf"〉I. Introduction〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0010.pdf"〉Reflections Between Urban and University Structures and Planning〈/a〉〈br〉(Dietz, K., Braun, G. O.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0011.pdf"〉Berlin - Metropolis in Transition: The State of Urban Development in 1994〈/a〉〈br〉(Ellger, C.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0014.pdf"〉Planning for the Future of Berlin〈/a〉〈br〉(Branoner, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0016.pdf"〉Strategic Planning in Berlin〈/a〉〈br〉(Braun, G. O.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0019.pdf"〉Change in the Urban Structure in the Five New Länder: The Example of Eisenach〈/a〉〈br〉(Cassel, M., Schwaderer, G.)〈/li〉 〈/body〉 〈/html〉 〈br〉 〈html〉 〈body〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0021.pdf"〉II. Restructuring of Inter- and Intra-Urban Systems〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0022.pdf"〉Questions on Hierarchical Change in Urban Systems in Eastern and Central Europe〈/a〉〈br〉(Rey, V.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0026.pdf"〉Urban and Urban System Development in Central and Eastern Europe〈/a〉〈br〉(Grimm, F.-D., Taege, G.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0030.pdf"〉The Impact of Recent Socio-Political and Economic Changes on the Development of Slovenian Towns〈/a〉〈br〉(Pak, M.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0033.pdf"〉An Urban Evolution Model Applied to Romania's Towns〈/a〉〈br〉(Ianos, I.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0038.pdf"〉Warsaw: Development Problems and Strategies〈/a〉〈br〉(Korcelli, P., Potrykowska, A., Weclawowicz, G.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0039.pdf"〉The Urban System and Emerging Structure: An Application of Gibb's Measure to the Case of India〈/a〉〈br〉(Mookherjee, D.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0041.pdf"〉Reorganisation of the Urban System in Sri Lanka〈/a〉〈br〉(Wanasinghe, D. S.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0046.pdf"〉The Formation of an European Urban System〈/a〉〈br〉(Rozenblat, C., Pumain, D.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0051.pdf"〉On the Impact of Internationalization Process on the Finnish Settlement System〈/a〉〈br〉(Palomäki, M.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0055.pdf"〉Global Perspective of Seoul as a World City in the Region of Pacific Rims〈/a〉〈br〉(Kim, I.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0057.pdf"〉Urban Systems Dynamics: Evidence for the Toronto Urban System: 1930-1991〈/a〉〈br〉(Preston, R. E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0060.pdf"〉The Growth of Toronto: A Market-Share Approach〈/a〉〈br〉(Simmons, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0064.pdf"〉Industrial Restructuring and Urban Development: An Examination in Metropolitan Detroit〈/a〉〈br〉(Sinclair, R.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0067.pdf"〉Counter-Urbanization in Perspective: Images and Reality in Settlement System Change〈/a〉〈br〉(Davies, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0069.pdf"〉Urban Region as a Geoeconomic and Geopolitical Unit in "A Europe of Regions"〈/a〉〈br〉(Vartiainen, P.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0070.pdf"〉The Ethnic and Social Division of a World City: The Case of London〈/a〉〈br〉(Petsimeris, P.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0075.pdf"〉Transformation in the South African Apartheid City – Residential Desegregation in Pietersburg: A Case Study〈/a〉〈br〉(Donaldson, S. E., Kotze, N. J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0078.pdf"〉Intra-Urban Distribution of Ethnic Minorities in Munich and Duisburg〈/a〉〈br〉(Yamamoto, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0083.pdf"〉New Urban Poverty in the Basque Country and Navarra〈/a〉〈br〉(Ferrer, M., d’Entremont, A., Ciscar, I., Saracibar, M. A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0085.pdf"〉Polarization and the Dutch Welfare State. The Case of Amsterdam〈/a〉〈br〉(Ostendorf, W., Musterd, S.)〈/li〉 〈/body〉 〈/html〉 〈br〉 〈html〉 〈body〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0088.pdf"〉III. Informal Economy〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0089.pdf"〉The Labour Market and the Role of Informality in Urban Mexico〈/a〉〈br〉(Aguilar, A. G.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0092.pdf"〉The Informal Economy in Chinese Cities〈/a〉〈br〉(Qi, S. D.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0093.pdf"〉The Urban Informal Sector: A Third World Experience〈/a〉〈br〉(Geeta Reddy, A., Rajkumar, G.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0094.pdf"〉Informal Urban Economy in the Lake Chad Basin〈/a〉〈br〉(Simeu-Kamdem, M.)〈/li〉 〈/body〉 〈/html〉 〈br〉 〈html〉 〈body〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0095.pdf"〉IV. Recent Urban Processes〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0096.pdf"〉City Challenge: Involving the Community in UK Urban Policy? 〈/a〉〈br〉(Lewis, J. R.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0098.pdf"〉Intra-Metropolitan Relocation of Work Places: The Case of Stockholm〈/a〉〈br〉(Mahieu, R.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0102.pdf"〉Problems of Mobility and Traffic in the Ruhr〈/a〉〈br〉(Lötscher, L., Fleisgarten, S.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0103.pdf"〉Moscow 1993: The Emergence of Housing Market and the Problems of Intra-Urban Segregation〈/a〉〈br〉(Vendina, O. I.)〈/li〉 〈/body〉 〈/html〉 〈br〉 〈html〉 〈body〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0107.pdf"〉V. Urban Marketing, City Management, Urban Identity〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0108.pdf"〉Urban Marketing: A Review〈/a〉〈br〉(Borchert, J. G.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0109.pdf"〉Urban Identity, City Image and Urban Marketing〈/a〉〈br〉(Dematteis, G.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0110.pdf"〉The Hidden Faces of the City〈/a〉〈br〉(Racine, J.-B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0111.pdf"〉The City of Bergen. Image and Marketing〈/a〉〈br〉(Sjøholt, P.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0113.pdf"〉Structural Underpinnings of an Olympic City Bid〈/a〉〈br〉(Davies, R. J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0116.pdf"〉Double Cities: Identity and Marketing of a New Urban Product〈/a〉〈br〉(Buursink, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0118.pdf"〉Corporate Space and Emerging Spatial Order in Japan〈/a〉〈br〉(Fujita, N.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0125.pdf"〉The Development of International Tourism in Tallinn, Estonia〈/a〉〈br〉(Kuus, M.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0126.pdf"〉Conflict, Consent, Cooperation: Comprehensive Planning in Germany Beyond Market and State〈/a〉〈br〉(Helbrecht, I.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0127.pdf"〉Urban Strategies: Mega Events. A Copenhagen Perspective〈/a〉〈br〉(Thor Andersen, H., Wichmann Matthiessen, C.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0129.pdf"〉From Spaces of Planning to Places of Resistance〈/a〉〈br〉(Haarni, T.)〈/li〉 〈/body〉 〈/html〉 〈br〉 〈html〉 〈body〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0132.pdf"〉VI. Re-Cycling Urban Landscape〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0133.pdf"〉The Role of Gentrification in the Changing Ecology of Income: Evidence From Canadian Cities and Implications for Further Research〈/a〉〈br〉(Bourne, L. S.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0134.pdf"〉Gentrification and the Youth Movements of the 1960s〈/a〉〈br〉(Ley, D.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0135.pdf"〉Recycling Urban Landscapes - Beyond the Power〈/a〉〈br〉(Andersson, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0136.pdf"〉Why was the Central City Population Stabilized? The Case of Copenhagen〈/a〉〈br〉(Illeris, S.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0138.pdf"〉Toronto's Underground City: Excavating the Terms of Access〈/a〉〈br〉(Hopkins, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0140.pdf"〉The Interpretation of Sea in Urban Planning and Everyday Life: The Case of Helsinki〈/a〉〈br〉(Karvinen, M.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0141.pdf"〉Urban Destinies - What are the Trends?〈/a〉〈br〉(Wärneryd, O.)〈/li〉 〈/body〉 〈/html〉 〈br〉 〈html〉 〈body〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0142.pdf"〉VII. Urban Modelling〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0143.pdf"〉DUVA – A Concept for a Metadata Driven Statistical Production and Information System〈/a〉〈br〉(Kopp, N.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0145.pdf"〉A New Era for Urban Modelling?〈/a〉〈br〉(Pumain, D.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0146.pdf"〉Competing Order Parameters in a Self-Organizing City〈/a〉〈br〉(Portugali, J., Benenson, I.)〈/li〉 〈/body〉 〈/html〉 〈br〉 〈html〉 〈body〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0150.pdf"〉Authors and Addresses〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN1030505985/LOG_0151.pdf"〉[Werbung]〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈/body〉 〈/html〉

Description: conference

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen

Description: Since the 14th century, moderate seismic activity with 14 earthquakes of magnitude MW≥5.0 occurred in Western Europe in a region extending from the Lower Rhine Graben (LRG) to the southern North Sea. In this paper, we investigate how well this seismic activity could reflect that of the future. The observed earthquake activity in the LRG is continuous and concentrates on the Quaternary normal faults delimiting the LRG, which are also the source of large surface rupturing Holocene and Late Pleistocene earthquakes. The estimated magnitudes of these past earthquakes range from 6.3±0.3 to 7.0±0.3 while their average recurrence on individual faults varies from ten thousand to a few ten thousand years, which makes foreseeing future activity over the long-term possible. Three of the largest historical earthquakes with MW≥5.5 occurred outside the LRG. Late Quaternary activity along the fault zones suspected to be the source of two of these earthquakes, i.e. the 1580 Strait of Dover and 1692 northern Belgian Ardennes earthquakes, is very elusive if it exists. Hence, similar earthquakes would be very infrequent at these locations suggesting that the seismicity outside of the LRG would be episodic and clustered on some faults during periods of a few hundreds of years interrupted by long periods of inactivity typically lasting for some tens to hundreds of thousand years. Seismic moment release estimation and its comparison between recent geological and historical seismicity periods lead us to suggest that the high seismicity level observed between AD 1350 and AD 1700 west of the LRG would be uncommon.

Description: research

Description: In the weekly newspaper of Osnabrück (Germany) of November 3, 1770, a report about a local earthquake was published. Pastor Buck described ground motion effects in the manor ‘Haus Horst’, 1.5 km away from the village of Alfhausen: ‘roof tiles rattled, a chimney fell down, inside the house the top of a stove was overturned, abraded chalk trickled down in all rooms; in the nearby villages, people felt the shaking, and especially the churches suffered noticeably’. The epicentral intensity was estimated to VII (MSK) by Ahorner et al. (1970), but later modified to VI (EMS) by Meier & Grünthal (1992) considering Buck’s report in detail. Since this event is the only documented earthquake in this region, a reliable characterization of its parameters is important. Our re-examination reveals that some reported effects are quite contradictory. Contrary to Buck’s statement, no documents of damages on churches or costs of repairs could be found in the parish registers. As a result, the event appears to be a tectonic earthquake with an epicenter at Alfhausen / Haus Horst. Applying intensity-attenuation relationships, a revised value of the epicentral intensity of I_0≤V (EMS-98) with a focal depth of z≥2 km was derived. A cavity collapse due to leaching processes as a cause of the effects can be ruled out here. However, several details given in the primary source turned out to be unrealistic or at least exaggerated. The tectonic earthquake on September 3, 1770 near Alfhausen should be classified therefore as uncertain or even doubtful.

Description: research

Description: Central Europe is an intraplate domain which is characterized by low to moderate seismicity with records of larger seismic events occurring in historical and recent times. These records of seismicity are restricted to just over one thousand years. This does not reflect the long seismic cycles in Central Europe which are expected to be in the order of tens of thousands of years. Therefore, we have developed a paleoseismic database (PalSeisDB) that documents the records of paleoseismic evidence (trenches, soft-sediment deformation, mass movements, etc.) and extends the earthquake record to at least one seismic cycle. It is intended to serve as one important basis for future seismic hazard assessments. In the compilation of PalSeisDB, paleoseismic evidence features are documented at 129 different locations in the area of Germany and adjacent regions.

Description: research

Description: Current procedures to collect macroseismic data in Germany are diverse and scattered. At least 10 institutions collect macroseismic data by internet. Several institutes have a long tradition in seismology and have collected macroseismic data using paper forms for many decades. In addition, the responsibilities for geoscientific issues in Germany are a matter of the federal states and several of them have a state earthquake service. The only institution that automatically calculates and maps intensities online in near real time is Erdbebenstation Bensberg in cooperation with the Royal Observatory of Belgium. Baden-Württemberg uses a short form internet questionnaire at the moment. 5 state earthquake services (Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen) have implemented the standard German earthquake questionnaire (Kaiser 2014) which is adapted from the standard questionnaire developed by the ESC Working Group on Internet Macroseismology published by Musson & Cecić (2012). Most institutions express their strong need to implement standard procedures for automatic intensity assignment and a standard format for the exchange of questionnaire responses. References Kaiser, D. (2014): Der neue einheitliche Erdbeben-Fragebogen. Mitteilungen / Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft, 2/2014, 29-33. Musson, R. M. W. & Cecić, I. (2012): Intensity and Intensity Scales. In: New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2).- Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, 1-41; Potsdam. doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12

Description: lecture

Description: We develop empirical relationships between the surface wave magnitude MS and macroseismic data, i.e. the epicentral intensity I0, isoseismal radii R(I) of different intensities I and the focal depth h. The basis of this study is formed by carefully selected instrumental parts (since 1900) of 2 earthquake catalogues: Kárník 1996 (Europe and the Mediterranean), and Shebalin et al. 1998 (Central and Eastern Europe). We use the orthogonal regression because we presume that all parameters are in error and because it has the advantage to provide a reversible regression equation. From Shebalin et al.1998 catalogue we obtain MS = 0.65 I0 + 1.90 log(h) – 1.62 with equivalent error δMS = ±0.21. In order to establish a relationship between MS and isoseismal radii we apply a theoretically based model which takes into account both exponential decay and geometrical spreading. From Shebalin et al. 1998catalogue we find MS = 0.673 I + 2.44 log (S(I)) + 0.00163 S(I) – 2.48 with δMS = ±0.28. Here I is the macroseismic intensity (I = 3…9) of the isoseismal in the focal distance S(I) [km]. Kárník 1996 gives isoseismal radii for I = 3 and 5. We obtain: MS = 0.808 I + 2.84 log (S(I)) + 0.00190 S(I) – 3.71 with δMS = ±0.65. These equations make possible reliably estimates of MS . We recommend them for application. The use of high quality data only as input in the regression analysis provides reliable relationships to estimate magnitudes. The magnitude estimation of a historical earthquake from the epicentral intensity gives reliable results only if the focal depth is known well enough. The relationship using isoseismal radii is of greater practical importance as it allows more reliable magnitude estimations of historical earthquakes. We observe regional variations in the relationships which need further investigation.

Description: poster

Description: The earthquake catalogue of southwestern Germany for the last millennium now contains about 30,000 digital macroseismic intensity data points (IDPs). Intensity assessments are based mainly on primary sources using the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS). The article describes a guideline for best practice of conventional macroseismic evaluation in application to historical and modern-time earthquakes in SW-Germany. Suitability of various diagnostics for intensity assessment is discussed. Assumptions to estimate damage grades and vulnerability classes of buildings are presented. Data restrictions and treatment of special cases are outlined. Further topics are quantification of uncertainties and IDP quality as well as substitutes for intensity. An essential task is to bridge the gap between information from historical sources and seismological needs for use in the earthquake catalogue, thus all issues have a focus on historical earthquakes. Questions of completeness, subjectivity, transparency, and interdisciplinary work are addressed also. Special emphasis is given to a well balanced use of the EMS scale throughout all time periods leading to consistent assessments in the catalogue.

Description: research

Description: Geometric 3D models are a very efficient tool to visualize geological units and structural features that have been presented before just in two dimensions on maps or cross-sections. Most of the information of 3D models is presented as 3D views, virtual wells or horizontal or vertical cross-sections. However, are there further options to transfer as much as possible of the complex information of a 3D model in an adequate way to the user? Is it useful and promising to analyse 3D objects like surfaces or volumes in GIS software? In our investigation we performed a GIS based analysis of an existing geotechnical-geological 3D model of periglacial sediments. The two steps were multiple raster calculations to create geotechnical maps and a digital analysis of surface parameters based on geomorphological techniques and statistics. The investigation area is located in southern Lower Saxony and covers the city of Goettingen and surrounding regions within the valley of the river Leine. The valley is filled by unconsolidated, periglacial sediments of Quaternary age with a variable thickness ranging from 1 to 70 m. The analysed 3D model was constructed with GoCAD in a former project (Nix et al. 2009). The model is based on a heterogenous dataset comprising well data, thematic maps, and outcrop descriptions. Finally, the surfaces and volumes of the following units were modelled, with a special focus on their different geotechnical properties: (1) anthropogenic material, (2) floodplain and slope deposits, (3) freshwater limestone, peat and organic clay, (4) loess, displaced loess, and loess loam, (5) fluvial gravel, (6) outwash fan material, (7) solifluction material, (8) mixed, hetereougenous fillings of subrosion sinks and (9) the surface of the underlying hardrocks. Each top and bottom surface of the Gocad volumes was exported as raster file with additional information stored in an associated attribute table. In ArcGIS various geoprocessing tools were used to calculate and analyse these rasters and to develope thematic geotechnical and geological maps. The geomorphological analysis was subdivided in several steps. Firstly, the surfaces were described visually, concerning their outline, shape and distribution, as well as superficial structures like distinct edges, holes, channels. Secondarily, descriptive statistic parameters of thickness, area and elevation of each surface were calculated. Thirdly, geoprocessing tools of the Spatial Analyst were performed on each surface. Finally, several surfaces were combined to analyse them together, calculating ratios and overlay combinations. Seven thematical geoengineering and geological maps were created, each of them presenting one portion of the three-dimensional dataset: Map of the stratigraphy and depth of the Quaternary base, Map of the thickness of the Quaternary sediments, Distribution map of model units 1 m below ground level, Distribution map of model units 2 m below ground level, Maps of types of different foundation soils, Distribution map of sediments with low loading capacity and Map of distribution and quality of the wells. While the map creation focused on the geotechnical aspects of the model, the applied geomorphological analysis revealed various parameters and values that are related to the geological formation of the model units. Despite the complex dataset represented by the analysed 3D model, thematical information could be transfered into 2D as thematic maps. Some geological characteristics and parameters of the model units were extracted by the descriptive and GIS-based analysis. References Nix, T., Wagner, B., Lange, T. , Fritz, J., Sauter, M. (2009): 3D-Baugrundmodell der quartären Sedimente des Leinetals bei Göttingen. – 17. Tagung für Ingenieurgeologie, S. 223-227, Zittau

Description: poster

Description: The mineralogy, chemical composition, and physical properties of cratonic mantle eclogites with oceanic crustal protoliths can be modified by secondary processes involving interaction with fluids and melts, generated in various slab lithologies upon subduction (auto‐metasomatism) or mantle metasomatism after emplacement into the cratonic lithosphere. Here we combine new and published data to isolate these signatures and evaluate their effects on the chemical and physical properties of eclogite. Mantle metasomatism involving kimberlite‐like, ultramafic carbonated melts (UM carbonated melts) is ubiquitous though not pervasive, and affected between ~20% and 40% of the eclogite population at the various localities investigated here, predominantly at ~60–150 km depth, overlapping cratonic midlithospheric seismic discontinuities. Its hallmarks include lower jadeite component in clinopyroxene and grossular component in garnet, an increase in bulk‐rock MgO ± SiO2, and decrease in FeO and Al2O3 contents, and LREE‐enrichment accompanied by higher Sr, Pb, Th, U, and in part Zr and Nb, as well as lower Li, Cu ± Zn. This is mediated by addition of a high‐temperature pyroxene from a UM carbonated melt, followed by redistribution of this component into garnet and clinopyroxene. As clinopyroxene‐garnet trace‐element distribution coefficients increase with decreasing garnet grossular component, clinopyroxene is the main carrier of the metasomatic signatures. UM carbonated melt‐metasomatism at 〉130–150 km has destroyed the diamond inventory at some localities. These mineralogical and chemical changes contribute to low densities, with implications for eclogite gravitational stability, but negligible changes in shear‐wave velocities, and, if accompanied by H2O‐enrichment, will enhance electrical conductivities compared to unenriched eclogites.

Description: Plain Language Summary: Oceanic crust formed at spreading ridges is recycled in subduction zones and undergoes metamorphism to eclogite. Some of this material is captured in the overlying lithospheric mantle, where it is exhumed by passing magmas. Having formed in spreading ridges, these eclogites have proven invaluable archives for the onset of plate tectonics, for the construction of cratons during subduction/collision, as probes of the convecting mantle from which their precursors formed, and as generators of heterogeneity upon recycling into Earth's convecting mantle. During subduction and until exhumation, interaction with fluids and melts (called metasomatism) can change the mineralogy, chemical composition, and physical properties of mantle eclogites, complicating their interpretation, but a comprehensive study of these effects is lacking so far. We investigated mantle eclogites from ancient continents (cratons) around the globe in order to define hallmarks of metasomatism by subduction‐related fluids and small‐volume ultramafic carbonated mantle melts. We find that the latter is pervasive and occurs predominantly at midlithospheric depths where seismic discontinuities are detected, typically causing diamond destruction and a reduction in density. This has consequences for their gravitational stability and for the interpretation of shearwave velocities in cratons.

Description: Key Points: Exploration of metasomatic effects during subduction of ancient oceanic crust and after its emplacement into cratonic lithospheric mantle. Metasomatism by kimberlite‐like ultramafic melt affected between 20% and 40% of mantle eclogite suites worldwide, mostly at 2–5 GPa. Metasomatism lowers FeO, hence density in eclogite; no significant effect on shearwave velocities.

Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659

Description: National Research Foundation (NRF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001321

Description: Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011618

Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, INST

Description: research

Description: Considering the importance of migration research and the dearth in literature on migration, the following study has been done, with the intention of examining the complex interrelation between internal migration and the development process in Bangladesh. Thereby, emphasis has been given to the investigation and analysis of the causes of rural-urban migration and its spatial as well as socioeconomic consequences, with examples from Dhaka. To construct a framework for the present study, some consideration has been given to both theoretical as well as empirical studies on internal migration. The discussion of general theories which follows in the next section, has mainly been done to assess the validity of these in the analysis of internal migration in the Third World countries.

Description: research

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen

Description: Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is an important cofactor of calcium‐ and lanthanide‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenases, and has been known for over 30 years. Crystal structures of Ca–MDH enzymes (MDH is methanol dehydrogenase) have been known for some time; however, crystal structures of PQQ with biorelevant metal ions have been lacking in the literature for decades. We report here the first crystal structure analysis of a Ca–PQQ complex outside the protein environment, namely, poly[[undecaaquabis(μ‐4,5‐dioxo‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐f]quinoline‐2,7,9‐tricarboxylato)tricalcium(II)] dihydrate], {[Ca3(C14H3N2O8)2(H2O)11]·2H2O}n. The complex crystallized as Ca3PQQ2·13H2O with Ca2+ in three different positions and PQQ3−, including an extensive hydrogen‐bond network. Similarities and differences to the recently reported structure with biorelevant europium (Eu2PQQ2) are discussed.

Description: Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is an important cofactor of calcium‐ and lanthanide‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenases. The crystal structure of a Ca–PQQ complex (Ca3PQQ2·13H2O) is reported for the first time outside a protein environment. image

Description: research

Description: Induced earthquakes are of public concern and of legal significance if they are felt or if they cause damage. Models to describe the relation between macroseismic intensities, magnitude, and distance from the epicenter or hypocenter are therefore of fundamental importance. With the aim of developing such models for induced earthquakes in Germany, the following data were analyzed: The earthquake database for Germany GERSEIS contains parameters for ~180 induced seismic events with information on magnitude M and intensity I, of which 47 include information on mean isoseismal radii. In addition, the published macroseismic maps of seismic events in mining areas in Germany were evaluated. In Germany, earthquakes caused by mining with moderate to severe building damage (intensity 7 and 8) have so far only occurred in potash and salt mining. Slight building damage (intensity 6) has also been caused by seismic events in coal mining. Over the past 20 years, the frequency of felt earthquakes has increased in regions with natural gas production and in recent years also in regions of deep geothermal energy production. Focal depths show a large influence on the relationship between M and I. Intensity 5 has been observed for shallow (~1 km depth) events with magnitudes as small as ML=1.8. Simple models of the form I = a + b M + c log R, with R = hypocentral distance, can be fitted to the observations. Models for tectonic earthquakes do not fit for induced earthquakes; for induced earthquakes I is smaller for a given M and R. Major differences were found between different mining areas: In natural gas production areas intensity 5 effects were observed at greater hypocentral distances for a given magnitude, compared to coal and potash mining areas. Since macroseismic data (especially intensity data points) in Germany are available almost exclusively in analog form and are often difficult to access, it is necessary to establish a database for induced earthquakes with macroseismic data.

Description: research

Description: In Structural Geology, many projects start with intensive field-based data acquisition campaigns, which might be performed in quite different types of natural or artificial outcrops. For some years, this field work has been substantially influenced and transformed by various close-range sensing techniques that allow the field geologist to create a digital outcrop model (DOM) and to take along plenty of geometrical and spectral information about the outcropping rocks. In general, DOMs can be utilized for outcrop visualization, documentation, manual outcrop analysis (“point-picking”), extraction of spectral data and/or semi-automatic extraction of geometric data. Within a structural investigation DOMs might be deployed for fold analysis, fault analysis, extraction of fracture networks, fracture roughness estimation, detection of neotectonic activities or digitization of geological features for 3D-models of various scales resulting in a large number of analyzing techniques. Latter might be carried out on point clouds or meshes (with or without spectral information) and may differ in pre-processing and processing steps as well as in software solution. Therefore, the analyzing structural geologist faces various tools, data formats, file types, operations and outcomes. Our investigation focus on the compilation of useful, transparent, sustainable and comparable workflows or “pipelines”, which can be executed by open-source/open-access solutions.

Description: poster

Description: Apart from the traditional contribution of geographers to the study of population, this particular thesis attempts to divert the emphasis of geographical enquiry towards the examination of how particular innovations affect the population distribution and the organization of human society. It deals specifically with questions concerning the demographic, social and economic impact of population mobility on both sending in receiving areas. It attempts to shed light on the different variables that work to produce a selective type of population mobility within a particular socio—economic set-up. Although various aspects of population mobility have been studied in some detail during the present decade, no attempt has been made, however, towards a concrete presentation of its multiple causes and its socio-economic impact on the areas and people that are left behind. Far from assuming complete coverage of all interrelated fields of study we attempt here to draw attention t0 the expected socio-economic repercussions of population mobility as induced by a particular factor, namely agricultural mechanization. Certain limitations‚ however, have made it difficult to deal with every aspect of population mobility in the Sudan.

Description: thesis

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen

Description: Jede Gesellschaft (und jede Stadtregion) muss auf die Auswirkungen dieser Transformation (erhöhte Wohnraumnachfrage, schnelles Wirtschaftswachstum, starkes Dezentralisierungspotential neuer Technologien, drohender Bedeutungsverlust der Kernstadt) reagieren. Wir betrachten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit räumliche Entwicklungen als "kulturelle“ Antwort auf solche Veränderungen. Denn während der ökonomische und technologische Wandel ein eher universelles Phänomen darstellt, unterscheiden sich doch die Strategien zur räumlichen Handhabung und Gestaltung von Wachstum von Land zu Land enorm. So gesehen ist die uns umgebende Realität von Suburbanisierung und Dezentralisierung eben auch das Resultat von Entscheidungen, die unter spezifischen politischen und ideologischen Bedingungen getroffen worden sind. Für die Analyse der Wachstumsideologien haben wir drei westliche Industriestaaten ausgewählt: Kanada, die USA und die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Dabei wurden sowohl die lokale bzw. regionale als auch die Ländern Provinz- bzw. Bundesebene untersucht. Für die lokale Ebene wurden Flächennutzungsmaßnahmen und statistische Wachstumsindikatoren von sechs "Fallbeispielen" analysiert und verglichen: Frankfurt/M.‚ München, Toronto, Vancouver, San Francisco und Los Angeles/San Diego. Für die überregionale Ebene ergänzt ein Vergleich staatlicher Steuerungsmaßnahmen die Analyse und Interpretation lokaler Trends.

Description: thesis

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen

Description: This publication developed from the 5th International Colloquium on “Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics and Seismic Hazard” which was held from 11 to 13 October 2017 at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) in Hannover, Germany. It comprises four contributions: Brüstle, W., Braumann, U., Hock, S. & Rodler, F.-A. (2020). Best practice of macroseismic intensity assessment applied to the earthquake catalogue of southwestern Germany. In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3864 Camelbeeck, T., Vanneste, K., Verbeeck, K., Garcia-Moreno, D., Van Noten, K. & Lecocq, T. (2020). How well does known seismicity between the Lower Rhine Graben and southern North Sea reflect future earthquake activity? In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3866 Hürtgen, J., Reicherter, K., Spies, T., Geisler, C. & Schlittenhardt, J. (2020). The Paleoseismic Database of Germany and Adjacent Regions PalSeisDB v1.0. In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3867 Leydecker, G. & Lehmann, K. (2020). The earthquake of September 3, 1770 near Alfhausen (Lower Saxony, Germany): a real, doubtful, or a fake event? In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3865

Description: Introduction to DGEB-Publikation Nr. 18 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik (DGEB)

Description: editorial

Description: Quantitative fold structure analyses at different scales are essential for deducing deformation mechanisms and the reconstruction of the deformation history of orogens. However, not only the field surveying of fold structures, especially in view of their quantification in three dimensions with the classical tools as measuring tape, grid mapping with measuring tapes, geological compass, field book and camera is a time consuming and laborious job, but also the construction of a georeferenced 3D-model of fold structures based on classical data. Another crucial aspect of the classical field surveying of folds is the limitation by poor outcrop conditions. Reasons might be restricted or no accessibility due to high outcrop walls, water or fences, limited visibility because of vegetation, difficult measurability due to very smooth walls or complexity as a result of irregular outcrop walls or distant outcrops. Furthermore, inappropriate oriented outcrop surfaces in respect to the fold geometry can make a survey even worse. Over the past years modern 3D surveying techniques like terrestrial Lidar and digital photogrammetry became progressively affordable for geological field work and now start to complement or replace traditional methods. We started to utilize these techniques on fold structure surveying and to apply quantitative fold structure analysis on different outcrop settings in Central Germany. Different workflows were developed and tested to optimize data conversion, handling and representation. We applied a laser scanner and a single lens reflex camera, complemented by a differential GPS device and laser tachymeter. Data conversion, correction and analysis were done by means of different free as well as commercial software packages. To test different outcrop situations, different quarries, salt mines and steep cliffs, exposing from single fold to complex folds in limestone, greywacke, cherts, rock salt or potassium salt, were selected. As a result, exact 3D point clouds of all exposed folds could be generated by the use of both techniques. The resultant point clouds are suited as excellent visualisation objects as well as base for accurate geometrical measurements in the range of mm or cm of single and complex folds. In addition, the point clouds serve as input dataset for the construction of detailed geological 3D models comprising punctual, linear and plane fold elements. In summary, terrestrial Lidar and digital photogrammetry are excellent field techniques to survey and document exposed folds in the range of few meters to tens of meters, especially under poor outcrop conditions. Different fold sections can now easily be correlated in 3D space to construct complete fold structures with their 3D-fold geometry. Certain fold elements, e.g. axial planes, can be reconstructed much faster and much more accurate compared to the classical approach. The only limiting factor are the very large datasets and the processing power. As next steps, we seek (1) to involve drones for completing data sets from inaccessible areas and perspectives and (2) to incorporate 3D-microfabric analysis data in the fold models as e.g. grain shape an crystallographic preferred orientations to better understand stain paths and deformation mechanisms.

Description: poster

Description: Under certain conditions, ocean surface gravity waves (SGW) interact with the seafloor underneath to trigger relatively faint but measurable seismic waves known as ocean microseisms. Cyclonic storms (e.g. hurricanes, typhoons) wandering over the ocean are major (non-stationary) sources of the former, thus opening the possibility of tracking and studying cyclones by means of their corresponding microseims. For this purpose, we identified storm-related microseisms hidden in the ambient seismic wavefield via array processing. Polarization beamforming, a robust and well-known technique is implemented. The analyses hinge on surface waves (Love and Rayleigh) which, in contrast to P-waves, are stronger but only constrain direction of arrival (without source remoteness). We use a few land-based virtual seismic arrays surrounding the North Atlantic to investigate the signatures of major hurricanes in the microseismic band (0.05-0.16 Hz), in a joint attempt to continuously triangulate their tracks. Our findings show that storm microseisms are intermittently excited with modulated amplitude at localized oceanic regions, particularly over the shallow continental shelves and slopes, having maximum amplitudes virtually independent of storm category. In most cases no detection was possible over deep oceanic regions, nor at distant arrays. Additionally, the rear quadrants and trailing swells of the cyclone provide the optimum SGW spectrum for the generation of microseisms, often shifted more than 500 km off the "eye". As a result of the aforementioned and added to the strong attenuation of storm microseisms, the inversion of tracks or physical properties of storms using a few far-field arrays is discontinuous in most cases, being reliable only if benchmark atmospheric and/or oceanic data is available for comparison. Even if challenging due to the complexity of the coupled phenomena responsible for microseisms, the inversion of site properties, such as bathymetric parameters (e.g. depth, seabed geomorphology), near- bottom geology or SGW spectrum might be possible if storms are treated as natural sources in time-lapse ambient noise investigations. This will likely require near-field (land and underwater) observations using optimal arrays or dense, widespread sensor networks. Improved detection and understanding of ocean microseisms carries a great potential to contribute to mechanically coupled atmosphere-ocean-earth models.

Description: Universität Hamburg

Description: poster

Description: At the heart of transition research lies the question of how to "scale up" sustainable alternatives from a protected niche to the creation of mainstream practices. While upscaling processes are often seen as an essential element that contributes to societal transformation, upscaling itself remains a fuzzy concept. We argue that some fundamental dilemmas of upscaling can be identified, for example, the different understanding of the concept by researchers and practitioners. The dilemmas should be addressed in a more reflexive way by those from the worlds of science and practice who are involved in collaborative research settings.

Description: Since the middle of the 20th century, human society experiences a "Great Acceleration" manifesting in historically remarkable growth rates that create severe sustainability problems. The globally exploding potentials of information and knowledge exchange have been and are vital drivers for this acceleration. Society has now come to the point that it requires a "Great Transformation" towards sustainability to ensure the viability of the planet for a vital society. The energy transition plays a central role for this transformation. In this context, human society has developed a comparably good understanding of the necessary infrastructural changes of this transition. For transforming the patterns of energy production and use in an energy transition as part of the "Great Transformation", this process of change now needs to strengthen its focus on information, communication, and knowledge systems. Human society needs to establish a knowledge system that has the potential to create usable knowledge for sustainability solutions. This requires organizing a communication system that is sufficiently complex, interconnected, and, at the same time, efficient for integrating reflexive, open-ended, inter- and transdisciplinary learning, evaluation, and knowledge co-production processes across multiple levels. This challenge opens a wide field of research. This cumulative dissertation contributes to research in this direction by applying a systemic sustainability perspective on the content and organization of communication in the field of research on sustainable energy and the operational level of municipal climate action as part of the energy transition. Regarding sustainability, this thesis uses strong sustainability and its principles as a frame for evaluating the content of communication. Regarding the systemic perspective, the thesis particularly relies on the following theories: (i) the human-environment system model by R. Scholz as an overarching framework regarding interactions between humans and nature, (ii) social systems theory by N. Luhmann to reflect the complexity of society, (iii) knowledge management to consider the human character of knowledge and a practice-oriented perspective, and (iv) management cybernetics, in particular, the Viable System Model by S. Beer as a framework to analyze and assess organizational structures. Furthermore, the thesis leverages the potential of text mining as a method to identify and visualize patterns in texts that reflect prevalent paradigms in communication. The thesis applies the above conceptual and methodological basis in three case studies. Case Study 1 investigates the measures proposed in 16 municipal climate action plans of regional centers in Lower Saxony, Germany. It uses a text mining approach in the form of an Summary interpretation network analysis. It analyzes how different societal subsystems are connected at the semantic level and to what extent sustainability principles can be recognized. Case Study 2 analyzes and reflects paradigms and discursive network structures in international scientific publications on sustainable energy. The study investigates 26533 abstracts published from 1990 to 2016 using a text mining approach, in particular topic modeling via latent Dirichlet allocation. Case Study 3 turns again to the cases of municipal climate action in Lower Saxony examined in Case Study 1. It examines the involvement of climate action managers of these cities in multilevel knowledge processes. Using design principles for knowledge systems, it evaluates to what extent knowledge is managed in this field across levels for supporting the energy transition and to what extent local innovation potential is leveraged or supported. The three case studies show that international research on sustainable energy and municipal climate action in Germany provide promising contributions to achieve a transformation towards sustainability but do not fully reflect the complexity of society and still support a growth paradigm, in contrast to a holistic sustainability paradigm. Further, the case studies show that research and local action are actively engaging with the diversity of energy technologies but are lagging in dealing with the socio-epistemic (communication) system, especially with regard to achieving cohesion. Using the example of German municipalities, Case Studies 1 and 3 highlight the challenges of achieving coherent local action for sustainability and bottom-up organizational learning due to incomplete or uncoordinated multilevel knowledge exchange. At the same time, the studies also point out opportunities for supporting the required coherent multilevel learning processes based on local knowledge. This can be achieved, for instance, by strengthening the coordinating role of intermediary organizational units or establishing closer interactions between the local operational units and the national level. The thesis interprets and synthesizes the results of the three case studies from its systemic sustainability perspective. On this basis, it provides several generalized recommendations that should be followed for establishing viable communication systems, especially but not exclusively in policy-making: Systemic holism: Consider matter, energy, and information flows as an integrated triplet in the context of scales, structures, and time in the various subsystems. Knowledge society: Focus on the socio-epistemic (communication) system, e.g., using the perspective of knowledge systems and associated design principles considering, for instance, working environments across horizontal and vertical levels, knowledge forms and types, and knowledge processes. Sufficiency communication: Emphasize sufficiency approaches, make it attractive, and find differentiated ways for communicating them. Multilevel cohesion and innovation: Achieve cohesion between the local and higher levels and leverage local innovations while avoiding isolated local action. Organizational interface design: Define the role of organizational units by the interactions they create at the interfaces with and between societal subsystems. Local transdisciplinarity: Support local transdisciplinary approaches integrating various subsystems, especially industry, while coordinating these approaches from a higher level for leveraging local innovation. Digital public system: Exploit existing digital technologies or infrastructures in the public system and recognize the value of data in the public sphere for achieving cohesion. Beyond the above recommendations, this thesis suggests that potential for further research lies in: Advancing nature-inspired systemic frameworks. Understanding the structure and creation of human knowledge. Developing text mining methodologies towards solution-oriented approaches.

Description: The transdisciplinary research mode has gained prominence in the research on and for sustainability transformations. Yet, solution-oriented research addressing complex sustainability problems has become complex itself, with new transdisciplinary research formats being developed and tested for this purpose. Application of new formats offers learning potentials from experience. To this end, we accompanied fourteen research projects conceptualized as real-world labs (RwLs) from 2015 to 2018. RwLs were part of a funding program on "Science for Sustainability" in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Here, we combine conceptual and empirical work to a structured collection of experiences and provide a comprehensive account of RwLs. First, we outline characteristics of RwLs as transformation oriented, transdisciplinary research approach, using experiments, enabling learning and having a long-term orientation. Second, we outline eleven success factors and concrete design notes we gained through a survey of the 14 RwLs: (1) find the right balance between scientific and societal aims, (2) address the practitioners needs and restrictions, (3) make use of the experimentation concept, (4) actively communicate, (5) develop a "collaboration culture", (6) be attached to concrete sites, (7) create lasting impact and transferability, (8) plan for sufficient time and financial means, (9) adaptability, (10) research-based learning, and (11) recognize dependency on external actors. Characteristics and success factors are combined to illustrate practical challenges in RwLs. Third, we show which methods could be used to cope with challenges in RwLs. We conclude discussing the state of debate on RwLs and outline future avenues of research.

Description: Practices of urban experimentation are currently seen as a promising approach to making planning processes more collaborative and adaptive. The practices develop not only in the context of ideal-type concepts of urban experiments and urban labs but also organically in specific governance contexts. We present such an organic case in the city of Wuppertal, Germany, centred around a so-called change-maker initiative, "Utopiastadt." This initiative joined forces with the city administration and collaborated with a private property owner and the local economic development agency in an unusual planning process for the development of a central brownfield site. Ultimately, the consortium jointly published a framework concept that picked up the vision of the "Utopiastadt Campus" as an open-ended catalyst area for pilot projects and experiments on sustainability and city development. The concept was adopted by the city council and Utopiastadt purchased more than 50% of the land. In order to analyse the wider governance context and power struggles, we apply the social-constructivist theory of Strategic Action Fields (SAFs). We focused on the phases of contention and settlement, the shift in interaction forms, the role of an area development board as an internal governance unit and the influences of proximate fields, strategic action, and state facilitation on the development. We aim to demonstrate the potential of the theory of SAFs to understand a long-term urban development process and how an episode of experimentation evolved within this process. We discuss the theory's shortcomings and reflect critically on whether the process contributed to strengthening collaborative and experimental approaches in the governance of city development.

Description: We conducted a random allocation experiment at fashion week in Berlin in 2017, testing how face-to-face (f2f) communication affects sales of a fashion start-up focusing on second-hand. The experiment revealed that 11% of guests of an f2f event afterwards turned paying customers with an average basket size 11.8% higher than the overall sales event average. We add insights to research on entrepreneurial practice as well as on offline operations in the context of circular consumption in fashion, exposing the leveraging effect of f2f communication for customer acquisition and revenue of start-ups in the field of sustainable fashion.

Description: Businesses like Airbnb have shown that a successful circular economy (CE) business can operate exclusively online. Although online communication and web appearance attributes have been subject to academic research given accelerated digitization, there is still a lack of knowledge about online attributes and their role in facilitating CE. We close the portrayed knowledge gap by conducting a discrete-choice experiment with best to worst scaling and focusing on the effect of CE experience on the perception of a CE website by ranking nine online attributes, grouped in three subsets. We therefore contribute by identifying online attributes that are perceived as favorable for CE businesses and detect how participation in CE activities affects the perception of these attributes. We find that third-party associated online attributes (e.g., user reviews or third-party guarantees) rank significantly higher throughout CE consumption patterns of the sample, being always amongst the top three attributes. This novel finding on online preferences opens a new direction for further research, as well as allows practitioners to optimize online operations accordingly. Furthermore, we find that users without prior touchpoints with CE have a higher need for information about the business model as compared to CE active users who are more interested in community related attributes.

Description: Citizen science is a transdisciplinary approach that responds to the current science policy agenda: in terms of supporting open science, and by using a range of science communication instruments. In particular, it opens up scientific research processes by involving citizens at different phases; this also creates a range of opportunities for science communication to happen This article explores methodological and practical characteristics of citizen science as a form of science communication by examining three case studies that took different approaches to citizens' participation in science. Through these, it becomes clear that communication in citizen science is "always" science communication and an essential part of "doing science".

Description: This research project approached the emergence of social business innovations from the periphery, working towards the core: the first article features the representation of the concept of Social Business City, which was newly implemented by Wiesbaden in 2010. Here, social businesses are to be founded with the help of a network based on both public and private institutions. At the time of conducting the research, three such Social Business Cities existed: Wiesbaden (Germany), Fukuoka (Japan) and Pistoia (Italy); in 2016 Barcelona joined the list of Social Business Cities. The second article analyses the ways in which microfinance organisations that are based on the concept of social business according to Yunus differ from one another. Included in this research was Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, Social Business Women in Germany and Grameen America in the United States. Subsequently, a third article investigates the similarities and differences to be found between social businesses and charities. The research focuses on advantages and disadvantages on both sides and aims at answering the questions: which approach is appropriate under what circumstances and which aspects could be adopted by the other? Finally, we investigated the various cooperation of the Grameen Group with global players such as Danone, Veolia and Intel in Bangladesh and the particular challenges which result therefrom.

Description: Automakers close factories, the stock exchange crashes, empty streets and cafés everywhere and suddenly working from home is recommended or even required for a large part of the working population in Germany. The Corona pandemic is defining our current everyday life and hitting Germany, Europe and the world at a time when there are a multitude of huge challenges to be solved already. Economic aid is indispensable during and in the aftermath of such a crisis, but the primary focus is to prevent the spread of the pandemic and limiting the health implications. Economic stimulus packages and structural aid are an effective means of overcoming the long-term economic consequences of such disruptive developments. However, they must not be distributed according to the "watering can principle"; financial support must be provided in a future-oriented manner for urgently needed investments. The aim must be to promote the necessary sustainable transformation processes within our economy and society, such as climate protection. According to the authors, the preparations must be made now. This discussion paper shows which criteria and measures are needed.

Description: Addressing the prevailing mode of high-carbon lifestyles is crucial for the transition towards a net-zero carbon society. Existing studies fail to fully investigate the underlining factors of unsustainable lifestyles beyond individual determinants nor consider the gaps between current footprints and reduction targets. This study examines latent lifestyle factors related to carbon footprints and analyzes gaps between decarbonization targets and current lifestyles of major consumer segments through exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis. As a case study on Japanese households, it estimates carbon footprints of over 47,000 households using expenditure survey microdata, and identifies high-carbon lifestyle factors and consumer segments by multivariate regression analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis. Income, savings, family composition, house size and type, ownership of durables and automobiles, and work style were confirmed as determinants of high-footprint Japanese households, with eight lifestyles factors, including long-distance leisure, materialistic consumption, and meat-rich diets, identified as the main contributory factors. The study revealed a five-fold difference between lowest and highest footprint segments, with all segments overshooting the 2030 and 2050 decarbonization targets. The findings imply the urgent need for policies tailored to diverse consumer segments and to address the underlying causes of high-carbon lifestyles especially of high-carbon segments.

Description: This doctoral research is located in the branch of sustainability sciences that has the realisation of sustainable development as its core subject of research. The most broadly accepted notion of sustainable development is that which evolves along the resolutions, declarations, and reports from international processes in the framework of the United Nations (UN). The consensual outputs from such processes feature global-generalised and context-free perspectives. However, implementation requires action at diverse and context-rich local levels as well. Moreover, while in such UN processes national states are the only contractual parties, it is increasingly recognised that other ("nonstate") actors are crucial to sustainability. The research presented here places the attention on bottom-up initiatives that are advancing innovative ways to tackle universal access to clean energy and to strengthen small-scale family farmers. This means, the focus is on bottom-up initiatives advancing local implementation of global sustainability targets, more precisely, targets that make part of the Sustainable Development Goals two and seven (SDG 2 and SDG7). The research asks how such bottom-up initiatives can contribute to the diffusion of sustainability innovations, thereby also contributing to social change.

Description: Background: Facing planetary boundaries, we need a sustainable energy system providing its life support function for society in the long-term within environmental limits. Since science plays an important role in decision-making, this study examines the thematic landscape of research on sustainable energy, which may contribute to a sustainability transformation. Understanding the structure of the research field allows for critical reflections and the identification of blind spots for advancing this field. Methods: The study applies a text mining approach on 26533 Scopus-indexed abstracts published from 1990 to 2016 based on a latent Dirichlet allocation topic model. Models with up 1100 topics were created. Based on coherence scores and manual inspection, the model with 300 topics was selected. These statistical methods served for highlighting timely topic trends, differing thematic fields, and emerging communities in the topic network. The study critically reflects the quantitative results from a sustainability perspective. Results: The study identifies a focus on establishing and optimizing the energy infrastructure towards 100% renewable energies through key modern technology areas: materials science, (biological) process engineering, and (digital) monitoring and control systems. Energy storage, photonic materials, nanomaterials, or biofuels belong to the topics with the strongest trends. The study identifies decreasing trends for general aspects regarding sustainable development and related economic, environmental, and political issues. Conclusions: The discourse is latently adopting a technology-oriented paradigm focusing on renewable energy generation and is moving away from the multi-faceted concept of sustainability. The field has the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation by optimizing renewable energy systems. However, given the complexity of these systems, horizontal integration of the various valuable vertical research strands is required. Furthermore, the holistic ecological perspective considering the global scale that has originally motivated research on sustainable energy might be re-strengthened, e.g., by an integrated energy and materials perspective. Beyond considering the physical dimensions of energy systems, existing links from the currently technology-oriented discourse to the social sciences might be strengthened. For establishing sustainable energy systems, future research will not only have to target the technical energy infrastructure but put a stronger focus on issues perceivable from a holistic second-order perspective.

Description: Climate researchers agree that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions significantly contribute to climate change, and that radical measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to the impacts of no longer avoidable climate change are needed. The German Federal Government with its Climate Protection Plan 2050 reinforced its target to reduce Germany's greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 95 percent compared with 1990. The achievement of these targets requires nothing less than a fundamental transformation of spatial planning. In the paper a methodology to scientifically assess the likely impacts of possible combinations of policies or strategies to achieve the energy transition, i.e. to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of urban mobility and transport is proposed and demonstrated, using the Ruhr Area, the largest conurbation in Germany, as an example. The results of the policies examined so far can be summarised as follows: Push measures as high energy prices, speed limits or reduction of the number of lanes of main roads are more effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions than pull measures as the promotion of cycling, walking, electric cars or public transport. Between policies or policy packages there can be positive or negative synergies, i.e. the impacts of measures can reinforce or weaken each other. The results show that even with ambitious policies the greenhouse gas emission targets of the national and state governments will not be achieved and that more radical policies are needed.

Description: The decarbonisation of the building stock is an important element for the success of the German Energiewende (energy transition). Despite some progress having been made, the rate of energy renovation falls below the level required to meet political commitments. This gives rise to the question: what deters property owners from making energy efficiency investments and how can the policy framework foster such investments? To answer this question, the paper focuses on a widely neglected property owner group: small private landlords (SPL). Although they manage 37% of all residential rental properties in Germany, very little is known about their decision-making processes for energy efficiency investments. We applied a mixed-method design to identify factors that hindered and supported their investments. In an explorative study, we initially conducted 18 problem-centred interviews. Subsequently, we carried out a postal survey and analysed the questionnaires using a hierarchical linear regression model. The results show that energy renovation is a multi-dimensional decision-making process, which can only be adequately addressed by a comprehensive policy package. To develop such a package, the author recommends that the specific investment behaviour of SPL must be better targeted, their knowledge about energy efficiency investments must be improved through exchange and networking, a sense of responsibility for the neighbourhood must be fostered, and greater focus must be placed on improving local framework conditions

Description: Science and education are central fields and a lever for sustainable development. With the newly developed student teaching and learning format "Transformative Innovation Lab" - TIL for short - students are to be enabled to conduct independent transformative research. To this end, the researchers, under the direction of the Wuppertal Institute, developed and tested the new learning concept in the project "Development, testing and dissemination of new qualification offers for 'change agents' for transformative learning using the real-world laboratory approach" (EEVA). The detailed results and numerous implementation tips have been published in a practical handbook aimed at academic teaching staff and other multipliers.

Description: The role of spawning salmonids in altering river bed morphology and sediment transport is significant, yet poorly understood. This is due, in large part, to limitations in monitoring the redd-building process in a continuous and spatially extended way. A complementary approach may be provided through the use of a small seismic sensor network analysing the ground motion signals generated by the agitation of sediment during the redd-building process. We successfully tested the viability of this approach by detecting and locating artificially generated redd signals in a reach of the Mashel River, Washington State, USA. We then utilize records of 17 seismic stations, in which we automatically detected seismic events that were subsequently manually checked, yielding a catalogue of 45 potential redd-building events. Such redd-building events typically lasted between 1 and 20 min and consisted of a series of clusters of 50–100 short energetic pulses in the 20–60 Hz frequency range. The majority (〉90%) of these redd-building events occurred within 11 days, predominantly during the early morning and late afternoon. The seismically derived locations of the signals were in agreement with independently mapped redds. Improved network geometry and installation conditions are required for more efficient detection, robust location and improved energetic insights into redd-building processes in larger reaches. The passive and continuous nature of the seismic approach in detecting redds and describing fish behaviour provides a novel tool for fish biologists and fisheries managers, but also for fluvial geomorphologists, interested in quantifying the amount of sediment mobilized by this ecosystem engineer. When complemented with classic approaches, it could allow for a more holistic picture of the kinetics and temporal patterns (at scales from seconds to multiple seasons) of a key phase of salmonid life cycles. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Description: Forecasting and early warning systems are important investments to protect lives, properties, and livelihood. While early warning systems are frequently used to predict the magnitude, location, and timing of potentially damaging events, these systems rarely provide impact estimates, such as the expected amount and distribution of physical damage, human consequences, disruption of services, or financial loss. Complementing early warning systems with impact forecasts has a twofold advantage: It would provide decision makers with richer information to take informed decisions about emergency measures and focus the attention of different disciplines on a common target. This would allow capitalizing on synergies between different disciplines and boosting the development of multihazard early warning systems. This review discusses the state of the art in impact forecasting for a wide range of natural hazards. We outline the added value of impact-based warnings compared to hazard forecasting for the emergency phase, indicate challenges and pitfalls, and synthesize the review results across hazard types most relevant for Europe.

Description: A method is presented for the measurement of the phase gradient of a wavefront by tracking the relative motion of speckles in projection holograms as a sample is scanned across the wavefront. By removing the need to obtain an undistorted reference image of the sample, this method is suitable for the metrology of highly divergent wavefields. Such wavefields allow for large magnification factors that, according to current imaging capabilities, will allow for nanoradian angular sensitivity and nanoscale sample projection imaging. Both the reconstruction algorithm and the imaging geometry are nearly identical to that of ptychography, except that the sample is placed downstream of the beam focus and that no coherent propagation is explicitly accounted for. Like other X-ray speckle tracking methods, it is robust to low-coherence X-ray sources, making it suitable for laboratory-based X-ray sources. Likewise, it is robust to errors in the registered sample positions, making it suitable for X-ray free-electron laser facilities, where beam-pointing fluctuations can be problematic for wavefront metrology. A modified form of the speckle tracking approximation is also presented, based on a second-order local expansion of the Fresnel integral. This result extends the validity of the speckle tracking approximation and may be useful for similar approaches in the field.

Description: This paper presents a deep learning algorithm for tomographic reconstruction (GANrec). The algorithm uses a generative adversarial network (GAN) to solve the inverse of the Radon transform directly. It works for independent sinograms without additional training steps. The GAN has been developed to fit the input sinogram with the model sinogram generated from the predicted reconstruction. Good quality reconstructions can be obtained during the minimization of the fitting errors. The reconstruction is a self-training procedure based on the physics model, instead of on training data. The algorithm showed significant improvements in the reconstruction accuracy, especially for missing-wedge tomography acquired at less than 180° rotational range. It was also validated by reconstructing a missing-wedge X-ray ptychographic tomography (PXCT) data set of a macroporous zeolite particle, for which only 51 projections over 70° could be collected. The GANrec recovered the 3D pore structure with reasonable quality for further analysis. This reconstruction concept can work universally for most of the ill-posed inverse problems if the forward model is well defined, such as phase retrieval of in-line phase-contrast imaging.

Description: research

Description: To which extent do happiness correlates contribute to the stability of life satisfaction? Which method is appropriate to provide a conclusive answer to this question? Based on life satisfaction data of the German SOEP, we show that by Negative Binomial quasi-maximum likelihood estimation statements can be made as to how far correlates of happiness contribute to the stabilisation of life satisfaction. The results show that happiness correlates which are generally associated with a positive change in life satisfaction, also stabilise life satisfaction and destabilise dissatisfaction with life. In such as they lower the probability of leaving positive states of life satisfaction and increase the probability of leaving dissatisfied states. This in particular applies to regular exercise, volunteering and living in a marriage. We further conclude that both patterns in response behaviour and the quality of the measurement instrument, the life satisfaction scale, have a significant effect on the variation and stability of reported life satisfaction.

Description: The target of zero emissions sets a new standard for industry and industrial policy. Industrial policy in the twenty-first century must aim to achieve zero emissions in the energy and emissions intensive industries. Sectors such as steel, cement, and chemicals have so far largely been sheltered from the effects of climate policy. A major shift is needed, from contemporary industrial policy that mainly protects industry to policy strategies that transform the industry. For this purpose, we draw on a wide range of literatures including engineering, economics, policy, governance, and innovation studies to propose a comprehensive industrial policy framework. The policy framework relies on six pillars: directionality, knowledge creation and innovation, creating and reshaping markets, building capacity for governance and change, international coherence, and sensitivity to socio-economic implications of phase-outs. Complementary solutions relying on technological, organizational, and behavioural change must be pursued in parallel and throughout whole value chains. Current policy is limited to supporting mainly some options, e.g. energy efficiency and recycling, with some regions also adopting carbon pricing, although most often exempting the energy and emissions intensive industries. An extended range of options, such as demand management, materials efficiency, and electrification, must also be pursued to reach zero emissions. New policy research and evaluation approaches are needed to support and assess progress as these industries have hitherto largely been overlooked in domestic climate policy as well as international negotiations.

Description: Cities and municipalities have had to endure a great deal in recent years, including a global coronavirus pandemic, fire disasters in the US and devastating floods like those in Germany. These are also consequences of anthropogenic climate change, and cities have to be better prepared for such events in future. In particular, the cata-strophic flooding Germany experienced in July 2021 demonstrated how ill-equipped municipalities are for this type of incident. In this paper, we look at how cities can become more resilient, sustainable and ready for the future.

Description: Nutrition is one of the most important areas for the great transformation. So how can a shift towards a sustainable food system be achieved? This paper addresses this question - based on more than ten years of research on sustainable nutrition at the Wuppertal Institute. It focuses on public catering, because even small changes - for example in the choice of ingredients - have a huge impact here. With appropriate policy frameworks, public catering can serve as an easily accessible place for consumers to experience sustainable food and at the same time be a reliable buyer of biodiversity and climate-friendly food from farmers. However, other actors are also needed for a transformation of the food system: The "Zukunftsimpuls" addresses politics, (agricultural) industry, science and every individual - because the transformation of the food system is a task for the entire society.