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  • Lausanne : Frontiers  (10)
  • Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy  (7)
  • English  (17)
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  • 2015-2019  (17)
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  • 1
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    Studying Tree Responses to Extreme Events (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: Extreme climate events ; Tree response ; wood functional traits ; Ecophysiology ; Genetic plasticity ; Manipulation experiments ; mechanistic modeling ; forest management
    Description / Table of Contents: Trees are among the longest-living organisms. They are sensitive to extreme climatic events and document the effects of environmental changes in form of structural modifications of their tissues. These modifications represent an integrated signal of complex biological responses enforced by the environment. For example, temporal change in stem increment integrates multiple information of tree performance, and wood anatomical traits may be altered by climatic extremes or environmental stress. Recent developments in preparative tools and computational image analysis enable to quantify changes in wood anatomical features, like vessel density or vessel size. Thus, impacts on their functioning can be related to climatic forcing factors. Similarly, new developments in monitoring (cambial) phenology and mechanistic modelling are enlightening the interrelationships between environmental factors, wood formation and tree performance and mortality. Quantitative wood anatomy is a reliable indicator of drought occurrence during the growing season, and therefore has been studied intensively in recent years. The variability in wood anatomy not only alters the biological and hydraulic functioning of a tree, but may also influence the technological properties of wood, with substantial impacts in forestry. On a larger scale, alterations of sapwood and phloem area and their ratios to other functional traits provide measures to detect changes in a tree’s life functions, and increasing risk of drought-induced mortality with possible impacts on hydrological processes and species composition of plant communities. Genetic variability within and across populations is assumed to be crucial for species survival in an unpredictable future world. The magnitude of genetic variation and heritability of adaptive traits might define the ability to adapt to climate change. Is there a relation between genetic variability and resilience to climate change? Is it possible to link genetic expression and climate change to obtain deeper knowledge of functional genetics? To derive precise estimates of genetic determinism it is important to define adaptive traits in wood properties and on a whole-tree scale. Understanding the mechanisms ruling these processes is fundamental to assess the impact of extreme climate events on forest ecosystems, and to provide realistic scenarios of tree responses to changing climates. Wood is also a major carbon sink with a long-term residence, impacting the global carbon cycle. How well do we understand the link between wood growth dynamics, wood carbon allocation and the global carbon cycle? Papers contribution to this Research Topic will cover a wide range of ecosystems. However, special relevance will be given to Mediterranean-type areas. These involve coastal regions of four continents, making Mediterranean-type ecosystems extremely interesting for investigating the potential impacts of global change on growth and for studying responses of woody plants under extreme environmental conditions. For example, the ongoing trend towards warmer temperatures and reduced precipitation can increase the susceptibility to fire and pests. The EU-funded COST Action STREeSS (Studying Tree Responses to extreme Events: a SynthesiS) addresses such crucial tree biological and forest ecological issues by providing a collection of important methodological and scientific insights, about the current state of knowledge, and by opinions for future research needs.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (466 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889451920
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-192-0
    Language: English
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    Petroleum Microbial Biotechnology : Challenges and Prospects (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
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    Keywords: hydrocarbon ; Oil reservoir ; corrosion ; Enhanced Oil Recovery ; methanogenesis ; biosurfactants ; Biodesulfurization ; Energy ; petroleum biotechnology ; Biodegradation
    Description / Table of Contents: Petroleum hydrocarbons are both a product of, and rich substrate for, microorganisms from across all Domains of life. Rooted deeply in the history of microbiology, hydrocarbons have been studied as sources of carbon and energy for microorganisms for over a century. As global demand for petroleum and its refined products continues to rise, so do challenges associated with environmental pollution, oil well souring, infrastructure corrosion, oil recovery, transport, refining, and upgrading of heavy crude oils and bitumens. Advances in genomics, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering has invigorated interest in petroleum microbial biotechnology as interest grows in technologies for in situ methane production, biodesulfurization and biodenitrogenation, bio-upgrading of heavy crudes, microbial enhanced oil recovery, corrosion control, and biocatalysts for generating value-added products. Given the complexity of the global petroleum industry and the harsh conditions in which it operates, a deeper understanding of the ecophysiology of aerobic and anaerobic microbial communities that have associations with petroleum hydrocarbons is needed if robust technologies are to be deployed successfully. This research topic highlights recent advances in microbial enhanced oil recovery, methanogenic hydrocarbon metabolism and carbon dioxide sequestration, bioremediation, microbiologically influenced corrosion, biodesulfurization, and the application of metagenomics to better understand microbial communities associated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452569
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-256-9
    Language: English
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    Evaluation of Building Resilience under Earthquake Input Using Single, Double and Multiple Impulses (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: Earthquake Response ; resilience ; Building ; base isolation ; structural control ; impulse ; Earthquake ground motion ; energy balance ; robustness ; Seismic resistance
    Description / Table of Contents: This eBook is the third in a series of books on the critical earthquake response of elastic or elastic-plastic structures under near-fault or long-duration ground motions, and includes four original research papers which were published in the specialty section Earthquake Engineering in ‘Frontiers in Built Environment’. Several extensions of the first eBook and the second eBook are included here. The first article is on the earthquake resilience of residential houses after repeated ground motions with high intensity. The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake brought a significant impact on the earthquake resilience of residential houses under repeated ground motions with high intensity in a few days. The necessary strength upgrade withstanding two repeated high-intensity ground motions was found to be 1.5. The second article is concerned with the smart enhancement of earthquake resilience of building structures under both near-fault and long-duration ground motions. A hybrid system of base-isolation and building connection control was proposed and its earthquake resilience to near-fault and long-duration ground motions was evaluated by a double impulse and a multiple impulse. It was demonstrated that the base-isolation is effective for near-fault ground motions and the building connection system using passive dampers is effective for long-duration ground motions. The third article is related to the robustness evaluation of elastic-plastic base-isolated high-rise buildings under resonant near-fault ground motions. The robustness function was introduced to evaluate quantitatively the robustness of elastic-plastic base-isolated high-rise buildings. The fourth article is an extension of the previously proposed energy balance approach to a bilinear elastic-plastic single-degree-of-freedom system under a long-duration sinusoidal ground motion. A historical difficulty in nonlinear vibration posed by Caughey (1960) and Iwan (1961) has been overcome in a smart manner after half a century. The approach presented in this eBook, together with the previous eBooks, is an epoch-making accomplishment to open the door for simpler and deeper understanding of structural reliability and resilience of built environments in the elastic-plastic and nonlinear range.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452705
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-270-5
    Language: English
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    Stress Field Control of Eruption Dynamics (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: Volcanology ; Volcanic Eruptions ; stress field ; Eruption dynamics ; Eruption triggering
    Description / Table of Contents: Increasing evidence supports the claim that stress changes play a fundamental role in triggering volcanic eruptions. Stress changes may vary in origin to include earthquakes, erosion and landslide processes, deglaciation, or tidal effects. The local stress can also change as response of magma influx from deeper reservoirs and an increase of the magma/gas pressure. The stress transfer may be of great importance in reawakening a dormant system. As an example, significant statistical correlation of large earthquakes and eruptions in time and space was suggested in many works. The interaction may be two-fold; where magma intrusions may change the stress at active faults and trigger earthquakes, while tectonic earthquakes may affect the magmatic system and change the eruption activity. The change in local tectonic stress has been claimed as trigger of large ignimbrite eruptions or for controlling the eruptive style of explosive eruptions. Sometimes volcano systems that are nested or closely located may become active in chorus; neighbouring volcanoes may interact in the sense that one volcano triggers its neighbouring volcano. However, although there is ample evidence of concurrence, the processes of interacting volcanoes and near- to far-field tectonic stress are not well understood. Some studies suggest that volcanic eruptions are triggered if compressive stress acts at the magma system and “squeezes” out magma. Other studies suggest that extensional stress fields facilitate magma rise and thus encourage eruptions, or that fluctuating compression and extension during the passing of seismic waves trigger eruptions. This research topic tries to address some of the important open questions in interaction between stress field and volcanic eruption, though both review papers and new contributions.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (131 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452774
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-277-4
    Language: English
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    Sea Level Variability and Change (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: sea level rise ; Climate Change ; coastal flooding ; Extreme sea levels ; storm surge ; Tides ; Coastal morphology ; Meteotsunamis ; Tide gauges ; satellite altimetry
    Description / Table of Contents: There is observational evidence that global mean sea levels are rising and there is concern that the rate of rise will accelerate throughout the 21st century, significantly threatening growing coastal communities. Modern society is vulnerable to even small changes in sea level. More than 600 million people currently live within 10 m of present-day sea level, in an area that generates 10% of the world’s total GDP. An assessment of 136 of the world’s largest port cities estimated that, by the 2070s, the population exposed to flooding risk may grow by more than a factor of three in these cities due to the combined effects of sea level rise, land subsidence, population growth and urbanization, with asset exposure increasing to more than ten times current levels. Therefore, understanding future sea level rise and variability is of utmost importance. In June 2015 we are holding a workshop in Majorca, Spain with a focus on sea level variability and change (see https://slrmallorca.wordpress.com for more details). Over 100 sea level experts from around the world will attend this workshop, from a range of different disciplines. We would like to propose a Research Topic, based on the papers presented at this workshop. The main aims of the workshop are to: 1.) Evaluate the current state-of-knowledge of sea level science; 2.) Identify gaps and unresolved questions in any aspect of sea level science; and 3.) Design future research to address these issue. The workshop will provide a forum for the discussion and the exchange of ideas on key sea level issues, and foster collaboration across the wide range of disciplines involved in sea level research. All aspects of sea level changes will be covered, from global to regional, observations and modelling, processes driving mean sea level changes and extremes, from the geological scale to the instrumental era and future projections and including impacts on the coastal zones.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889451500
    URL: http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/3896/sea-level-variability-and-change
    Language: English
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    Recent Advances in Geomicrobiology of the Ocean Crust (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: Geomicrobiology ; deep biosphere ; IODP ; ocean crust ; iron oxidation ; sulfate reduction ; hydrothermal vents
    Description / Table of Contents: Igneous oceanic crust is one of the largest potential habitats for life on earth, and microbial activity supported by rock-water-microbe reactions in this environment can impact global biogeochemical cycles. However, our understanding of the microbiology of this system, especially the subsurface “deep biosphere” component of it, has traditionally been limited by sample availability and quality. Over the past decade, several major international programs (such as the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations, the current International Ocean Discovery Program and its predecessor Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, and the Deep Carbon Observatory) have focused on advancing our understanding of life in this cryptic, yet globally relevant, biosphere. Additionally, many field and laboratory research programs are examining hydrothermal vent systems –a seafloor expression of seawater that has been thermally and chemically altered in subseafloor crust – and the microbial communities supported by these mineral-rich fluids. The Frontiers in Microbiology 3 September 2017 | Recent Advances in Geomicrobiology of the Ocean Crust papers in this special issue bring together recent discoveries of microbial presence, diversity and activity in these dynamic ocean environments. Cumulatively, the articles in this special issue serve as a tribute to the late Dr. Katrina J. Edwards, who was a pioneer and profound champion of studying microbes that “rust the crust”. This special issue volume serves as a foundation for the continued exploration of the subsurface ocean crust deep biosphere.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (326 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452835
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-283-5
    Language: English
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    Integrative Research on Organic Matter Cycling Across Aquatic Gradients (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
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    Keywords: Marine Biogeochemistry ; Carbon ; organic matter ; river ; estuarine ; marine ; atmosphere ; dynamics ; ecosystem ; interface ; transition
    Description / Table of Contents: Editorial: Integrative Research on Organic Matter Cycling across Aquatic Gradients / Nicholas D. Ward. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00131 --- Influence of Major Storm Events on the Quantity and Composition of Particulate Organic Matter and the Phytoplankton Community in a Subtropical Estuary, Texas / Nicolas E. Reyna, Amber K. Hardison and Zhanfei Liu. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00043 --- The Fate of Carbon in Sediments of the Xingu and Tapajós Clearwater Rivers, Eastern Amazon / Dailson J. Bertassoli, André O. Sawakuchi, Henrique O. Sawakuchi, Fabiano N. Pupim, Gelvam A. Hartmann, Michael M. McGlue, Cristiano M. Chiessi, Matthias Zabel, Enno Schefuß, Tatiana S. Pereira, Rudney A. Santos, Samantha B. Faustino, Paulo E. Oliveira and Denise C. Bicudo. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00044 --- Flux of Dissolved and Particulate Low-Temperature Pyrogenic Carbon from Two High-Latitude Rivers across the Spring Freshet Hydrograph / Allison N. Myers-Pigg, Patrick Louchouarn and Roman Teisserenc. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00038 --- Environmental Drivers of Dissolved Organic Matter Molecular Composition in the Delaware Estuary / Helena Osterholz, David L. Kirchman, Jutta Niggemann and Thorsten Dittmar. doi: 10.3389/feart.2016.00095 --- Molecular and Optical Properties of Tree-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter in Throughfall and Stemflow from Live Oaks and Eastern Red Cedar / Aron Stubbins, Leticia M. Silva, Thorsten Dittmar and John T. Van Stan. doi: 10.3389/feart.2017.00022 --- Composition and Transformation of Dissolved Organic Matter in the Baltic Sea / Michael Seidel, Marcus Manecki, Daniel P. R. Herlemann, Barbara Deutsch, Detlef Schulz-Bull, Klaus Jürgens and Thorsten Dittmar. doi: 10.3389/feart.2017.00031 --- Evaluation of Primary Production in the Lower Amazon River Based on a Dissolved Oxygen Stable Isotopic Mass Balance / William C. Gagne-Maynard, Nicholas D. Ward, Richard G. Keil, Henrique O. Sawakuchi, Alan C. Da Cunha, Vania Neu, Daimio C. Brito, Diani F. Da Silva Less, Joel E. M. Diniz, Aline De Matos Valerio, Milton Kampel, Alex V. Krusche and Jeffrey E. Richey. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00026 --- Surface Gradients in Dissolved Organic Matter Absorption and Fluorescence Properties along the New Zealand Sector of the Southern Ocean / Eurico J. D'Sa and Hyun-cheol Kim. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00021 --- The Genesis and Exodus of Vascular Plant DOM from an Oak Woodland Landscape / Peter J. Hernes, Robert G. M. Spencer, Rachael Y. Dyda, Anthony T. O'Geen and Randy A. Dahlgren. doi: 10.3389/feart.2017.00009 --- Carbon Dioxide Emissions along the Lower Amazon River / Henrique O. Sawakuchi, Vania Neu, Nicholas D. Ward, Maria de Lourdes C. Barros, Aline M. Valerio, William Gagne-Maynard, Alan C. Cunha, Diani F. S. Less, Joel E. M. Diniz, Daimio C. Brito, Alex V. Krusche and Jeffrey E. Richey. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00076 --- Short-Term Dissolved Organic Carbon Dynamics Reflect Tidal, Water Management, and Precipitation Patterns in a Subtropical Estuary / Peter Regier and Rudolf Jaffé. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00250 --- Impact of Wetland Decline on Decreasing Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations along the Mississippi River Continuum / Shuiwang Duan, Yuxiang He, Sujay S. Kaushal, Thomas S. Bianchi, Nicholas D. Ward and Laodong Guo. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00280 --- Microbially-Mediated Transformations of Estuarine Dissolved Organic Matter / Patricia M. Medeiros, Michael Seidel, Scott M. Gifford, Ford Ballantyne, Thorsten Dittmar, William B. Whitman and Mary Ann Moran. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00069 --- Dissolved Organic and Inorganic Carbon Flow Paths in an Amazonian Transitional Forest / Vania Neu, Nicholas D. Ward, Alex V. Krusche and Christopher Neill. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00114
    Pages: Online-Ressource (201 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452125
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-212-5
    Language: English
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    Geomicrobes: Life in Terrestrial Deep Subsurface (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
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    Keywords: Terrestrial deep biosphere ; Eukaryotes ; Groundwater ; microbiome ; Heavy metal resistance ; MINE ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Iron oxidation ; Methane ; cave
    Description / Table of Contents: The deep subsurface is, in addition to space, one of the last unknown frontiers to human kind. A significant part of life on Earth resides in the deep subsurface, hiding great potential of microbial life of which we know only little. The conditions in the deep terrestrial subsurface are thought to resemble those of early Earth, which makes this environment an analog for studying early life in addition to possible extraterrestrial life in ultra-extreme conditions. Early microorganisms played a great role in shaping the conditions on the young Earth. Even today deep subsurface microorganisms interact with their geological environment transforming the conditions in the groundwater and on rock surfaces. Essential elements for life are richly present but in difficultly accessible form. The elements driving the microbial deep life is still not completely identified. Most of the microorganisms detected by novel molecular techniques still lack cultured representatives. Nevertheless, using modern sequencing techniques and bioinformatics the functional roles of these microorganisms are being revealed. We are starting to see the differences and similarities between the life in the deep subsurface and surface domains. We may even begin to see the function of evolution by comparing deep life to life closer to the surface of Earth. Deep life consists of organisms from all known domains of life. This Research Topic reveals some of the rich diversity and functional properties of the great biomass residing in the deep dark subsurface.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (141 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889451791
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-179-1
    Language: English
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    Coronal Magnetometry (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
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    Keywords: astronomy ; Sun ; solar corona ; Magnetic Fields ; solar flares ; Coronal mass ejections ; magnetohydrodynamics ; spectropolarimetry ; Solar Activity
    Description / Table of Contents: Magnetism defines the complex and dynamic solar corona. It determines the magnetic loop structure that dominates images of the corona, and stores the energy necessary to drive coronal eruptive phenomena and flare explosions. At great heights the corona transitions into the ever-outflowing solar wind, whose speed and three-dimensional morphology are controlled by the global coronal magnetic field. Coronal magnetism is thus at the heart of any understanding of the nature of the corona, and essential for predictive capability of how the Sun affects the Earth. Coronal magnetometry is a subject that requires a concerted effort to draw together the different strands of research happening around the world. Each method provides some information about the field, but none of them can be used to determine the full 3D field structure in the full volume of the corona. Thus, we need to combine them to understand the full picture. The purpose of this Frontiers Research Topic on Coronal Magnetometry is to provide a forum for comparing and coordinating these research methods, and for discussing future opportunities.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452200
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-220-0
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    Deep Carbon in Earth : Early Career Scientist Contributions to the Deep Carbon Observatory (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
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    Keywords: carbon ; CO2
    Description / Table of Contents: 06 Editorial: Deep Carbon in Earth: Early Career Scientist Contributions to the Deep Carbon Observatory / Donato Giovannelli, Benjamin A. Black, Alysia D. Cox and Cody S. Sheik --- Carbon Degassing at Volcanoes --- 08 Relationship between Diffuse CO2 Degassing and Volcanic Activity. Case Study of the Poás, Irazú, and Turrialba Volcanoes, Costa Rica / Matthieu Epiard, Geoffroy Avard, J. Maarten de Moor, María Martínez Cruz, Gustav Barrantes Castillo and Henriette Bakkar --- 22 Soil CO2 Degassing Path along Volcano-Tectonic Structures in the Pico-Faial-São Jorge Islands (Azores Archipelago, Portugal) / Fátima Viveiros, Márcio Marcos, Carlos Faria, João L. Gaspar, Teresa Ferreira and Catarina Silva --- The Deep Earth --- 40 Transformations and Decomposition of MnCO3 at Earth’s Lower Mantle Conditions / Eglantine Boulard, Yijin Liu, Ai L. Koh, Mary M. Reagan, Julien Stodolna, Guillaume Morard, Mohamed Mezouar and Wendy L. Mao --- 49 Structure and Dynamics of Confined C-O-H Fluids Relevant to the Subsurface: Application of Magnetic Resonance, Neutron Scattering, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations / Siddharth S. Gautam, Salim Ok and David R. Cole --- 68 An Experimental Study of the Carbonation of Serpentinite and Partially Serpentinised Peridotites / Alicja M. Lacinska, Michael T. Styles, Keith Bateman, Matthew Hall and Paul D. Brown --- Activity of Subsurface Communities --- 88 Improved Measurement of Extracellular Enzymatic Activities in Subsurface Sediments Using Competitive Desorption Treatment / Adrienne Hoarfrost, Rachel Snider and Carol Arnosti --- 99 Microbial Sulfide Filter along a Benthic Redox Gradient in the Eastern Gotland Basin, Baltic Sea / Mustafa Yücel, Stefan Sommer, Andrew W. Dale and Olaf Pfannkuche --- 115 Electron Transfer between Electrically Conductive Minerals and Quinones / Olga Taran --- 128 Reactivation of Deep Subsurface Microbial Community in Response to Methane or Methanol Amendment / Pauliina Rajala and Malin Bomberg --- 141 Response of Deep Subsurface Microbial Community to Different Carbon Sources and Electron Acceptors during ~2 months Incubation in Microcosms / Lotta Purkamo, Malin Bomberg, Mari Nyyssönen, Lasse Ahonen, Ilmo Kukkonen and Merja Itävaara --- 155 Guar Gum Stimulates Biogenic Sulfide Production at Elevated Pressures: Implications for Shale Gas Extraction / Sophie L. Nixon, Leanne Walker, Matthew D. T. Streets, Bob Eden, Christopher Boothman, Kevin G. Taylor and Jonathan R. Lloyd --- Serpentinization and the Carbon Cycle --- 166 Serpentinization-Influenced Groundwater Harbors Extremely Low Diversity Microbial Communities Adapted to High pH / Katrina I. Twing, William J. Brazelton, Michael D. Y. Kubo, Alex J. Hyer, Dawn Cardace, Tori M. Hoehler, Tom M. McCollom and Matthew O. Schrenk --- 182 Methane Dynamics in a Tropical Serpentinizing Environment: The Santa Elena Ophiolite, Costa Rica / Melitza Crespo-Medina, Katrina I. Twing, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, William J. Brazelton, Thomas M. McCollom and Matthew O. Schrenk --- Carbon Through Space and Time --- 196 Evaluating the Role of Seagrass in Cenozoic CO2 Variations / Marco Brandano, Marco Cuffaro, Giovanni Gaglianone, Patrizio Petricca, Vincenzo Stagno and Guillem Mateu-Vicens --- 205 The Hyperarid Core of the Atacama Desert, an Extremely Dry and Carbon Deprived Habitat of Potential Interest for the Field of Carbon Science / Armando Azua-Bustos, Carlos González-Silva and Gino Corsini --- Building a Carbon Network --- 211 Weaving a Knowledge Network for Deep Carbon Science / Xiaogang Ma, Patrick West, Stephan Zednik, John Erickson, Ahmed Eleish, Yu Chen, Han Wang, Hao Zhong and Peter Fox
    Pages: Online-Ressource (221 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889453634
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-363-4
    Language: English
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    Energy efficiency quo vadis? : The role of energy efficiency in a 100 % renewable future (2017)
    Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Following the decisions of the Paris climate conference at the end of 2015 as well as similar announcements e.g. from the G7 in Elmau (Germany) in the summer of 2015, long-term strategies aiming at (almost) full decarbonisation of the energy systems increasingly move into the focus of climate and energy policy. Deep decarbonisation obviously requires a complete switch of energy supply towards zero GHG emission sources, such as renewable energy. A large number of both global as well as national climate change mitigation scenarios emphasize that energy efficiency will likewise play a key role in achieving deep decarbonization. However, the interdependencies between a transformation of energy supply on the one hand and the role of and prospects for energy efficiency on the other hand are rarely explored in detail. This article explores these interdependencies based on a scenario for Germany that describes a future energy system relying entirely on renewable energy sources. Our analysis emphasizes that generally, considerable energy efficiency improvements on the demand side are required in order to have a realistic chance of transforming the German energy system towards 100 % renewables. Efficiency improvements are especially important if energy demand sectors will continue to require large amounts of liquid and gaseous fuels, as the production of these fuels are associated with considerable energy losses in a 100 % renewables future. Energy efficiency on the supply side will therefore differ considerably depending on how strongly the use of liquid and gaseous fuels in the various demand sectors can be substituted through the direct use of electricity. Apart from a general discussion of the role of energy efficiency in a 100 % renewable future, we also look at the role of and prospects for energy efficiency in each individual demand sector.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Paving the way for an energy-efficient future : energy efficiency policy developments in EU member states and recommendations for policy adjustment based on findings of the Energy Efficiency Watch 3 project (2017)
    Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The core objective of Energy Efficiency Watch 3 (EEW3) is to establish a constant feedback loop on the implementation of European and national energy efficiency policies and thus enable both compliance monitoring and mutual learning on effective policy making across the EU. The project team applied a mixed-method approach to assess energy efficiency policy developments in EU Member States. It analysed progress of national policies by screening official documents, sought experts' knowledge via an EU-wide survey and has been creating new consultation platforms with a wide spectrum of stakeholders including parliamentarians, regions, cities and business stakeholders. Analysis of the National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs), the expert survey with input from over 1,100 experts on policy ambition and progress in each Member State, as well as 28 Country Reports have been central elements in EEW3. This paper will present the main conclusions and policy recommendations of EEW3. In doing so, it will first summarise the findings of the document analysis based on the 28 Country Reports, showing developments of energy efficiency policies since the second NEEAP in 2011 in a cross-country overview for six sectors. These findings are then contrasted with the experts' perspective on progress in energy efficiency policies in their countries as collected in the EEW survey. Moreover, ten case studies of good practice energy efficiency policies are shown, three of them will be presented in more detail. The paper ends with key policy conclusions for improving the effectiveness of European energy efficiency policies. A key finding is that policy implementation has improved a lot since 2011 but more is needed to achieve the EED Art. 7 and other targets.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Bridging the information gap on energy efficiency? : Experiences from energy advice experiments in three German cities (2017)
    Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: One of the most pressing issues of climate policy is how to get building owners to invest in the energy efficiency of their homes. The German federal government has set the goal of decreasing the energy demand of buildings by 80 to 95 percent until 2050. One pillar of the strategy to support building owners in this task is the provision of targeted energy advice, to both motivate owners to implement an energy efficiency refurbishment and help them to choose the most efficient measures. In this paper we analysed the demand for energy advice in three German cities of the Ruhr area finding the number of energy consulting provided to be extremely low compared to the stated goals. Based on the approach of joint knowledge production we invited stakeholders from the three cities to participate in a series of workshops in order to develop ideas how to more effectively bring homeowners and energy advisors together. As a result, different energy advice experiments were co-operatively developed for each city targeting different groups by using tailored channels for outreach. The evaluation of both the process as well as the outcome of the experiments indicates that while joint knowledge production is a suitable approach to enable knowledge transfer and formation of new networks between different stakeholders in science and practice, it does not necessarily lead to superior approaches with regard to effectively addressing a policy issue at hand. Apart from the experiment in which the window of opportunity change of building ownership was taken advantage of, participation of target groups in the experiments has been soberingly low, underlining the value of so-called trigger points when designing effective outreach strategies to building owners.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    More than energy savings : quantifying the multiple impacts of energy efficiency in Europe (2017)
    Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Energy efficiency improvements have numerous benefits/impacts additional to energy and greenhouse gas savings, as has been shown and analysed e.g. in the 2014 IEA Report on "Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency". This paper presents the Horizon 2020-project COMBI ("Calculating and Operationalising the Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency in Europe"), aiming at calculating the energy and non-energy impacts that a realisation of the EU energy efficiency potential would have in 2030. The project covers the most relevant technical energy efficiency improvement actions and estimates impacts of reduced air pollution (and its effects on human health, eco-systems/crops, buildings), improved social welfare (incl. disposable income, comfort, health, productivity), saved biotic and abiotic resources, and energy system, energy security, and the macroeconomy (employment, economic growth and public budget). This paper explains how the COMBI energy savings potential in the EU 2030 is being modelled and how multiple impacts are assessed. We outline main challenges with the quantification (choice of baseline scenario, additionality of savings and impacts, context dependency and distributional issues) as well as with the aggregation of impacts (e.g. interactions and overlaps) and how the project deals with them. As research is still ongoing, this paper only gives a first impression of the order of magnitude for additional multiple impacts of energy efficiency improvements may have in Europe, where this is available to date. The paper is intended to stimulate discussion and receive feedback from the academic community on quantification approaches followed by the project.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Making the energy transition happen : intermediaries as "driving force" of local energy projects ; a case study in South Westphalia, Germany (2017)
    Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: A case study in the rural area of South Westphalia, Germany, showed the importance of independent intermediaries to support the development and implementation of sustainable energy and efficiency projects. The idea behind the project "Dorf ist Energie(klug)" (Village is Energy(smart)) was to foster, accompany, and support energy and efficiency projects in villages from the first idea to final implementation. Therefore, the South Westphalia Agency as independent intermediary initiated an application process in which villages could apply with their innovative energy and efficiency project ideas. During the following process the chosen "coaching villages" benefitted from the consultation of teams of thematic experts. Villages with less developed projects were supported through idea workshops with experts and study visits. The accompanying scientific study evaluated the overall process focussing on the transferability, the sustainability and the quality of the process. Furthermore, a self evaluation tool for (energy) projects in villages was developed and tested in two of the participating coaching villages. The paper gives a short insight into the project "Dorf ist Energie(klug)". It presents the methodology of the accompanying study and the results with a special focus on the role of the South Westphalia Agency as independent intermediary. Finally, it discusses the transferability and sustainability of the project.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Energy sufficiency policy : how to limit energy consumption and per capita dwelling size in a decent way (2017)
    Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Energy sufficiency has recently gained increasing attention as a way to limit and reduce total energy consumption of households and overall. This paper presents selected results of a research project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research that examined the potentials and barriers for energy sufficiency with a focus on electricity in households, how household members perceive sufficiency practices, and how policymakers could support and encourage these. Bottom-up calculations for an average 2-person household in Germany yielded a total electricity savings potential from energy efficiency and sufficiency combined of theoretically up to 75 %. The continuous growth of per capita living space was identified as one important driver for additional energy consumption both for heat and electricity. The paper will present findings of a representative survey of 600 persons responsible for the housework. It revealed that a part of the households is already practicing sufficiency options or are open towards these. Up to 30 % of these households can imagine, given the right conditions and policy support, to move to a smaller dwelling or to share an apartment with others when they are older. Results of a first comprehensive analysis of an energy sufficiency policy to encourage and support households to sufficiency practices form the second part of the paper, with a focus on the feasibility and potential effectiveness of instruments for limiting the growth in average living space per person. This includes a case study on fostering communal housing projects as a measure to reduce living space. Further, the feasibility of a cap scheme for the total electricity sales of a supplier to its customers was examined. Instruments supporting energy-efficient and sufficient purchase and use of equipment complete the integrated energy sufficiency and efficiency policy package. The paper will finally present the project's conclusions on an integrated energy sufficiency policy package resulting from this analysis.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    The future of EU energy efficiency policies : a comprehensive analysis of gaps, shortcomings, and potential remedies (2017)
    Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Energy efficiency activities are high on the current EU energy policy agenda. Key policy instruments like the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED), the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and the Energy Labelling Directive are under revision. In a project for the German government, we therefore analysed the effectiveness and consistency of existing sectoral policy packages anew, to open the discussion on which policy changes to the EU's energy efficiency policy packages are crucial to reach the targets. This comprehensive review addressed the industrial, buildings, and transport sectors plus the overarching governance framework (targets and roadmaps, EED, energy taxation and EU ETS). For each of these, the first step was a gap analysis of the main deficits in the sectoral policy packages, against effective model packages. At first glance, the combination of energy efficiency policies at EU level seems already quite comprehensive. However, their design and implementation often lack a consistent and ambitious approach to leverage their full potential. To give some examples of the many shortcomings identified, the governance framework suffers from exceptions and the transport sector being only marginally considered in the EED; an outdated Energy Tax Directive has very low minimum rates and several exception clauses; there is a lack of commitment to implement energy management systems and investment projects in large companies; a clear EU-wide definition of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) is missing; and the labelling of energy-using products is still confusing for consumers. Subsequently, we elaborated comprehensive policy recommendations to increase the effectiveness of all these policies, and to bridge some gaps with new policies. A list of priorities was established to sort them by their relevance.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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