ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Two essential components of solar energy which are derivable from the sun-radiant light (passive solar power) and heat (active solar powers) have been harnessed for decades using a range of continuously-evolving and cutting-edge technologies. Such technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and photo emitters. Recently, there has been active research in solar energy resources due to improvements in solar panel geometry, photo-cell materials, glazing and panel orientation. Equally, more rigorous methods of modeling inter-reflections within curvilinear surfaces are now being evaluated for simplified analytical evaluations. Therefore, this book, Solar Radiation Applications, presents the outcomes of selective and classic works on the optimization of these essential fields in active solar energy research.

Description / Table of Contents: The application of Fourier transform (FT) in signal processing and physical sciences has increased in the past decades. Almost all the textbooks on signal processing or physics have a section devoted to the FT theory. For this reason, this book focuses on signal processing and physical sciences. The book chapters are related to fast hybrid recursive FT based on Jacket matrix, acquisition algorithm for global navigation satellite system, determining the sensitivity of output parameters based on FFT, convergence of integrals of products based on Riemann-Lebesgue Lemma function, extending the real and complex number fields for treating the FT, nonmaterial structure, Gabor transform, and chalcopyrite bioleaching. The book provides applications oriented to signal processing and physics written primarily for engineers, mathematicians, physicians and graduate students, will also find it useful as a reference for their research activities.

Description / Table of Contents: Geothermal energy means the natural heat energy from the Earth. The geothermal resources of the Earth are huge and unlike other conventional and renewable energy sources, geothermal energy has unique features; namely, it is available, stable at all times throughout the year, independent of weather conditions, and has an inherent storage capability. Geothermal energy is also considered to be an environmentally friendly clean energy source that could significantly contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions. The utilization of geothermal energy is usually divided into the part used for electricity generation and the part used for heating applications. Due to its important utilization and future prospects, various interesting topics of research related to geothermal energy are covered in this book. This book is the result of contributions from several researchers and experts worldwide. It is hoped that the book will become a useful source of information and basis for extended research for researchers, academics, policy makers, and practitioners in the area of geothermal energy.

Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen, as an energy carrier, is widely regarded as a potential cost-effective, renewable, and clean energy alternative to fossil fuels in order to mitigate the energy shortage and environmental pollution that are currently being faced. The rapid development of advanced materials in hydrogen production, storage, and utilization has opened up a new avenue for the conversion and utilization of hydrogen energy. This book summarizes the current research progress in these areas and is expected to aid in the development and design of advanced materials to improve hydrogen production, storage, and utilization.

Description / Table of Contents: Sustainability should be a key component of every process, safeguarding resources and reserves for future generations. This book shows how a responsible use of resources is possible, offering valid technological alternatives to fight climate change. We offer current technologies and valid methods for a wide range of activities: teaching, investigation, work, business and even daily life. We encourage all our readers to join us and become part of the solution to climate change, rather than the problem. After reading this book, we are certain that you will find justified reasons to start your own personal and social awareness campaign in favour of these effective technologies against climate change.

Description / Table of Contents: Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth. They are distributed across the globe. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. Human society and forests influence each other in both positive and negative ways. Forests provide ecosystem services to humans. Forests can also impose costs, affect people's health, and interfere with tourist enjoyment. This publication presents reviews and research results on negative and positive human interference on forests, as well as ecology, management, governance, policy and economic issues. The book consists of four sections with 12 chapters derived from around the world.

Description / Table of Contents: Nowadays mathematical modeling and numerical simulations play an important role in life and natural science. Numerous researchers are working in developing different methods and techniques to help understand the behavior of very complex systems, from the brain activity with real importance in medicine to the turbulent flows with important applications in physics and engineering. This book presents an overview of some models, methods, and numerical computations that are useful for the applied research scientists and mathematicians, fluid tech engineers, and postgraduate students.

Description / Table of Contents: The pervasive relevance of geospatial information and the development of emerging geospatial technologies offer new opportunity for bridging the gap between remote sensing scientific know-how and end users of products and services. Geospatial technology comprises tools and techniques dealing with the use of spatially referenced information, for the description and modeling of spatial and dynamic phenomena related to the Earth's environment. This book addresses environmental and social applications of geospatial technologies, thus also providing a multidisciplinary perspective on emerging geospatial techniques and tools. It consists of ten chapters offering insight into geospatial technology progress and trends. Authors present several application-oriented studies from various parts of the world, including applications in collaborative geomatics, geospatial statistics, GIS, agriculture, and natural hazard monitoring.

Description / Table of Contents: Renewable energies constitute excellent solutions to both the increase of energy consumption and environment problems. Among these energies, wind energy is very interesting. Wind energy is the subject of advanced research. In the development of wind turbine, the design of its different structures is very important. It will ensure: the robustness of the system, the energy efficiency, the optimal cost and the high reliability. The use of advanced control technology and new technology products allows bringing the wind energy conversion system in its optimal operating mode. Different strategies of control can be applied on generators, systems relating to blades, etc. in order to extract maximal power from the wind. The goal of this book is to present recent works on design, control and applications in wind energy conversion systems.

Description / Table of Contents: This book has been written to present major and efficient applications in landscape ecology, as well as to propose a solid action for this category of topics. The book aims to illustrate various treatment methods of the land-use models impact on landscape ecology creation. The book is divided into three parts: Part I: Ecological interpretation of land-use act - in this part, ecosystem and land use turn out to be a significant factor in the process of creating an ecological landscape. Part II: Landscape district in applied ecological analysis - this part attempts to illustrate the best possible model of analysis integrated with landscape in practical case studies. Part III: The anthropogenic impacts on landscape creation - this part discusses the human impact on landscape creation.

Description / Table of Contents: This Book of Abstracts covers the abstracts presented at the 6th International Maar Conference (6IMC) in Changchun (China). The 6IMC conference sessions are focused on Maar and Environment Change, covering a wide spectrum of topics including: characteristics, mechanism, modeling and geological background of Monogenetic volcanic activities; volcanic evolution and spatial distribution regulation, resources, disaster, detecting, monitoring and societal responses of volcanic activity.

Description / Table of Contents: The book consists mainly of two parts: Chapter 1 - Chapter 7 and Chapter 8 - Chapter 14. Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 treat design techniques based on linearization of nonlinear systems. An analysis of nonlinear system over quantum mechanics is discussed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 to Chapter 7 are estimation methods using Kalman filtering while solving nonlinear control systems using iterative approach. Optimal approaches are discussed in Chapter 8 with retarded control of nonlinear system in singular situation, and Chapter 9 extends optimal theory to H-infinity control for a nonlinear control system.Chapters 10 and 11 present the control of nonlinear dynamic systems, twin-rotor helicopter and 3D crane system, which are both underactuated, cascaded dynamic systems. Chapter 12 applies controls to antisynchronization/synchronization in the chaotic models based on Lyapunov exponent theorem, and Chapter 13 discusses developed stability analytic approaches in terms of Lyapunov stability. The analysis of economic activities, especially the relationship between stock return and economic growth, is presented in Chapter 14.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is based on the contributions of several authors and attempts to describe the roles human activities play in causing geohazards either directly or indirectly through man-made climate change. The risk of these man-made geohazards and the risk assessment are also discussed in this book. Each chapter keeps the authors' notations that vary from chapter to chapter. These authors' notations have been maintained to reduce unintended confusion and errors. Readers should be aware of this variation.

Description / Table of Contents: Increasing innovations and applications make microfluidics a versatile choice for researchers in many disciplines. This book consists of multiple review chapters that aim to cover recent advances and new applications of microfluidics in biology, electronics, energy, and materials sciences. It provides comprehensive views of various aspects of microfluidics ranging from fundamentals of fabrication, flow control, and droplet manipulation to the most recent exploration in emerging areas such as material synthesis, imaging and novel spectroscopy, and marriage with electronics. The chapters have many illustrations showcasing exciting results. This book should be useful for those who are eager to learn more about microfluidics as well as researchers who want to pick up new concepts and developments in this fast-growing field.

Description / Table of Contents: This edited book, Soil Contamination - Current Consequences and Further Solutions, is intended to provide an overview on the different environmental consequences of our anthropogenic activities, which has introduced a large number of xenobiotics that the soil cannot, or can only slower, decompose or degrade. We hope that this book will continue to meet the expectations and needs of all interested in diverse fields with expertise in soil science, health, toxicology, and other disciplines who contribute and share their findings to take this area forward for future investigations.

Description / Table of Contents: The sustainable energy sources are potentially employed to substitute petrol fuels in transport engines such as buses and small vehicles. Hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas engines are forthcoming energy carriers for the internal combustion engine, with higher thermal efficiency and less pollutant emissions. The different availability of renewables has allowed various countries to adopt the most appropriate type of renewable energy technology according to their energy source adequacy/abundance. In Taiwan, ocean energy is considered as an abundant source of renewables due to its geographical location as an island. The Taiwanese government has approved the investment to construct an MW-scale demonstration electricity plant. In this book, the Taiwanese ocean energy experience is comprehensively presented. The technical and legal analyses of ocean energy implementation are provided. The challenges that they had to overcome to optimize the utilization of the most available ocean energy potential are discussed. The sustainable transition in South Africa would be a good example for implementing rooftop solar, especially in low-income communities. Apart from the environmental benefits, sustainable energy technologies can boost the socioeconomic level of developing countries. Other advantages may be the continuous supply of energy and creation of new job opportunities. Moreover, sustainable renewable energy sources such as the wind could be employed for generating electricity to operate water purification systems in remote areas. This, in turn, would overcome the health problems associated with drinking water scarcity issues. This book is an attempt to cover the sustainable energy issues from a technical perspective. Furthermore, the sustainable energy applications and existing case studies are helpful illustrations for the broad understanding of the importance of sustainable energy.

Description / Table of Contents: Differential geometry is a very active field of research and has many applications to areas such as physics and gravity, for example. The papers in this book cover a number of subjects which will be of interest to workers in these areas. It is hoped that the papers here will be able to provide a useful resource for researchers with regard to current fields of research in this important area.

Description / Table of Contents: Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels presents an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the possibilities for production and use of bioenergy, biofuels, and coproducts. Issues related to environment, food, and energy present serious challenges to the success and stability of nations. The challenge to provide energy to a rapidly increasing global population has made it imperative to find new technological routes to increase production of energy while also considering the biosphere's ability to regenerate resources. The bioenergy and biofuels are resources that may provide solutions to these critical challenges. Divided into 25 discreet parts, the book covers topics on characterization, production, and uses of bioenergy, biofuels, and coproducts. Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels provides an insight into future developments in each field and extensive bibliography. It will be an essential resource for researchers and academic and industry professionals in the energy field.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: The NIRS Cap: Key Part of Emerging Wearable Brain-Device Interfaces by Amal Kassab and Mohamad Sawan --- Chapter 2: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS): A Novel Tool for Intravascular Coronary Imaging by Marie-Jeanne Bertrand, Philippe Lavoie-L’Allier and Jean-Claude Tardif --- Chapter 3: Highly Sensitive Singlet Oxygen Spectroscopic System Using InGaAs PIN Photodiode by Iwao Mizumoto, Hiroshi Oguma and Yostumi Yoshi --- Chapter 4: Carbohydrate Analysis by NIRS-Chemometrics by Mercedes G. López, Ana Sarahí García-González and Elena Franco- Robles --- Chapter 5: Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Agricultural Systems by Francisco García-Sánchez, Luis Galvez-Sola, Juan J. Martínez- Nicolás, Raquel Muelas-Domingo and Manuel Nieves --- Chapter 6: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Tools for Analysis of Trace Metals in Environmental Matrices by Philiswa N. Nomngongo, Tshimangadzo S. Munonde, Anele Mpupa and Nkositetile Raphael Biata

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter: Synchrotron-Based X-Ray Characterization of Nanomaterials by Mehdi Khodaei and Luca Petaccia --- Chapter 2: Nanocrystallization of Metallic Glasses Followed by in situ Nuclear Forward Scattering of Synchrotron Radiation by Marcel B. Miglierini and Vít Procházka --- Chapter 3: Operando Structural Characterization of the E-ALD Process Ultra-Thin Films Growth by Andrea Giaccherini, Roberto Felici and Massimo Innocenti --- Chapter 4: X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Battery Materials by Marco Giorgetti and Lorenzo Stievano --- Chapter 5: Synchrotron Radiation-Based X-Ray Study on Energy Storage Materials by Shoaib Muhammad, Hyunchul Kim and Won-Sub Yoon --- Chapter 6: Studies of Lithium-Oxygen Battery Electrodes by Energy- Dependent Full-Field Transmission Soft X-Ray Microscopy by Dino Tonti, Mara Olivares-Marín, Andrea Sorrentino and Eva Pereiro

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Why the Decision-Theoretic Perspective Misrepresents Frequentist Inference: Revisiting Stein’s Paradox and Admissibility by Aris Spanos --- Chapter 2: A Comparison Study on Performance of an Adaptive Filter with Other Estimation Methods for State Estimation in High-Dimensional System by Hong Son Hoang and Remy Baraille --- Chapter 3: Applications of the H-Principle of Mathematical Modelling by Agnar Höskuldsson --- Chapter 4: Signal Optimal Smoothing by Means of Spectral Analysis by Guido Travaglini --- Chapter 5: Information-Theoretic Clustering and Algorithms by Toshio Uchiyama --- Chapter 6: Gamma-Kumaraswamy Distribution in Reliability Analysis: Properties and Applications by Indranil Ghosh and Gholamhossein G. Hamedani --- Chapter 7: Nonlinear Transformations and Radar Detector Design by Graham V. Weinberg --- Chapter 8: Distributions and Composite Models for Size-Type Data by Yves Dominicy and Corinne Sinner --- Chapter 9: Modelling Limit Order Book Volume Covariance Structures by Andrija Mihoci --- Chapter 10: A Practical Approach to Evaluating the Economic and Technical Feasibility of LED Luminaires by Sean Schmidt and Suzanna Long --- Chapter 11: Validation of Instrument Measuring Continuous Variable in Medicine by Rafdzah Zaki --- Chapter 12: On Decoding Brain Electrocorticography Data for Volitional Movement Intention Prediction: Theory and On-Chip Implementation by Mradul Agrawal, Sandeep Vidyashankar and Ke Huang --- Chapter 13: The Usage of Statistical Learning Methods on Wearable Devices and a Case Study: Activity Recognition on Smartwatches by Serkan Balli and Ensar Arif Sağbas --- Chapter 14: A Statistic Method for Anatomical and Evolutionary Analysis by Roqueline Ametila e Gloria Martins de Freitas Aversi-Ferreira, Hisao Nishijo and Tales Alexandre Aversi-Ferreira --- Chapter 15: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics in Undergraduate Data Science Research Projects by Malcolm J. D’Souza, Edward A. Brandenburg, Derald E. Wentzien, Riza C. Bautista, Agashi P. Nwogbaga, Rebecca G. Miller and Paul E. Olsen

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Localized Bessel Beams: Basic Properties and Emerging Communication Applications by Sandra Costanzo --- Chapter 2: Transionospheric Microwave Propagation: Higher-Order Effects up to 100 GHz by Mohammed Mainul Hoque, Norbert Jakowski and Jens Berdermann --- Chapter 3: Ka-to-W Band EM Wave Propagation: Tropospheric Effects and Countermeasures by Lorenzo Luini, Roberto Nebuloni and Carlo Riva --- Chapter 4: Photon Propagation Through Dispersive Media by Patricio Robles and Francisco Pizarro --- Chapter 5: Light Wave Propagation and Scattering Through Particles by Yi Ping Han, Zhi Wei Cui and Jia Jie Wang --- Chapter 6: Slow Electromagnetic Waves: Theory and New Applications by Giuseppe Di Massa --- Chapter 7: Numerical Investigation about Frequency Behaviour of Conformal FSS by Giovanni Leone, Francesco Mattiello and Rocco Pierri --- Chapter 8: A Rain Estimation System Based on Electromagnetic Propagation Models and DVB-S Opportunistic Sensors by Daniele Caviglia, Matteo Pastorino, Andrea Randazzo and Andrea Caridi --- Chapter 9: Real-Time Electromagnetic Signal Processing: Principles and Illustrations by Shulabh Gupta and Christophe Caloz --- Chapter 10: Manipulating Electromagnetic Waves with Zero Index Materials by Shiyang Liu, Jialin Zhou, Ying Han, Xinning Yu, Huajin Chen and Zhifang Lin

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter: Smart Antennas and Beam-formation by Modar Shbat, Francisco C. Ordaz-Salazar and Javier S. González- Salas --- Chapter 2: The Design of a 360°-Switched-Beam-Base Station Antenna by Mohamed Aymen El Cafsi, Mourad Nedil, Lotfi Osman and Ali Gharsallah --- Chapter 3: Compressive Reflector Antenna Phased Array by Ali Molaei, Juan Heredia Juesas and Jose Angel Martinez Lorenzo --- Chapter 4: Detect and Pointing Algorithms Performance for a 2D Adaptive Antenna Array by Tiago Varum, João N. Matos and Pedro Pinho --- Chapter 5: Beamformer Based on Quaternion Processes by Jian-wu Tao and Wen-xiu Chang

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and the Investigation of Environmental and Food Samples by Markus R. Zehringer --- Chapter 2: Dead Time in the Gamma-Ray Spectrometry by Salih Mustafa Karabıdak --- Chapter 3: Pseudo-gamma Spectrometry in Plastic Scintillators by Matthieu Hamel and Frédérick Carrel --- Chapter 4: Gamma Rays from Space by Carlos Navia and Marcel Nogueira de Oliveira --- Chapter 5: Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background by Houdun Zeng and Li Zhang --- Chapter 6: Applications of Ionizing Radiation in Mutation Breeding by Özge Çelik and Çimen Atak --- Chapter 7: Neutron-Stimulated Gamma Ray Analysis of Soil by Aleksandr Kavetskiy, Galina Yakubova, Stephen A. Prior and Henry Allen Torbert --- Chapter 8: Effects of Gamma Radiation on Essential Oils: A Review by Clináscia Rodrigues Rocha Araújo, Geone Maia Corrêa, Viviane Gomes da Costa Abreu, Thiago de Melo Silva, Aura María Blandón Osorio, Patrícia Machado de Oliveira and Antônio Flávio de Carvalho Alcântara --- Chapter 9: Gamma Rays’ Effect on Food Allergen Protein by Marcia Nalesso Costa Harder and Valter Arthur

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Intermittent Formation, Sedimentation and Deformation History of Cenozoic Forearc Basins along the Northwestern Pacific Margins as an Indicator of Tectonic Scenarios by Osamu Takano --- Chapter 2: Cretaceous Research: Paleolatitudes and Northward Migration of Crustal Fragments in the NW Pacific Inferred from Paleomagnetic Studies by Yasuto Itoh and Reishi Takashima --- Chapter 3: Stratigraphic and Petrological Insights into the Late Jurassic– Early Cretaceous Tectonic Framework of the Northwest Pacific Margin by Reishi Takashima, Hiroshi Nishi and Takeyoshi Yoshida --- Chapter 4: Cretaceous Research: A New Constraint on the Paleostress Regime of Southwest Japan Based on Microfabric Analysis of a Granitic Pluton by Yasuto Itoh --- Chapter 5: Tectonic Synthesis: A Plate Reconstruction Model of the NW Pacific Region Since 100 Ma by Yasuto Itoh, Osamu Takano and Reishi Takashima

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Modelling and Simulation of Complex Adaptive System: The Diffusion of Socio-Environmental Innovation in the RENDRUS Network by Aida Huerta Barrientos and Yazmin Dillarza Andrade --- Chapter 2: Rendering Techniques in 3D Computer Graphics Based on Changes in the Brightness of the Object Background by Nika Bratuž, Helena Gabrijelčič Tomc and Dejana Javoršek --- Chapter 3: Modelling and Visualisation of the Optical Properties of Cloth by Tanja Nuša Kočevar and Helena Gabrijelčič Tomc --- Chapter 4: Textile Forms’ Computer Simulation Techniques by Andreja Rudolf, Slavica Bogović, Beti Rogina Car, Andrej Cupar, Zoran Stjepanovič and Simona Jevšnik --- Chapter 5: Computer Simulation of Bioprocess by Jianqun Lin, Ling Gao, Huibin Lin, Yilin Ren, Yutian Lin and Jianqiang Lin --- Chapter 6: Developing a Hybrid Model and a Multi-Scale 3D Concept of Integrated Modelling High-Temperature Processes by Marcin Hojny --- Chapter 7: Computer-Aided Physical Simulation of the Soft-Reduction and Rolling Process by Marcin Hojny --- Chapter 8: Surrogate Modelling with Sequential Design for Expensive Simulation Applications by Joachim van der Herten, Tom Van Steenkiste, Ivo Couckuyt and Tom Dhaene --- Chapter 9: Computer Simulation of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields by Andrey D. Grigoriev --- Chapter 10: Modeling and Simulation of Task Allocation with Colored Petri Nets by Mildreth Alcaraz-Mejia, Raul Campos-Rodriguez and Marco Caballero-Gutierrez --- Chapter 11: Multi-Criteria Decision-Making in the Implementation of Renewable Energy Sources by Dejan Jovanovic and Ivan Pribicevic

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Carrier Mobility in Field-Effect Transistors by Philippe Gaubert and Akinobu Teramoto --- Chapter 2: Resonant Tunneling and Two-dimensional Gate Transistors by Vladimir Popov --- Chapter 3: High Electron Mobility Transistors: Performance Analysis, Research Trend and Applications by Muhammad Navid Anjum Aadit, Sharadindu Gopal Kirtania, Farhana Afrin, Md. Kawsar Alam and Quazi Deen Mohd Khosru --- Chapter 4: Quantum Confinement in High Electron Mobility Transistors by Shovon Pal, Sascha R. Valentin, Arne Ludwig and Andreas D. Wieck --- Chapter 5: Group III–V Semiconductor High Electron Mobility Transistor on Si Substrate by Ravindiran Munusami and Shankar Prabhakar --- Chapter 6: Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces in Thin-Film Transistors by Miguel Dominguez, Pedro Rosales, Alfonso Torres, Jose A. Luna- Lopez, Francisco Flores and Mario Moreno --- Chapter 7: Organic Field-Effect Transistor: Device Physics, Materials, and Process by Jingjing Chang, Zhenhua Lin, Chunfu Zhang and Yue Hao --- Chapter 8: Field-Effect Transistors for Gas Sensing by Toshihiro Yoshizumi and Yuji Miyahara --- Chapter 9: Transistors as an Emerging Platform for Portable Amplified Biodetection in Preventive Personalized Point-of-Care Testing by Zhihui Yi and Jonathan Sayago

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: State-of-the-Art Antenna Technology for Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RANs) by Waleed Tariq Sethi, Abdullah Alfakhri, Muhammad Ahmad Ashraf, Amr G. Alasaad and Saleh Alshebeili --- Chapter 2: Cloud Computing for Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis by Shanrong Zhao, Kirk Watrous, Chi Zhang and Baohong Zhang --- Chapter 3: Green-Aware Virtual Machine Migration Strategy in Sustainable Cloud Computing Environments by Xiaoying Wang, Guojing Zhang, Mengqin Yang and Lei Zhang --- Chapter 4: M-ary Optical Computing by Jian Wang and Yun Long --- Chapter 5: Networking Solutions for Integrated Heterogeneous Wireless Ecosystem by Roman Florea, Aleksandr Ometov, Adam Surak, Sergey Andreev and Yevgeni Koucheryavy

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Perturbed Differential Equations with Singular Points by Keldibay Alymkulov and Dilmurat Adbillajanovich Tursunov --- Chapter 2: Homotopy Asymptotic Method and Its Application by Baojian Hong --- Chapter 3: Green Function by Jing Huang --- Chapter 4: Renormalization Group Theory of Effective Field Theory Models in Low Dimensions by Takashi Yanagisawa --- Chapter 5: Relativistic Perturbation Theory Formalism to Computing Spectra and Radiation Characteristics: Application to Heavy Elements by Alexander V. Glushkov, Olga Yu. Khetselius, Andrey A. Svinarenko, Vasily V. Buyadzhi, Valentin B. Ternovsky, Anna A. Kuznetsova and Petr G. Bashkarev --- Chapter 6: Atoms-Photonic Field Interaction: Influence Functional and Perturbation Theory by Emmanouil G. Thrapsaniotis --- Chapter 7: Detection and Measurement of Quantum Gravity by a Curvature Energy Sensor: H-States of Curvature Energy by Francisco Bulnes

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter: Challenges of Uncertainty Quantification by Jan Peter Hessling --- Chapter 2: Polynomial Chaos Expansion for Probabilistic Uncertainty Propagation by Shuxing Yang, Fenfen Xiong and Fenggang Wang --- Chapter 3: State-of-the-Art Nonprobabilistic Finite Element Analyses by Wang Lei, Qiu Zhiping and Zheng Yuning --- Chapter 4: Epistemic Uncertainty Quantification of Seismic Damage Assessment by Hesheng Tang, Dawei Li and Songtao Xue --- Chapter 5: Uncertainty Quantification and Reduction of Molecular Dynamics Models by Xiaowang Zhou and Stephen M. Foiles --- Chapter 6: Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification for Functional Response by Xiao Guo, Yang He, Binbin Zhu, Yang Yang, Ke Deng, Ruopeng Liu and Chunlin Ji --- Chapter 7: Fitting Models to Data: Residual Analysis, a Primer by Julia Martin, David Daffos Ruiz de Adana and Agustin G. Asuero --- Chapter 8: An Improved Wavelet-Based Multivariable Fault Detection Scheme by Fouzi Harrou, Ying Sun and Muddu Madakyaru --- Chapter 9: Practical Considerations on Indirect Calibration in Analytical Chemistry by Antonio Gustavo González

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Biotechnology Processes for Scalable, Selective Rare Earth Element Recovery by Lynne E. Macaskie, Sayo Moriyama, Iryna Mikheenko, Sarah Singh and Angela J. Murray --- Chapter 2: Hydrometallurgical Recovery Process of Rare Earth Elements from Waste: Main Application of Acid Leaching with Devised τ-T Diagram by Namil Um --- Chapter 3: Optimisation of Parameters for Spectroscopic Analysis of Rare Earth Elements in Sediment Samples by Martin Makombe, Charlton van der Horst, Bongiwe Silwana, Emmanuel Iwuoha and Vernon Somerset --- Chapter 4: Theoretical Spectroscopy of Rare-Earth Elements: Spectra and Autoionization Resonances by Andrey A. Svinarenko, Alexander V. Glushkov, Olga Yu. Khetselius, Valentin B. Ternovsky, Yuliya V. Dubrovskaya, Anna A. Kuznetsova and Vasily V. Buyadzhi --- Chapter 5: Thermodynamic Property Study on the Complexes of Rare- Earth Elements with Amino Aids by Zhi Cheng Tan, Quan Shi, Xue Chuan Lv and Bei Ping Liu --- Chapter 6: The Effects of Lanthanum Dopant on the Structural and Optical Properties of Ferroelectric Thin Films by Irzaman, Hendradi Hardhienata, Akhiruddin Maddu, Aminullah and Husin Alatas

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Steady-State Modeling of Equilibrium Distillation by Vilmar Steffen and Edson Antonio da Silva --- Chapter 2: Short-Cut Methods for Multicomponent Batch Distillation by A. Narváez-García, J.C. Zavala-Loría, A. Ruiz-Marín and Y. Canedo- López --- Chapter 3: Mathematical Modelling of Batch Distillation Columns: A Comparative Analysis of Non-Linear and Fuzzy Models by Adriana del Carmen Téllez-Anguiano, Mario Heras-Cervantes, Juan Anzurez-Marín, Gerardo Marx Chávez-Campos and José Antonio Gutiérrez Gnecchi --- Chapter 4: Distillation: Basic Test in Quality Control of Automotive Fuels by Ma Mercedes del Coro Fernández-Feal, Luis R. Sánchez-Fernández and Blanca Sánchez-Fernández --- Chapter 5: Enhanced Distillation Under Infrared Characteristic Radiation by Kuo-Ting Wang, M. Quinn Brewster and Wei-Hsiang Lai --- Chapter 6: Distillation Techniques in the Fruit Spirits Production by Nermina Spaho --- Chapter 7: Fractional Distillation of Organic Liquid Compounds Produced by Catalytic Cracking of Fats, Oils, and Grease by C. C. Fereira, E. C. Costa, D. A. R. de Castro, M. S. Pereira, A. A. Mâncio, M. C. Santos, D. E. L. Lhamas, S. A. P. da Mota, M. E. Araújo, Luiz E. P. Borges and N. T. Machado --- Chapter 8: Energy Evaluation of the Use of an Absorption Heat Pump in Water Distillation Process by Rosenberg J. Romero and Sotsil Silva-Sotelo --- Chapter 9: Solar Membrane Distillation: Use of a Helically Coiled Fiber by Adel Zrelli

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Environmental Impact of the Use of Surfactants and Oxygenates in the Petroleum Industry by Tomasz Kalak --- Chapter 2: Recent Advances in Catanionic Mixtures by Darija Domazet Jurašin, Suzana Šegota, Vida Čadež, Atiđa Selmani and Maja Dutour Sikirć --- Chapter 3: Hydrophobic Polymers Flooding by Abdelaziz N. El-hoshoudy, Saad M. Desouky, Mohamed H. Betiha and Ahmed M. Alsabagh --- Chapter 4: Multifunctional Gemini Surfactants: Structure, Synthesis, Properties and Applications by Bogumil E. Brycki, Iwona H. Kowalczyk, Adrianna Szulc, Olga Kaczerewska and Marta Pakiet --- Chapter 5: The Versatile Dioctadecyldimethylammonium Bromide by Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro --- Chapter 6: Saponin-Based, Biological-Active Surfactants from Plants by Dorota Kregiel, Joanna Berlowska, Izabela Witonska, Hubert Antolak, Charalampos Proestos, Mirko Babic, Ljiljana Babic and Bolin Zhang --- Chapter 7: Amino Acid-Based Surfactants for Biomedical Applications by Lídia Pinheiro and Célia Faustino --- Chapter 8: The Potential Application of Selected Fungi Strains in Removal of Commercial Detergents and Biotechnology by Violeta D. Jakovljević and Miroslav M. Vrvić --- Chapter 9: Electrochemistry of Surfactants by Eduardo Nicolás Schulz, Erica Patricia Schulz and Pablo Carlos Schulz --- Chapter 10: SAXS and SANS Techniques for Surfactant Characterization: Application in Corrosion Science by Deepak Dwivedi and Kateřina Lepková

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter - Aspects of Renewable Hydroelectric Power Generation by Basel I. Ismail --- Chapter 2: Prospects of Small Hydropower Technology by Jacson Hudson Inácio Ferreira and José Roberto Camacho --- Chapter 3: Design of Zero Head Turbines for Power Generation by Edwin Chica and Ainhoa Rubio-Clemente --- Chapter 4: Planning Hydropower Production of Small Reservoirs Under Resources and System Knowledge Uncertainty by Divas Karimanzira, Thomas Rauschenbach, Torsten Pfuetzenreuter, Jing Qin and Zhao Yun --- Chapter 5: Hydropower Development in Nepal - Climate Change, Impacts and Implications by Ramesh Prasad Bhatt

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Titanium Dioxide as Food Additive by Marie-Hélène Ropers, Hélène Terrisse, Muriel Mercier-Bonin and Bernard Humbert --- Chapter 2: Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Assessment of TiO2 Nanoparticle Effects on Barley by Alessandro Mattiello and Luca Marchiol --- Chapter 3: Composite Calcium Phosphate/Titania Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering by Massimiliano Dapporto, Anna Tampieri and Simone Sprio --- Chapter 4: Titanium Dioxide in Sunscreen by Megha Trivedi and Jenny Murase --- Chapter 5: 1D Titania Nanoarchitecture as Bioactive and Photoactive Coatings for Modern Implants: A Review by Aleksandra Radtke --- Chapter 6: Anticorrosive, Antimicrobial, and Bioactive Titanium Dioxide Coating for Surface-modified Purpose on Biomedical Material by Hsi-Kai Tsou and Ping-Yen Hsieh --- Chapter 7: Photocatalytic Treatment Techniques using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Antibiotic Removal from Water by António Armando Lima Sampaio Duarte and Maria Teresa Pessoa Amorim --- Chapter 8: Recent Overview on the Abatement of Pesticide Residues in Water by Photocatalytic Treatment Using TiO2 by Nuria Vela, Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, José Fenoll and Simón Navarro --- Chapter 9: Heat Transfer Applications of TiO2 Nanofluids by Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Usman Sajid and Adeel Arshad --- Chapter 10: TiO2: A Critical Interfacial Material for Incorporating Photosynthetic Protein Complexes and Plasmonic Nanoparticles into Biophotovoltaics by Yiqun Yang and Jun Li

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Properties of GaP Studied over 50 Years by Sergei L. Pyshkin and John Ballato --- Chapter 2: Microcavities for Silica-Fiber-Based Quantum Information Processing by Hai-Zhi Song --- Chapter 3: LED and Phototransistor Simulation by Sergey Yurchuk, Oleg Rabinovich and Sergey Didenko --- Chapter 4: Hybrid Optoelectronic Router for Future Optical Packet- Switched Networks by Salah Ibrahim and Ryo Takahashi --- Chapter 5: Research on the Characteristics of Silicon MOS-Like Light- Emitting Structure by Utilizing the Technology of Field-Induced Optical Radiation Mechanisms by Kaikai Xu --- Chapter 6: Phosphor-LED-Based Wireless Visible Light Communication (VLC) and Its Applications by Chien-Hung Yeh and Chi-Wai Chow --- Chapter 7: Microscopic Particle Manipulation via Optoelectronic Devices by Xiaolu Zhu and Yifei Yang --- Chapter 8: Hybrid Silicon-Organic Heterojunction Structures for Photovoltaic Applications by Andrey Kosarev, Ismael Cosme, Svetlana Mansurova, Antonio J. Olivares and Hiram E. Martinez --- Chapter 9: Modeling of Silicon Photonic Devices for Optical Interconnect Transceiver Circuit Design by Binhao Wang --- Chapter 10: Candidate Materials as Gain Media in Organic, Triplet-Based, Room-Temperature masers Targeting the ISM Bands by Erinn van Wynsberghe and Ayse Turak --- Chapter 11: Analysis of a Resonant AC-AC LED Driver by Teodosescu Petre Dorel, Szekely Norbert Csaba, Sabau Madalina Sabina and Bojan Mircea --- Chapter 12: Ultraviolet Sensors Based on Two-Dimensional Zinc Oxide Structures by Naif H. Al-Hardan, Muhammad Azmi Abdul Hamid, Roslinda Shamsudin and Norinsan Kamil Othman --- Chapter 13: The Optical Phenomena of Interplay between Nanobio Complexes: A Theoretical Insight into Their Biomedical Applications by Ruby Srivastava --- Chapter 14: Sputtered Indium Tin Oxide Films for Optoelectronic Applications by Oleksandr Malik and Francisco Javier de la Hidalga-Wade --- Chapter 15: Surface-Barrier Photodiodes with Transparent Electrodes for High-Performance Detection in the UV-NIR Spectrum by Oleksandr Malik and Francisco Javier De la Hidalga-Wade --- Chapter 16: Spectral Responses in Quantum Efficiency of Emerging Kesterite Thin-Film Solar Cells by Sanghyun Lee and Kent J. Price

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: The New Panama Canal by Ana Belén Berrocal Menarguez and Juan Pous de la Flor --- Chapter 2: Innovation Management in Iberdrola by Agustín Delgado Martín --- Chapter 3: Composite Solutions for Construction Sector by Pilar Górriz, Anurag Bansal, Carlo Paulotto, Stefano Primi and Ignacio Calvo --- Chapter 4: Importance and Ranking Evaluation of Cost Overrun Factors for Oil Transmission Pipeline Projects by Pooneh Saidi --- Chapter 5: Alliances: An Innovative Management Model for Public and Private Investments by Fco. Javier Carrillo de Albornoz Portes --- Chapter 6: Innovative Solutions for Seawater Use in Mining Operations by Edelmira D. Gálvez and Luis A. Cisternas --- Chapter 7: Microalgae: The Basis of Mankind Sustainability by Francisco Gabriel Acien Fernandez, Jose Maria Fernandez Sevilla and Emilio Molina Grima --- Chapter 8: Innovative Management and Implementation of Applied Research Project “Green Cost-Efficient Package Selection” by Eduard Shevtshenko, Tatjana Karaulova, Meelis Pohlak, Kashif Mahmood, Martin Tamm and Kaupo Leht --- Chapter 9: Innovation in Limited Markets: Managing PCP Projects in the UK Defence Industry by Shaun Gee, Miles W. Weaver and Grant MacKerron --- Chapter 10: An Education Towards the Future by Luis Rey --- Chapter 11: Management of Entrepreneurship Projects from Project-Based Learning: Coworking StartUPS Project at Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (Salesian Polytechnic University), Ecuador by Juan Pablo Salgado Guerrero, Ignacio de los Ríos Carmenado and Miriam López González --- Chapter 12: Novel Health Mobile Technology as an Emerging Strategy in Diabetes Management by Satish Kumar David and Mohamed Rafiullah --- Chapter 13: The Arts in Clinical Health Programs for the Recovery of Diseases and to Improve Quality of Life by Amador Cernuda Lago

Description / Table of Contents: Natural and environmental hazards research comprises a diverse set of subjects and methodologies and this book is no exception - offering the reader only a small glimpse into the physical and social processes that threaten human interests. Atmospheric Hazards-Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts explores atmospheric-based hazards through focused investigations ranging from a local to global perspective. Within this short compendium, the major scales of atmospheric motion are well represented with topics on microscale turbulent transport of pollutants, mesoscale events stemming from thunderstorm complexes, and synoptic scale extreme precipitation episodes. Chapters include discussions on modeling aspects for investigating hazards (pollution, regional climate models) and the forecasting and structure of high wind events (derechos), whereas others delve into hazard communication, preparedness, and social vulnerability issues (tornadoes, hurricanes, and lightning). Although the chapters are quite disparate upon first inspection, the topics are united through their interweaving of both the physical and societal mechanisms that create the atmospheric hazard and eventual disaster.

Description / Table of Contents: Many of the challenges facing farmers and human communities from hydrographical basins are not new. But, due to the fact that the nature and extents of the problems vary from one region to another and from one basin to another, the responses are highly diversified. There is no generally valid solution for all the problems. However, in addressing issues on ensuring the prevention or mitigation of the destructive consequences of flood damage or prolonged drought as for the optimal use of water by consumers, sustainable basin land use, biodiversity conservation, and environment protection as well, fourteen specialists and their colleagues present the state of the art in these important matters and new possible solutions to solve, identified from the scientific investigations undertaken.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Localization of Buried Objects Using Reflected Wide-Band Underwater Acoustic Signals by Salah Bourennane and Caroline Fossati --- Chapter 2: Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: A Survey from an Application Perspective by Qian Lu, Feng Liu, Ying Zhang and Shengming Jiang --- Chapter 3: Nonlinear Unknown-Input Observer-Based Systems for Secure Communication by Robert N.K. Loh and Manohar K. Das --- Chapter 4: Denoising Methods for Underwater Acoustic Signal by Vijaya Baskar Veeraiyan --- Chapter 5: Active and Passive Acoustic Methods for In-situ Monitoring of the Ocean Status by Sara Pensieri and Roberto Bozzano --- Chapter 6: Development of Quantitative Single Beam Echosounder for Measuring Fish Backscattering by Henry M. Manik, Dony Apdillah, Angga Dwinovantyo and Steven Solikin

Description / Table of Contents: The book on complex systems, sustainability, and innovation explores a broad set of ideas and presents some of the state-of-the-art research in this field concisely in six chapters. In a complex system, it is difficult to know exactly how the individual components contribute to an observed behavior and the extent of each component's contributions. It is the interactions of the individual components that determine the emergent functionalities. This makes it difficult to understand and predict the behavior of complex systems and hence the effects of any innovations in this field. This necessitates for the emergence of a new age of innovations with the main focus on user orientation and sustainability. This book explores some of the complex systems and their dependence on the environment to provide a long-term perspective, aiding innovations and supporting a sustainable society. The intended audience of this book will mainly consist of researchers, research students, and practitioners in the field of complex systems and sustainability.

Description / Table of Contents: What are smart cities? What are their purposes? What are the impacts resulting from their implementations? With these questions in mind, this book is compiled with the primary concern of answering readers with different profiles; from those interested in acquiring basic knowledge about the various topics surrounding the subject related to smart cities, to those who are more motivated by knowing the technical elements and the technological apparatus involving this theme. This book audience is multidisciplinary, as it will be confirmed by the various chapters addressed here. It explores different knowledge areas, such as electric power systems, signal processing, telecommunications, electronics, systems optimization, computational intelligence, real-time systems, renewable energy systems, and information systems.

Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen is one of the abundant elements on earth majorly in the form of water (H2O) and mainly as hydrogen gas (H2). Catalytic hydrogenation is a key reaction that has versatile applications in different industries. The main objective of this book is to bring together various applications of hydrogenation through the perspective of leading researchers in the field. This book is intended to be used as a graduate-level text book or as a practical guide for industrial engineers.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. History of Uranium Mining in Central Europe / By Miloš René --- 2. Safety and Economics of Uranium Utilization for Nuclear Power Generation / By Yuji Fukaya --- 3. Shear Zone-Hosted Uranium Deposits of the Bohemian Massif (Central European Variscan Belt) / By Miloš René --- 4. Uranium in Poland: Resources and Recovery from Low-Grade Ores / By Katarzyna Kiegiel, Agnieszka Miskiewicz, Dorota Gajda, Sylwester Sommer, Stanislaw Wolkowicz and Grazyna Zakrzewska- Koltuniewicz --- 5. Remotely Monitoring Uranium-Enrichment Plants with Detection of Gaseous Uranium Hexafluoride and HF Using Lidar / By Gholamreza Shayeganrad --- 6. Thermodynamics and Separation Factor of Uranium from Fission Products in “Liquid Metal-Molten Salt” System / By Valeri Smolenski, Alena Novoselova, Alexander Bychkov, Vladimir Volkovich, Yana Luk’yanova and Alexander Osipenko --- 7. Chemical Thermodynamics of Uranium in the Soil Environment / By Michael Thomas Aide

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Novel Waveguide Technologies and Its Future System Applications / By Shotaro Ishino --- 2. Properties and Applications of Love Surface Waves in Seismology and Biosensors / By Piotr Kiełczyński --- 3. Dyakonov Surface Waves: Anisotropy-Enabling Confinement on the Edge / By Carlos J. Zapata-Rodríguez, Slobodan Vuković, Juan J. Miret, Mahin Naserpour and Milivoj R. Belić --- 4. Measurement of Sea Wave Spatial Spectra from High- Resolution Optical Aerospace Imagery / By Valery G. Bondur and Alexander B. Murynin --- 5. Electromagnetic Polarization: A New Approach on the Linear Component Method / By Jobson de Araújo Nascimento, Regina Maria De Lima Neta, José Moraes Gurgel Neto, Adi Neves Rocha and Alexsandro Aleixo Pereira Da Silva --- 6. Modal Phenomena of Surface and Bulk Polaritons in Magnetic- Semiconductor Superlattices / By Vladimir R. Tuz, Illia V. Fedorin and Volodymyr I. Fesenko --- 7. Video Measurements and Analysis of Surface Gravity Waves in Shallow Water / By Charles R. Bostater Jr, Bingyu Yang and Tyler Rotkiske

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Facile Methodology of Sol-Gel Synthesis for Metal Oxide Nanostructures by Shrividhya Thiagarajan, Anandhavelu Sanmugam and Dhanasekaran Vikraman --- Chapter 2: Sol-Gel-Derived Silicon-Containing Hybrids by Maria Zielecka, Elzbieta Bujnowska, Katarzyna Suwala and Magdalena Wenda --- Chapter 3: Preparation of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics–Based Materials by Sol-Gel Routes by Fei Li, Xiao Huang and Guo-Jun Zhang --- Chapter 4: Sol-Gel Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Bismuth Niobate Modified by Iron Inclusion by Susana Devesa, Manuel P.F. Graça and Luís C. Costa --- Chapter 5: Fluorescence Properties of Rare-Earth-Doped Sol-Gel Glasses by Helena Cristina Vasconcelos and Afonso Silva Pinto --- Chapter 6: Recent Characterisation of Sol-Gel Synthesised TiO2 Nanoparticles by Muhamad Zamri Yahaya, Mohd Asyadi Azam, Mohd Asri Mat Teridi, Pramod Kumar Singh and Ahmad Azmin Mohamad --- Chapter 7: Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanorod Arrays Using a Facile Aqueous Sol-Gel Route for Ultraviolet Photosensor Applications by Marmeezee Mohd. Yusoff, Mohamad Hafiz Mamat and Mohamad Rusop Mahmood --- Chapter 8: Advancement of Sol-Gel–Prepared TiO2 Photocatalyst by Robabeh Bashiri, Norani Muti Mohamed and Chong Fai Kait --- Chapter 9: Sol-Gel-Derived Doped ZnO Thin Films: Processing, Properties, and Applications by Asad Mahmood and Abdul Naeem --- Chapter 10: Photoluminescence Studies on ZnO Thin Films Obtained by Sol-Gel Method by Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar, Mónica R. Jaime Fonseca, Ángeles Mantilla Ramírez and Antonio G. Juárez Gracia --- Chapter 11: Sol-Gel Materials Used in Phosphoproteomics and Glycoproteomics Applications by Hacı Mehmet Kayili, Mehmet Atakay and Bekir Salih --- Chapter 12: Sol-Gel Glass Coating Synthesis for Different Applications: Active Gradient-Index Materials, Microlens Arrays and Biocompatible Channels by Ana Isabel Gómez Varela, María Aymerich, Daniel Nieto García, Yolanda Castro Martín, Pieter A.A. de Beule, Ezequiel Álvarez, Carmen Bao-Varela and María Teresa Flores-Arias --- Chapter 13: Sol-Gel Applications in Textile Finishing Processes by Nurhan Onar Camlibel and Buket Arik --- Chapter 14: Sol-Gel Process for Surface Modification of Leather by Franco Ferrero, Monica Periolatto and Giuseppe Gozzelino

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: The Reactivity of Anatase TiO2 (211) Surface and the Bond- Charge Counting Model by Jing Xu, Li-Fang Xu, Jian-Tao Wang and Annabella Selloni --- Chapter 2: Rare Earth-Doped Anatase TiO2 Nanoparticles by Vesna Ðorđević, Bojana Milićević and Miroslav D. Dramićanin --- Chapter 3: Structural Aspects of Anatase to Rutile Phase Transition in Titanium Dioxide Powders Elucidated by the Rietveld Method by Alberto Adriano Cavalheiro, Lincoln Carlos Silva de Oliveira and Silvanice Aparecida Lopes dos Santos --- Chapter 4: Mechanically Activated Rutile and Ilmenite as the Starting Materials for Process of Titanium Alloys Production by Marcela Achimovičová, Christoph Vonderstein and Bernd Friedrich --- Chapter 5: Hydrogen Reduced Rutile Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst by Fumiaki Amano --- Chapter 6: Mesoporous Titania: Synthesis, Properties and Comparison with Non-Porous Titania by Barbara Bonelli, Serena Esposito and Francesca S. Freyria --- Chapter 7: Advanced Hybrid Materials Based on Titanium Dioxide for Environmental and Electrochemical Applications by Katarzyna Siwińska-Stefańska and Teofil Jesionowski --- Chapter 8: DFT-based Theoretical Simulations for Photocatalytic Applications Using TiO2 by Yeliz Gurdal and Marcella Iannuzzi --- Chapter 9: Quantum Chemistry Applied to Photocatalysis with TiO2 by Sergio Ricardo de Lazaro, Renan Augusto Pontes Ribeiro and Luis Henrique da Silveira Lacerda --- Chapter 10: Theoretical Studies of Titanium Dioxide for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell and Photocatalytic Reaction by Fu-Quan Bai, Wei Li and Hong-Xing Zhang

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Theoretical Insight into the Medicinal World of Organometallics: Macro versus Nano by Ruby Srivastava --- Chapter 2: Radical Mechanisms in the Metallocenes by Betul Caliskan --- Chapter 3: Concerning Organometallic Compounds in Environment: Occurrence, Fate, and Impact by Kovacs Melinda Haydee and Kovacs Emoke Dalma --- Chapter 4: Triple Bonds between Bismuth and Group 13 Elements: Theoretical Designs and Characterization by Jia-Syun Lu, Ming-Chung Yang, Shih-Hao Su, Xiang-Ting Wen, Jia- Zhen Xie and Ming-Der Su --- Chapter 5: Physicochemical Properties and Catalytic Applications of Iron Porphyrazines and Phthalocyanines by Tomasz Koczorowski, Wojciech Szczolko and Tomasz Goslinski --- Chapter 6: Voltammetric Analysis of Platinum Group Metals Using a Bismuth-Silver Bimetallic Nanoparticles Sensor by Charlton van der Horst, Bongiwe Silwana, Emmanuel Iwuoha and Vernon S. Somerset

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter: The Newest Research in Parallel and Distributed Computing by Wen-Jyi Hwang --- Chapter 2: Social Trust: Evaluating Node Influential Capability in Social Networks by Yap Hock Yeow and Lim Tong-Ming --- Chapter 3: A Distributed Computing Architecture for the Large-Scale Integration of Renewable Energy and Distributed Resources in Smart Grids by Ignacio Aravena, Anthony Papavasiliou and Alex Papalexopoulos --- Chapter 4: GPU Computing Taxonomy by Abdelrahman Ahmed Mohamed Osman --- Chapter 5: Distributed Software Development Tools for Distributed Scientific Applications by Vaidas Giedrimas, Leonidas Sakalauskas and Anatoly Petrenko --- Chapter 6: DANP-Evaluation of AHP-DSS by Wolfgang Ossadnik, Ralf H. Kaspar and Benjamin Föcke

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Innovation by Angela Albu --- Chapter 2: Key Issues to Improve Innovation Project Excellence by Biiljana Stošić and Radul Milutinović --- Chapter 3: Planning and Management Tasks of Innovation Projects in Production and Economic Systems by Leonid A. Mylnikov --- Chapter 4: Innovations in Research and Development of Scientific Procedures to Reach the Success and the Excellence by Means of Psychology Applied to the High Performance by Amador Cernuda Lago --- Chapter 5: Risk Mitigation Strategies in Innovative Projects by Riaz Ahmed --- Chapter 6: Risk Management in the Decisional Process by Florin Boghean and Carmen Boghean --- Chapter 7: Financing Innovation by Carolina Rodríguez Rodríguez --- Chapter 8: Leadership and Teamwork in Innovation Ecosystems by José Miguel Muñoz Pérez and Manuel Irún Molina --- Chapter 9: Evaluation of the Project Management Team Members by Using the MCDM by Blanka Bazsova --- Chapter 10: Handling Innovative People by M. Dolores Storch de Gracia, Luis Mazadiego and Bernardo Llamas

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Membrane Thermodynamics for Osmotic Phenomena by Albert S. Kim and Heyon-Ju Kim --- Chapter 2: Pulsating Flow Effects on Hydrodynamics in a Desalination Membrane Filled with Spacers by Armando A. Soares, João Silva, Eliseu Monteiro and Abel Rouboa --- Chapter 3: Desalination: A Means of Increasing Irrigation Water Sources for Sustainable Crop Production by OrevaOghene Aliku --- Chapter 4: Application of Multilayer Thin Film Technology in Desalination Membrane by Syed Javaid Zaidi and Farid Fadhillah --- Chapter 5: Phase Equilibria and Phase Separation of the Aqueous Solution System Containing Lithium Ions by Long Li, Yafei Guo and Tianlong Deng --- Chapter 6: Marmara Seawater Desalination by Membrane Distillation: Direct Consumption Assessment of Produced Drinking Water by Coskun Aydiner, Derya Y. Koseoglu Imer, Salim Oncel, Esra Can Dogan, Ali Oguzhan Narci, Serif Cakmak, Tugba Nur Yilmaz, Emin Ender Celebi and Yasemin Melek Tilki --- Chapter 7: On the Purification of Agro-Industrial Wastewater by Membrane Technologies: The Case of Olive Mill Effluents by Javier Miguel Ochando-Pulido and Antonio Martinez-Ferez --- Chapter 8: Solar Thermal-Driven Desalination Pursuing Products of Pure Water and Salts and Leaving Minimum Impact to Environment by Ben Xu, Peiwen Li and Penghua Guo --- Chapter 9: Responding to Water Challenges Through Desalination: Energy Considerations by George Arampatzis, Avraam Kartalidis and Dionysis Assimacopoulos --- Chapter 10: Importance and Significance of UF/MF Membrane Systems in Desalination Water Treatment by Iqbal Ahmed, Khaled S. Balkhair, Muhammad H. Albeiruttye and Amer Ahmed Jamil Shaiban --- Chapter 11: NEREU Project: Construction of a Plasma Reactor for Reform of Greenhouse Gases for Treatment of Wastewater of the Marine Farms by André Pedral S. de Sena --- Chapter 12: Low-Cost Multi-Effect Solar Still: Alternative Appropriate Technology for Personal Desalination by Pak Hunkyun

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Strategies for Testing the Impact of Natural Flood Risk Management Measures by Barry Hankin, Peter Metcalfe, David Johnson, Nick A. Chappell, Trevor Page, Iain Craigen, Rob Lamb and Keith Beven --- Chapter 2: Flood Risk Mapping in the Amazon by Milena Marília Nogueira de Andrade, Iris Celeste Nascimento Bandeira, Dianne Danielle Farias Fonseca, Paulo Eduardo Silva Bezerra, Ádanna de Souza Andrade and Rodrigo Silva de Oliveira --- Chapter 3: Floods Forecast in the Caribbean by Luz Estella Torres Molina --- Chapter 4: Economic Growth and Employment Effects as a Result of the Upper Austrian Flood Protection Building Program by Sebastian Goers, Friedrich Schneider, Horst Steinmüller and Andreas Zauner --- Chapter 5: Geodesign a Tool for Redefining Flood Risk Disaster in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Southern Catchment of Ankobra Basin, Ghana by Adams Osman and Benjamin Nyarko --- Chapter 6: An Additive Statistical Modeling Approach to the Analysis of Transport Infrastructure Flood Risk-Based Resilience by Mohammad Mojtahedi, Sidney Newton and Faham Tahmasebinia --- Chapter 7: Flood Management in China: The Huaihe River Basin as a Case Study by Qian Mingkai and Wang Kai --- Chapter 8: Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Modeling and Geotechnical Analysis of Earthen Regulation Dams Located at Arroyo Las Viboras Watershed in a Major Transboundary Mexico-USA Metroplex: How an Ordinary Rain Event Caused Major Damage Related to Extraordinary Flooding by Oscar Sotero Dena Ornelas, Diane Irene Doser, Oscar Fidencio Ibañez Hernández, Griselda Janeth Obeso Cortez and Miguel Angel Galdean Vega --- Chapter 9: Understanding Flood Risk Management in Asia: Concepts and Challenges by Saleem Ashraf, Muhammad Luqman, Muhammad Iftikhar, Ijaz Ashraf and Zakaria Yousaf Hassan --- Chapter 10: Analysis of the Influence of the 2007–2008 La Niña Events, Land Use, and Dam Management Modes on the 2008 Spring Freshet Characteristics in Quebec, Canada by Ali Arkamose Assani --- Chapter 11: One- and Two-Dimensional Hydrological Modelling and Their Uncertainties by Mohd Talha Anees, Khiruddin Abdullah, Mohd Nawawi Mohd Nordin, Nik Norulaini Nik Ab Rahman, Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir and Mohd. Omar Abdul Kadir --- Chapter 12: Multicriteria Decision Analysis for Flood Risk Management: The Case of the Mapai Dam at the Limpopo River Basin, Mozambique by Avelino I. Mondlane --- Chapter 13: Flood Risk Management in Mexico by Felipe I. Arreguín-Cortés and Claudia Elizabeth Cervantes-Jaimes --- Chapter 14: Estimating Flood Quantiles on the Basis of Multi-Event Rainfall Simulation by Elżbieta Jarosińska and Katarzyna Pierzga --- Chapter 15: Towards the Development of a Capability Assessment System for Flood Risk Management by Mohammad Hijji, Saad Amin, Wayne Harrop and Rahat Iqbal

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter: Rural Waste Management Issues at Global Level by Florin-Constantin Mihai and Mohammad J. Taherzadeh --- Chapter 2: Household’s Willingness to Accept Waste Separation for Improvement of Rural Waste Bank’s Effectivity by Christia Meidiana, Harnenti Afni Yakin and Wawargita Permata Wijayanti --- Chapter 3: The Role of the Informal Sector in a Rurbanised Environment by Petra Schneider, Le Hung Anh, Jan Sembera and Rodolfo Silva --- Chapter 4: Decentralized Composting of Organic Waste in a European Rural Region: A Case Study in Allariz (Galicia, Spain) by Iria Villar Comesaña, David Alves, Salustiano Mato, Xosé Manuel Romero and Bernardo Varela --- Chapter 5: Solid Waste in Agricultural Soils: An Approach Based on Environmental Principles, Human Health, and Food Security by Cácio Luiz Boechat, Adriana Miranda de Santana Arauco, Rose Maria Duda, Antonny Francisco Sampaio de Sena, Manoel Emiliano Lopes de Souza and Ana Clecia Campos Brito --- Chapter 6: Home Composting Using Facultative Reactor by Sandro Xavier de Campos, Rosimara Zittel, Karine Marcondes da Cunha and Luciléia Granhern Tavares Colares --- Chapter 7: Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste by Abbass Jafari Kang and Qiuyan Yuan --- Chapter 8: Palm Oil Mill Solid Waste Generation and Uses in Rural Area in Benin Republic: Retrospection and Future Outlook by Tatiana W. Koura, Gustave D. Dagbenonbakin, Valentin M. Kindomihou and Brice A. Sinsin --- Chapter 9: The Solid Wastes of Coffee Production and of Olive Oil Extraction: Management Perspectives in Rural Areas by Maria Cristina Echeverria, Elisa Pellegrino and Marco Nuti

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Rational Fitting Techniques for the Modeling of Electric Power Components and Systems Using MATLAB Environment by Eduardo Salvador Bañuelos-Cabral, José Alberto Gutiérrez-Robles and Bjørn Gustavsen

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Sustainable Solid Waste Recycling by Ahmad K. Jassim --- Chapter 2: Sustainable Power Technology: A Viable Sustainable Energy Solution by Kikelomo Ijagbemi --- Chapter 3: Sustainable Maintenance Practices and Skills for Competitive Production System by Adeyeri Michael Kanisuru --- Chapter 4: Interventions to Skills Development in the Automotive Manufacturing Sector of South Africa by Opeyeolu Timothy Laseinde and Grace Mukondeleli Kanakana --- Chapter 5: Designing and Developing New VET Curricula to Address Skills Gaps in the Aeronautics Industry by Rosa Maria Arnaldo Valdés, Victor Fernando Gómez Comendador and Alvaro Rodriguez Sanz

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Tacit Knowledge Sharing: A Literature Review Applied to the Context of the Brazilian Judiciary by José Roberto Ferretti and Maria da Conceição L. Afonso --- Chapter 2: Knowledge Sharing and Human Resource Development in Innovative Organizations by Michael Beyerlein, Rachele Collins, Shinhee Jeong, Christi Phillips, Suravee Sunalai and Lei Xie --- Chapter 3: Network Market Orientation, Knowledge Management and Born Globals’ Competitiveness by Diego Monferrer Tirado and Marta Estrada Guillén --- Chapter 4: Knowledge Management Hybrid Strategy with People, Technology and Process Pillars by Ivy Chan --- Chapter 5: Knowledge Management for Informally Structured Domains: Challenges and Proposals by Karla Olmos-Sánchez and Jorge Rodas-Osollo --- Chapter 6: Performance Management by Causal Mapping: An Application Field of Knowledge Management by Sarah Kölbel, Wolfgang Ossadnik and Stefan Gergeleit --- Chapter 7: Intelligent Knowledge Retrieval from Industrial Repositories by Antonio Martin, Mauricio Burbano and Carlos León --- Chapter 8: Affective Technology Acceptance Model: Extending Technology Acceptance Model with Positive and Negative Affect by Angela Lee Siew Hoong, Lip Sam Thi and Mei-Hua Lin --- Chapter 9: The Impact of the Internet of Things to Value Added in Knowledge-Intensive Organizations by Maja Meško, Jana Suklan and Vasja Roblek --- Chapter 10: Knowledge Management Trends in Biotechnology in Brazil by Maria de Fátima Ebole Santana --- Chapter 11: Exploring the Impact of Online Clinical Guidelines on Individual Knowledge Management Behaviors and Individual Net Benefits by Shofang Chang, Tain-Junn Cheng and Chung-Hsien Chan --- Chapter 12: Knowledge-Based Assignment Model for Allocation of Employees in Engineering-to-Order Production by Matjaz Roblek, Maja Zajec and Benjamin Urh --- Chapter 13: An Examination of the Knowledge Management Process in the Emerging Chinese Hotel Industry by Tommy Wong, Linda French and Mark Wickham --- Chapter 14: Widening the Understanding of Risk Approaches by Comparing Definitions from Different Disciplines by Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff, Peter Wiedemann, Balázs Ádám, Joachim Schüz, Kristian Breum Ølgaard, Pernille Tanggaard Andersen, Steven Ndugwa Kabwama and Jesper Bo Nielsen

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter: VLSI by Kim Ho Yeap and Humaira Nisar --- Chapter 2: Transistor Degradations in Very Large-Scale-Integrated CMOS Technologies by Chang Yeol Lee --- Chapter 3: Low Power Design Methodology by Vithyalakshmi Natarajan, Ashok Kumar Nagarajan, Nagarajan Pandian and Vinoth Gopi Savithri --- Chapter 4: High-purity Refractory Metals for Thin Film Metallization of VLSI by Vadim Glebovsky --- Chapter 5: Operational Amplifier Design in CMOS at Low-Voltage for Sensor Input Front-End Circuits in VLSI Devices by Muhaned Zaidi, Ian Grout and Abu Khari A’ain --- Chapter 6: Design of High-Order CMOS Analog Notch Filter with 0.18 μm CMOS Technology by Kittipong Tripetch

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Coupling Watersheds, Estuaries and Regional Oceanography through Numerical Modelling in the Western Iberia: Thermohaline Flux Variability at the Ocean-Estuary Interface by Francisco J. Campuzano, Manuela Juliano, João Sobrinho, Hilda de Pablo, David Brito, Rodrigo Fernandes and Ramiro Neves --- Chapter 2: Weather, Hydrological and Oceanographic Conditions of the Northern Coast of the Río de la Plata Estuary during ENSO 2009–2010 by Ernesto Brugnoli, José Verocai, Pablo Muniz and Felipe García- Rodríguez --- Chapter 3: Pesticides in Worldwide Aquatic Systems: Part I by Catarina Cruzeiro, Eduardo Rocha and Maria João Rocha --- Chapter 4: Pesticides in Worldwide Aquatic Systems: Part II by Catarina Cruzeiro, Eduardo Rocha and Maria João Rocha --- Chapter 5: The Ecology and Food Web Dynamics of South African Intermittently Open Estuaries by Pierre William Froneman --- Chapter 6: The Relationship of Sediment and Intersitial Water Properties with Mangrove Health in a Subtropical Coastal Lagoon of Mexico by Carlos Augusto Zenteno-Palma, Aramis Olivos-Ortiz, María del Carmen Álvarez, Sonia Isabel Quijano-Scheggia and Gloria Alicia Jiménez-Ramón

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Advance Wave Modeling and Diffractions for High-Resolution Subsurface Seismic Imaging --- 2. Radiometric Mapping of Hydrothermal Alterations in Isla Isabel, Mexico --- 3. Rock Physics Interpretation of Tomographic Solutions for Geothermal Reservoir Properties --- 4. Resistivity and Induced Polarization Application for Urban Waste Disposal Site Studies --- 5. Analysis of Seismic Responses of Rock Massif to Explosive Impacts with Using Nonlinear Methods --- 6. Application of Seismic Tomography and Geotechnical Modeling for the Solution of Two Complex Instability Cases --- 7. Electrical Resistivity Tomography: A Subsurface-Imaging Technique

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The suggestion to compile and publish this volume dealing with some geoscientific problems of the Central Andes came up during a conference on "Mobility of Active Continental Margins" held in Berlin, February 1986. At this international conference, organized by the Berlin Research Group "Mobility of Active Continental Margins", colleagues from Europe, Southern and Northern America reported on their current investigations in the Central Andes. The Central Andes claim a special position in the 7000 km long Andean mountain range. In Northern Chile, Southern Bolivia and Northwest Argentina the Central Andes show their largest width with more than 650 km and along a Geotraverse between the Pacific coast and the Chaco all typical Andean morphotectonic units are well developed. Here, the pre-Andean evolution is documented by outcropping of Paleozoic and pre-Cambrian rocks. The characteristic phenomena of the Andean cycle can be studied along the entire geotraverse. The migration of the tectonic and magmatic activity starting in Jurassic and being active t i l l Quaternary is clearly evidenced. Besides the Himalaya, the Central Andes show with 70-80 km and -400 mgal the largest crustal thickness known in mountain ranges. These and many other interesting and exciting geoscientific features encouraged a group of geoscientists from both West-Berlin universities (Freie UniversitAt and Technische UniversitAt) to focus their studies along a geotraverse through the Central Andes. The realization of these studies would not have been possible without the active assistance and close cooperation of our colleagues from the geoscientific institutions in Salta (Argentina), La Paz and Santa Cruz (Bolivia) and Antofagasta and Santiago (Chile). Concerning the German participation, this joint and interdisciplinary project is financially supported since 1982 as Reserach Group" Mobility of Active Continental Margins" by the German Research Society and by the West-Berlin universities as well. A number of colleagues from universities in West Germany take part in this project, too. The papers presented here deal with the period from Late Precambrian up to the youngest phenomena in Quaternary. The contributions cover the whole spectrum of geoscientific research, geology, paleontology, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics and geomorphology. In conclusion, the data published here may help to improve the picture of Andean structure and evolution. The detailed investigations carried out in the past years show, that the first simple plate tectonic models proposed in the beginning of the seventies have to improved and modified. Furthermore, the results can be seen as contribution to the international Lithospheric Project and as a useful data base for the construction of a Central Andean Transect...

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION Evaporites may form in a spectrum of environments from continental sabkha (playa) to deep basins (see Kendall 1978 a, b, Schreiber 1978, 1986, Friedman and Krumbein 1985, for review). In the last two decades, many ancient evaporite basins have been interpreted using the sabkha model and the deep desiccated basin model, the former not excluding the latter. However, growing evidence has been gathered indicating that most evaporites are formed in subaqueous environments, so that it cannot be reasonably expected that one depositional model alone will explain the entire basin fill. The chapters in this volume discuss characteristic examples of evaporite basins, mostly of moderate size. Aspects of a saline giant, the Zechstein basin of Central and NW Europe, have been considered in Volume 10 of "Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences"...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE During the so-called Mid-Cretaceous interval, approximately 100 million years ago, the earth experienced a dynamic phase in its geologic history. Enhanced global tectonic activity resulted in a major rearrangment of the continental plates; accelerated spreading rates induced a first-order sea level highstand; intense off-ridge volcanism contributed to a modeled high atmospheric CO 2 rate; climatic conditions fluctuated; and major changes occurred in biologic evolutionary patterns. With the initiation of a gradual change from an equatorial, east-west directed current-circulation pattern to a regime, dominated by south-north and north-south directed current systems, the earth's internal clock was set for Cenozoic, "modern" times. The Mid-Cretaceous dynamic phase is recorded in a suite of sediments of remarkable similarity around the globe. Shallow-water carbonate platforms drowned on a global scale; widespread sediment-starved, glauconite and phosphate- rich sequences developed; and consequently, pelagic sedimentary regimes "invaded" shelf and epicontinental sea areas. This typical "deepening-upward" pattern is well-documented in Mid-Cretaceous sequences along the northern Tethys margin. Shallow-water carbonates are overlain by condensed glauconitic and phosphatic sediments, which, in turn, are blanketed by pelagic carbonates. In this volume, the example of the western Austrian helvetic Alps, built up of inner and outer shelf sediments deposited along the northern Tethys margin, is used to elucidate the paleoceanographic conditions, under which the Mid-Cretaceous triad of platform carbonates, condensed phosphatic and glauconitic sediments, and pelagic carbonates was formed. In the first part, the evolution of this sequence is traced from the demise of the platform (Aptian) to the return of detritus-dominated deposition (Upper Santonian). The second part includes a discussion of the reconstructed paleoceanographic and tectonic variables, their possible interaction, as well as their influence on sediment properties during this period. Special attention is paid to (1) subsidence behavior of the inner, platform-based shelf and the outer shelf beyond the platform, (2) ammonoid paleobiogeography, (3) the northern tethyan current system and its impact on sediment patterns, (4) the influence of an oxygen minimum zone, (5) sediment bypassing mechanisms on the inner shelf, (6) condensation processes, (7) phosphogenesis, (8) relative sea level changes, (9) genesis and the development of unconformities, (10) tectonic phases and their impact on sediment configuration, (11) drowning of the shallow-water carbonate platform, and (12) "asymmetric" sedimentary cycles. The detailed reconstruction of the development of sedimentary patterns both in time and space in this particular area, and its environmental interpretation, given in this volume, may serve as a contribution to a better understanding of the Mid-Cretaceous dynamic phase in earth's history...

Description / Table of Contents: This volume contains the contributions which have been presented at the 5. ALFRED WEGENER-Conference , held in Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany, 21 - 24 May 1986. This conference was the first international meeting of the IGCP Project 216 :"global biological events in earth history". The aim of the conference was, to discuss (a) the state-of-the-art in respect to the recognition of bio-events and to the analysis of their causes (b) the presentation of new data (c) the strategies which are needed for further research, carried out in the international cooperation programme of Project 216. It was intended to achieve with these discussions a more critical approach to the problems of global bio-events.

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION The awareness that mankind is able to influence and modify not only the local but also the global climate has led to a strongly growing interest in climate research. Strengthened research activities, which also made use of improved and novel experimental techniques, have yielded a wealth of information on climatic patterns in the past. At the same time, climate modelling has made much progress. While some questions have been answered, new problems have been recognized. One question related to anthropogenio climatic change is about the nature and causes of natural variations, against the background of which man-made changes must be viewed. The contributions to this volume all deal with the variabilitY of climate. Some papers are reviews of the knowledge to a current topic, others have more the character of an original contribution. The obseryational studies cover the range from year-to-year variations up to glacial-interglacial contrast, thereby going from instrumental data to results from proxy records...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE This volume comprises the main lectures delivered at the Fourth International Summer School in the Mountains on "Mathematical and Numerical Techniques in Physical Geodesy", held from August 25 to September 5, 1986 in Admont, Austria. The School was organized by the Institute of Theoretical Geodesy of the Technical University Graz, Austria under the auspices of the International Association of Geodesy. All five continents were represented by 70 participants from over 20 countries. The purpose of the Summer School was to provide an introduction to advanced techniques which represent the mathematical vehicle for the treatment of modern geodetic problems, to familiarize participants with the present state of the art of global and local gravity field determination methods, ranging from orbit theory, the key satellite techniques, to inertial and standard terrestrial methods, and to discuss future scientific developments. The arrangement of this volume matches the sequence of lectures given at the School. The theoretical PART A represents the mathematical framework of modern physical geodesy, the application PART B deals with the key satellite and surface techniques, providing the detailed structure of the earth's gravity field. PART A: One of the main goals in physical geodesy, global and local gravity field determination, is pursued by extensively applying functional analytic methods. Recently special attention is being given to the base function and norm choice problem, and to the establishment of a sound link between density distributions inside the earth as the source and observed or estimated gravity field quantities as the effect. The lectures by C.C. Tscherning focus on this topic. Space and time dependent problems of discrete and continuous type are encountered in modern geodesy nowadays and dealt with in the lectures by F. Sans6. Estimation theory either in its stochastic or statistic formulation plays a key role in the processing of processes like the earth's gravity field. The consistent processing of large structured data sets calls for equally structured numerical algorithms. Spectral analysis with its powerful fast Fourier transform has become a common tool for the treatment of such problems. An introduction to spectral methods, supplemented by numerous examples, is provided by B. Hofmann-Wellenhof and H. Moritz. PART B: The theory of orbit dynamics, tailored to the near circular orbits of most geodetic satellites, is fundamental to modern geodetic satellite techniques and discussed in the lectures by O.L. Colombo. Particular emphasis is put on the interplay between orbit perturbations and the earth's disturbing gravity field and its mapping by satellite techniques like satellite altimetry, satellite-tosatellite tracking and satellite gradiometry. Satellite gradiometry, which is discussed in the lectures by R. Rummel in detail, with regard to the geometric structure of the gravitational field, the observability of the gradients, and the mathematical model underlying the gravity field recovery problem, promises to provide particularly detailed information about the gravity field of our planet. The global structure of the earth's gravity field is described in terms of earth gravity field models which are derived from both satellite and surface data. The many delicate, mathematically as well as numerically challenging problems, related to the consistent processing of very large space distributed data sets, and proposed solutions are presented in the lecture by R.H. Rapp. For many years various attempts have been made to explain the shorter wavelength part of the earth's anomalous gravity field by isostatic phenomena. Recently several high resolution topographicisostatic earth models have been computed based on global digital terrain data using different techniques fo~ the estimation of the parameters of the chosen isostatic model. A declared goal is the maximum smoothing of the observed gravity field by removing the contribution of the topography and its isostatic compensation. This topic is discussed in the lectures by H. SUnkel. Inertial methods are steadily gaining importance, power and application. This is not only due to hardware improvements in terms of precision and reliability, but also due to recent advances in the mathematical and numerical modelling of the system's performance. An investigation of the error characteristics of inertial survey systems and their interaction with the anomalous gravity field, studied in the framework of dynamic system analysis, is the topic of the lectures by K.-P. Schwarz and the key issue for further improvements and possible integrations with other positioning systems. Geodetic data have both geometric and physical ingredients of various nature. Standard geodetic processing procedures aim at a separation of geometry from physics. Integrated geodesy, in contrast, has been designed as a very sophisticated melting pot which handles practically all available geodetic data in a consistent and optimal way.lt handles surface and satellite data with either geometrically or gravity field dominated content, and geophysical data in terms of density and seismic informatlon just as well and represents as such the great synthesis of mathematical modelling in connexion with geodetic data processing techniques; these advanced ideas are presented in the lectures by G. Hein. This volume presents highlights of modern geodetic activity and takes the reader to the frontiers of current research. It is not a textbook on a closed and limited subject, but rather a reference book for graduates and scientists working in the vast and beautiful, demanding but rewarding field of earth science in general and physical geodesy in particular. The editor expresses his appreciation to all authors of this volume for their advice and help in formulating and designing the scientific program of the Summer School, for providing typewritten lecture notes, and for their excellent cooperation.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE During the last decades, remarkable progress in heat flow studies has been made and a rough picture of the global surface heat flow density distribution can now be drawn. Simultaneously, the question of over which time period the surface heat flow is constant arose. There is a big field of model calculations, based on the changes in radioactive heat generation of the Earth, on plate motions, on stretching hypotheses or on other ideas, which result in geotherms in the geological past. Although these speculative paleogeotherms seem to be realistic especially in oceanic areas they do not belong to the scope of this book. In continental areas however, it is not possible to find a simple time dependence of the surface heat flow density. However, petroleum research and tectogenetic studies are very interested in the geothermal history of sedimentary basins and other continental areas. To obtain satisfactory results, a more or less direct determination of paleo heat flow density or geothermal gradient would be necessary to give more certain boundary conditions for calculating oil generation, and for controlling tectogenetic hypotheses. There are many methods available in the geosciences to determine temperatures in the geological past. Most of these models are able to estimate temperatures at which a mineral or a mineral assemblage was formed. These methods, however, are mostly unsuitable to reach the main goal of paleogeothermics in general, which is to determine the (regional) heat flow density variations during the geological past for bigger geological units, such as sedimentary basins. The methods applied most in sedimentary basins have been deduced from the degree of coalification of organic matter. Although much effort has been made to explain analytically the organic metamorphism, the results found up to now have been insufficient . However, the widespread application of this thermometer to estimate ancient thermal conditions is also reflected in the contents of this very volume where the interpretation of the degree of coalification of organic matter plays an important role. As well as this geothermometers, other methods are reviewed from a geophysical viewpoint which favours methods suitable to determine a paleothermal state of the upper crust. Further contributions of this book deal with - the history of the earth's surface temperature whose change provides an essential correction factor in heat flow density determinations, - isotope geothermometers and their application to various environments to evaluate thermal conditions in the past geological history, - an application of the radiometric dating method to retrace the paleothermal condition of the Central Alps. Most of the contributions were presented at the symposium "Paleogeothermics" which was held at the 18. General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, August 15-27, 1983 in Hamburg/FRG. It has been the first time that such a symposium has been organized by the International Heat Flow Commission, and this book presents an attempt to define paleogeothermics under the auspices of the International Heat Flow Commission.

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION Theoretical modelling and the use of mathematical methods are presently gaining in importance since progress in both geology and mathematics offers new possibilities to combine both fields. Most geological problems are inherently geometrical and morphological, and, therefore, amenable to a classification of forms from a "Gestalt point of view". Geometrical objects have to possess an inherent stability in order to preserve their essential quality under slight deformations. Otherwise, we could hardly conceive of them or describe them, and today's observation would not reproduce yesterday's result (DANGELMAYR & GÜTTINGER, 1982). This principle has become known as "structural stability" (THOM, 1975), i.e. the persistence of a phenomenon under all allowed perturbations. Stability is also, of course, an assumption of classical Newtonian physics, which is essentially the theory of various kinds of smooth behavior (POSTON &STEWART, 1978). However, things sometimes "jump". A new species with a different morphology appears suddenly in the paleontological record (EI.DREDGE & GOULD, 1972), a fault develops, a landslide moves, a computer program becomes unstable with a certain data configuration, etc. It is, surprisingly, the topological approach which permits the study of a broad range of such phenomena in a coherent manner (POSTON & STEWART, 1978; LU, 1976; STEWART, 1982). The universal singularities and bifurcation processes derived from the concept of structural stabiIity determine the spontaneous formation of qualitatively similar spatio-temporal structures in systems of various geneses exhibiting critical behavior (DANGELMAYR & GÜTTINGER, 1982; THOM, 1975; POSTON & STEWART, 1978; GÜTTINGER & EIKEMEIER, t979; STEWART, 1981). In addition, this return to a "geometrization of phenomena"-- after decades of algorithmization-- comes much closer to the geologist's intuitive geometric reasoning. It is the aim of this study to elucidate, by examples, how the qualitative geometrical approach allows one to classify forms and to control the behavior of complex computer algorithms...