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  • GFZ Data Services  (50)
  • Lausanne : Frontiers  (10)
  • English  (60)
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  • English  (60)
  • Chinese
  • Danish
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  • 2015-2019  (60)
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  • 1
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    Integrative Research on Organic Matter Cycling Across Aquatic Gradients (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: Marine Biogeochemistry ; Carbon ; organic matter ; river ; estuarine ; marine ; atmosphere ; dynamics ; ecosystem ; interface ; transition
    Description / Table of Contents: Editorial: Integrative Research on Organic Matter Cycling across Aquatic Gradients / Nicholas D. Ward. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00131 --- Influence of Major Storm Events on the Quantity and Composition of Particulate Organic Matter and the Phytoplankton Community in a Subtropical Estuary, Texas / Nicolas E. Reyna, Amber K. Hardison and Zhanfei Liu. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00043 --- The Fate of Carbon in Sediments of the Xingu and Tapajós Clearwater Rivers, Eastern Amazon / Dailson J. Bertassoli, André O. Sawakuchi, Henrique O. Sawakuchi, Fabiano N. Pupim, Gelvam A. Hartmann, Michael M. McGlue, Cristiano M. Chiessi, Matthias Zabel, Enno Schefuß, Tatiana S. Pereira, Rudney A. Santos, Samantha B. Faustino, Paulo E. Oliveira and Denise C. Bicudo. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00044 --- Flux of Dissolved and Particulate Low-Temperature Pyrogenic Carbon from Two High-Latitude Rivers across the Spring Freshet Hydrograph / Allison N. Myers-Pigg, Patrick Louchouarn and Roman Teisserenc. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00038 --- Environmental Drivers of Dissolved Organic Matter Molecular Composition in the Delaware Estuary / Helena Osterholz, David L. Kirchman, Jutta Niggemann and Thorsten Dittmar. doi: 10.3389/feart.2016.00095 --- Molecular and Optical Properties of Tree-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter in Throughfall and Stemflow from Live Oaks and Eastern Red Cedar / Aron Stubbins, Leticia M. Silva, Thorsten Dittmar and John T. Van Stan. doi: 10.3389/feart.2017.00022 --- Composition and Transformation of Dissolved Organic Matter in the Baltic Sea / Michael Seidel, Marcus Manecki, Daniel P. R. Herlemann, Barbara Deutsch, Detlef Schulz-Bull, Klaus Jürgens and Thorsten Dittmar. doi: 10.3389/feart.2017.00031 --- Evaluation of Primary Production in the Lower Amazon River Based on a Dissolved Oxygen Stable Isotopic Mass Balance / William C. Gagne-Maynard, Nicholas D. Ward, Richard G. Keil, Henrique O. Sawakuchi, Alan C. Da Cunha, Vania Neu, Daimio C. Brito, Diani F. Da Silva Less, Joel E. M. Diniz, Aline De Matos Valerio, Milton Kampel, Alex V. Krusche and Jeffrey E. Richey. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00026 --- Surface Gradients in Dissolved Organic Matter Absorption and Fluorescence Properties along the New Zealand Sector of the Southern Ocean / Eurico J. D'Sa and Hyun-cheol Kim. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00021 --- The Genesis and Exodus of Vascular Plant DOM from an Oak Woodland Landscape / Peter J. Hernes, Robert G. M. Spencer, Rachael Y. Dyda, Anthony T. O'Geen and Randy A. Dahlgren. doi: 10.3389/feart.2017.00009 --- Carbon Dioxide Emissions along the Lower Amazon River / Henrique O. Sawakuchi, Vania Neu, Nicholas D. Ward, Maria de Lourdes C. Barros, Aline M. Valerio, William Gagne-Maynard, Alan C. Cunha, Diani F. S. Less, Joel E. M. Diniz, Daimio C. Brito, Alex V. Krusche and Jeffrey E. Richey. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00076 --- Short-Term Dissolved Organic Carbon Dynamics Reflect Tidal, Water Management, and Precipitation Patterns in a Subtropical Estuary / Peter Regier and Rudolf Jaffé. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00250 --- Impact of Wetland Decline on Decreasing Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations along the Mississippi River Continuum / Shuiwang Duan, Yuxiang He, Sujay S. Kaushal, Thomas S. Bianchi, Nicholas D. Ward and Laodong Guo. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00280 --- Microbially-Mediated Transformations of Estuarine Dissolved Organic Matter / Patricia M. Medeiros, Michael Seidel, Scott M. Gifford, Ford Ballantyne, Thorsten Dittmar, William B. Whitman and Mary Ann Moran. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00069 --- Dissolved Organic and Inorganic Carbon Flow Paths in an Amazonian Transitional Forest / Vania Neu, Nicholas D. Ward, Alex V. Krusche and Christopher Neill. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00114
    Pages: Online-Ressource (201 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452125
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-212-5
    Language: English
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    Geomicrobes: Life in Terrestrial Deep Subsurface (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: Terrestrial deep biosphere ; Eukaryotes ; Groundwater ; microbiome ; Heavy metal resistance ; MINE ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Iron oxidation ; Methane ; cave
    Description / Table of Contents: The deep subsurface is, in addition to space, one of the last unknown frontiers to human kind. A significant part of life on Earth resides in the deep subsurface, hiding great potential of microbial life of which we know only little. The conditions in the deep terrestrial subsurface are thought to resemble those of early Earth, which makes this environment an analog for studying early life in addition to possible extraterrestrial life in ultra-extreme conditions. Early microorganisms played a great role in shaping the conditions on the young Earth. Even today deep subsurface microorganisms interact with their geological environment transforming the conditions in the groundwater and on rock surfaces. Essential elements for life are richly present but in difficultly accessible form. The elements driving the microbial deep life is still not completely identified. Most of the microorganisms detected by novel molecular techniques still lack cultured representatives. Nevertheless, using modern sequencing techniques and bioinformatics the functional roles of these microorganisms are being revealed. We are starting to see the differences and similarities between the life in the deep subsurface and surface domains. We may even begin to see the function of evolution by comparing deep life to life closer to the surface of Earth. Deep life consists of organisms from all known domains of life. This Research Topic reveals some of the rich diversity and functional properties of the great biomass residing in the deep dark subsurface.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (141 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889451791
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-179-1
    Language: English
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    Deep Carbon in Earth : Early Career Scientist Contributions to the Deep Carbon Observatory (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: carbon ; CO2
    Description / Table of Contents: 06 Editorial: Deep Carbon in Earth: Early Career Scientist Contributions to the Deep Carbon Observatory / Donato Giovannelli, Benjamin A. Black, Alysia D. Cox and Cody S. Sheik --- Carbon Degassing at Volcanoes --- 08 Relationship between Diffuse CO2 Degassing and Volcanic Activity. Case Study of the Poás, Irazú, and Turrialba Volcanoes, Costa Rica / Matthieu Epiard, Geoffroy Avard, J. Maarten de Moor, María Martínez Cruz, Gustav Barrantes Castillo and Henriette Bakkar --- 22 Soil CO2 Degassing Path along Volcano-Tectonic Structures in the Pico-Faial-São Jorge Islands (Azores Archipelago, Portugal) / Fátima Viveiros, Márcio Marcos, Carlos Faria, João L. Gaspar, Teresa Ferreira and Catarina Silva --- The Deep Earth --- 40 Transformations and Decomposition of MnCO3 at Earth’s Lower Mantle Conditions / Eglantine Boulard, Yijin Liu, Ai L. Koh, Mary M. Reagan, Julien Stodolna, Guillaume Morard, Mohamed Mezouar and Wendy L. Mao --- 49 Structure and Dynamics of Confined C-O-H Fluids Relevant to the Subsurface: Application of Magnetic Resonance, Neutron Scattering, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations / Siddharth S. Gautam, Salim Ok and David R. Cole --- 68 An Experimental Study of the Carbonation of Serpentinite and Partially Serpentinised Peridotites / Alicja M. Lacinska, Michael T. Styles, Keith Bateman, Matthew Hall and Paul D. Brown --- Activity of Subsurface Communities --- 88 Improved Measurement of Extracellular Enzymatic Activities in Subsurface Sediments Using Competitive Desorption Treatment / Adrienne Hoarfrost, Rachel Snider and Carol Arnosti --- 99 Microbial Sulfide Filter along a Benthic Redox Gradient in the Eastern Gotland Basin, Baltic Sea / Mustafa Yücel, Stefan Sommer, Andrew W. Dale and Olaf Pfannkuche --- 115 Electron Transfer between Electrically Conductive Minerals and Quinones / Olga Taran --- 128 Reactivation of Deep Subsurface Microbial Community in Response to Methane or Methanol Amendment / Pauliina Rajala and Malin Bomberg --- 141 Response of Deep Subsurface Microbial Community to Different Carbon Sources and Electron Acceptors during ~2 months Incubation in Microcosms / Lotta Purkamo, Malin Bomberg, Mari Nyyssönen, Lasse Ahonen, Ilmo Kukkonen and Merja Itävaara --- 155 Guar Gum Stimulates Biogenic Sulfide Production at Elevated Pressures: Implications for Shale Gas Extraction / Sophie L. Nixon, Leanne Walker, Matthew D. T. Streets, Bob Eden, Christopher Boothman, Kevin G. Taylor and Jonathan R. Lloyd --- Serpentinization and the Carbon Cycle --- 166 Serpentinization-Influenced Groundwater Harbors Extremely Low Diversity Microbial Communities Adapted to High pH / Katrina I. Twing, William J. Brazelton, Michael D. Y. Kubo, Alex J. Hyer, Dawn Cardace, Tori M. Hoehler, Tom M. McCollom and Matthew O. Schrenk --- 182 Methane Dynamics in a Tropical Serpentinizing Environment: The Santa Elena Ophiolite, Costa Rica / Melitza Crespo-Medina, Katrina I. Twing, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, William J. Brazelton, Thomas M. McCollom and Matthew O. Schrenk --- Carbon Through Space and Time --- 196 Evaluating the Role of Seagrass in Cenozoic CO2 Variations / Marco Brandano, Marco Cuffaro, Giovanni Gaglianone, Patrizio Petricca, Vincenzo Stagno and Guillem Mateu-Vicens --- 205 The Hyperarid Core of the Atacama Desert, an Extremely Dry and Carbon Deprived Habitat of Potential Interest for the Field of Carbon Science / Armando Azua-Bustos, Carlos González-Silva and Gino Corsini --- Building a Carbon Network --- 211 Weaving a Knowledge Network for Deep Carbon Science / Xiaogang Ma, Patrick West, Stephan Zednik, John Erickson, Ahmed Eleish, Yu Chen, Han Wang, Hao Zhong and Peter Fox
    Pages: Online-Ressource (221 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889453634
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-363-4
    Language: English
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    Studying Tree Responses to Extreme Events (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: Extreme climate events ; Tree response ; wood functional traits ; Ecophysiology ; Genetic plasticity ; Manipulation experiments ; mechanistic modeling ; forest management
    Description / Table of Contents: Trees are among the longest-living organisms. They are sensitive to extreme climatic events and document the effects of environmental changes in form of structural modifications of their tissues. These modifications represent an integrated signal of complex biological responses enforced by the environment. For example, temporal change in stem increment integrates multiple information of tree performance, and wood anatomical traits may be altered by climatic extremes or environmental stress. Recent developments in preparative tools and computational image analysis enable to quantify changes in wood anatomical features, like vessel density or vessel size. Thus, impacts on their functioning can be related to climatic forcing factors. Similarly, new developments in monitoring (cambial) phenology and mechanistic modelling are enlightening the interrelationships between environmental factors, wood formation and tree performance and mortality. Quantitative wood anatomy is a reliable indicator of drought occurrence during the growing season, and therefore has been studied intensively in recent years. The variability in wood anatomy not only alters the biological and hydraulic functioning of a tree, but may also influence the technological properties of wood, with substantial impacts in forestry. On a larger scale, alterations of sapwood and phloem area and their ratios to other functional traits provide measures to detect changes in a tree’s life functions, and increasing risk of drought-induced mortality with possible impacts on hydrological processes and species composition of plant communities. Genetic variability within and across populations is assumed to be crucial for species survival in an unpredictable future world. The magnitude of genetic variation and heritability of adaptive traits might define the ability to adapt to climate change. Is there a relation between genetic variability and resilience to climate change? Is it possible to link genetic expression and climate change to obtain deeper knowledge of functional genetics? To derive precise estimates of genetic determinism it is important to define adaptive traits in wood properties and on a whole-tree scale. Understanding the mechanisms ruling these processes is fundamental to assess the impact of extreme climate events on forest ecosystems, and to provide realistic scenarios of tree responses to changing climates. Wood is also a major carbon sink with a long-term residence, impacting the global carbon cycle. How well do we understand the link between wood growth dynamics, wood carbon allocation and the global carbon cycle? Papers contribution to this Research Topic will cover a wide range of ecosystems. However, special relevance will be given to Mediterranean-type areas. These involve coastal regions of four continents, making Mediterranean-type ecosystems extremely interesting for investigating the potential impacts of global change on growth and for studying responses of woody plants under extreme environmental conditions. For example, the ongoing trend towards warmer temperatures and reduced precipitation can increase the susceptibility to fire and pests. The EU-funded COST Action STREeSS (Studying Tree Responses to extreme Events: a SynthesiS) addresses such crucial tree biological and forest ecological issues by providing a collection of important methodological and scientific insights, about the current state of knowledge, and by opinions for future research needs.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (466 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889451920
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-192-0
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Petroleum Microbial Biotechnology : Challenges and Prospects (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: hydrocarbon ; Oil reservoir ; corrosion ; Enhanced Oil Recovery ; methanogenesis ; biosurfactants ; Biodesulfurization ; Energy ; petroleum biotechnology ; Biodegradation
    Description / Table of Contents: Petroleum hydrocarbons are both a product of, and rich substrate for, microorganisms from across all Domains of life. Rooted deeply in the history of microbiology, hydrocarbons have been studied as sources of carbon and energy for microorganisms for over a century. As global demand for petroleum and its refined products continues to rise, so do challenges associated with environmental pollution, oil well souring, infrastructure corrosion, oil recovery, transport, refining, and upgrading of heavy crude oils and bitumens. Advances in genomics, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering has invigorated interest in petroleum microbial biotechnology as interest grows in technologies for in situ methane production, biodesulfurization and biodenitrogenation, bio-upgrading of heavy crudes, microbial enhanced oil recovery, corrosion control, and biocatalysts for generating value-added products. Given the complexity of the global petroleum industry and the harsh conditions in which it operates, a deeper understanding of the ecophysiology of aerobic and anaerobic microbial communities that have associations with petroleum hydrocarbons is needed if robust technologies are to be deployed successfully. This research topic highlights recent advances in microbial enhanced oil recovery, methanogenic hydrocarbon metabolism and carbon dioxide sequestration, bioremediation, microbiologically influenced corrosion, biodesulfurization, and the application of metagenomics to better understand microbial communities associated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452569
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-256-9
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    Evaluation of Building Resilience under Earthquake Input Using Single, Double and Multiple Impulses (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: Earthquake Response ; resilience ; Building ; base isolation ; structural control ; impulse ; Earthquake ground motion ; energy balance ; robustness ; Seismic resistance
    Description / Table of Contents: This eBook is the third in a series of books on the critical earthquake response of elastic or elastic-plastic structures under near-fault or long-duration ground motions, and includes four original research papers which were published in the specialty section Earthquake Engineering in ‘Frontiers in Built Environment’. Several extensions of the first eBook and the second eBook are included here. The first article is on the earthquake resilience of residential houses after repeated ground motions with high intensity. The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake brought a significant impact on the earthquake resilience of residential houses under repeated ground motions with high intensity in a few days. The necessary strength upgrade withstanding two repeated high-intensity ground motions was found to be 1.5. The second article is concerned with the smart enhancement of earthquake resilience of building structures under both near-fault and long-duration ground motions. A hybrid system of base-isolation and building connection control was proposed and its earthquake resilience to near-fault and long-duration ground motions was evaluated by a double impulse and a multiple impulse. It was demonstrated that the base-isolation is effective for near-fault ground motions and the building connection system using passive dampers is effective for long-duration ground motions. The third article is related to the robustness evaluation of elastic-plastic base-isolated high-rise buildings under resonant near-fault ground motions. The robustness function was introduced to evaluate quantitatively the robustness of elastic-plastic base-isolated high-rise buildings. The fourth article is an extension of the previously proposed energy balance approach to a bilinear elastic-plastic single-degree-of-freedom system under a long-duration sinusoidal ground motion. A historical difficulty in nonlinear vibration posed by Caughey (1960) and Iwan (1961) has been overcome in a smart manner after half a century. The approach presented in this eBook, together with the previous eBooks, is an epoch-making accomplishment to open the door for simpler and deeper understanding of structural reliability and resilience of built environments in the elastic-plastic and nonlinear range.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452705
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-270-5
    Language: English
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    Stress Field Control of Eruption Dynamics (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: Volcanology ; Volcanic Eruptions ; stress field ; Eruption dynamics ; Eruption triggering
    Description / Table of Contents: Increasing evidence supports the claim that stress changes play a fundamental role in triggering volcanic eruptions. Stress changes may vary in origin to include earthquakes, erosion and landslide processes, deglaciation, or tidal effects. The local stress can also change as response of magma influx from deeper reservoirs and an increase of the magma/gas pressure. The stress transfer may be of great importance in reawakening a dormant system. As an example, significant statistical correlation of large earthquakes and eruptions in time and space was suggested in many works. The interaction may be two-fold; where magma intrusions may change the stress at active faults and trigger earthquakes, while tectonic earthquakes may affect the magmatic system and change the eruption activity. The change in local tectonic stress has been claimed as trigger of large ignimbrite eruptions or for controlling the eruptive style of explosive eruptions. Sometimes volcano systems that are nested or closely located may become active in chorus; neighbouring volcanoes may interact in the sense that one volcano triggers its neighbouring volcano. However, although there is ample evidence of concurrence, the processes of interacting volcanoes and near- to far-field tectonic stress are not well understood. Some studies suggest that volcanic eruptions are triggered if compressive stress acts at the magma system and “squeezes” out magma. Other studies suggest that extensional stress fields facilitate magma rise and thus encourage eruptions, or that fluctuating compression and extension during the passing of seismic waves trigger eruptions. This research topic tries to address some of the important open questions in interaction between stress field and volcanic eruption, though both review papers and new contributions.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (131 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452774
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-277-4
    Language: English
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    Sea Level Variability and Change (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: sea level rise ; Climate Change ; coastal flooding ; Extreme sea levels ; storm surge ; Tides ; Coastal morphology ; Meteotsunamis ; Tide gauges ; satellite altimetry
    Description / Table of Contents: There is observational evidence that global mean sea levels are rising and there is concern that the rate of rise will accelerate throughout the 21st century, significantly threatening growing coastal communities. Modern society is vulnerable to even small changes in sea level. More than 600 million people currently live within 10 m of present-day sea level, in an area that generates 10% of the world’s total GDP. An assessment of 136 of the world’s largest port cities estimated that, by the 2070s, the population exposed to flooding risk may grow by more than a factor of three in these cities due to the combined effects of sea level rise, land subsidence, population growth and urbanization, with asset exposure increasing to more than ten times current levels. Therefore, understanding future sea level rise and variability is of utmost importance. In June 2015 we are holding a workshop in Majorca, Spain with a focus on sea level variability and change (see https://slrmallorca.wordpress.com for more details). Over 100 sea level experts from around the world will attend this workshop, from a range of different disciplines. We would like to propose a Research Topic, based on the papers presented at this workshop. The main aims of the workshop are to: 1.) Evaluate the current state-of-knowledge of sea level science; 2.) Identify gaps and unresolved questions in any aspect of sea level science; and 3.) Design future research to address these issue. The workshop will provide a forum for the discussion and the exchange of ideas on key sea level issues, and foster collaboration across the wide range of disciplines involved in sea level research. All aspects of sea level changes will be covered, from global to regional, observations and modelling, processes driving mean sea level changes and extremes, from the geological scale to the instrumental era and future projections and including impacts on the coastal zones.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889451500
    URL: http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/3896/sea-level-variability-and-change
    Language: English
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    Recent Advances in Geomicrobiology of the Ocean Crust (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: Geomicrobiology ; deep biosphere ; IODP ; ocean crust ; iron oxidation ; sulfate reduction ; hydrothermal vents
    Description / Table of Contents: Igneous oceanic crust is one of the largest potential habitats for life on earth, and microbial activity supported by rock-water-microbe reactions in this environment can impact global biogeochemical cycles. However, our understanding of the microbiology of this system, especially the subsurface “deep biosphere” component of it, has traditionally been limited by sample availability and quality. Over the past decade, several major international programs (such as the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations, the current International Ocean Discovery Program and its predecessor Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, and the Deep Carbon Observatory) have focused on advancing our understanding of life in this cryptic, yet globally relevant, biosphere. Additionally, many field and laboratory research programs are examining hydrothermal vent systems –a seafloor expression of seawater that has been thermally and chemically altered in subseafloor crust – and the microbial communities supported by these mineral-rich fluids. The Frontiers in Microbiology 3 September 2017 | Recent Advances in Geomicrobiology of the Ocean Crust papers in this special issue bring together recent discoveries of microbial presence, diversity and activity in these dynamic ocean environments. Cumulatively, the articles in this special issue serve as a tribute to the late Dr. Katrina J. Edwards, who was a pioneer and profound champion of studying microbes that “rust the crust”. This special issue volume serves as a foundation for the continued exploration of the subsurface ocean crust deep biosphere.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (326 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452835
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-283-5
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    Coronal Magnetometry (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: astronomy ; Sun ; solar corona ; Magnetic Fields ; solar flares ; Coronal mass ejections ; magnetohydrodynamics ; spectropolarimetry ; Solar Activity
    Description / Table of Contents: Magnetism defines the complex and dynamic solar corona. It determines the magnetic loop structure that dominates images of the corona, and stores the energy necessary to drive coronal eruptive phenomena and flare explosions. At great heights the corona transitions into the ever-outflowing solar wind, whose speed and three-dimensional morphology are controlled by the global coronal magnetic field. Coronal magnetism is thus at the heart of any understanding of the nature of the corona, and essential for predictive capability of how the Sun affects the Earth. Coronal magnetometry is a subject that requires a concerted effort to draw together the different strands of research happening around the world. Each method provides some information about the field, but none of them can be used to determine the full 3D field structure in the full volume of the corona. Thus, we need to combine them to understand the full picture. The purpose of this Frontiers Research Topic on Coronal Magnetometry is to provide a forum for comparing and coordinating these research methods, and for discussing future opportunities.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452200
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-220-0
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    Broadband Recordings for LITHOS-CAPP: LITHOspheric Structure of Caledonian, Archaean and Proterozoic Provinces, Sep. 2014 - Oct. 2016, Sweden and Finland – Recorder log-file - Datasets (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: LITHOS-CAPP is the German contribution to the international ScanArray experiment. ScanArray is an array of broadband seismometers with which we aim to study the lithosphere and upper mantle beneath the Scandinavian Mountains and the Baltic Shield. LITHOS-CAPP contributed 20 broadband recording stations from September 2014 to October 2016, 10 in Sweden and 10 in Finland, continuously recordings at 100 samples per second. The stations were deployed by the KIT Geophysical Institute and GFZ section 2.4 (seismology). They form part of the temporary network ScanArrayCore (FDSN network code 1G 2012-2017). This data publication contains the original log-files of the recorders.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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    Köthen 2011/2012 - an EnMAP Preparatory Flight Campaign (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    In:  EnMAP Flight Campaigns Technical Report
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The dataset is composed of hyperspectral imagery acquired during airplane overflights on May 10th, 2011, June 27th, 2011 and May 24th, 2012 consisting of 367 and 368 spectral bands, respective-ly, ranging from VIS to SWIR (400 - 2500 nm) wavelength regions. The hyperspectral image datasets were acquired in the framework EnMAP preparation project HyLand (Hyperspectral remote sens-ing for the assessment of crop and soil parameters in precision farming and yield estimation). With-in the project, innovative techniques were developed to derive crop and soil parameters from hy-perspectral remote sensing and terrestrial laser scanning, which served as input parameters for novel yield estimation models.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
    Format: application/pdf
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    Seismic Monitoring of Glacier Activity on Svalbard (SEISMOGLAC) - Datasets (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Climatic change is of incredible importance in the polar regions as ice-sheets and glaciers respond strongly to change in average temperature. The analysis of seismic signals (icequakes) emitted by glaciers (i.e., cryo-seismology) is thus gaining importance as a tool for monitoring glacier activity. To understand the scaling relation between regional glacier-related seismicity and actual small-scale local glacier dynamics and to calibrate the identified classes of icequakes to locally observed waveforms, a temporary passive seismic monitoring experiment was conducted in the vicinity of the calving front of Kronebreen, one of the fastest tidewater glaciers on Svalbard (Fig. 1). By combining the local observations with recordings of the nearby GEOFON station GE.KBS, the local experiment provides an ideal link between local observations at the glacier to regional scale monitoring of NW Spitsbergen. During the 4-month operation period from May to September 2013, eight broadband seismometers and three 4-point short-period arrays were operating around the glacier front of Kronebreen.
    Language: English
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    IndCoils_FGE - A software package for merging Fluxgate and Induction Coil data (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: For frequencies above 30 mHz the instrument intrinsic noise level of typical fluxgate magnetometers used at geomagnetic observatories usually masks ambient magnetic field variations on magnetically quiet days. Natural field variations referred to as pulsations (Pc-1, Pc-2, Pi-1) fall in this band. Usually their intensity is so small that they rarely surpass the instrumental noise of fluxgate magnetometers. INTERMAGNET has set a minimum quality standard for definitive 1 s data (Turbitt, 2014) which can actually hardly be met by fluxgate magnetometers in use by magnetic observatories. Brunke et al. (2017) propose a method to improve 1Hz observatory data by merging data from the proven and tested fluxgate magnetometers currently in use with induction coil magnetometers into a single data stream. This data publication includes the according MATLAB software package implementing the merging of both data sets. The content of the software package and the functionality of each module is described in the content.txt file that is also included in the zip folder. The resulting data are in line with the INTERMAGNET format for 1 s magnetic data, but surpasses the INTERMAGNET 1 s standard by far. The long term stability of the fluxgate data is not affected. The changes to the fluxgate data remain within the range of the instrument intrinsic noise. In addition to the Matlab software, we provide test datasets of one day length kindly provided by the magnetic observatories Niemegk, Conrad and Eskdalemuir.
    Language: English
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    Superconducting Gravimeter Data from Potsdam - Level 1. (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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    Kite - Software for Rapid Earthquake Source Optimisation from InSAR Surface Displacement (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We present a modular open-source software framework - kite (http://pyrocko.org), written in Python and C. The software enables rapid post-processing of space-born InSAR-derived surface displacement maps, swift parametrization and sub-sampling of the displacement measurements. With our package we aim to ease and streamline the optimization of earthquake source parameters from InSAR and GPS data and facilitate their joint optimization with seismological waveforms in combination with the pyrocko toolbox. Through such joint data optimizations from near- and far-field observations the determination of rupture parameters and processes will become more accurate and robust. Moreover, we present an intuitive kinematic deformation modelling sandbox for handling and manipulating various kinds of tectonic and volcanic deformation sources, interacting in elastic homogeneous or layered, full- or half-spaces.
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    Supplement to: Growing Faults in the Lab: Insights int the Scale Dependence of the Fault Zone Evolution Process (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: This dataset is supplementary material to the article of Ritter et al. (2017). In this article, the similarity of fault propagation work in analogue sandbox experiments to natural fault networks is investigated through measurements in a strike-slip sandbox and in a ring-shear-tester. The transient shear strength of the samples is measured for different fault lengths and from this the work is determined. For a detailed description of the procedure and the set-up please see Ritter et al. (2017). The data available in this supplementary publication are: • For the strike-slip experiments three video sequences of the deformation together with the evolution of boundary force for fault lengths of 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm. The videos show the curl of the deformation field, determined by Digital Image Correlation of top-view video images. These files are in AVI-format and included in the zip folder 2017-005-Ritter-movies.zip. • A folder containing force vs. displacement measurements for each experiment (2017-005-Ritter-forces.zip). These are 25 ASCII-files that contain two columns of numerical data: the first column is the displacement in meter; the second column is the corresponding force in newton. The files are named according to the following pattern: 〈fault length in meter〉_〈experiment number〉.asc • A Matlab script to load the force files and calculate the work. This file is called “plotwork.m” and calls the Matlab function “work.m”, which does the actual calculations. These files have been tested in Matlab version 2012b. The surface deformation data are available upon request.
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    High resolution Digital Elevation Model of Merapi summit in 2015 generated by UAVs and TLS (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: This data publication is a high resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated for the Merapi summit by combining terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) photogrammetry data acquired in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The structures of the data are further analysed in Darmawan et al. 2017 (http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.11.006). The published datasets consist of combined point clouds with ~65 million data points and a DEM with a resampled resolution of 0.5 m. The DEM data covers the complexity of the Merapi summit with area of 2 km2. The coordinate of the datasets is projected to global coordinates (WGS 1984 UTM Zone 49 South). TLS is a topography mapping technique which exploits the travel time of a laser beam to measure the range between the ground-based scanning instrument and the earth’s surface. TLS provides high accuracy, precision, and resolution for topography mapping, however, it requires different scan position to obtain accurate topography model in a complex topography. The TLS dataset was acquired by using a long-range RIEGL VZ-6000 instrument with a Pulse Repetition Rate (PRR) of 30 kHz. The Merapi data includes an observation range of 0.129 – 4393.75 m, a theta range (vertical) of 73 – 120° with a sampling angle of 0.041°, a phi range (horizontal) of 33° - 233° with a sampling angle of 0.05°, and 12 reflectors for each scan. The used TLS dataset was achieved by combining two scan positions, both realized in September 2014. In order to reduce still eminent shadowing, we conducted additionally a UAV photogrammetry survey. The UAV data allows to fill data gaps and generate a complete 3D point cloud. The UAV photogrammetry was conducted by using DJI Phantom 2 quadcopter drone in October 2015. The drone carried GoPro HERO 3+ camera and a H3-3D gimbal to reduce image shaking. We obtained over 300 images which cover the summit area of Merapi. By applying the Structure from Motion algorithm, we are able to generate a 3D point cloud model of Merapi summit. Further details on this procedure are provided in Darmawan et al. (2017). Structure from Motion is a technique to generate a 3D model based on 2D overlapped images. The algorithm detects and matches the same ground features of 2D images, reconstructs a 3D scene, and calculates a depth map for each camera frame. The algorithm used is implemented in Agisoft Photoscan Professional software. After importing the images in Agisoft, we used the ‘align image’ function with high accuracy setting to generate 3D sparse point cloud and ‘build dense cloud’ function with high quality to generate 3D dense point cloud. The 3D point clouds of TLS and UAV photogrammetry were then georeferenced to our georeferenced 3D point cloud which acquired in 2012. The RMS of TLS and UAV photogrammetry during georeferenced is 0.60 and 0.44 m, respectively, as described in Further details on this procedure are provided in Darmawan et al. (2017). After georeferencing, both 3D point clouds were merged and interpolated to a raster format in the ArcMap software.
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    Hydrothermal Friction data of gouges derived from the Alpine Fault (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The Alpine Fault, New Zealand, is a major plate-bounding fault that accommodates 65–75% of the total relative motion between the Australian and Pacific plates. Here we present data on the hydrothermal frictional properties of Alpine Fault rocks that surround the principal slip zones (PSZ) of the Alpine Fault and those comprising the PSZ itself. The samples were retrieved from relatively shallow depths during phase 1 of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-1) at Gaunt Creek. Simulated fault gouges were sheared at temperatures of 25, 150, 300, 450, and 600°C in order to determine the friction coefficient as well as the velocity dependence of friction. Friction remains more or less constant with changes in temperature, but a transition from velocity-strengthening behavior to velocity-weakening behavior occurs at a temperature of T = 150°C. The transition depends on the absolute value of sliding velocity as well as temperature, with the velocity-weakening region restricted to higher velocity for higher temperatures.Friction was substantially lower for low-velocity shearing (V〈0.3 μm/s) at 600°C, but no transition to normal stress independence was observed. In the framework of rate-and-state friction, earthquake nucleation is most likely at an intermediate temperature of T = 300°C. The velocity-strengthening nature of the Alpine Fault rocks at higher temperatures may pose a barrier for rupture propagation to deeper levels, limiting the possible depth extent of large earthquakes. Our results highlight the importance of strain rate in controlling frictional behavior under conditions spanning the classical brittle-plastic transition for quartzofeldspathic compositions. The data is provided in a .zip folder with 33 subfolders for 33 samples. Detailed information about the files in these subdfolders as well as sensors used, conversions and data specifications is given in the explanatory file Niemeijer-2017-DFDP-explanation-of-folder-structure-and-file-list.pdf.
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    Airborne Gravimetry Data from GEOHALO project - (Data Set) (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The dataset contains the results of airborne gravimetry realized by the GEOHALO flight mission over Italy in 2012. The intention was to show whether and how an efficient airborne gravity field determination is feasible in wide areas when using a fast jet aircraft like HALO at higher altitudes. Here, unlike in airborne gravimetry for exploration purposes, the aim is not primarily to reach the highest spatial resolution by flying as low and slowly as possible. A challenge for HALO would be to map areas (e.g., Antarctica) where only insufficient or no terrestrial gravity data are available to achieve a resolution which is better than that of satellite-only gravity field models. This is beneficial for the generation of global gravity field models which require a uniform, high spatial resolution for the gravity data over the entire Earth. The raw gravimetry recordings were recorded by the GFZ air-marine gravimeter Chekan-AM. Kinematic vertical accelerations were calculated from Doppler observations which were derived by GNSS carrier phase measurements (1 Hz). To remove the high-frequency noise, a low-pass filter with a cut-off wavelength of 200 s (corresponding to a half-wavelength resolution of approximately 12 km) was applied to both the Chekan-AM measurements and GNSS kinematic accelerations. To investigate how future airborne gravity campaigns using jet aircraft could be optimized, a dedicated flight track was repeated two times which shows that the equipment worked well also at higher altitude and speed. For the accuracy analysis 17 crossover points could be used. This analysis yielded a RMS of the gravity differences of 1.4 mGal which, according to the law of error propagation, implies an accuracy of a single measurement to be 1 mGal. The dataset is provided in as ASCII text (Lu-et-al_2017-001_Tracks_GEOHALO.txt) and is described in the README. For a detailed description of the set-up and analysis of the data, please see Biao et al. (2017, http://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014425).
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    The gravity field model based on the second invariant of the GOCE gravitational gradient tensor: IGGT_R1 (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: IGGT_R1 is a static gravity field model based on the second invariant of the GOCE gravitational gradient tensor, up to degree and order 240. Based on tensor theory, three invariants of the gravitational gradient tensor (IGGT) are independent of the gradiometer reference frame (GRF). Compared to traditional methods for calculation of gravity field models based on GOCE data, which are affected by errors in the attitude indicator, using IGGT and least squares method avoids the problem of inaccurate rotation matrices. IGGT_R1 is the first experiment to use this method to build a real gravity field model by using GOCE gravitational gradients. This new model has been developed by Wuhan University (WHU), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Technical University of Berlin (TUB), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) and Zhengzhou Information Engineering University (IEU). More details about the gravity field model IGGT_R1 is given in our paper “The gravity field model IGGT_R1 based on the second invariant of the GOCE gravitational gradient tensor” (Lu et al., 2017, http://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-017-1089-8). This work is supported by the Chinese Scholarship Council (No. 201506270158), the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41104014, 41131067, 41374023, 41474019 and 41504013) and the Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry Education, Wuhan University (No. 16-02-07).
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    Data collection for a damage assessment after the flash flood in Braunsbach (Germany) in May 2016 (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: A severe flash flood event hit the town of Braunsbach (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) on the evening of May 29, 2016, heavily damaging and destroying several dozens of buildings. It was only one of several disastrous events in Central Europe caused by the low-pressure system “Elvira”. The DFG Research Training Group “Natural hazards and risks in a changing world” (NatRiskChange, GRK 2043/1) at the University of Potsdam investigated the Braunsbach flash flood. In this context damage data for 94 affected buildings, describing building characteristics, the degree of impact and the caused damage, were collected ten days after the flood event and provide the basis for damage assessment studies (Agarwal et al., 2017; Laudan et al., 2017, Vogel et al., 2017). The multi-polygon maps provide flood loss in EUR for residential land use areas according to the ATKIS (Authoritative Topographic Cartographic Information System) codes residential areas (2111) and areas of mixed use (2113), (BKG GEODATENZENTRUM: ATKIS-Basis-DLM, 2005). Loss values are calculated using the FloodLossEstimationMOdel for the residential sector (FLEMOps+r) developed by Elmer et al. (2010) in combination with exposure data based on total replacement costs for residential buildings (Kleist et al., 2006). Asset values with a spatial resolution corresponding to the underlying inundation depth maps of the stochastic event set (100x100 m) have been derived by applying a binary disaggregation method and using the digital basic landscape model ATKIS as ancillary information (Wünsch et al. 2009). The flood event sets are derived for the historical period (1970-1990) and two RCPs (4.5 and 8.5) for the near future (2020-2049) and far future (2070-2099) for four CORDEX models. These flood event sets are created within continuous long-term simulations of a coupled model chain including the IMAGE stochastic multi-variable, multi-site weather generator, the eco-hydrological model SWIM and 1D river network coupled with 2D hydro-numeric hinterland inundation model, see Schröter et al. (2017) for further details The data have been produced within the OASIS+ demonstrator project 'Future Danube Multi Hazard and Risk Model' funded by Climate-KIC in the period from January 2016 to December 2017. Key features: • Flood loss maps for residential areas in the German part of the Danube catchment from stochastic flood event sets for current and future climate. • High spatial resolution for ATKIS residential land use areas intersected with 100x100 m inundation depth maps. • Flood loss scenarios for historical period (1970-1990) and two RCPs (4.5 and 8.5) for the near future (2020-2049) and far future (2070-2099) from four CORDEX models Key usage: • Large-scale flood risk assessment • Future flood risk assessment • Flood risk management with long-term perspective A full description of the data provenance and specification is given in the README_Schroeter-et-al-2017-004.txt file available in the data download section at this DOI Landing Page.
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    IPOC cGPS - Continuous Mode GPS data in the IPOC Region, Northern Chile (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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    The GOCE-only global gravity field model IfE_GOCE05s (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: IfE_GOCE05s is a GOCE-only global gravity field model, which was developed at the Institut für Erdmessung (IfE), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany. The observations with a time span from 1 November 2009 to 20 October 2013 are used for the model recovery. The GOCE precise kinematic orbit with 1-s sampling rate is processed for the gravity field up to degree/order 150, while the three main diagonal gravity gradients are down-sampled to 2 s and used to recover the model up to degree/order 250. With two additional Kaula’s regularizations, the combined model “IfE_GOCE05s” is derived, with a maximum degree of 250. To develop IfE_GOCE05s, the following GOCE data (01.11.2009 - 20.10.2013) was used: * Orbits: SST_PKI_2, SST_IAQ_2; * Gradients: EGG_GGT_2, EGG_IAQ_2. None any priori gravity field information was used. Processing procedures: Gravity from orbits (SST): * Acceleration approach was applied to the kinematic orbit data; * PKI data was at 1 s sampling rate; * Model was derived up to d/o (degree/order) 150; * VCM (Variance-Covariance Matrix) was derived arc-wisely from the post-fit residuals. Gravity from gradients (SGG): * Gradients Vxx, Vyy and Vzz in the GRF (Gradiometer Reference Frame) were used; * Gradients were down-sampled to 2 s; * Model was derived up to d/o 250; * VCM was estimated arc-wisely from the post-fit residuals. Regularization: * A strong Kaula-regularization was applied to constrain the (near-)zonal coefficients that are degraded by the polar gap problem; * A slight Kaula-regularization was applied to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the coefficients between d/o 201 and 250; * The regularization parameters were empirically determined. Combined solution: * The normal equations for SST and SGG were summed wih proper weighting factors; * Weighting factors for SST and SGG were determined from variance component estimation; * A direct inversion was applied on the final normal equation.
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    Supplementary Data to: “Bedrock Geology of DFDP-2B, Central Alpine Fault, New Zealand" (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: These data are supplementary material to “Bedrock Geology of DFDP-2B, Central Alpine Fault, New Zealand” (Toy et al., 2017, http://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2017.1375533). The data tables SF3 and SF4 are provided as well as Excel as well as CSV and PDF versions (in the zip folder). The table numbers below are referring to Toy et al. (2017): Toy_SF1.pdf (Data Description): Supplementary Data to “Bedrock Geology of DFDP-2B, Central Alpine Fault, New Zealand”, including supplementary methods, Information on reference frames and corrections, and protocols for thin section preparation and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Toy_SF2: Table S1. Time vs. depth during drilling, with lag dip corrections Toy_SF3: Table S2. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) data acquired using a TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA) and phases detected by mineral liberation analysis (MLA) Toy_SF4: Table S3. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) grain sizes
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    Pyrocko - An open-source seismology toolbox and library (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Pyrocko is an open source seismology toolbox and library, written in the Python programming language. It can be utilized flexibly for a variety of geophysical tasks, like seismological data processing and analysis, calculation of Green's functions and earthquake models' synthetic waveforms and static displacements (InSAR or GPS). Those can be used to characterize extended earthquake ruptures, point sources (moment tensors) and other seismic sources. This publication includes the Pyrocko core, a library providing building blocks for researchers and students wishing to develop their own applications.
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    The Swath-D Seismic Network in Italy and Austria (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The SWATH-D experiment is dense deployment of 154 seismic stations in the Central and Eastern Alps between Italy and Austria, complementing the larger-scale sparser AlpArray Seismic Network (AASN). SWATH-D will provide high resolution images from the surface into the upper mantle, and allow observations of local seismicity. SWATH-D focuses on a key area of the Alps where the hypothesized flip in subduction polarity has been suggested, and where an earlier seismic profile (TRANSALP) has imaged a jump in the Moho. Where mains power is available (at ca. 80 sites) stations are providing realtime data via the cellphone network and are equipped with Güralp CMG-3EPSC (60s) seismometers and Earth Data Recorders EDR-210. The rest of the stations are offline and consist mainly of Nanometrics Trillium Compact (120s) and Güralp CMG-3EPSC (60s) seismometers equipped with either Omnirecs CUBE3 or PR6-24 Earth Data Loggers. All stations are equipped with external GPS antennas and the sampling rate is 100 Hz (Heit, et al., 2018). The network will operate for 2 years starting in July 2017. The Swath-D data will be used directly by 20 individual proposals of the MB-4D Priority Program (Mountain Building Processes in Four Dimensions, 2017) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) and data products derived from it will contribute to additional 13 proposals. SWATH-D is thus an important link between the MB-4D Priority Program and the international AlpArray communities and a scientific service to many of the proposals within the DFG Priority Program. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code ZS, and are embargoed until August 2023. After the end of embargo, data will be openly available under CC-BY 4.0 license according to GIPP-rules.
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    EnMAP Campaign Portal – Flight campaigns of the “EnMAP Data Exploitation and Application Development Program” (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    In:  EnMAP Technical Report
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Hyperspectral airborne campaigns have been carried out in the frame of the data exploitation and application development program of the German Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) to support method and application development in the prelaunch phase of the EnMAP satellite mission. A metadata portal (EnMAP Campaign Portal) has been set up providing general information about the campaigns, recorded airborne hyperspectral data sets, other data associated to the respective campaigns like field and laboratory measurements and a number of field guides for in-situ data acquisition. Furthermore, it informs about the availability of simulated EnMAP and Sentinel-2 data for the respective campaign region. The data listed in the EnMAP Campaign Portal is freely available under a Creative Commons License as DOI-referenced data publications.
    Language: English
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    Alternate_Mag_Absolutes - A software package for Magnetic Absolute Measurements with arbitrarily distributed DI Theodolite Orientations (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: This data publication includes a matlab software package as described in Brunke (2017). In addition to the Matlab software, we provide three test dataset from the Niemegk magnetic observatories (NGK). We present a numerical method, allowing for the evaluation of an arbitrary number (minimum 5 as there are 5 independent parameters) of telescope orientations. The traditional measuring schema uses a fixed number of eight orientations (Jankowski et al, 1996). Our method provides D, I and Z base values and calculated uncertitudes of them. A general approach has significant advantages. Additional measurements may by seamlessly incorporate for higher accuracy. Individual erroneous readings are identified and can be discarded without invalidating the entire data set, a-priory information can be incorporated. We expect the general method to ease requirements also for automated DI-flux measurements. The method can reveal certain properties of the DI-theodolite, which are not captured by the conventional method. Based on the alternative evaluation method, a new faster and less error prone measuring schema is presented. It avoids the need to calculate the magnetic meridian prior to the inclination measurements. Measurements in the vicinity of the magnetic equator become possible with theodolites without zenith ocular.
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    Residential flood loss maps Danube catchment (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: This data set provides a set of residential flood loss maps (ESRI Shapefiles) for the German part of the Danube catchment for current and future climate based on a stochastic event set of flood hazard footprints (Schröter et al. 2017; http://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.5.4.2017.003). The multi-polygon maps provide flood loss in EUR for residential land use areas according to the ATKIS (Authoritative Topographic Cartographic Information System) codes residential areas (2111) and areas of mixed use (2113), (BKG GEODATENZENTRUM: ATKIS-Basis-DLM, 2005). Loss values are calculated using the FloodLossEstimationMOdel for the residential sector (FLEMOps+r) developed by Elmer et al. (2010) in combination with exposure data based on total replacement costs for residential buildings (Kleist et al., 2006). Asset values with a spatial resolution corresponding to the underlying inundation depth maps of the stochastic event set (100x100 m) have been derived by applying a binary disaggregation method and using the digital basic landscape model ATKIS as ancillary information (Wünsch et al. 2009). The flood event sets are derived for the historical period (1970-1990) and two RCPs (4.5 and 8.5) for the near future (2020-2049) and far future (2070-2099) for four CORDEX models. These flood event sets are created within continuous long-term simulations of a coupled model chain including the IMAGE stochastic multi-variable, multi-site weather generator, the eco-hydrological model SWIM and 1D river network coupled with 2D hydro-numeric hinterland inundation model, see Schröter et al. (2017) for further details The data have been produced within the OASIS+ demonstrator project 'Future Danube Multi Hazard and Risk Model' funded by Climate-KIC in the period from January 2016 to December 2017. Key features: • Flood loss maps for residential areas in the German part of the Danube catchment from stochastic flood event sets for current and future climate. • High spatial resolution for ATKIS residential land use areas intersected with 100x100 m inundation depth maps. • Flood loss scenarios for historical period (1970-1990) and two RCPs (4.5 and 8.5) for the near future (2020-2049) and far future (2070-2099) from four CORDEX models Key usage: • Large-scale flood risk assessment • Future flood risk assessment • Flood risk management with long-term perspective A full description of the data provenance and specification is given in the README_Schroeter-et-al-2017-004.txt file available in the data download section at this DOI Landing Page.
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    A new time-series of GRACE monthly gravity field solutions obtained by accounting for the colored noise in the K-Band range-rate measurements (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The WHU_RL01 GRACE monthly gravity field solutions are produced with the classical dynamic approach at the GNSS Research Center of Wuhan University. Three sets of monthly solutions complete to d/o 60, 90 and 120 are produced without any regularization for the time period from 2002-04 to 2016-07. K-Band range rates with a sampling of 5 seconds and reduced-dynamic orbits with a sampling of 5 minutes are used as observations. To account for the colored noise in the K-Band range-rate measurements, the frequency-dependent data weighting scheme proposed by Ditmar et al. (2007) is adopted. Additionally, a unified weight for the reduced-dynamic orbits is applied based on its a priori precision of 2 cm for each component. The strategy adopted for producing the WHU_RL01 GRACE monthly gravity field models is summarized in Table 1 (please find it in the attached explanatory file). It should be noted that relatively short arcs (6 hours per arc) are used to reduce the resonance effects caused by inaccuracies in initial state vectors and background force models (Colombo, 1984). The reduced-dynamic orbits are also used as observations in our data processing. Although a reduced-dynamic orbit contain certain a priori gravity field information, the resulting bias in the gravity field solutions have been proved to be limited when inverted together with the K-band measurements (Chen et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2010).
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    Argolis, Greece, Site Effect Study for the HERACLES Project (Nov. 2012 – Jun. 2013) - Seismic Data - Datasets (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Engineering seismological models (incl. ground amplification and topographic effects) of key structures in Tiryns and Midea, Greece, will be used to test the hypothesis of seismogenic causes of the decline of the Mycenaean settlements in the 12th century BC.
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    Routing Service: A data centre federation for the seismological community (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: This service provides routing information for distributed data centres, in the case where multiple different seismic data centres offer access to data and products using compatible types of services. Examples of the data and product objects are seismic timeseries waveforms, station inventory, or quality parameters from the waveforms. The European Integrated Data Archive (EIDA) is an example of a set of distributed data centres (the EIDA „nodes“). EIDA have offered Arclink and Seedlink services for many years, and now offers FDSN web services, for accessing their holdings. In keeping with the distributed nature of EIDA, these services could run at different nodes or elsewhere; even on computers from normal users. Depending on the type of service, these may only provide information about a reduced subset of all the available waveforms. To be effective, the Routing Service must know the locations of all services integrated into a system and serve this information in order to help the development of smart clients and/or services at a higher level, which can offer the user an integrated view of the entire system (EIDA), hiding the complexity of its internal structure. The service is intended to be open and able to be queried by anyone without the need of credentials or authentication.
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    Survey Mode GPS data in the IPOC Region, Central Andes, Chile (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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    IPOC Creep (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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    VelocityConversion (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: This code is a python implementation of the p- and s-wave velocity to density conversion approach after Goes et al. (2000). The implementation has been optimised for regular 3D grids using lookup tables instead of Newton iterations. Goes et al. (2000) regard the expansion coefficient as temperature dependent using the relation by Saxena and Shen (1992). In `Conversion.py`, the user can additionally choose between a constant expansion coefficient or a pressure- and temperature dependent coefficient that was derived from Hacker and Abers (2004). For detailed information on the physics behind the approach have a look at the original paper by Goes et al. (2000). Up-to-date contact information are given on the author's github profile https://github.com/cmeessen.
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    East Pollino Experiment, Southern Italy (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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    3D-city Flood Damage Module prototype implementation (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Climate change manifests in terms of changing frequency and magnitude of extreme hydro-meteorological events and thus drives changes in urban flood hazard. Flood risk oriented urban planning is key to derive smart adaptation strategies, strengthen resilience and achieve sustainable development. 3D city models offer detailed spatial information which is useful to describe the exposure and to characterize the susceptibility of buildings at risk.This web-based application presents the 3d-city flood damage module (3DCFD) prototype which has been developed and implemented within a pathfinder projected funded by Climate-KIC during 2015-2016. The presentation illustrates the results of the 3DCFD-module exemplarily for the demonstration case in the City of Dresden. Relative damage to residential buildings which results from various flooding scenarios is shown for the focus area Pieschen in Dresden.The application allows the user to browse through the virtual city model and to colour the residential buildings regarding their relative damage values caused by different flooding scenarios. To do so click on 'Content', then on the brush-icon next to 'Buildings' and select a certain style from the drop-down menu. A style represents a specific combination of loss model and flooding scenario. Flooding scenarios provide spatially detailed inundation depth information according to different water stages at the gauge Dresden. Currently two flood loss models are implemented: a simple stage-damage-function (sdf) which related inundation depth to relative loss and the 3DCFD-module which uses additional information about building characteristics available from the virtual city model. A click on a coloured building will display additional information. The loss estimation module has been developed by the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Section Hydrology. The web-application has been developed by virtualcitySYSTEMS GmbH. The data consisting of flood scenarios, a virtual 3D city model, and a terrain model were provided by the City of Dresden.
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    Land seismic data of the ALPHA amphibious controlled source experiment – Datasets (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Raw-, SEG-Y and other supplementary data of the landside deployment from the amphibious wide-angle seismic experiment ALPHA are presented. The aim of this project was to reveal the crustal and lithospheric structure of the subducting Adriatic plate and the external accretionary wedge in the southern Dinarides. Airgun shots from the RV Meteor were recorded along two profiles across Montenegro and northern Albania.
    Language: English
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    Multi-GNSS Rapid Orbit-, Clock- & EOP-Product Series (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences is providing Rapid multi-GNSS orbit-, clock- and EOP-product series (EOP = Earth Orientation Parameters). The Orbit/Clock product covers the following Global Navaigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) - GAL (Galileo) / Europe - GPS (GPS) / USA - GLO (Glonass) / Russian Federation - BDS (Beidou) / PR China - QZS (QZSS) / Japan All products are estimated using the latest version of GFZ's automated EPOS-8 GNSS processing environment and using global daily RINEX observation data of the International GNSS Service (IGS). The orbit/clock product is provided: - in the SP3-d data format, - daily with a nominal latency of 1 day after the last observation, - the orbit positions epoch interval is of 5 minutes. - the satellite clock corrections epoch interval is of 30 seconds. The EOP product is provided: - in the IGS ERP data format, - daily with a nominal latency of 1 day after the last observation, - with one estimated 24 hour EOP record based on real GNSS RINEX observation data, The products are available via ftp. The time series are provided in weekly folders, beginning with 28 January 2014 (GPS Week 1777). For recent (latest) products used for routine applications a registration via mgnss@gfz-potsdam.de is needed to get special access. Products with an age older than 2 days are available without restrictions. For the used data formats see Kouba and Mierault (2010, https://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/igscb/data/format/erp.txt) for the description of the EOP Product Series and Hilla (2010, https://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/igscb/data/format/sp3d.pdf) for the description of the Orbit-/ Clock format SP3-d).
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    Generating circumferential images of tomographic drill-core scans (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: This code (nwrap.ijm) can be used to generate an 'unrolled' circumferential image of a tomographic drill-core scan, such as an X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scan. The resulting image is analogous to those produced by a DMT CoreScan system®. By comparing such images to geographically references borehole televiewer data, it may be used to reorientate drill-core back into geographic space (Williams et al. submitted).
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    Hourly mean values geomagnetic observatory Huancayo (HUA), 1935 to 1985 (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The data set contains hourly mean values (HMV) of the horizontal magnetic field component H as measured at the geomagnetic observatory Huancayo for 1935 to 1985. Huancayo (IAGA code HUA) is located close to the magnetic equator and is operated by Instituto Geofisico del Peru. The HMVs were taken from the World Data Centre Kyoto (WDC Kyoto) and existing data gaps (in total some 19 years from the 1960ies, 1970ies and 1980ies) were filled in by typing handwritten records of the HMV at GFZ. These handwritten records were monthly tables that were received as digital images from geomagnetic observatory Huancayo or that were received as microfilms from World Data Centre Boulder, Colorado. We also produced digital images of these microfilms. The values from the WDC Kyoto are definitive values; the monthly tables presumably also contain definitive values. Corrections to HUA HMVs from WDC Kyoto: There is a known error in the time stamping of the HUA HMVs prior to 1948 (before 1948 the data was reported in local time, rather than universal time). This error is corrected in the present dataset. Also, an attempt was made to correct for a jump in the HMV time series at this time. For further corrections, see Matzka et al, 2017. Please note that a dataset based on the data provided here will be submitted to the WDC Kyoto at a later stage and might undergo further modifications. The data file is in ASCII format and contains blank-separated first the year (YYYY), the month (MM), the day (DD) followed by the 24 HMVs of H (format HHHHH) in nanotesla (nT), starting with the HMV for 00 to 01 universal time. Geomagnetic observatories are described in e.g. Jankowski and Sucksdorf (1996).
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    Supplement to: Sandbox Rheometry: Co-Evolution of Stress and Strain in Riedel- and Critical Wedge-Experiments (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: This dataset is supplementary to the article of Ritter et al. (2017). In this article, a new experimental device is presented that facilitates precise measurements of boundary forces and surface deformation at high temporal and spatial resolution. This supplementary dataset contains the measurement data from two experiments carried out in this new experimental device: one experiment of an accretionary critical wedge and one of Riedel-type strike-slip deformation. For a detailed description of the set-up and an analysis of the data, please see Ritter et al. (2017). The data available for either experiment are: • A video showing deformation in top view together with the evolution of boundary force. This file is in AVI-format. • A time-series of 2D vector fields describing the surface deformation. These vector fields were obtained from top-view video images of the respective experiment by means of digital image correlation (DIC). Each vector field is contained in a separate file; the files are consecutively numbered. The vector fields are stored in *.mat-files that can be opened using e.g. the software Matlab or the freely available GNU Octave. They take the form of Matlab structure arrays and are compatible to the PIVmat-toolbox by Moisy (2016) that is freely available. The most important fields of the structure are: x and y, that are vectors spanning a coordinate system, and vx and vy, which are arrays containing the actual vector components in x- and y-direction, respectively. • A file containing the measurements of the boundary force applied to drive deformation. This file is also a *.mat-file, containing a structure F with fields force, velocity and position. These fields are vectors describing the force applied by the indenter, the indenter velocity and the indenter position
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    Stable water isotopes in precipitation in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-08
    Description: This dataset contains 74 weekly/bi-weekly precipitation sum samples recorded at An Long, in the northern part of the Mekong Delta (Plain of Reed, Dong Thap province, Vietnam). The data were collected as part of a study analyzing the influence of local and regional climatic factors on the stable isotopic composition of rainfall in the Mekong delta as part of the Asian monsoon region (Le Duy et al., 2017).. Samples were taken on a weekly basis between June 2014 and May 2015 and twice a week between June 2015 and December 2015. The rain collector was a dip-in sampler type as described in the guidelines of the IAEA technical procedure for precipitation sampling (IAEA, 2014). It consists of a 5 liters accumulation glass bottle fitted with a vertical 14 cm diameter plastic funnel that reaches almost to the bottom to prevent evaporative losses, and a pressure equilibration plastic tube (2 mm in diameter and 15 m in length) to minimize evaporation out of the collection device. All collected samples were stored in 30 mL plastic sample bottles with tight screw caps to avoid evaporation effects. Between collection and laboratory analysis, the samples were stored in the dark. All stable isotope samples were analyzed at the laboratory of the Alfred-Wegener-Institute (AWI) in Potsdam, Germany. The measurements were performed with a Finnigan MAT Delta-S mass spectrometer using equilibration techniques to determine the ratio of stable oxygen (18O/16O) and hydrogen (2H/1H) isotopes. Analytical results were reported as δ2H and δ18O (‰, relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water - VSMOW) with internal 1σ errors of better than 0.8‰ and 0.1‰ for δ2H and δ18O, respectively. The deuterium excess (d-excess) was calculated with the equation of Dansgaard (1964): d-excess = δ2H - 8*δ18O
    Language: English
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    Tecplot 360 Add-on GeoStress (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-17
    Description: For the visualization and analysis of the stress field from 4D thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) numerical model results two main technical steps are necessary. First, one has to derive from the six independent components of the stress tensor scalar and vector values such as the ori-entation and magnitude of the maximum and minimum horizontal stress, stress ratios, differential stress. It is also of great interest to display e.g. the normal and shear stress with respect to an arbitrarily given surface. Second, an appropriate geometry has to be given such as cross sections, profile e.g. for borehole pathways or surfaces on which the model results and further derived values are interpolated. This includes the three field variables temperature, pore pressure and the displacement vector. To facilitate and automate these steps the add-on GeoStress for the professional visualization software Tecplot 360 EX has been programmed. Besides the aforementioned values derived from the stress tensor the tool also allows to calculate the values of Coulomb Failure Stress (CFS), Slip and Dilation tendency (ST and DT) and Fracture Potential (FP). GeoStress also estimates kinematic variables such as horizontal slip, dip slip, rake vector of faults that are implemented as contact surfaces in the geomechanical-numerical model as well as the true vertical depth. Furthermore, the add-on can export surfaces and polylines and map on these all availble stress values. The technical report describes the technical details of the visualization tool, its usage and ex-emplifies its application using the results of a 3D example of a geomechanical-numerical model of the stress field. The numerical solution is achieved with the finite element software Abaqus version 6.11. It also presents a number of special features of Tecplot 360 EX in combination with GeoStress that allow a professional and efficient analysis. The Add-on and a number of example and input files are provided at http://doi.org/10.5880/wsm.2017.001.
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    AHEPA and Volvi ambient seismic noise experiments - Datasets (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-26
    Description: A temporary seismic array of short-period seismometers was installed in the 8-story AHEPA hospital, located in the city of Thessaloniki, N. Greece. The scope of the survey was to assess the dynamic characteristics of the RC-building by processing ambient vibration recordings of more than 40 seismic stations installed at different positions in the building. Part of the instruments was used in a soil experiment, outside of the hospital, to study possible Soil Structure Interaction phenomena. In addition to above experiments, a site-specific survey was performed in the Volvi basin, 30km ENE of the city of Thessaloniki. The scope of this experiment was to investigate the soil properties and the geometry of the subsurface geology.
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    Global magnetic observatory data 2013 (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-14
    Description: Definitive digital values of the Earth's magnetic field recorded during 2013 at INTERMAGNET observatories around the world. Data includes minute, hourly and daily vector values, along with observatory baseline values for quality control. Annual means are also included. All data is included on the single downloadable archive file (gzipped tar format) available from this landing page. This is the 23rd annual publication in the series. Some national data institutions may have related DOIs that describe subsets of the data. These DOIs are shown under "Related DOIs to be quoted". For more information on the data formats used in this publication and the technical standards used to create the data, please refer to the INTERMAGNET Technical Manual (https://intermagnet.github.io/docs/Technical-Manual/technical_manual.pdf) and the Technical note TN6 "INTERMAGNET Definitive One-second Data Standard"..
    Language: English
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    Ketzin Seismic Monitoring Network (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Ketzin in a small town 20km west of Berlin that hosts a research facility for underground storage. Starting in 2008 the site was used to investigate the onshore geological storage of carbon dioxide (Liebscher et al., 2013). Among a large variety of downhole monitoring measurements and repeated 3D seismics above the storage formation, a seismic network was installed to investigate the possibility of monitoring subsurface processes related to the injection of CO2 with passive seismic recordings (Gassenmeier et al., 2015). The network was operated for 12 month from early 2011 to 2012 and consisted of 10 Guralp broadband sensors of the Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP). Five instruments were located at the drilling site and five instruments were installed at a distance up to 3.5km around the injection site. The Instruments were either installed in basements or buried at a depth of about 70cm (KTE, KTF and KTG). The installation was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant 03G0736A) by the University of Leipzig and the GIPP.
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    X-ray Computed Tomography and borehole televiewer images of the Alpine Fault’s hanging-wall, New Zealand: Deep Fault Drilling Project phase 1 (DFDP-1) and Amethyst Hydro Project (AHP) (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The orientations and densities of fractures in the foliated hanging-wall of the Alpine Fault provide insights into the role of a mechanical anisotropy in upper crustal deformation, and the extent to which existing models of fault zone structure can be applied to active plate-boundary faults. Three datasets were used to quantify fracture damage at different distances from the Alpine Fault principal slip zones (PSZs): (1) X-ray computed tomography (CT) images of drill-core collected within 25 m of the PSZs during the first phase of the Deep Fault Drilling Project that were reoriented with respect to borehole televiewer (BHTV) images, (2) field measurements from creek sections at 〈500 m from the PSZs, and (3) CT images of oriented drill-core collected during the Amethyst Hydro Project at distances of ~500-1400 m from the PSZs. Results show that within 160 m of the PSZs in foliated cataclasites and ultramylonites, gouge-filled fractures exhibit a wide range of orientations. At these distances, fractures are interpreted to form at high confining pressures and/or in rocks that have a weak mechanical anisotropy. Conversley, at distances greater than 160 m from the PSZs, fractures are typically open and subparallel to the mylonitic foliation or schistosity, implying that fracturing occurred at low confining pressures and/or in rocks that are mechanically anisotropic. Fracture density is similar across the ~500 m width of the hanging-wall datasets, indicating that the Alpine Fault does not have a typical âdamage zoneâ defined by decreasing fracture density with distance. Instead, we conclude that the ~160 m-wide zone of intensive gouge-filled fractures provides the best estimate for the width of brittle fault-related damage. This estimate is similar to the 60-200 m wide Alpine Fault low-velocity zone detected through fault zone guided waves, indicating that a majority of its brittle damage occurs within its hanging-wall. The data provided here include CT scan 'core logs' for drill-core from both boreholes of the first phase of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-1A and DFDP-1B) and from the Amethyst Hydro Project (AHP), the code to generate 'unrolled' CT images (which is to be run on imageJ), and an overview image of the integration of unrolled DFDP-1B CT images and BHTV images (DFDP-1B_BHTV-CT-Intergration.pdf). The header for the scan log images indicate 'core run-core section-upper depth-lower depth' for DFDP and 'borehole-core run-core section-upper depth-lower depth' for AHP boreholes. CT scan core logs cover the depth range 67.5-91.1 m in DFDP-1A drill-core and all of DFDP-1B drill-core. A classification of fracture type is given in Williams et al (2016). For DFDP-1 CT scan logs, title of each page labelled by: core run - core section - depth range. For AHP CT scan log, header of each page gives: borehole - core run - core section - depth. These are supplementary material to Williams et al. (submitted), in which a methodology for matching unrolled CT and BHTV images is given in Appendix A.
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    Matlab script Stress2Grid (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The distribution of data records for the maximum horizontal stress orientation SHmax in the Earth’s crust is sparse and very unequally. In order to analyse the stress pattern and its wavelength or to predict the mean SHmax orientation on a regular grid, statistical interpolation as conducted e.g. by Coblentz and Richardson (1995), Müller et al. (2003), Heidbach and Höhne (2008), Heidbach et al. (2010) or Reiter et al. (2014) is necessary. Based on their work we wrote the Matlab® script Stress2Grid that provides several features to analyse the mean SHmax pattern. The script facilitates and speeds up this analysis and extends the functionality compared to aforementioned publications. The script is complemented by a number of example and input files as described in the WSM Technical Report (Ziegler and Heidbach, 2017, http://doi.org/10.2312/wsm.2017.002). The script provides two different concepts to calculate the mean SHmax orientation on a regular grid. The first is using a fixed search radius around the grid point and computes the mean SHmax orientation if sufficient data records are within the search radius. The larger the search radius the larger is the filtered wavelength of the stress pattern. The second approach is using variable search radii and determines the search radius for which the variance of the mean SHmax orientation is below a given threshold. This approach delivers mean SHmax orientations with a user-defined degree of reliability. It resolves local stress perturbations and is not available in areas with conflicting information that result in a large variance. Furthermore, the script can also estimate the deviation between plate motion direction and the mean SHmax orientation.
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    Survey Mode GPS data in the IPOC Region, Central Andes, Chile (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-13
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The survey-mode GPS (sGPS) network in the IPOC region consists of 91 geodetic markers. Over the last decade, the positions of these points in the network have been periodically measured, thus enabling us to quantify the decadal patterns of deformation processes. This temporal catalogue of coordinates complement the continuous GPS (cGPS) array. Meta-data and raw data in Rinex format for the surveys carried out in 2008, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 are available for 91 sites in the north of Chile and the northwest of Argentina. Included in this temporal catalogue are observations made shortly after the 2014 Pisagua-Iquique earthquake. Detailed information about data availability, metadata and site descriptions can be found at: https://kg189/gnss/IPOCSGPS. More description about the Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile (IPOC) can be found at the IPOC Website (www.ipoc-network.org) and on the sGPS Survey on www.ipoc-network.org/associated-projects/gps-campaigns/.
    Keywords: GPS ; Chile ; earthquakes ; subduction zone ; active deformation ; monitoring ; IPOC ; Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 2 Files
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    The experimental gravity field model XGM2016 (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-02
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The experimental gravity field model XGM2016 is an outcome of TUM's assessment of a 15'x15' data grid excerpt provided from NGA's updated and revised gravity data base. The assessment shall support NGA's efforts on the way on the way to the Earth Gravity Model EGM2020.
    Description: Other
    Description: XGM2016 is a combination model based on the satellite-only gravity field model GOCO05s and a global 15'x15' data grid provided from NGA's data base.
    Keywords: ICGEM ; global gravitational model ; GOCO ; Geodesy ; GOCE
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
    Format: 15478728 Bytes
    Format: 4 Files
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    Friction data of simulated fault gouges derived from the Groningen gas field (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We investigated the frictional properties of simulated fault gouges derived from the main lithologies present in the seismogenic Groningen gas field (NE Netherlands), employing in-situ P-T conditions and varying pore fluid salinity. Direct shear experiments were performed on gouges prepared from the Carboniferous Shale/Siltstone underburden, the Upper Rotliegend Slochteren Sandstone reservoir, the overlying Ten Boer Claystone, and the Basal Zechstein anhydrite-carbonate caprock, at 100 ºC, 40 MPa effective normal stress, and sliding velocities of 0.1-10 µm/s. As pore fluids, we used pure water, 0.5-6.2 M NaCl solutions, and a 6.9 M mixed chloride brine mimicking the formation water. Our results show a mechanical stratigraphy, with a maximum friction coefficient (µ) of ~0.65 for the Basal Zechstein, a minimum of ~0.37 for the Ten Boer claystone, ~0.6 for the reservoir sandstone, ~0.5 for the Carboniferous, and µ-values between the end-members for mixed gouges. Pore fluid salinity had no effect on frictional strength. Most gouges showed velocity-strengthening behavior, with little effect of pore fluid salinity on (a-b). However, Basal Zechstein gouge showed velocity-weakening at low salinities and/or sliding velocities, as did 50:50 mixtures with sandstone gouges, tested with the 6.9 M reservoir brine. From a Rate-and-State-Friction viewpoint, our results imply that faults incorporating Basal Zechstein anhydrite-carbonate material at the top of the reservoir are the most prone to accelerating slip, i.e. have the highest seismogenic potential. The results are equally relevant to other Dutch Rotliegend fields and to similar sequences globally. The data is provided in a .zip folder with 29 subfolders for 29 experiments/samples. Detailed information about the files in these subfolders as well as information on how the data is processed is given in the explanatory file Hunfeld-et-al-2017-Data-Description.pdf
    Keywords: Frictional properties ; Simulated fault gouge ; Groningen gas field ; EPOS ; Multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties
    Language: English
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    Hourly mean values geomagnetic observatory Huancayo (HUA), 1935 to 1985 (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-09
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data set contains hourly mean values (HMV) of the horizontal magnetic field component H as measured at the geomagnetic observatory Huancayo for 1935 to 1985. Huancayo (IAGA code HUA) is located close to the magnetic equator and is operated by Instituto Geofisico del Peru. The HMVs were taken from the World Data Centre Kyoto (WDC Kyoto) and existing data gaps (in total some 19 years from the 1960ies, 1970ies and 1980ies) were filled in by typing handwritten records of the HMV at GFZ. These handwritten records were monthly tables that were received as digital images from geomagnetic observatory Huancayo or that were received as microfilms from World Data Centre Boulder, Colorado. We also produced digital images of these microfilms. The values from the WDC Kyoto are definitive values; the monthly tables presumably also contain definitive values. Corrections to HUA HMVs from WDC Kyoto: There is a known error in the time stamping of the HUA HMVs prior to 1948 (before 1948 the data was reported in local time, rather than universal time). This error is corrected in the present dataset. Also, an attempt was made to correct for a jump in the HMV time series at this time. For further corrections, see Matzka et al, 2017. Please note that a dataset based on the data provided here will be submitted to the WDC Kyoto at a later stage and might undergo further modifications. The data file is in ASCII format and contains blank-separated first the year (YYYY), the month (MM), the day (DD) followed by the 24 HMVs of H (format HHHHH) in nanotesla (nT), starting with the HMV for 00 to 01 universal time.Geomagnetic observatories are described in e.g. Jankowski and Sucksdorf (1996).
    Keywords: Geomagnetic Observatory Huancayo ; hourly mean values ; magnetic equator ; equator ; equatorial electrojet ; ionosphere
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
    Format: 3335118 Bytes
    Format: 1 Files
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  • 55
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    Seismic Monitoring of Glacier Activity on Svalbard (SEISMOGLAC) - Datasets (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-13
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Climatic change is of incredible importance in the polar regions as ice-sheets and glaciers respond strongly to change in average temperature. The analysis of seismic signals (icequakes) emitted by glaciers (i.e., cryo-seismology) is thus gaining importance as a tool for monitoring glacier activity. To understand the scaling relation between regional glacier-related seismicity and actual small-scale local glacier dynamics and to calibrate the identified classes of icequakes to locally observed waveforms, a temporary passive seismic monitoring experiment was conducted in the vicinity of the calving front of Kronebreen, one of the fastest tidewater glaciers on Svalbard (Fig. 1). By combining the local observations with recordings of the nearby GEOFON station GE.KBS, the local experiment provides an ideal link between local observations at the glacier to regional scale monitoring of NW Spitsbergen. During the 4-month operation period from May to September 2013, eight broadband seismometers and three 4-point short-period arrays were operating around the glacier front of Kronebreen.
    Keywords: Icequakes ; Glacier monitoring ; cryo-seismology
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset , temporary seismological network
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  • 56
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    Köthen 2011/ 2012 - An EnMAP Preparatory Flight Campaign (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-17
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The dataset is composed of hyperspectral imagery acquired during airplane overflights on May 10th, 2011, June 27th, 2011 and May 24th, 2012 consisting of 367 and 368 spectral bands, respective-ly, ranging from VIS to SWIR (400 - 2500 nm) wavelength regions. The hyperspectral image data was acquired in the framework of the EnMAP preparation project HyLand (Hyperspectral remote sensing for the assessment of crop and soil parameters in precision farming and yield estimation). Within the project, innovative techniques were developed to derive crop and soil parameters from hyper-spectral remote sensing and terrestrial laser scanning data, which served as input parameters for novel yield estimation models.
    Description: Other
    Description: The Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) is a German hyperspectral satellite mission that aims at monitoring and characterizing the Earth’s environment on a global scale. EnMAP serves to measure and model key dynamic processes of the Earth’s ecosystems by extract-ing geochemical, biochemical and biophysical parameters, which provide information on the status and evolution of various terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In the frame of the EnMAP preparatory phase, pre-flight campaigns including airborne and in-situ measurements in different environments and for several application fields are being conducted. The main purpose of these campaigns is to support the development of scientific applications for EnMAP. In addition, the acquired data are input in the EnMAP end-to-end simulation tool (EeteS) and are employed to test data pre-processing and calibration-validation methods. The campaign data are made freely available to the scientific community under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. An overview of all available data is provided in in the EnMAP Flight Campaigns Metadata Portal (http://www.enmap.org/?q=flightbeta).
    Keywords: Imaging Spectroscopy ; Precision Farming ; Yield Estimation ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 AGRICULTURE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL TEXTURE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 AGRICULTURE 〉 AGRICULTURAL PLANT SCIENCE 〉 CROP/PLANT YIELDS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING 〉 VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS 〉 VISIBLE IMAGERY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING 〉 INFRARED WAVELENGTHS 〉 INFRARED IMAGERY
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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    Supplementary data for SELASOMA Project, Madagascar 2012-2014 - Datasets (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-29
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains supplementary data concerning the SELASOMA project (GIPP-Project: Madagaskar; ID: 201204; FDSN-network code: ZE): (1) For stations with Cube data loggers, the raw data files are included. (2) For stations with EDL data loggers the log and auxiliary files are included. The main purpose of this dataset is to archive raw information on the timing quality, and to allow future use of alternative Cube-to-miniseed converters. Do not use this dataset if you are interested in continuous or event-based waveform data. Instead, refer to related dataset containing continuous waveforms . The dataset contains 1) log files for the stations with EDL data loggers (organized in sub-directories according to time range and station code); 2) separated MSEED-formatted data affected by some problems (organized in sub-directories according to time range and station code) and 3) raw CUBE-formatted data (organized in sub-directories according to time range and station name).
    Keywords: Seismology
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 58
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    Broadband Recordings for LITHOS-CAPP: LITHOspheric Structure of Caledonian, Archaean and Proterozoic Provinces, Sep. 2014 - Oct. 2016, Sweden and Finland – Recorder log-file - Datasets (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-29
    Description: Abstract
    Description: LITHOS-CAPP is the German contribution to the international ScanArray experiment. ScanArray is an array of broadband seismometers with which we aim to study the lithosphere and upper mantle beneath the Scandinavian Mountains and the Baltic Shield. LITHOS-CAPP contributed 20 broadband recording stations from September 2014 to October 2016, 10 in Sweden and 10 in Finland, continuously recordings at 100 samples per second. The stations were deployed by the KIT Geophysical Institute and GFZ section 2.4 (seismology). They form part of the temporary network ScanArrayCore (FDSN network code 1G 2012-2017). This data publication contains the original log-files of the recorders.
    Keywords: Broadband seismology ; Scandinavia ; temporary seismic network
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset , temporary seismological network
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  • 59
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    IPOC Creep (2017)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: Abstract
    Description: IPOC Creep is an array of 11 creepmeters installed along 4 active segments oft eh Atacama Fault Zone in Northern Chile. Installation of instruments started in 2008 within the framework of the Integrated Plate-boundary Observatory Chile (IPOC) and was completed in 2011. All installations are designed by the authors and follow a general concept, but are adapted to each site specifically. All the installed instruments use solid 12 mm thick invar rods as length standards, which are firmly attached to a concrete foundation in the hanging wall of the fault and pass through a PVC pipe to the footwall side of the fault where it is fixed to another concrete foundation. The creepmeters are buried at a depth of 30 - 70 cm, in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. We use a LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) with a range of 50 mm to monitor the relative displacement of the free end of the rod relative to the fixation point. Displacement is measured as voltage change and stored on a data logger with a sampling rate of 1/min (2008-2011 and 2/min (since 2011). Temperature at the rod is continuously measured with the same sampling rate to correct for thermal expansion and contraction of the length standard. The length of the instrument is dependent on the geometry at each site and ranges between 2 and 9 m. More specific information on each site can be found on http://www.ipoc-network.org/index.php/observatory/creepmeter.html . The Data is stored as time series since the initial start of operation of each creepmeter until July 2016. Data format is asci and contains 4 columns: 1st column Date[D.M.Y] 2nd column Time [HH:MM:SS] 3rd column ReferenceSensor[V]The reference signal is a steady signal of 1V and fluctuations indicate general voltage fluctuations in the setup. By normalizing to the reference signal it is possible to correct for these voltage changes. 4th column CreepSensor[V]The measured voltage of the CreepSensor is linearly proportional to the actual displacement. It can be converted to micrometers as follows: Displacement(µm) = (CreepSensor(t2)[V] - CreepSensor(t1)[V]) * 10000.
    Keywords: Tectonic Creep ; Active Faults ; Fault Displacement Rate ; Convergent Margin ; Trench Parallel Fault System ; IPOC
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset
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  • 60
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    Global magnetic observatory data 2013 (2017)
    INTERMAGNET ; Addis Ababa University, Institute of Geophysics, Space Science and Astronomy (Ethiopia) ; Altay-Sayan Branch of Geophysical Survey of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia) ; [et al.]
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-20
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Definitive digital values of the Earth's mangetic field recorded during 2013 at INTERMAGNET observatories around the world. Data includes minute, hourly and daily vector values, along with observatory baseline values for quality control. Annual means are also included. All data is included on the single downloadable archive file (gzipped tar format) available from this landing page. This is the 23rd annual publication in the series. Some national data institutions may have related DOIs that describe subsets of the data. These DOIs are shown under "Related DOIs to be quoted".For more information on the data formats used in this publication and the technical standards used to create the data, please refer to the INTERMAGNET Technical Manual (http://www.intermagnet.org/publication-software/technicalsoft-eng.php) and the Technical note TN6 "INTERMAGNET Definitive One-second Data Standard"..
    Description: Methods
    Description: Geomagnetic data is recorded and quality controlled at the institutions responsible for each observatory. Before becoming a member of INTERMAGNET, institutes must make a detailed submission for each observatory that is to join. This submission is verified by a committee in INTERMAGNET before the observatory is admitted. Only data from INTERMAGNET members is published by INTERMAGNET. Each annual definitive data set is checked for quality by a team of data checkers in INTERMAGNET before the data is admitted to the series for that year.
    Description: Other
    Description: The International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network (INTERMAGNET) is the global network of observatories, monitoring the Earth's magnetic field. The INTERMAGNET programme exists to establish a global network of cooperating digital magnetic observatories, adopting modern standard specifications for measuring and recording equipment, in order to facilitate data exchange and the production of geomagnetic products in close to real time. INTERMAGNET also coordinates the publication of quality-controlled, definitive geomagnetic data from its affiliated observatories.
    Keywords: definitive data ; INTERMAGNET ; geomagnetism ; magnetism ; observatory ; definitive ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 GEOMAGNETIC STATIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES 〉 GEOLOGICAL ADVISORIES 〉 GEOMAGNETISM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM
    Language: English
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
    Format: 1 Files
    Format: application/octet-stream
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