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  • energy economics  (66)
  • ddc:550
  • English  (67)
  • German  (28)
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  • Dutch
  • 2005-2009  (79)
  • 1995-1999  (16)
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  • English  (67)
  • German  (28)
  • Arabic
  • Czech
  • Dutch
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  • 1
    Unknown
    Paris : OECD/IEA
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Since WEO-2008, the economic downturn has led to a drop in energy use, CO2 emissions and energy investment. Is this an opportunity to arrest climate change or a threat that any economic upturn might be stifled at birth? What package of commitments and measures should the climate negotiators at Copenhagen put together if they really want to stop global temperatures rising? How much would it cost? And how much might the developed world have to pay to finance action elsewhere? How big is the gas resource base and what is the typical pattern of production from a gas field? What does the unconventional gas boom in the United States mean for the rest of the world? Are we headed for a global gas glut? What role will gas play in the future energy mix? And how might the way gas is priced change? All these questions and many others are answered in WEO-2009. The data are extensive, the projections more detailed than ever and the analyses compelling.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (696 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9789264061309
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper compares model estimates of national and sectoral GHG mitigation potential across six key OECD GHG-emitting economies: Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, Mexico and the US. It examines the implications of model structure, baseline and policy assumptions, and assesses GHG mitigation potential estimates across a variety of models, including models that are used to inform climate policy-makers in each of these economies.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (85 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Since 2005, the OECD and IEA have been examining the possibility to expand international carbon markets by granting broader access to developing countries. This note summarises key elements in this area, drawing on earlier publications done under the aegis of the Annex I Expert Group on the UNFCCC (AIXG).
    Pages: Online-Ressource (6 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This article assesses the long-term economic and climatic effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical global climate change mitigation policy. Based on emission trends, abatement costs and equilibrium climate sensitivity from IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms that price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. Furthermore,this analysis shows that rigid targets may entail greater economic risks with little or no comparative advantage for the climate. More ambitious emission objectives, combined with price caps and price floors, could still entail significantly lower expected costs while driving similar, or even slightly better, climatic outcomes in probabilistic terms.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This study assesses the long-term economic and environmental effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical climate change mitigation architecture, which aims to reduce global energy-related CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050. Based on abatement costs in IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms what qualitative analyses have already suggested: introducing price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. With price caps, the expected costs could be reduced by about 50% and the uncertainty on economic costs could be one order of magnitude lower. Reducing economic uncertainties may spur the adoption of more ambitious policies by helping to alleviate policy makers’ concerns of economic risks. Meanwhile, price floors would reduce the level of emissions beyond the objective if the abatement costs ended up lower than forecasted. If caps and floors are commensurate with the ambition of the policy pursued and combined with slightly tightened emission objectives, climatic results could be on average similar to those achieved with “straight” objectives (i.e. with no cost-containment mechanism). This papers reviews current proposals in the UNFCCC negotiations for future mechanisms to report and record Parties’ GHG mitigation actions and commitments, as well as support provided for such actions. It explores the possible purposes, coverage and form of a reporting/recording mechanism post-2012 and highlights the decision points that are needed in order to establish such a mechanism. It examines what information such a mechanism could include in terms of actions, commitments and support, as well as the institutional implications of different design options.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investment in the energy system of tomorrow requires substantial resources and informed policy making to achieve energy-security,economic and environmental objectives. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates 26 trillion USD in investments will be needed in the energy sector by 2030 to sustain current energy trends. Energy business-as-usual, however, and the resulting environmental impacts, are not sustainable as they result in energy insecurity and climate damages. Investment in the energy system of tomorrow requires substantial resources and informed policy making to achieve energy-security, economic and environmental objectives. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates 26 trillion USD in investments will be needed in the energy sector by 2030 to sustain current energy trends. Energy business-as-usual, however, and the resulting environmental impacts, are not sustainable as they result in energy insecurity and climate damages.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This information paper provides policy makers and managers, facing tough energy policy challenges, with a wider perspective of how the same issues are being addressed by different IEA member countries. The topics included are: Government structures for co-ordinating energy and climate policies The use of long-term energy forecasts and scenarios Progress in the delivery of key energy security policies
    Pages: Online-Ressource (91 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This special early excerpt of WEO-2009 is a contribution from the energy sector to inform the negotiations leading into Copenhagen. It summarises the results of a fully-updated Reference Sceario, detailing by sector and by country/region the trends in energy use and emissions and the investments and funding needed to meet the 450 Scenario.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This article assesses the long-term economic and climatic effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical global climate change mitigation policy. Based on emission trends, abatement costs and equilibrium climate sensitivity from IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms that price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends.In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. Furthermore,this analysis shows that rigid targets may entail greater economic risks with little or no comparative advantage for the climate. More ambitious emission objectives, combined with price caps and price floors, could still entail significantly lower expected costs while driving similar, or even slightly better, climatic outcomes in probabilistic terms.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper first reviews proposals for the design of sectoral and related market mechanisms currently debated, both in the UNFCCC negotiations, and in different domestic legislative contexts. Secondly, it addresses the possible principles and technical requirements that Parties may wish to consider as the foundations for further elaboration of the mechanisms. The third issue explored herein is domestic implementation of sectoral market mechanisms by host countries, incentives to move to new market mechanisms, as well as how the transition between current and future mechanisms could be managed.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 11
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper is a background document on the global chemical and petrochemical sector for the IEA publication Energy Technology Transitions in Industry (IEA, 2009). It provides further, more detailed information on the methodology and data issues for energy efficiency indicators for the sector. The indicators discussed offer insight regarding the energy efficiency improvement potential in the short- to medium-term (by proven technologies). This paper is a background document on the global chemical and petrochemical sector for the IEA publication Energy Technology Transitions in Industry (IEA, 2009). It provides further, more detailed information on the methodology and data issues for energy efficiency indicators for the sector. The indicators discussed offer insight regarding the energy efficiency improvement potential in the short- to medium-term (by proven technologies).
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Addressing climate change requires nothing short of an energy revolution. Electricity, mostly generated from fossil fuels, is at the core of this challenge, accounting for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO2-intensive capacity, the so-called “carbon lock-in”. Addressing climate change requires nothing short of an energy revolution. Electricity, mostly generated from fossil fuels, is at the core of this challenge, accounting for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO2-intensive capacity, the so-called “carbon lock-in”. Sectoral Approaches in Electricity – Building Bridges to a Safe Climate shows how the international climate policy framework could effectively support a transition towards low-CO2 electricity systems in developing countries. Sectoral approaches are intended to address sectors that require urgent actions, without waiting for countries to take nation-wide commitments. Once built, power generation capacity lasts for decades. Investing massively in CO2-intensive technologies to meet surging electricity demand will either make it impossible or overly costly to stabilise CO2 concentrations at sustainable levels. The technology mix needed to avoid such a development is clear: higher generation efficiency, CO2 capture and storage, nuclear and renewables. Earlier IEA publications have extensively reviewed developed countries’ efforts to steer generation away from carbon-intensive production modes, from dedicated support to low-carbon technologies to, increasingly, the reliance on CO2 pricing via emissions trading. Following the same logic, there are proposals seeking to use the international carbon market to drive changes at sectoral level in developing countries. This publication illustrates the pros and cons of such an approach in a few key emerging economies. It also asks how international climate policy could support and enhance ongoing efforts on end-use energy efficiency - an essential piece of the climate change/electricity puzzle.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (186 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The IEA has identified energy efficiency as essential to achieving a sustainable energy future. In order to improve energy efficiency in industry one of the priority areas for further action is the promotion of more and higher quality energy management (EM) activity. However, there are significant gaps in the current implementation of EM. One method of bridging these gaps would be the creation of an EM Action NetworK (EMAK) to bring practical support to energy managers, connect energy managers to energy policy makers, and interconnect these networks globally.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 14
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: China’s rapid economic growth has aroused intense interest around the world. Policy makers, industrialists, investors, environmentalists, researchers and others want to better understand the issues that this populous nation faces as it further develops an already thriving economy largely fuelled by coal. This study sheds light on the Chinese coal supply and transformation sectors. China’s rapid economic growth has aroused intense interest around the world. Policy makers, industrialists, investors, environmentalists, researchers and others want to better understand the issues that this populous nation faces as it further develops an already thriving economy largely fuelled by coal. This study sheds light on the Chinese coal supply and transformation sectors. China’s coal, mined locally and available at a relatively low cost, has brought enormous benefits to energy consumers in China and to those outside the country who enjoy the products of its coal-based economy. Yet from another perspective, China’s coal use has a high cost. Despite progress, health and safety in the thousands of small coal mines lag far behind the standards achieved in China’s modern, large mines. Environmental degradation is a real and pressing problem at all stages of coal production, supply and use. Adding to these burdens, emissions of carbon dioxide are of concern to the Chinese government as it embarks on its own climate protection strategy. Technology solutions are already transforming the way coal is used in China and elsewhere. This study explores the context in which the development and deployment of these technologies can be accelerated. Providing a large amount of new data, it describes in detail the situation in China as well as the experiences of other countries in making coal cleaner. Above all, the report calls for much greater levels of collaboration – existing bi-lateral and multi-lateral co-operation with China on coal is found lacking. China’s growing openness presents many commercial opportunities. Establishing a global market for cleaner coal technologies is key to unlocking the potential of technology – one of ten major recommendations made in this study.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 15
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper discusses coal mine methane emissions (CMM) in the Russian Federation and the potential for their productive utilisation. It highlights specific opportunities for cost-effective reductions of CMM from oil and natural gas facilities, coal mines and landfills, with the aim of improving knowledge about effective policy approaches.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 16
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Coal Mine Methane in China
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 17
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The report, released at the COGEN Europe meeting in Brussels on 21 April 2009, provides “best practice” policy approaches used by different countries to expand CHP and district energy use. The report follows the 2008 IEA CHP study as part of the IEA International CHP Collaborative effort.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 18
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: An Assessment of Technology, Policy and Financial Issues Relating to CMM in China, based on Interviews Conducted at Coal Mines in Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 19
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. What are the likely future trends in energy use and CO2 emissions from industry? What impact could the application of best available technologies have on these trends? Which new technologies are needed if these sectors are to fully play their role in a more secure and sustainable energy future? Energy Technology Transitions for Industry addresses these questions through detailed sectoral and regional analyses, building on the insights of crucial IEA findings, such as Energy Technology Perspectives 2008: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050. It contains new indicators and methodologies as well as scenario results for the following sectors: iron and steel, cement, chemicals, pulp and paper and aluminium sectors. The report discusses the prospects for new low-carbon technologies and outlines potential technology transition paths for the most important industrial sectors. This publication is one of three new end-use studies, together with transport and buildings, which look at the role of technologies in transforming the way energy is used in these sectors.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (326 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 20
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurable, Reportable and Verifiable Mitigation Actions and Support
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 21
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom März 2008 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Mit Luftsäcken zum Riesenwuchs: Die Wirbelsäule sauropoder Dinosaurier, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport (Neue Bücher, Personalia, Tagungsberichte)
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 22
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom September 2008 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus:Kosmogene Nuklide in den Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport (Neue Bücher, Personalia, Tagungsberichte)
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
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  • 23
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom Dezember 2008 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Das Magnetfeld der Erde, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport (Neue Bücher, Personalia, Tagungsberichte)
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
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  • 24
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom Juni 2008 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Versorgung mit mineralischen Rohstoffen - eine Bestandsaufnahme (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport (Neue Bücher, Personalia, Tagungsberichte)
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 25
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This report explores the effects of the EU emissions trading scheme on the aluminium sector (i.e. competitiveness loss and carbon leakage). With its very high electricity intensity, primary aluminium stands out in the heavy industry picture: a sector whose emissions are not capped in the present EU ETS, European aluminium smelters still stand to lose profit margins and, possibly, market shares, as electricity prices increase following CO2 caps on generators’ emissions - the famous pass-through of CO2 prices into electricity prices. The analysis includes a method of quantification of this issue, based on two indicators: profit margins and trade flows. As the EU is at the forefront of such policy, the paper provides policy messages to all countries on how trade exposed energy-intensive industries can be ‘moved’ by carbon constraint. This also is a contentious topic in Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and the US, where ambitious climate policies – including cap-and-trade systems – are currently debated.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 26
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The aim of this IEA Information Paper is to help policy makers and other stakeholders understand the challenges facing the incorporation of high efficiency combined heat and power (CHP) into greenhouse gas (GHG) Emissions Trading Schemes (ETSs) – and to propose options for overcoming them.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 27
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Climate change is a major challenge. Secure, reliable and affordable energy supplies are needed for economic growth, but increases in the associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are the cause of major concern. About 69% of all CO2 emissions, and 60% of all greenhouse gas emissions, are energy-related. Recent IEA analysis in Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 (ETP) projects that the CO2 emissions attributable to the energy sector will increase by 130% by 2050 in the absence of new policies or supply constraints, largely as a result of increased fossil fuel usage. The 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4th Assessment Report indicates that such a rise in emissions could lead to a temperature increase in the range of 4-7°C, with major impacts on the environment and human activity. It is widely agreed that a halving of energy-related CO2 emissions is needed by 2050 to limit the expected temperature increase to less than 3 degrees. To achieve this will take an energy technology revolution involving increased energy effi ciency, increased renewable energies and nuclear power, and the decarbonisation of power generation from fossil fuels. The only technology available to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from large-scale fossil fuel usage is CO2 capture and storage (CCS). The ETP scenarios demonstrate that CCS will need to contribute nearly one-fi fth of the necessary emissions reductions to reduce global GHG emissions by 50% by 2050 at a reasonable cost. CCS is therefore essential to the achievement of deep emission cuts. Most of the major world economies recognise this, and have CCS technology development programmes designed to achieve commercial deployment. In fact, at the 2008 Hokkaido Toyako summit, the G8 countries endorsed the IEA’s recommendation that 20 large-scale CCS demonstration projects need to be committed by 2010, with a view to beginning broad deployment by 2020. Ministers specifi cally asked for an assessment by the IEA in 2010 of the implementation of these recommendations, as well as an assessment of progress towards accelerated deployment and commercialisation. Current spending and activity levels are nowhere near enough to achieve these deployment goals. CCS technology demonstration has been held back for a number of reasons. In particular, CCS technology costs have increased signifi cantly in the last 5 years. In the absence of suitable fi nancial mechanisms to support CCS, including signifi cant public and private funding for nearterm demonstrations and longer-term integration of CCS into GHG regulatory and incentive schemes, high costs have precluded the initiation of large-scale CCS projects. The regulatory framework necessary to support CCS projects also needs to be further developed. Despite important progress, especially in relation to international marine protection treaties, no country has yet developed the comprehensive, detailed legal and regulatory framework that is necessary effectively to govern the use of CCS. CCS is also poorly understood by the general public. As a result, there is a general lack of public support for CCS as compared to several other GHG mitigation options. This report attempts to address some of these issues by collecting the best global information about the cost and performance of CO2 capture, transport and storage technologies throughout the CCS project chain. Chapters 1-4 contain this information, and use it to conduct a scenario analysis of the role of CCS in climate change mitigation. Chapter 5 discusses the fi nancial incentive mechanisms that governments can use to provide both short- and long-term incentives for CCS. This chapter also contains an expansion and update of the 2007 IEA publication Legal Aspects of CO2 Storage: Updates and Recommendations and examines the current state of public awareness and acceptance of the relevant technologies. Chapter 6 includes a review of the status of CCS policies, research and demonstration programmes, and CO2 storage prospects for several regions and countries. Chapter 7 concludes with a proposed CCS roadmap that includes the necessary technical, political, fi nancial and international collaboration activities to enable CCS to make the contribution it needs to make to global GHG mitigation in the coming decades.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 28
    Unknown
    Paris : OECD/IEA
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Are world oil and gas supplies under threat? How could a new international accord on stabilising greenhouse-gas emissions affect global energy markets? World Energy Outlook 2008 answers these and other burning questions. WEO-2008 draws on the experience of another turbulent year in energy markets to provide new energy projections to 2030, region by region and fuel by fuel. It incorporates the latest data and policies. WEO-2008 focuses on two pressing issues facing the energy sector today: - Prospects for oil and gas production: How much oil and gas exists and how much can be produced? Will investment be adequate? Through field-by-field analysis of production trends at 800 of the world’s largest oilfields, an assessment of the potential for finding and developing new reserves and a bottom-up analysis of upstream costs and investment, WEO-2008 takes a hard look at future global oil and gas supply. - Post-2012 climate scenarios: What emissions limits might emerge from current international negotiations on climate change? What role could cap-and-trade and sectoral approaches play in moving to a low-carbon energy future? Two different scenarios are assessed, one in which the atmospheric concentration of emissions is stabilised at 550 parts per million (ppm) in CO2 equivalent terms and the second at the still more ambitious level of 450 ppm. The implications for energy demand, prices, investment, air pollution and energy security are fully spelt out. This groundbreaking analysis will enable policy makers to distill the key choices as they strive to agree in Copenhagen in 2009 on a post-Kyoto climate framework. With extensive data, detailed projections and in-depth analysis, WEO-2008 provides invaluable insights into the prospects for the global energy market and what they mean for climate change.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (569 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9789264045606
    Language: English
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  • 29
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The world needs ever increasing energy supplies to sustain economic growth and development. But energy resources are under pressure and CO2 emissions from today’s energy use already threaten our climate. What options do we have for switching to a cleaner and more efficient energy future? How much will it cost? And what policies do we need? This second edition of Energy Technology Perspectives addresses these questions, drawing on the renowned expertise of the International Energy Agency and its energy technology network. This publication responds to the G8 call on the IEA to provide guidance for decision makers on how to bridge the gap between what is happening and what needs to be done in order to build a clean, clever and competitive energy future. The IEA analysis demonstrates that a more sustainable energy future is within our reach, and that technology is the key. Increased energy efficiency, CO2 capture and storage, renewables, and nuclear power will all be important. We must act now if we are to unlock the potential of current and emerging technologies and reduce the dependency on fossil fuels with its consequent effects on energy security and the environment. This innovative work demonstrates how energy technologies can make a difference in an ambitious series of global scenarios to 2050. The study contains technology road maps for all key energy sectors, including electricity generation, buildings, industry and transport. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 provides detailed technology and policy insights to help focus the discussion and debate in energy circles..
    Pages: Online-Ressource (500 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 30
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The conflicts over the break-up of the former Yugoslavia damaged much of the energy infrastructure and compounded the challenge of providing reliable energy supply. The Western Balkans – composed of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo – is a complex region facing significant energy challenges. The conflicts over the break-up of the former Yugoslavia damaged much of the energy infrastructure and compounded the challenge of providing reliable energy supply. Electricity systems in many parts of the region remain fragile and in need of investment. A priority across the region is to put into place the institutions, infrastructure and policies that can support the provision of reliable, affordable and sustainable energy. For the Western Balkans as a whole, a key element of the reform effort is the Energy Community Treaty – a regulatory and market framework to which the entire region has now subscribed. This Treaty aims to create an integrated regional market for electricity and gas compatible with the European Union’s internal energy market. This Energy Policy Survey is the first comprehensive review of energy policies and strategies in the Western Balkan region, and also covers important cross-cutting topics such as co-operation and energy trade, oil and gas transportation, and the links between energy and poverty. It identifies and assesses the reforms that are still needed to deliver efficient, modernised energy systems that can assist economic development, address energy poverty and reduce the environmental impacts of energy use.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 31
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse current approaches to encourage energy efficiency in building codes for new buildings. Based on this analysis the paper enumerates policy recommendations for enhancing how energy efficiency is addressed in building codes and other policies for new buildings. This paper forms part of the IEA work for the G8 Gleneagles Plan of Action. These recommendations reflect the study of different policy options for increasing energy efficiency in new buildings and examination of other energy efficiency requirements in standards or building codes, such as energy efficiency requirements by major renovation or refurbishment. In many countries, energy efficiency of buildings falls under the jurisdiction of the federal states. Different standards cover different regions or climatic conditions and different types of buildings, such as residential or simple buildings, commercial buildings and more complicated high-rise buildings. There are many different building codes in the world and the intention of this paper is not to cover all codes on each level in all countries. Instead, the paper details different regions of the world and different ways of standards. In this paper we also evaluate good practices based on local traditions. This project does not seek to identify one best practice amongst the building codes and standards. Instead, different types of codes and different parts of the regulation have been illustrated together with examples on how they have been successfully addressed. To complement this discussion of efficiency standards, this study illustrates how energy efficiency can be improved through such initiatives as efficiency labelling or certification, very best practice buildings with extremely low- or no-energy consumption and other policies to raise buildings’ energy efficiency beyond minimum requirements. When referring to the energy saving potentials for buildings, this study uses the analysis of recent IEA publications, including the World Energy Outlook 2006 (WEO) and Energy Technology Perspective (ETP). Here, we based the estimates of potentials on the scenarios presented, in particular on the predictions of consumption in the residential and commercial sectors in the WEO 2006. Finally, this paper recommends policies which could be used to realise these large and feasible energy saving potentials in new buildings, and the use of building codes by renovation or refurbishment. The paper addresses as well experts as policy makers and interest groups with particular interest in energy efficiency in new buildings. Some parts might hence seem simplified and known for some experts, such as the discussions on barriers or the climatic impact on efficiency. Other parts might on the other hand seem a little technical for the policy oriented reader or for some interest groups. But there are large and compelling opportunities, this is recognised by many experts as well as there is a will to act by many policymakers and governments. But still too little happen because there are barriers and low understanding also in the institutional parts or little communications between different layers of the implementation process. The paper hence aims to bridge these gabs by addressing several different groups at the same time. So hopefully the reader will accept these inconveniences.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (85 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 32
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This study assesses the long-term economic and environmental effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical climate change mitigation architecture, which aims to reduce global energy-related CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050. Based on abatement costs in IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms what qualitative analyses have already suggested: introducing price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. See also Assessing the value of price caps and floors, November 2009 This study assesses the long-term economic and environmental effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical climate change mitigation architecture, which aims to reduce global energy-related CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050. Based on abatement costs in IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms what qualitative analyses have already suggested: introducing price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. With price caps, the expected costs could be reduced by about 50% and the uncertainty on economic costs could be one order of magnitude lower. Reducing economic uncertainties may spur the adoption of more ambitious policies by helping to alleviate policy makers’ concerns of economic risks. Meanwhile, price floors would reduce the level of emissions beyond the objective if the abatement costs ended up lower than forecasted. If caps and floors are commensurate with the ambition of the policy pursued and combined with slightly tightened emission objectives, climatic results could be on average similar to those achieved with “straight” objectives (i.e. with no cost-containment mechanism).
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 33
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: At their 2007 Summit in Heiligendamm, G8 leaders called on countries to “adopt instruments and measures to significantly increase the share of combined heat and power (CHP) in the generation of electricity.” As a result, energy, economic, environmental and utility regulators are looking for tools and information to understand the potential of CHP and to identify appropriate policies for their national circumstances. This report forms the first part of the response. It includes answers to policy makers’ questions about the potential economic, energy and environmental benefits of an increased policy commitment to CHP. It also includes for the first time integrated IEA data on global CHP installations, and analyses the benefits of increased CHP investment in the G8+5 countries. A companion report will be produced later in 2008 to document best practice policy approaches that have been used to expand the use of CHP in a variety of countries.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 Seiten)
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  • 34
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This report explores the vulnerability of heavy industry to carbon leakage and competitiveness loss. It reviews the existing literature on competitiveness and carbon leakage under uneven climate policies. It also suggests a statistical method to track carbon leakage, and applies this methodology to Phase I of the EU emissions trading scheme, for various industrial activities: iron and steel, cement, aluminium and refineries. Finally, it reviews measures to mitigate carbon leakage, as discussed in Australia, Canada, Europe, New Zealand and the US.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 35
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom März 2007 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Submarine Hysrothermalquellen - Treffpunkte von Geologie, Geochemie und Biologie, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport (Neue Bücher, Neue Karten, Personalia, Tagungsberichte)
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    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
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  • 36
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom September 2007 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Das neue Museum für Naturkunde Berlin - Evolution in Aktion, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport (Neue Bücher, Personalia, Tagungsberichte)
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
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    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
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    Language: German
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  • 37
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom Juni 2007 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Quasikristalle - von einer Kuriosität zum neuen Material , Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport (Multimedia, Neue Bücher, Neue Karten, Personalia, Tagungsberichte)
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  • 38
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom Dezember 2007 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Gashydrate der Meeresböden: Methanspeicher im Ozean, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport (Neue Bücher, Neue Karten, Personalia, Tagungsberichte)
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
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    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
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  • 39
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The IEA is undertaking a strategic inititive to improve global energy data and analysis by better incorporating energy sector methane emissions and recovery opportunities. The ultimate goal of this effort is to expand opportunities for cost-effective methane reductions from oil and natural gas facilities, landfills, and coal mines. Methane (CH4) is a hydrocarbon that is the primary component of natural gas. It is also a potent greenhouse gas(GHG), meaning that its presence in the atmosphere affects the earth’s temperature and climate system. As a result, efforts to reduce methane emissions by using methane for energy production can yield environmental, economic, and energy benefits.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 40
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper examines what “sustainable development policies and measures” (SD-PAMs) could be, and how they could be implemented and could fit into a post-2012 climate regime. This paper assumes that the option to implement SD-PAMs instead of quantified GHG emission commitments post-2012 is an option that would be likely to be only open to non-Annex I countries. There are several key, but unanswered, questions related to SD-PAMs. These include policy-related issues such as which countries could take on commitments to implement SD-PAMs (rather than quantified emission commitments)? Why would particular countries decide to take on such commitments? They also include questions related to how SD-PAMs could be implemented. For many other options for possible post-2012 GHG mitigation actions, including by non-Annex I countries, have also been proposed. However, this paper focuses solely on SD-PAMs.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 41
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The environmental benefits of renewable energy are well known. But the contribution that they can make to energy security is less widely recognised. This report aims to redress the balance, showing how in electricity generation, heat supply, and transport, renewables can enhance energy security and suggesting policies that can optimise this contribution.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (74 Seiten)
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  • 42
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: At the Gleneagles Summit in July 2005, the G8 heads of state asked the International Energy Agency (IEA) to identify measures to map out the path to a “clean, clever and competitive energy future.” This request came in recognition of the Agency’s strengths and offered the opportunity to draw on its existing expertise and programmes. We responded with a broad array of initiatives to develop strategies to mitigate climate change, secure clean energy and achieve sustainable development.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 Seiten)
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  • 43
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the findings of a new assessment of the techno-economic and policy-related efficiency improvement potential in the North American building stock conducted as part of a wider appraisal of existing buildings in member states of the International Energy Agency. It summarizes results and provides insights into the lessons learned through a broader global review of best practice to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings. At this time, the report is limited to the USA because of the large size of its buildings market. At a later date, a more complete review may include some details about policies and programs in Canada. If resources are available an additional comprehensive review of Canada and Mexico may be performed in the future.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 Seiten)
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  • 44
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper provides the latest developments of announced, proposed and existing greenhouse gas emissions trading schemes (ETS) around the world since 2006. It also examines different potential design options for ETS (e.g. coverage, allocation mode, provision for offsets), and how these options are treated in the existing, announced or proposed schemes.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 Seiten)
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  • 45
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Today’s investment decisions in key sectors such as energy, forestry or transport have significant impacts on the levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the coming decades. Given the economic and environmental long-term implications of capital investment and retirement, a climate mitigation regime should aim to encourage capital investment in climate-friendly technologies. Many factors affect technology choice and the timing of investment, including investor expectations about future prices and policies. Recent international discussions have focused on the importance of providing more certainty about future climate policy stringency. The design of commitment periods can play a role in creating this environment. This paper assesses how the length of commitment periods influences policy uncertainty and investment decisions. In particular, the paper analyses the relationship between commitment period length and near term investment decisions in climate friendly technology.
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  • 46
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper explores sectoral approaches as a new set of options to enhance the effectiveness of greenhouse gas reduction policies and to engage emerging economies on a lower emission path. It surveys existing literature and recent policy trends in international climate change discussions, and provides an overview of sectoral approaches and related issues for trade-exposed, greenhouse-gas intensive industries (cement, iron and steel and aluminium). It is also based on interviews conducted by the IEA Secretariat in Australia, China, Europe, Japan, and the United States. Sectoral approaches were also discussed during workshops on technology and energy efficiency policies in industry, following the IEA’s mandate under the Gleneagles Plan of Action.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (77 Seiten)
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  • 47
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper has been produced as part of the work programme in support of the Gleneagles Plan of Action (GPOA), where the IEA was requested to “undertake a study to review existing global appliance standards and codes”. In accordance with the G8 request, this study investigates the coverage and impact of forms of minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) and comparative energy labelling programmes; which comprise the cornerstone of most IEA countries national energy efficiency strategy. This scope also reflects governments’ aspirations to achieve ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, this study does not address endorsement labelling and associated voluntary programmes, although these are also important policy tools for national energy efficiency strategies.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (105 Seiten)
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  • 48
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: World leaders have pledged to act to change the energy future. Some new policies are in place. But the trends in energy demand, imports, coal use and greenhouse gas emissions to 2030 in this year’s World Energy Outlook are even worse than projected in WEO 2006. China and India are the emerging giants of the world economy. Their unprecedented pace of economic development will require ever more energy, but it will transform living standards for billions. There can be no question of asking them selectively to curb growth so as to solve problems which are global. So how is the transition to be achieved to a more secure, lower-carbon energy system? WEO 2007 provides the answers. With extensive statistics, projections in three scenarios, analysis and advice, it shows China, India and the rest of the world why we need to co-operate to change the energy future and how to do it.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (663 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9789264027305
    Language: English
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  • 49
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Modern biomass, and the resulting useful forms of bioenergy produced from it, are anticipated by many advocates to provide a significant contribution to the global primary energy supply of many IEA member countries during the coming decades. For non-member countries, particularly those wishing to achieve economic growth as well as meet the goals for sustainable development, the deployment of modern bioenergy projects and the growing international trade in biomass-based energy carriers offer potential opportunities.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (66 Seiten)
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  • 50
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Existing buildings require over 40% of the world’s total final energy consumption, and account for 24% of world CO2 emissions (IEA, 2006a). Much of this consumption could be avoided through improved efficiency of building energy systems (IEA, 2006a) using current, commercially-viable technology. In most cases, these technologies make economic sense on a life-cycle cost analysis (IEA, 2006b). Moreover, to the extent that they reduce dependence on risk-prone fossil energy sources, energy efficient technologies also address concerns of energy security.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 Seiten)
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  • 51
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Energy security, environmental protection and economic prosperity all pose major challenges for today’s energy decision makers. To meet these challenges, innovation, the adoption of new cost effective technologies, and better use of existing energy-efficient technologies are key elements. The world is not on course for a sustainable energy future – with security concerns and CO2 emissions projected to more than double by 2050. But this alarming outlook can be changed. A recent major IEA analysis “Energy Technology Perspectives – Scenarios and Strategies to 2050” (IEA, 2006) demonstrate that by developing and employing technologies that already exist or are under development, the world could be brought onto a much more sustainable energy path. The costs of achieving a more sustainable energy future are not disproportionate, but they will require substantial effort and investment by both the public and private sectors. There will be significant additional transitional costs related to RD&D and deployment programmes to commercialise many of the technologies over the next couple of decades. Governments will continue to play a major role in energy technology R&D – in defining policies and funding them. How can IEA member country governments be sure they are making the right choices? One answer is by learning from the experience of others – through the use of peer reviews. The IEA version of the peer review – the in-depth review - is a well established tool used since the IEA was created more than 30 years ago. It provides for its members a framework to examine and compare experiences and discuss “best practices” in a host of energy policy areas, including research, development and technology policy. Making the most of the in-depth review process, as well as recommendations emanating from it, offers the promise of better and more well-informed R&D policies – ultimately assisting the development of the new energy technologies that we so urgently need.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (79 Seiten)
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  • 52
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Due to the growth of international attention on the problem of climate change combined with the attractiveness of methane mitigation technologies, the capture and use of methane in agriculture, coal mines, landfills, and the oil and gas sector has increasingly become popular over the past few years. Highlighting this, several countries hosted the international “Methane to Market” Partnership Conference and Exposition in October 2007 in Beijing, China.
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  • 53
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper assesses the policy questions as highlighted in the relevant COP/MOP 2 decision, particularly leaks (or seepage) and permanence for geological storage, project boundaries and liability issues, and leakage, as well as a few others raised by some Parties. Since any emissions or leaks during the separation, capture and transport phases would occur during the crediting period of the project (and would therefore be accounted for as project emissions), the paper focuses its analyses for leaks and liability on storage, as it is in this part of the CCS process that long-term leaks could occur.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 Seiten)
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  • 54
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Since its founding in 1974, oil supply security has been a core mission of the International Energy Agency. In order to test IEA member countries’ readiness to deal with oil and gas emergencies, IEA member country representatives and the IEA Secretariat participate in peer reviews of member countries every few years. Procedures and institutional arrangements are thoroughly analysed. The publication Oil Supply Security: The Emergency Response of IEA Countries (2007) represents the last full cycle of reviews of IEA member countries (and some non-member countries). Below are updated reviews of member countries’ (and Chile) emergency preparedness in oil and gas carried out in the most recent review cycle (2009-2012).
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384 Seiten)
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  • 55
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom März 2006 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Gashydrate der Meeresböden: Methanspeicher im Ozean, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport (Neue Bücher, Personalia, Tagungsberichte)
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
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  • 56
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom Juni 2006 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Feinstaubexposition in urbanen Ballungsräumen - Ergebnisse der Elektronenmikroskopie, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport (Neue Bücher, Personalia, Tagungsberichte)
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
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    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
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  • 57
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom September 2006 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Das UNESCO-Weltnaturebe Grube Messel - einzigartieges Geopotential nun mit soziotouristischer Nutzung, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport (Neue Bücher, Neue Karten, Personalia, Tagungsberichte)
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
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  • 58
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    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom Dezember 2006 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Urgeschichte als Geowissenschaft, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport (Neue Bücher, Personalia, Tagungsberichte)
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2023-03-14
    Description: Mit Hilfe von geochemischen Indizes wird für die Schichten der Wied-Gruppe (Mayen Formation bis Rüscheid Formation) eine Rekonstruktion der Paläoredoxbedingungen vorgenommen. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass es, bezogen auf den Gesamtsedimentkörper, zu keinen reduzierenden Bedingungen gekommen ist. Reduzierende Bedingungen werden im Wesentlichen nur für Mikroenvironments in der Nähe von größeren Mengen von organischem Material angenommen. Die Fossilvorkommen lassen sich in zwei unterschiedliche Fossillagerstätten gliedern: 1. Typisch rheinische brachiopodenreiche und disartikulierte Schille sowie 2. Konservatlagerstätten mit zum Teil vollständig erhaltenen und pyritisierten Fossilien. Für diese beiden Lagerstättentypen wird unter anderem mit Hilfe von sedimentologischen Daten ein Modell ihrer Genese vorgeschlagen. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Wied-Gruppe eine gegenüber der Hunsrückschiefer-Gruppe eigenständige Entwicklung genommen hat und daher nicht mit dieser Einheit unter dem problematischen Namen „Hunsrückschiefer“ zusammengefasst werden kann.
    Description: Abstract: Geochemical indices were used to reconstruct the palaeoredox conditions of sedimentary layers of the Wied Group (former „Hunsrück slate“, Lower Devonian, Mosel syncline, Rhenish Massif). It could be shown that, in respect to the sedimentary body as a whole, there were no anoxic conditions. Anoxic conditions were supposed only in microenvironments around greater quantities of organic material. The occurrence of fossils is subdivided into two fossil lagerstätten: 1. Typical rhenish shell beds with abundant brachiopods and disarticulated shells and 2. conservation deposits with to some extent wholly preserved and pyritized fossils. With the aid of sedimentological data a model of genesis is proposed for both fossil lagerstätten. The examinations show that the Wied Group has its own development, and it is therefore not recommend to include the Wied Group into the problematic name „Hunsrück slate“.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Rheinisches Schiefergebirge ; TK 5510 ; Unterdevon ; Geochemie ; Sediment
    Language: German
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  • 60
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper offers a preliminary analysis of several scenarios for integration of sectoral approaches in international and national climate policy. We consider four broad types of sectoral approaches: • A global action, i.e. a unilateral move by industry to foster GHG improvements • A global agreement between industry and Parties to the UNFCCC • A series of national policies targeting a sector, with some intergovernmental co-ordination • A sectoral crediting mechanism whereby reductions recorded at a sector level may be eligible for emission credits
    Pages: Online-Ressource (77 Seiten)
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  • 61
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The world’s largest gas producer and exporter, Russia has an enormous energy saving potential. At least 30 billion cubic meters – a fifth of Russian exports to European OECD countries - could be saved every year by enhanced technology or energy efficiency. As the era of cheap gas in Russia comes to an end, this potential saving is increasingly important for Russians and importing countries. And as domestic gas prices increase, efficiency investments will become increasingly economic – not to mention the incentive for Gazprom to enhance its efficiency against a backdrop of high European gas prices. Optimising Russian Natural Gas: Reform and Climate Policy analyses and estimates the potential savings and the associated reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the oil extraction (flaring), gas transmission and distribution sectors. Achieving these savings will require linking long-standing energy efficiency goals with energy sector reforms, as well as climate policy objectives. The book also describes Russia’s emerging climate policy and institutional framework, including work still ahead before the country is eligible for the Kyoto Protocol’s flexibility mechanisms and can attract financing for greenhouse gas reductions. Optimising Russian Natural Gas: Reform and Climate Policy stresses the need for Russia to tap the full potential of energy savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions through a more competitive environment in the gas sector to attract timely investments.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 Seiten)
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  • 62
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This chapter considers electrical appliances for home and office, which are produced and consumed in large and increasing numbers in industrialised and, increasingly, in developing economies.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 Seiten)
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  • 63
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: How much can technology contribute to securing adequate and affordable energy supplies and lower CO2 emissions? What energy technologies hold the most promise? How long will it take? At their 2005 summit in Gleneagles, G-8 leaders confronted these questions and decided to act with resolve and urgency. They called upon the International Energy Agency to provide advice on scenarios and strategies for a clean and secure energy future. Energy Technology Perspectives is a response to the G8 request. This innovative work demonstrates how energy technologies can make a difference in a series of global scenarios to 2050. It reviews in detail the status and prospects of key energy technologies in electricity generation, buildings, industry and transport. It assesses ways the world can enhance energy security and contain growth in CO2 emissions by using a portfolio of current and emerging technologies. Major strategic elements of a successful portfolio are energy efficiency, CO2 capture and storage, renewables and nuclear power. While technology does hold great promise for the future, we must act now if we are to unlock the potential of current and emerging technologies and reduce the impact of fossil fuel dependence on energy security and the environment. Energy Technology Perspectives provides detailed technology and policy insights to help policy makers craft sustainable solutions.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (484 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 64
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A key issue for policy makers is how to choose a climate change policy that recognises the uncertainties in the costs and benefits of abatement actions. This paper reviews the economic literature relative to the choice of the economic instruments that could be used to mitigate climate change. Because climate change is driven by the slow build-up of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, flexible instruments would be more economically efficient than fixed quotas. They may help engage a broader set of countries into a common framework for mitigating climate change, and may facilitate the adoption of relatively more ambitious policies. The certainty of achieving at least some precise levels of emissions would decrease, but the probability of bettering these levels would increase.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (0 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 65
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: CDM
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 66
    Unknown
    Paris : OECD/IEA
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This publication examines global energy trends and sets out projections for supply and demand of oil, gas, coal and power sectors. It then goes on to present an alternative policy scenario which considers the energy challenges we need to address to secure a sustainable energy future, identifies priority areas for action and key instruments, and measures both the costs and cost-effectiveness of alternative policies. Other issues discussed include: the impact of higher energy prices, current trends in oil and gas investment, the prospects for nuclear power, the outlook for biofuels, energy for cooking in developing countries, and an in-depth study of the energy sector in Brazil.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (596 Seiten)
    Edition: 2nd ed.
    ISBN: 9264109897
    Language: English
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  • 67
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: When William Shakepeare wrote Love’s Labour’s Lost he would have used light from tallow candles at a cost (today) of £12,000 per million-lumen hours. The same amount of light from electric lamps now costs only £2! But today’s low-cost illumination still has a dark side. Globally, lighting consumes more electricity than is produced by either hydro or nuclear power and results in CO2 emissions equivalent to two thirds of the world’s cars. A standard incandescent lamp may be much more efficient than a tallow candle, but it is far less efficient than a high-pressure sodium lamp. Were inefficient light sources to be replaced by the equivalent efficient ones, global lighting energy demand would be up to 40% less at a lower overall cost. Larger savings still could be realised through the intelligent use of controls, lighting levels and daylight. But achieving efficient lighting is not just a question of technology; it requires policies to transform current practice. This book documents the broad range of policy measures to stimulate efficient lighting that have already been implemented around the world and suggests new ways these could be strengthened to prevent light’s labour’s from being lost.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (560 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 68
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The goal of sustainable development is to ensure economic growth today without jeopardising economic development, the social well-being and natural environment of future generations. Energy consumption is closely tied to this goal and plays a key role in determining whether is attainable. As oil, gas and coal still heavily dominate world energy supply, fossil fuels – because of their environmental impact – have been challenged to contribute to a cleaner and sustainable energy future. In 2002, the International Energy Agency Coal Industry Advisory Board issued a position paper at the United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development that recognised the paramount importance of sustainable development and committed to rally its members to provide evidence of progress towards sustainable development. In this compendium of over fifty case studies, the coal industry demonstrates that practical progress is being made in many areas: communities and people; resource stewardship and environmental impacts; management processes and systems; and along the value chain, in co-operation with customers and suppliers. This publication illustrates that many of the commercial objectives of the coal industry – cost effective achievement of environmental standards, technology research and development, technology transfer and collaboration along the value chain – are also issues that governments can approach positively, in consultation with industry, so that coal is able to have a long-term role in sustainable development.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (97 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 69
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The ideas expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, or the endorsement of any approach described herein.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 70
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sectoral Crediting Mechanisms for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation: Institutional and Operational Issues
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 71
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The purpose of this report is to first present each of these criticisms in what we hope is an accurate manner. We then respond to each criticism based on actual experience with energy efficiency policies, programmes and measures in OECD countries. From this review, we draw conclusions regarding the merits of each criticism. We also make suggestions as to how energy efficiency proponents, analysts and policy makers could improve the design and analysis of future energy efficiency policies and programmes, based on the issues raised by the critics.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 72
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: When the incandescent lamp was first commercialised the main mode of transport was the horse, trains were powered by steam, balloons were the only means of flight and the telegraph was the state of the art for long-distance communication. Much has changed in the intervening 127 years, but much has also remained the same. In 1879 the incandescent lamp set a new standard in energy-efficient lighting technology, but today good-quality compact fluorescent lamps need only onequarter of the power to provide the same amount of light. Yet most of us continue to rely on the “horse” of the incandescent lamp instead of the “internal combustion engine” of the compact fluorescent lamp. Nor is this the only way in which lighting energy is being wasted. We illuminate rooms when we’re not there, we over-light spaces, we squander available daylight and we underutilise the most efficient street lighting and non-residential building lighting technologies. This might not matter were it not for the severe challenges we face in securing a clean, sustainable and affordable energy system. Electricity generation is the main source of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions and lighting uses one-fifth of its output. Despite having many higher-efficiency and lower-cost alternatives, we continue to use less efficient and more expensive lighting technologies. Is this because we are inherently attached to these older technologies, or is it simply because we stick to what we know when unaware or unsure of the merits of the alternatives? In each of the main lighting end-use sectors (commercial buildings, households, industrial lighting, outdoor lighting and vehicle lighting), this book shows that not only do more cost-effective and higherefficiency alternative choices exist, but that they could be deployed very quickly were the current market barriers to be addressed. Doing this would allow our economies to be stronger and cleaner without sacrificing anything in our quality of life. Moreover, the policies that can bring about this change have been tested and found to work. What is needed is more comprehensive and vigorous implementation in each economy and lighting sector. This book shows us why and how we should do so.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (561 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 73
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom März 2005 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Impaktkrater auf der Erde - Spuren des kosmischen Bombardements, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 74
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom März 2004 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Impaktkrater auf der Erde - Spuren des kosmischen Bombardements, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 75
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom Dezember 2005 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Lagerstättengeologie im aktiven und stillgelegten Steinkohen-Berbau des Ruhrgebiets, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: source
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
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  • 76
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2022-09-01
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom September 2005 enthält die Themenblöcke: Geofokus: Tsunami - eine unterschätzte Naturgefahr, Geoaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), Geolobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), Georeport
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: journal
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 77
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This book describes why temporary shortages of electricity supplies occur even in the wealthiest countries with the most sophisticated electricity networks. Most shortages are local and minor and easily addressed. But, in other cases, the shortages persist for days, weeks, or even years and involve millions of people, and this is the target of this book. The reasons for these shortages are incredibly diverse: from forest fires to safety problems at power stations, from problems in electricity market liberalisation to heat or cold waves. These events can happen anywhere – and they do! The results are blackouts, brownouts and other curtailments on electricity consumption.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 78
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: During 2004, oil prices reached levels unprecedented in recent years. Though world oil markets remain adequately supplied, high oil prices do reflect increasingly uncertain conditions. Many IEA member countries and nonmember countries alike are concerned about oil costs and oil security and are looking for ways to improve their capability to handle market volatility and possible supply disruptions in the future. This book aims to provide assistance.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 79
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This year's edition of this key source for global energy statistics, projections and analysis focuses on trends and developments in the major oil and gas producing countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, in order to assess whether energy production from this region will increase sufficiently to satisfy global demand. In addition to providing updated projections of world energy demand and supply to 2030, the publication analyses regional trends for oil, natural gas, electricity and water desalination with dedicated chapters on Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. It also includes a 'deferred investment scenario' setting out an analysis of how global energy markets might evolve in a changed investment situation; an in-depth analysis of the global refining industry; and a review of the MENA power and water desalination sectors.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (629 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9264109498
    Language: English
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  • 80
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    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Den eigentlichen Anwendungen geophysikalischer Modelliertechniken und Bearbeitungsmethoden geht im Verlauf dieser Arbeit eine umfassende Evaluierung und Kompilierung einer Flächendeckenden Datenbasis zwischen 20° und 26°S sowie 62° und 74°W aus gravimetrischen Daten voran. Untersuchungen des Magnetfeldes beschränken sich auf den Bereich der Nazca-Platte. Dabei werden alle verfügbaren Datensätze einbezogen, wozu neben Satelliten-altimetrisch gewonnenen Schweredaten auch Datensätze südamerikanischer Partner-Institutionen gehören. Ziel dieser Vorarbeiten ist die Erstellung eines homogenen nach Qualitätsmerkmalen unterschiedenen Schweredatensatzes, welcher den ozeanischen und den kontinentalen Bereich des Meßgebietes zwischen 20° und 26°S des Arbeitsgebietes beinhaltet. Im folgenden dient die gravimetrische und magnetische Datenbasis als Vergleichsdatensatz für die Modellierung von Dichteinhomogenitäten und Magnetisierungskontrasten. Randbedingungen aus anderen geowissenschaftlichen Teilbereichen wie der Seismik (grenzt die Geometrie- und Dichtevariationen ein), der Petrologie (Phasenübergänge, Gesteinsmetamorphosen) und Geologie (Strukturelle Grenzen) dienen der maximalen Einschränkung von Dichtedomänen und magnetisierten Bereichen. Das lokale 3D-Modell des Kontinentalrandes mit angrenzender Nazca-Platte erklärt die im Magnet-und Schwerefeld beobachteten Anomalien und zeigt die besondere Bedeutung der subduzierten Lithosphäre der Nazca-Platte auf. Neben dieser statischen Modellierung werden im Schwerefeld enthaltene Informationen über die Rigidität der aneinander grenzenden ozeanischen und kontinentalen Lithosphärenplatten extrahiert. Mit einem 3D-Kohärenzverfahren, welches erstmalig in den Zentralen Anden angewendet wird, werden Bereiche mit unterschiedlicher Festigkeit abgegrenzt. Durch die Einbeziehung von ’’Surface- und Subsurface Load” wird die hochauflösende Kohärenz-Analyse verbessert, gegenüber 2D- Verfahren ohne Berücksichtigung von ’’Subsurface Loads”. Eine Vergleichsstudie der Rigiditätsverteilung mit ähnlich regionalen Charakteristika der Lithosphärenplatten, wie etwa dem geothermischen Gradienten führt zu vergleichbaren Aussagen und bestätigt den großen Einfluß der subduzierten Nazca-Platte auf das gesamte aktive System in Bezug auf das Schwerefeld, das Thermische- und das Spannungsregime. Bereiche mit hohem Oberflächen-Wärmefluß korrelieren mit geringer Rigidität. Demzufolge finden sich die höchsten Rigiditätswerte im Forearc und östlichen Backarc und die niedrigsten in der Westkordillere. Schließlich wird auf der Basis der Analyse isostatischer Restfelder mit und ohne Berücksichtigung des Schweresignals der Nazca-Platte, der isostatische Zustand der kontinentalen Lithosphäre untersucht. Dabei werden zusätzlich, neben Modellgeometrien, Dichten und Rigiditäten auch geotektonische Regionen unterschieden. Isostatische Unterkompensation wird demnach in der Küstenkordillere und der Ostkordillere beobachtet. Der Bereich des Hochplateaus der Zentralen Anden befindet sich in isostatischem Gleichgewicht.
    Description: The actual application of geophysical modelling and processing techniques in this thesis is preceded by a comprehensive evaluation and compilation of a Database covering the area from 20° and 26°S to 62° and 74°W with gravimetric and magnetic data. Research of the magnetic field is constrained to the Nazca-Plate oceanic area. In addition to altimétrie satellite gravity data all other available gravity data has been included in the database, e.g. datasets provided by our south american partner institutions. The aim of these preparatory works is the preparation of a uniform dataset which distinguishes data according to quality features. In further progress, this gravimetric and magnetic database is utilized to compare the Signals caused by density inhomogeneities and magnetization contrasts to measured data. Boundary conditions from other geophysical disciplines like seismics (restricting geometry and density variations), petrology (Phasetransitions, Metamorphic reactions) and geology (structural boundaries) lead to a maximum limitation of density and magnetic domains. The local 3D-model of the continent-ocean transition zone with the boundaring Nazca-plate explains the observed anomalies and highlights the particular meaning of the subducting Nazca-plate. Beside this static modelling information about the rigidity of the contacting oceanic and continental lithospheres which is contained in the gravity field is extracted. The utilization of a new 3D-coherence method, which is applied for the first time in the central Andes, enables to divide regions of different rigidity. The incorporation of surface and subsurface loads implies a higher spacial resolution in opposition to 2D-methods not regarding subsurface loads. A comparative study of the distribution of rigidity and similar more regional parameters controlling the rigidity of the lithosphere leads to compareable results and confirms the importance of the subducting Nazca-plate on the active system, in terms of the gravity field, the geothermal- and stress regime. Regions characterized by high surface heatflow correspond to low rigidity. The highest values for flexural rigidity are to be found in the forarc and eastern backarc, the lowest in the active volcanic front, the western cordillera. Finally an analysis of isostatic residual fields, again taking into account the gravity signal of the subducting Nazca-plate reveals different isostatic conditions for different parts of the surveyed continental lithosphere. Apart from model geometries, densities and rigidities geotectonic regions are distinguished. Isostatic undercompensation is observed in the coastal and eastern cordillera; whereas the andean plateaus in the central Andes can be considered as isostatically compensated.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Kontinentalrand ; Schwere ; Isostasie ; Refraktionsseismik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 194
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  • 81
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    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Eine für die Zentralanden erstellte geowissenschaftliche Datenbank erfaßt die umfangreichen Forschungsergebnisse des SFB 267 wie auch externe Datensätze in Form eines zentral verwalteten Dateisystems. Ein Datenkatalog, welcher seit Mitte 1996 auch im World Wide Web (WWW, URL: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~data) verfügbar ist, bietet einen Überblick über die aktuelle Datenbasis und erleichtert den allgemeinen Zugriff auf die einzelnen Datensätze. Vorgestellt werden ferner verschiedene Methoden zur Analyse raumbezogener Daten aus Bereichen der Statistik (streifen-gemittelte Topographieprofile, Standardabweichung, Korrelationen, Fraktale) , Bildverarbeitung (direktionale Richtungsfilter) , Geomorphometrie (Neigung und Vertikalwölbung) und Numerik (Horizontalgradienten, FFT). Die Anwendung dieser Verfahren bezüglich einer regionalen Strukturierung wird am Beispiel der für die Zentralanden flächendeckend vorliegenden Topographie und Schwerefelder getestet und mit den aus langjährigen Untersuchungen in den Anden zur Verfügung stehenden Forschungsergebnissen verglichen. Endogene und exogene Prozesse spiegeln sich in den topographischen Erscheinungsformen wider. Insbesondere mit Hilfe der geomorphometrischen Analyse und der FFT-Filterung lassen sich für die morphostrukturellen Einheiten typische Merkmale sehr gut herausarbeiten. Auch mit einer einfachen Statistik (streifen-gemittelte Topographieprofile, Berechnung von Minimum, Mittelwert, Maximum und Standardabweichung einzelner Untersuchungsgebiete) können für die ausgewählten Gebiete charakteristische Unterschiede ermittelt werden. Im Hinblick auf die Topographie unterscheidet sich bei allen Untersuchungsmethoden am Westrand der Zentralanden der hyperaride Norden im Bereich der Atacama Wüste deutlich vom weniger trockenen Süden. Studien zur fraktalen Geometrie der Geländeoberfläche zeigen, daß sich die andine Topographie skaleninvariant verhält und tektonische wie klimatische Einflüsse sich in der geometrischen Variation der Geländeoberfläche widerspiegeln. Morphologisch zergliederte Zonen, wie das durch starke Verkürzungen gekennzeichnete Subandin oder der Südwestrand der Zentralanden, weisen im Vergleich zur fraktalen Dimension des Gesamtgebietes eine höhere fraktale Dimension auf, während das hyperaride Gebiet im Bereich der Atacama Wüste durch einen vergleichsweise niedrigen Wert gekennzeichnet ist. Mit der direktionalen Lineamentverstärkung, z.T. aber auch mit anderen Methoden wie etwa der Darstellung der Neigungsrichtung, werden die wichtigsten Störungszonen (z.B. das Atacama- oder das Präkordilleren-Störungssystem) weitestgehend erfaßt. Auf dem Pazifik bilden sich - sowohl bei der geomorphometrischen Untersuchung wie auch bei der Lineamenterkennung - entlang der Peru-Chile-Tiefseerinne die im CINCA Experiment beobachteten morphologisch-tektonischen Charakteristika (Reichert et al., 1997), wie z.B. die Blocktektonik innerhalb einer ca. 50 km breiten, westlich der Tiefseerinne verlaufenden Zone, ab. Gravimetrische Lineamente, die aus den maximalen Horizontalgradienten im Schwerefeld abgeleitet werden, weisen auf abrupte, laterale Dichteänderungen hin, sind jedoch in den Zentralanden nur in Einzelfällen mit den an der Oberfläche anstehenden lithologischen Einheiten oder Störungszonen korrelierbar. Die zweidimensionale Korrelation im moving window Verfahren hat sich als nützliches Instrument zur Analyse von sich gegenseitig beeinflussenden, raumverteilten Datensätzen erwiesen. Die Wahl der Fenstergröße erlaubt, zwischen einer regionalen und einer eher lokalen Analyse zu differenzieren; mit Hilfe einer geeigneten Visualisierung lassen sich die Beziehungen zwischen den Variablen schnell erfassen. Die räumlich differenzierte, quantitative Analyse der Korrelation zwischen Schwerefeld und Topographie in den Zentralanden zeigt, daß nicht nur die Bouguer-Anomalie sondern auch das isostatische Restfeld stark negativ mit der Geländehöhe korreliert.
    Description: A geoscientific database was established for the area of the Central Andes, which includes information about past and current research conducted within the frame of the ’SFB 267 - Deformation Processes in the Andes’ (Berlin, Potsdam) as well as data from external sources. The catalogue, which since 1996 is also available on the Web (WWW, URL: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~data/ provides a general view of the database architecture and contents, and facilitates common and easy access to singular sets of data. In addition, various methods for the analysis of spatial data from disciplines such as statistics (swath-averaged topographic profiles, standard deviation, correlation, fractals), digital image processing (directional filtering), geomorphometry (inclination and vertical doming) and numerical methods (horizontal gradient, Fast Fourier Transformation [FFT]) are presented in this thesis. Application of these techniques for structural analysis on a regional scale was tested for the Central Andes, for which topographic coverage is complete, as well as for associated gravity fields, and compared with information generated during long term investigations in the Andes. Endogenous and exogenous processes are mirrored in topographic forms and landscapes. Characteristic features of morphostructural units are particularly well characterized when employing geomorphometric analyses and FFT filter techniques. Even simple statistical methods (swath-averaged topographic profiles, calculation of minimum, mean, maximum and standard deviation) for selected areas allow recognition of specific features and characteristic variations. As far as topography is concerned, distinct differences between the hyperarid northern portion of the western Central Andes (Atacama Desert) and lesser arid southern sectors are evident for all methods employed. Studies of the surface fractal geometry show an invariance of scale of the Andean topography. Structural and climatic influences are mirrored in geometric variations of the landscape. Morphologically intensely structured portions, like the Subandean ranges, characterized by pronounced crustal shortening, or the southwestern margin of the Central Andes are marked by a higher fractal dimension, when compared to the entire area studied, whereas the hyperarid portion of the Atacama Desert is characterized by a lower fractal dimension. Directional lineament enhancement, but other methods such as areal inclination detection as well, allow to accentuate major zones of structural weakness, such as the Atacama and Precordilleran fault systems. Both, geomorphometric investigations and lineament recognition, enhance morpho-structural features such as block-faulting of oceanic lithosphere along the Peru-Chile deep sea trench in a 50 km wide sector to the west of the subduction zone, and verify results gathered during the CINCA experiment (Reichert et al., 1997). Gravimetric lineaments, derived from maximum horizontal gradients in gravity fields of the Central Andes, point to abrupt lateral density variations, but can only occasionally be correlated with outcropping lithologic units or fault zones. The two dimensional correlation using the moving average technique has proven to be useful for analysis of mutually influencing and spatially arranged data sets. Selection of a proper window size allows to differentiate between analyses on regional resp. local scales. Employing proper visualization, relations between variables are easily detectable. A spatially differentiated and quantitative analysis of the relationship between gravity field and topography in the Central Andes shows a strong negative correlation of altitude with Bouguer anomaly and isostatic residual field.
    Description: http://www.cms.fu-berlin.de/sfb/sfb267/results/data_catalogue/index.html
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Geowissenschaften ; Geoinformationssystem ; Datenanalyse ; Geophysik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 124
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Schweremessungen im Hochgebirge erfordern eine genaue Bestimmung der topographischen Reduktion für die Berechnung der Bouguer-Anomalie. Von besonderer Wichtigkeit ist hierbei die optimale Approximation der Erdoberfläche durch geometrisch einfache Geländemodelle und die Kenntnis der Gesteinsdichteverteilung im Untersuchungsgebiet. Mit modernen Reduktionsverfahren ist es möglich, topographische Effekte zu verringern oder zu eliminieren und somit die Genauigkeit der Bouguer-Anomalie zu erhöhen. Anhand der verfügbaren Literatur wird eine Übersicht über bislang entwickelte Verfahren zur Berechnung der topographischen Reduktion gegeben. Hierbei handelt es sich um Verfahren, bei denen die Gestalt des Geländes zumeist durch unterschiedliche Modellvorstellungen (Quader, Kreisringsegmente) approximiert wird. Ein weiteres Problem ist die korrekte Berücksichtigung der Reduktionsdichte innerhalb des Untersuchungsgebietes. Darauf aufbauend wird ein Reduktionsverfahren entwickelt, das eine optimale Anpassung der Topographie durch die Triangulation aller Höheninformationen erlaubt bei gleichzeitiger Berücksichtigung von lateral variierenden Gesteinsdichteverteilungen, sog. Dichteprovinzen im Vergleich zum Standarddichteansatz. Die Höheninformationen bestehen aus einer Kombination von exakten Punkthöhen der Gravimeterstationen, den Höhenwerten aus hochauflösenden digitalen Höhenmodellen (DHM) und sonstigen Höhendaten. Durch eine Dreiecksvermaschung aller Höhenpunkte entsteht eine triangulierte irreguläre Netzwerk-Struktur (TIN). Die Geländereduktion für eine Station erhält man durch Summierung der Schwerewirkung aller Polyeder, deren Grundfläche aus ebenen Dreiecken im Stationsniveau und deren Deckflächen aus geneigten Flächen der Geländeapproximation bestehen. Die Berechnung der Schwerewirkung erfolgt durch eine analytische Lösung des auftretenden Volumenintegrals des Polyeders. Bei dieser Polyeder-Methode entfällt außerdem die klassische Einteilung des Geländes in unterschiedliche Entfernungszonen. Aufgrund des Rechenalgorithmus gehört das Polyeder- Verfahren zu den stationsunabhängigen Reduktions verfahren. Die Anwendung des Verfahrens erfolgt an Schweremessungen aus den Zentralen Anden in Südamerika zwischen 19°-29° S und 60°-71° W. Als Datengrundlage dienen ca. 15 000 Schwerestationen und das hochauflösende 30”x30” Höhenmodell ’GTOPO30’ des USGS. Mit einem modifizierten Nettleton-Verfahren werden erstmalig mittlere Reduktionsdichtewerte aus Bouguer-Schwerewerten für den zentralen Andenbereich bestimmt. Die Verwendung von diesen Dichtemodellen stellt den Versuch dar, die Schweredaten mit einer lateral variierenden DichteVerteilung neu zu interpretieren. Es ist deshalb nur als ein erster Ansatz zu verstehen, weil die derzeit verfügbare Dichtedatenbasis im Untersuchungsgebiet noch nicht ausreichend gut ist. Mit dem Polyeder- Verfahren steht ein moderner und flexibler Rechenalgorithmus zur Verfügung, der in idealer Weise alle notwendigen Höhen- und Gesteinsdichteinformationen zur optimalen Berechnung der topographischen Reduktion in der Gravimetrie verwendet.
    Description: Gravimetric measurements in high mountains need an exact determination of the topographic reduction for the calculation of the Bouguer-Anomaly. The optimum representation of the shape of the earth’s relief by simple geometric ground models and the knowledge of the rock density distribution in the examined area is very important. It is possible to reduce or eliminate topographic effects by modern reduction procedures and to increase the exactness of the Bouguer- Anomaly. The available literature so far about this topic gives a survey about the developed procedure of calculating the topographic reduction. These procedures deal with the approximation of the ground condition by different model proceedings. Another problem is the correct consideration of the reduction density in the explored area. Based on this a new method for calculating the topographic reduction at each gravity station with a simultaneous consideration of variable rock density distribution, which are called density provinces, is developed. This method bases on the approximation of the terrain by polyhedrons. The source of the terrain model consists of digital elevation models (DEM), the heights of the gravity station themselves and perhaps other heights. Next step is the triangulation of the data and the result of it is a network of triangulation facets (TIN). The triangulated topography and the reference surface of the gravity surface built a polyhedron by which gravity attraction can be calcuated immediately and exactly and in an analytical form to each gravity station in the area. This procedure is called polyhedron-method and it belongs to the station-independent reduction procedures. The approximation of the topography in the triangulation facets avoids a classical division of the surroundings into different distance zones. The application of this procedure is carried out in gravity measurements of the Central Andes in South America between 19°-29°S and 60°-71°W. The data source includes 15 000 gravity stations and a 30-arc second digital elevation model ’GTOPO30’ of South America from the USGS. The first medium reduction density values taken from the Bouguer gravity values are fixed for the Central Andes by a modified Nettleton-procedure. That is only to understand as the first attempt. The momentary available density data basis in the explored area is still not satisfying. A new modern and flexible polyhedron method which ideally uses all necessary elevation information about the topography to provide higher accuracy for the terrain reduction process than it was possible before is now available.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Hochgebirge ; Digitales Geländemodell ; Bouguer-Anomalie ; Topografische Korrektion ; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 138
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  • 83
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Subduktionszonen gehören zu den geologisch aktivsten Regionen der Erde. Viele der Prozesse in diesen Zonen laufen unter der Beteiligung von Fluiden ab und führen zu Aufschmelzung und Vulkanismus. Der Parameter der Absorption seismischer Wellen in der Erde (Kruste, Mantel) wird entscheidend von Größen wie der Temperatur, der Porosität, dem Umgebungsdruck oder der Sättigung mit wässrigen Fluiden oder (partiellen) Schmelzen gesteuert. Er eignet sich demnach hervorragend zur Untersuchung des Zustandes von Kruste und Erdmantel und den Prozessen in einer Subduktionszone. Für die Absorptionsuntersuchungen in der Subduktionszone in den westlichen Zentralen Anden standen die Daten der beiden seismologischen Experimente PISCO ’94 und ANCORP ’96 zur Verfügung. Diese Projekte wurden vom Sonderforschungsbereich 267 ’’Deformationsprozesse in den Anden”, der Freien Universität Berlin und dem GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam finanziert und gemeinsam mit südamerikanischen Partnern durchgeführt. So wurden in den Jahren 1994 und 1996/97 für jeweils rund 3 Monate seismologische Stationsnetze in Nord-Chile und Süd-Bolivien betrieben, die weite Bereiche des forearc und des magmatischen Bogens sowie Teile des Altiplano zwischen 21° und 24° S umfaßten. Sie registrierten eine große Anzahl überwiegend lokaler Ereignisse aus der Wadati-Benioff-Zone. Für die Absorptionsuntersuchungen konnten insgesamt 904 Ereignisse mit 11.738 P-Phasen des PISCO ’94-Experiments bzw. 686 Ereignisse mit 10.544 P-Phasen des ANCORP ’96- Experiments verwendet werden. Die Berechnung der Absorption der einzelnen Strahlen erfolgte (automatisch) aus den Amplitudenspektren der P-Wellen Einsätze. Es wurde ein Frequenzband von 3 bis maximal 30 Hz analysiert, in dem ein frequenzunabhängiger Qualitätsfaktor Q angenommen wurde. Dabei kamen zwei unterschiedliche Methoden, Spektralverhältnisse und Spektralinversion, zur Anwendung, um der prinzipiellen Schwierigkeit der Trennung von Quell- und Weg-Effekten zu begegnen und Annahmen beispielsweise über die Quellfunktion zu überprüfen. Eine Spektralinversion nach individuellen t*-Operatoren und Plateauwerten und einer für ein Beben gemeinsamen Eckfrequenz konnte erfolgreich angewendet werden. Die so bestimmten Absorptionswerte (t*-Operatoren) wurden für eine damped least squares-Inversion zur Berechnung der dreidimensionalen Absorptionsstruktur im Untergrund verwendet. Das raytracing wurde dabei in den dreidimensionalen Geschwindigkeitsmodellen durchgeführt, um den genauen Strahlverlauf zu berücksichtigen. Die errechneten Modelle erlauben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Subduktionszone der Zentralen Anden. Der Bereich unterhalb des arcs zwischen 21,5° und 24° S ist geprägt von einer prominenten Anomalie geringer Q-Werte, die von der Kruste bis in den oberen Mantel reicht. Große Stationskorrekturen der Stationen im arc und dem Altiplano deuten auf eine Erstreckung bis an die Oberfläche hin. Die krustale Absorption verläuft deckungsgleich mit der Verbreitung des rezenten Vulkanismus. Südlich von 22° S verläuft die Absorptionsanomalie bis in eine Tiefe von 250 km genau oberhalb der abtauchenden Nazca-Platte. Nördlich von 22° S scheint die starke Absorption auf den Bereich oberhalb von ca. 100 km begrenzt. In diesem nördlichen Bereich, in dem generell eine geringere Absorption verzeichnet wird, korrespondiert diese Zone mit dem dort angesiedelten Beben-cluster in ca. 100 km Tiefe; nördlich von 21° S verliert sie sich. Der forearc zeigt sich als relativ homogene, gering absorbierende Struktur mit Q-Werten um 1000; die abtauchende Platte weist ebenfalls hohe Q-Werte auf. Bedingt durch die Lage der Absorptionsanomalien relativ zu den seismologischen Netzen und die damit verbundene geringere Durchstrahlung war eine detaillierte Untersuchung der Auflösung der Modelle notwendig. Dazu wurden die aus der Modellresolutionsmatrix abgeleiteten Größen wie die spread-function berücksichtigt, aber auch synthetische Tests an Modellen mit oszillierenden Strukturen (Schachbrettmustern) und ’’realistischen” Untergrundmodellen vorgenommen. Sie zeigen, daß große Bereiche des forearcs und arcs in den Modellen sehr gut aufgelöst werden. Die gefundenen Anomalien lassen sich unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten diskutieren. Die ausgeprägte krustale Absorption unter großen Teilen der Westkordillere läßt sich mit der schon früher abgeleiteten Präsenz partieller Schmelzen erklären. Sie korreliert sehr gut mit der Verteilung des rezenten Vulkanismus, erniedrigten Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeiten, einem erhöhten vp/vs-Verhältnis, z.T. extrem erhöhten elektrischen Leitfähigkeiten und Bereichen, für die anomale Geschwindigkeits-Dichte Relationen angenommen werden müssen. Variationen innerhalb dieser krustalen Anomalien weisen auf eine unterschiedlich ausgeprägte Durchdringung mit partiellen Schmelzen hin. Die Anomalien im oberen Mantel deuten auf ein unterschiedliches Vordringen der heißen Asthenosphäre unter den magmatischen Bogen hin. Darüber hinaus können sie als Bereiche partieller Schmelzen und Fluide interpretiert werden, die Dehydratisierungs- und Hydratisierungsprozesse in dieser Subduktionszone widerspiegeln.
    Description: Subduction zones are among the geologically most active regions of the world. Many processes in these zones take place under the influence of fluids and lead to the generation of melts and volcanism. Attenuation of seismic waves in crust and mantle depends strongly on parameters like temperature, porosity, confining pressure or saturation with hydrous fluids or partial melts. Therefore, this parameter is perfectly suited to examine the state of the crust and mantle in subduction zones. For the attenuation studies in the subduction zone of the western Central Andes datasets of two seismological experiments, PISCO ’94 and ANCORP ’96, were used. These projects were financed by the Collaborative Research Center 267 ’’Deformation Processes in the Andes”, the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam and the Department of Geophysics of the Free University of Berlin and were executed in cooperation with partners from South America. In 1994 and 1996/97 two temporary seismological networks were installed in northern Chile and southern Bolivia covering large areas of the forearc, the magmatic arc and the Altiplano between 21° and 24° S. They monitored a large number of earthquakes predominantly situated in the Wadati-Benioff zone. From the PISCO ’94 and ANCORP ’96 datasets 904 events with 11.738 attenuation values respectively 686 events with 10.544 values could be used for the tomography. Whole-path attenuation was (automatically) determined from the amplitude spectra of the F- waves. In a frequency-band between 3 and 30 Hz a frequency-independent Quality-factor Qp was assumed. In order to separate source- and path-effects two different methods were applied, spectral inversion, and spectral ratios relative to a constant reference station. The spectral inversion for individual C-operators and plateau-values and a single source corner frequency for all observations of an event was applied successfully. In a damped least squares approach the t*-operators were inverted for the three-dimensional attenuation structure. To account for the spatial distribution of both velocity and attenuation raytracing was performed in the three-dimensional velocity structure previously derived by simultaneous inversions of travel-time data. The obtained models allow a detailed insight into the subduction zone of the Central Andes. Crust and mantle of the forearc and subducting slab are generally characterized by low attenuation (Qp 〉 1000). Beneath the Western Cordillera, the recent magmatic arc, a prominent attenuation anomaly is found (Qp 〈 100). This anomaly reaches from the uppermost crust down to the upper mantle at a depth of 250 km. North-South variations can be seen: The western flank of the crustal attenuation anomaly is congruent to the curved course of the volcanic front. North of 21° S the attenuation is less developed and dies out north of 20° S. A deeper zone of high attenuation is resolved between 22° and 24° S directly above the subducting slab. In the northern part of the study area the low-Qp-zone penetrates westwards in the forearc-mantle. Due to the irregular ray-coverage of the model a detailed analysis of the resolution was necessary. Both, formal analysis of the model resolution matrix (e.g. via spread-function) and tests with synthetic models including checkerboard and ’’realistic” attenuation models were executed. They show that large areas of the models beneath forearc and arc are well resolved. The anomalies found in the tomographic models can be interpreted in several ways. The prominent crustal attenuation beneath the Western Cordillera can be explained by partial melts previously proposed by others. The anomaly correlates well with the distribution of recent volcanism, reduced seismic velocities, reduced electrical resistivity and regions for which anomalous velocity-density relations must be assumed. Variations within the anomaly point towards the irregular distribution of partial melting beneath the volcanic arc. The anomalies within the upper mantle may map the distribution of hot asthenosphere material. Furthermore, they may be interpreted in terms of subduction-related dehydration- and hydration processes.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Subduktion ; Seismische Welle ; Absorption
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 144
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  • 84
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9264171401
    Language: English
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  • 85
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Es wurden verschiedene nichtlineare Optimierungsverfahren auf die Geometrieparameter von Dichtemodellen angewendet. Dabei waren diese mit Randbedingungen versehen. Ein Vergleich zeigte die Vor- und Nachteile der einzelnen Algorithmen. Anhand von zwei synthetischen Testfunktionen wurde das Verfahren Downhill-Simplex mit der (1,10)-CMA-ES verglichen. Das Simplexverfahren zeigte bei weniger als zehn Parametern ein besseres Konvergenz verhalten als die Evolutionsstrategie. Bei höheren Dimensionen konvergierte die Evolutionsstrategie deutlich besser, während Simplex bei mehr als 40 Parametern nicht mehr konvergierte. Die Evolutionsstrategie zeigt unabhängig von der Anzahl der Parameter logarithmische Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit. Die Evolutionsstrategie, genetische Algorithmen. Simulated-Annealing. Threshold-Accepting und der Deluge- Algorithm wurden danach anhand eines zweidimensionalen Salzstockmodells untersucht. Dabei wurden die Geometrieparameter optimiert und die Dichten des Modells konstant gehalten. Die 52 zu optimierenden Parameter wurden mit Randbedingungen versehen. Die (1,10)-CMA-ES benötigte im Durchschnitt die wenigsten Funktionsaufrufe und erreichte die besten Qualitäten. Ausgehend von verschiedenen Startmodellen konnten ähnliche Lösungen, welche alle sehr gute Qualitätswerte hatten, gefunden werden. Rekombination verbesserte die Konvergenzeigenschaften immer. Evolutionsstrategie war stabil gegenüber numerischen Variationen. Genetische Algorithmen konvergierten zu Beginn des Optimierungsprozesses schneller als alle anderen Verfahren, erreichten aber nie die von der Evolutionsstrategie gefundenen besten durchschnittlichen Qualitätswerte. Downhill-Simplex. Simulated-Annealing. Threshold-Accepting und der Deluge-Algorithm zeigten insgesamt schlechteres Konvergenzverhalten als die Evolutionsstrategie und die genetischen Algorithmen. Eine Anwendung der Evolutionsstrategie auf ein Salzstockmodell zeigte die Probleme der Optimierung in drei Dimensionen. Dennoch konnte das Modell in Hinblick auf die gravimetrische Anpassung deutlich verbessert werden.
    Description: Various non-linear optimization techniques were applied to constrained geometry parameters of density models. A comparison showed advantages and disadvantages of each method. By means of synthetical test-functions the downhill-simplex-method has been compared to the (1,10)-CMA-ES. For numbers of parameters smaller ten. better convergence behaviour was achieved with the simplex-method. However, at higher dimensions evolution-strategy converges better than the simplex- met hod. Simplex does not converge for dimensions greater than 40. Independent of the number of parameters, the evolution-strategy showed a logarithmic convergence speed. The evolution-strategy, genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, threshold accepting and the deluge algorithm were investigated using a two-dimensional salt dome model. Here only the geometry of the model was optimized, the densities were held constant. The 52 parameters were constrained. In average the (1,10)-CMA-ES required the less function evaluations and gained the best qualities. Independent of the start configuration evolution-strategy found similar solutions, whose qualities were fairly good. Recombination always improved the results in terms of convergence behaviour. The evolution-strategy was stable against numerical variations. At the beginning of the optimization process genetic algorithms converge faster than all other methods, but they never reach the average quality values which were gained by evolution-strategy. In summary the simplex-method, genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, threshold accepting and the deluge algorithm showed worse convergence behaviour than evolution-strategy and genetic algorithms. An application of evolution-strategy to a three dimensional salt dome model showed the problems encountered in three dimensions. Despite this, in terms of gravity fit. the model could be improved noticeable.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Evolutionärer Algorithmus ; Geophysik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 126
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  • 86
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Mit dem Ziel, aktuelle Arbeitshypothesen zum geologischen Aufbau der Südural-Lithosphäre zu überprüfen, wird das Schwerefeld im Bereich des Südurals mit folgenden gravimetrischen Methoden untersucht: • Numerische Analyse des Schwerefeldes mit Hilfe von Tiefenabschätzungen, Wellenlängenfilterungen und des Parker- Algorithmus sowie • zwei- und dreidimensionale Dichtemodellierungen. Im Vergleich mit dem hauptsächlich eingesetzten Verfahren zur Dichtemodellierung kann festgestellt werden, daß direkte gravimetrische Auswerteverfahren, wie z.B. die Wellenlängenfilterung, für komplizierte geologische Strukturen dem indirekten Auswerteverfahren mittels Dichtemodellierung weit unterlegen sind. So ist es z.B. mit der Wellenlängenfilterung nicht möglich, langwellige negative Schwerewirkungen der paläozoischen Sedimente von den bivergenten Unterkrustenstrukturen zu trennen. Auch mit variablen Dichtekontrasten bezüglich des Krusten-Mantel-Übergangs bei der Anwendung des Parker-Algorithmus ist es nicht möglich, die Schwerewirkung dieser Grenzfläche im gesamten Untersuchungsgebiet abzuschätzen. Die Verbindung und Interpretation aller verfügbaren Randbedingungen aus der Reflexions- und Refraktionsseismik sowie den zur Verfügung stehenden Datensätzen zur Sedimentbedeckung und Moho-Tiefe führt zu komplexen dreidimensionalen Dichtemodellen der Südural-Lithosphäre. Diese führen mit den derzeit verfügbaren Ergebnissen über die strukturellen und physikalischen Eigenschaften der Südural-Lithosphäre im Bereich von 52° - 65° O und 50° - 55,5° N auf zwei gleichberechtigt nebeneinanderstehende Dichtemodelle: 1. Das Dichtemodell 1 beruht auf einer bis in 90 km Tiefe subduzierten osteuropäischen Unterkruste, die massiv eklogitisiert wurde (Dichte 3,55 g /cm3 ). Die Ursache für diese Dichteinterpretation sind geringe Dichten im Bereich der bivergenten geologischen Strukturen der Unterkruste in 24 bis 42 km Tiefe. Diese bivergenten Strukturen sind ebenso die Folgen einer fossilen Subduktion. 2. Im Dichtemodell 2 bildet eine unter dem Orogen liegende osteuropäische Unterkruste eine Krustenverdickung, in deren Folge die Krustenmächtigkeit bis zu 60 km erreicht. Während der Delamination der Unterkruste muß ebenfalls eine Eklogitisierung stattgefunden haben. Das Dichtemodell 2 basiert auf höheren Dichten der bivergenten geologischen Strukturen innerhalb der Unterkruste als im Dichtemodell 1. Eine Gebirgswurzel mit einem deutlichen Kontrast zwischen Kruste und Mantel existiert nicht im Südural. Es wird eine Übergangszone mit Dichtegradienten modelliert. Dieser Dichtegradient kann auf Eklogitisierung des Unterkrustenmaterials beruhen und könnte somit auch die Ursache für das Ausbleiben von seismischen Reflektoren sein. Mit beiden Dichtemodellen werden auch Geoidundulation und Magnetfeld berechnet und deren Wirkung mit der Geoidundulation und dem aeromagnetischen Residualfeld verglichen. Der Vergleich ergibt für die Geoidundulation und das aeromagnetische Residualfeld im langwelligen Anomalienbereich em befriedigendes Ergebnis. Die auf der Interpretation der Bouguer-Schwere beruhenden Dichtemodelle 1 und 2 lassen folgende Schlußfolgerungen zum Aufbau der Lithosphäre im Südural zu: • Die bivergenten Strukturen vor allem im unteren Krustenbereich der Südural-Lithosphäre verursachen langwellige negative Schwereanteile. Zu diesen Strukturen gehören: - die nach Osten einfällende osteuropäische Kruste, - der Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel im Westural, - die nach Westen einfällenden Strukturen des Ost- und Transurals sowie des kasachischen Terrans. • Eine durch Obduktion in der Oberkruste eingelagerte ozeanische Kruste erzeugt in der Magnitogorsk Zone eine positive kurzwellige Schwereanomalie, die die negativen Schwerewirkungen der darunter befindlichen Strukturen überlagert. • Die negative! Schwerewirkung im Bereich der Voruralsenke ist auf die Schwerewirkung der paläozoischen Sedimentbedeckungen zurückzuführen. Die Untersuchungen zum isostatischen Verhalten der Südural-Lithosphäre zeigen, daß keine klassischen isostatischen Modelle den isostatischen Zustand des Gebirges erklären können, da eine gering ausgeprägte Topographie im Bereich des West- und Zentralurals um 50 bis 100 km nach Westen versetzt ist gegenüber der Krustenverdickung im Bereich der Magnitogorsk und Osturalzone. Mit einem modifizierten Verfahren werden Airy-, Pratt- und Vening-Memesz-Modell miteinander kombiniert. Zunächst wird der lokale isostatische Ausgleich mit Hilfe der Auflastverteilung und -kompensation aus den komplexen Dichtemodellen der Südural-Lithosphäre abgeleitet (Airy- und Pratt-Modell). Um die von den Dichtemodellen nicht mehr kompensierten Masseninhomogenitäten im Zusammenhang mit der Rigidität der Lithosphäre betrachten zu können, werden sie in eine ’’topographische” Auflast zurückgerechnet. Anschließend wird in einem Vening-Meinesz-Modell der regionale isostatische Ausgleich für diese zurückgerechnete ’’topographische” Auflast berechnet. Nur unter Berücksichtigung einer hohen Rigidität der Lithosphäre (3,8 • 1024 Nm) befinden sich beide vorgestellten Dichtemodelle im isostatischen Gleichgewicht. Dies ist offensichtlich auch ein wesentlicher Grund dafür, daß sich die geologischen Strukturen in ihrer vertikalen Position seit der Unteren Trias nicht mehr geändert haben.
    Description: I investigate the gravity field in the southern Urals in order to test current hypotheses on the lithospheric structure in this area. My approach to this problem includes the following gravimetric methods: • numerical analyses of the gravity field by means of depth estimations, wavelength filtering and application of the Parker algorithm • two- and three-dimensional density modelling. In contrast to the mainly used density modelling, inverse gravity methods (e.g. wavelength filtering) are not successful at resolving the complex geological structures in this area. For example, I am not able to separate the long-wavelength components of the gravity field from Paleozoic sediments and bi-vergent structures in the lower crust. Estimating the gravity effect of the crust-mantle boundary in the study area, using the Parker-algorithm, is not possible due to its variable density contrast. Data from seismic reflection and refraction surveys and other information relating to the sedimentary cover and Moho depth have been used in the construction of complex three-dimensional density models for the southern Urals’ lithosphere. Incorporating the available details on the structural and physical properties of the southern Urals’ lithosphere in the region between 52° - 65° E and 50° - 55, 5° N, two alternative density models are derived: 1. The density model 1 is based on an East European lower crust which could have been subducted to 90 km depth and eclogitized to a density value of 3.55 g/cm3 . The low density values in the bi-vergent geological structures of the lower crust (from 24 till 42 km depth) overlie a high density body in the upper mantle. These bi-vergent geological structures may be remnants of a fossil subduction setting. 2. In the density model 2, crustal thickening is caused by the East European crust underlying the orogen. The crustal thickness is 60 km. During delamination, the East European lower crust may have been eclogitized. The density model 2 is based on higher density values for the bi-vergent geological structures within the lower crust than in the density model 1. A crustal root, having a significant density contrast between crust and mantle, does not exist in the southern Urals. Using a density gradient, a transition zone is modelled. This density gradient is inferred to be due to eclogitized material in the lower crust. The increasing density could be the cause for the lack of seismic reflectors. The geoid undulation and the magnetic field are calculated for both density models. The results compare satisfactorily with the long- wavelength components of the observed geoid undulation and aeromagnetic residual field. Based on the interpretation of the Bouguer gravity, density models 1 and 2 reveal implications concerning the lithospheric fabric of the southern Urals: • The bi-vergent structures, particularly in the lower crust of the southern Urals’ lithosphere, cause long-wavelength gravity lows. There are following structures: ─ the East European crust dipping to the east, ─ the foreland fold and thrust belt located in the western Urals, ─ the westward-dipping structures of the eastern and Trans-Urals as well as the Kazakhstan terrain. • The obducted oceanic crust in the upper crust of the Magnitogorsk zone causes positive short-wavelength gravity anomalies which are superimposed on the long-wavelength negative gravity effects of the structures located beneath. • Negative gravity anomalies in the area of the Pre-Uralian Foredeep are associated with the gravity effects of the paleozoic sedimentary cover. The investigations into the isostatic behaviour of the southern Urals’ lithosphere show that no classic isostatic model is able to explain the isostatic state of the orogen. The moderate topography in the area of the West and Central Urals is shifted by 50 to 100 km to the west, relative to the largest crustal thickness beneath the Magnitogorsk and East Uralian Zone. A modified method combines the Airy-, the Pratt- and the Vening-Meinsz models. Firstly the local isostatic balance is inferred from the load distribution and the load compensation using the complex density models of the southern Urals’ lithosphere (Airy- and Pratt-model). In order to consider the non-compensated mass inhomogeneities of the density models according to the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere, the non-compensated mass inhomogeneities are recalculated to a ’’topographic” load. Next, the regional isostatic balance as a Vening-Meinesz-model is calculated for the recalculated ’’topographic” load. When allowance is made for the high flexural rigidity of the lithosphere (3.8 • 1024 Nm), both density models presented here are in isostatic balance. Obviously this is the main reason why the geological structures have not changed their vertical position since the Lower Triassic time.
    Description: Целью данной работы является проверка существующих моделей строения литосферы Южного Урала по гравиметрическим данным. Для этого исрользуются методы численного анализа гравитационного поля, основанные на: • эмпирической оценке глубин источников аномалий, частотной фильтрации, методе Паркера и • прямом гравитационном моделировании литосферы (двух- и трехмерном). В отличие от обычно используемой технологии гравитационного моделирования, такие методы, как, например, частотная фильтрация не могут быть использованы в данном случае. Невозможно разделить влияние длинноволновых компонент гравитационного поля, обусловленных влиянием палеозойских осадочных отложений и наклоненных слоев нижней коры ц обеих сторон Урала. Также неправомерно использовать алгоритм Паркера для оценки влияния границы между корой мантией вследствие переменного перепада плотности на ней. Включение в анализ доступных опорных данных, основанных на результатах сейсмических методов с использованием отраженных и преломленных волн, данных об осадочном чехле и положении границы Мохо приводит к созданию комплексной плотностной модели литосферы Южного Урала. Использование всех существующих данных о структуре и физических свойствах литосферы Южного Урала в пределах 52° - 65° Е и 50° - 55,5° N позволило построить две эквивалентные плотностные модели: 1. Первая плотностная модель основана на представлении о том, что нижняя кора Восточно-Европейской платформы погружается на глубину 90 кт, при этом происходит эклогитизация её вещества с увеличением плотности до 3,55 g/cm3. Таким образом, наклоненные с обеих сторон блоки нижней коры ответственны за существование высокоплотного тела в верхней мантии. На глубинах 24 - 42 km они характеризуются сравнительно низкими значениями плотностей. Существование этих блоков может быть объяснено также как результат обычной субдукции. 2. Согласно второй модели, утолщение коры объясняется поддвигом под ороген коры Восточно-Европейской платформы. Толщина коры достигает 60 кт. Вследствие деламинации, часть её также должна быть эклогитизирована. Во второй модели значения плотностей наклоненных блоков нижней коры существенно больше, чем в пербой. Копень коры с существенным перепадом плотности под Южным Уралом отсутствует. Вместо этого мы используем при моделировании переходную зону с некоторым градиентом плотности. Этот градиент может быть оценен в предположении об эклогитизации нижней коры. Непрерывное увеличение плотности может быть связано с отсутствием отражающих горизонтов на этих глубинах. Ундуляции геоида и вариации магнитного поля были рассчитаны для обоих моделей и сопоставлены с наблюденными значениями геоида и аэромагнитными измерениями. Оказалось, что удовлетворительное соответствие наблюдается только для длинноволновых аномалий. Таким образом, основанные на интерпретации аномалий Буге плотностые модели 1 и 2 позволяют сформулировать следующие выводы о строении литосферы Южного Урала: • наклоненные в сторону Урала структуры коры, в особенности нижней, ответственны за существование длинноволнового гравитационного минимума. К ним можно отнести: ─ погружающуюся на Восток Восточно-Европейскую платформу, ─ предгорный складчатый пояс Южного Урала, ─ заглубленные в западном напрвлении структуры Восточный зоны, Трансуральской зоны и Казахстанского террэйна. • Фрагмент океанической коры, находящийся вблизи от поверхности в Магнитогорской зоне, вызывает сравнительно коротковолновую положительную аномалию гравитационного поля, которая наложена на длинноволновую отрицательную аномалию, обусловленную структурами, располагающимися ниже. • Отрицательная аномалия в районе Предуральского прогиба может быть объяснена за счёт гравитационного эффекта палеозойского осадочного чехла. Исследование изостатического состояния литосферы Южного Урала показывает, что классические изостатические модели не позволяют объяснить изостазию этого горного массива. Современная топография Западного и Центрального Урала смещена на 50 - 100 кт к западу по отношению к самому глубокому корню коры. Модифицированный метод соединяет изостатические модели Эри, Пратта и Вейнинг-Мейнеса. Первоначально, локальный изостатический баланс оценивается на основании данных о нагрузке и её компенсации в соответствие с построенной комплексной моделью литосферы Южного Урала (модели Эри и Пратта). Для того, чтобы оценить сумму нескомпенсированных плотностных неоднородностей, поддерживаемых за счёт жесткости литосферы, эти неоднородности пересчитываются в ” топографическую” нагрузку. Затем, для этой нагрузки рассчитывается региональная изостатическая компенсация в соответствие со схемой Вейнинг-Мейнеса. Обе рассмотренные плотностные модели могут считаться изостатически сбалансированы только в предположении о высокой эффективной жесткости литосферы (3,8 • 1024 Nm). Очевидно, это является также основной причиной того, что эти геологические структуры не претерпели существенных вертикальных движений со времени позднего Триаса.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Lithosphäre ; Schwere ; Isostasie ; Geophysik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 154
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    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird die elektrische Leitfähigkeit von Krustengesteinen während des partiellen Schmelzens mit der Verteilung der Schmelze im Gestein und dem Schmelzanteil als Funktion der Temperatur verglichen. Es wurden impedanzspektroskopische Messungen der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit bei Temperaturen zwischen 600 und 1200°C durchgeführt. Die Messungen erfolgten bei Normaldruck und verschiedenen Sauerstoffugazitäten. Diese Messungen wurden mit den Ergebnissen von Schmelzexperimenten verglichen. Aus den Schmelzexperimenten wurden Informationen zur Verteilung der Schmelze im Gestein und zum Schmelzanteil in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur gewonnen. Alle Untersuchungen wurden am gleichen Gestein unter den selben experimentellen Bedingungen durchgeführt. Während des partiellen Schmelzens gibt es einen sprunghaften Anstieg der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit um ein bis zwei Größenordnungen. Dieser sprunghafte Anstieg kann mit der Bildung eines vollständigen Netzwerkes an Schmelze erklärt werden, wobei die Schmelzfilme als Leitungspfade wirken. Es konnte festgestellt werden, daß zur Ausbildung der Gleichgewichtsmorphologie während des partiellen Schmelzens sehr lange Zeiten erforderlich sind. Wird die elektrische Leitfähigkeit am Beginn des Schmelzens bei konstanter Temperatur als Funktion der Zeit gemessen, so treten erst nach mehr als 200 h keine Änderungen der Leitfähigkeit mehr auf. Mit Hilfe eines modifizierten Brick-Layer-Modells (MBLM) kann die elektrische Leitfähigkeit als Funktion des Schmelzanteils berechnet werden. Dieses Modell gilt für den Fall, daß die Schmelze ein vollständiges Netzwerk entlang von Komgrenzen bildet. Mit dem Modell und den Ergebnissen aus den Schmelzexperimenten konnten theoretische Kurven der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit berechnet werden, die mit den gemessenen Kurven der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit verglichen werden können. Obwohl bereits bei Beginn des Schmelzens die Komgrenzen von Schmelze benetzt werden, wird eine vollständige Vernetzung der Schmelze erst bei höheren Temperaturen und größeren Schmelzanteilen erreicht. Dies kann durch Abweichungen vom morphologischen Gleichgewicht in den partiell geschmolzenen Proben gedeutet werden. Die Ergebnisse stützen die Annahme, daß eine Zone hoher Leitfähigkeit unter den zentralen Anden durch große Mengen an Magma verursacht wird. Mit dem MBLM konnte abgeschätzt werden, daß ca. 20% Schmelze notwendig sind, um die im Gelände mit der Magnetotellurik gemessenen Leitfähigkeiten zu erklären.
    Description: The purpose of the present work is to achieve a better understanding of rocks during partial melting. Therefore the electrical conductivity of crustal rocks during partial melting was compared to the distribution of melt in the rock sample and to the melt fraction as a function of temperature. Impedance spectroscopic investigations of the electrical conductivity were conducted at temperatures between 600 and 1200°C, normal pressure and at different oxygen fugacities. These measurements were compared with the results of melting experiments. The melting experiments were performed under the same experimental conditions and the same rock sample was used. The rock samples were equilibrated at the desired temperatures, quenched and investigated using thin sections. These melting experiments provide information about the distribution of melt in the rock sample and yield the melt fraction as a function of temperature. A strong increase in electrical conductivity of about two orders of magnitude is observed during partial melting. This increase could be explained by assuming the formation of an interconnected network of melt. The charge transport follows the network forming melt films at the grain boundaries. It could be established that the formation of steady state of a partially molten rock requires a long time. The conductivity was measured as a function of time at temperatures little above the solidus. Under these conditions constant conductivity values are found after 200 h.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Elektrische Leitfähigkeit ; Magma ; Geophysik ; Anden
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 124
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    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden weitwinkelseismische Daten aus dem Land-See-kombinierten Projekt CINCA 95 ausgewertet. Die Daten wurden auf drei EW-streichenden Profilen bei 21°S, 22°S und 23.25°S registriert. Die Linien umfassen das Gebiet zwischen Peru-Chile- Trench und Westkordillere, also den Forearc-Bereich der nord-chilenischen erosiven Subduktionszone. Der Hauptteil der Daten besteht aus einer Anregerlinie auf See und einer Empfängerlinie auf Land. Ergänzend wurden Sprengungen am westlichen und östlichen Ende der Empfängerlinie durchgeführt. Aus dem Datensatz wurden in der ersten Bearbeitungsstufe mit den Methoden der Refraktionsseismik drei vp-Geschwindigkeitsmodelle erstellt, die ihre Aussage im äußeren Forearc, also dem Gebiet zwischen Rinne und Küste haben. Dabei kann folgendes festgehalten werden: • Sie zeigen die Nazca-Platte mit einem sich versteilenden Subduktionswinkel von 10° direkt nach der Subduktion auf 23-25° vor der Küste Nord-Chiles. Die subduzierte Platte zeigt, was ihren Abtauchwinkel anbelangt, keine NS-Variation. • In der Geschwindigkeitszunahme an der Oberkante der subduzierten Platte zeigt sich durchaus eine Differenz in NS-Richtung: im Norden nimmt die Geschwindigkeit von 4.5 km/s direkt nach dem Untertauchen unter die südamerikanische Platte auf 6.5 km/s auf einer Distanz von 70 km zu, während sie im Süden dazu nur noch 30 km benötigt. Diese Struktur wird als Lage erodierten und subduzierten Gesteinsmaterials zwischen den Platten interpretiert. • Bereits im westlichsten Krustenblock, also dem Teil, der heute an der Rinne zur Erosion ansteht, zeigt sich eine hohe vp-Geschwindigkeit von 5.8 km/s. Sie nimmt zur Küste hin noch auf 6.0 km/s direkt an der Oberfläche zu. Die Kruste ist im Norden deutlich differenziert. Auch dies nimmt nach Süden hin ab und so sind auf dem südlichsten Profil keine Krustenstrukturen mehr in Tiefen unterhalb von 11 km modelliert worden. • Auf den Profilen bei 21°S und 22°S wurde eine platten-parallele Diskontinuität, die die Oberkante zu einer Zone erhöhter Geschwindigkeit bildet (7.1 km/s), modelliert. Sie hat eine Neigung von 15°. Diese Diskontinuität wird im Zusammenhang mit bereits existierenden Modellen für den landseitigen Forearc als Paläo-Moho interpretiert. Das darunterliegende Gestein mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 7.0 km/s wird entsprechend als serpentinisierter oberster Mantel verstanden. • Unterhalb schließt sich eine Zone stark erniedrigter Geschwindigkeit an, die zwischen der abtauchenden Platte und der Oberplatte einen Keil bildet. Sie hat eine Geschwindigkeit von 6.4 km/s und wird als Anlagerungsort des erodierten und subduzierten Gesteins interpretiert. • Die östlich der Küste in den vp -Schnitten als Moho modellierte Diskontinuität wurde durch die vorherigen Arbeiten bestätigt und als die heutige, geophysikalische Moho interpretiert. Zur Erosion am Kontinentalrand kann folgendes festgestellt werden: • Eine Varianz im Ablauf der Erosion wird nahegelegt, kann aber nicht bewiesen werden. • Nach der hier vorgelegten Interpretation findet die Erosion in der Hauptsache frontal statt. In einem zweiten Bearbeitungsschritt wurde die seeseitige Spurdichte von 160 m zu einer CMP-Stapelung der Weitwinkeldaten ausgenutzt. Bei der Bearbeitung der Daten wurden ausschließlich Tools der Standard-Reflexionsseismik verwendet. Dabei sollte ein Strukturabbild ähnlich dem aus der Standard-Reflexionsseismik bekannten entstehen. Diese Art des Prozessierens von Daten wurde bisher auf einen Datensatz mit so großer Apertur noch nicht angewandt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß mit einem unkonventionellen Ansatz durchaus Zusatzinformationen aus den Daten gewonnen werden können: die Oberkante der Niedergeschwindigkeitszone sowie die ozeanische Moho konnten auf dem nördlichsten Profil bestätigt werden, die platten-parallel liegende Struktur sowie die ozeanische Moho konnten auf dem mittleren Profil bestätigt werden und auf dem südlichsten zeigte sich, dass die Unterkante der ozeanischen Kruste weiter nach Osten hin detektiert werden konnte, als durch die refraktionsseismische Bearbeitung möglich war.
    Description: In this thesis wide-angle seismic data from the on-shore/off-shore CINCA 95project were analysed. The data set was recorded on three E-W profiles at 21°S, 22°S und 23.25°S. These profiles cover the region between the Peru-Chile trench and the Western Cordillera, i.e. the forearc of the north-Chile subduction zone. The north-Chile margin is an example of a non-accreting, eroding continental margin. The data set mainly consists of three off-shore lines of airgun shots and on-shore receiver lines. Additional chemical shots were performed at the ends of the receiver lines. A vp-velocity model was derived for each profile using seismic refraction interpretation methods. The models are well constrained in the outer forearc, i.e. the region between the trench and the coast line. Major results are summarized as follows. • The models show the Nazca plate subducting at an angle of 10°near the trench, increasing to 23-25° near the coast. There is no N-S variation in the behaviour of the subduction angle. • However, a N-S variation in the lateral velocity increase at the top of the subducted plate can be derived. On the northernmost profile the velocity increases from 4.5 km/s at the trench to 6.5 km/s, 70 km E of the trench, whereas on the southernmost profile, this velocity increase occurs over a distance of only 30 km. This structure is interpreted as a layer of eroded and subducted material. • In the westernmost portion of the continental crust, where erosion occurs, a high vp-velocity of 5.8 km/s is found. It increases to 6.0 km/s towards the coast. In the north the crust is more differentiated. This differentiation weakens southwards and on the southernmost profile no additional crustal structure in the upper plate was modelled beneath 11 km depth. • On the profiles at 21°S and 22°S a discontinuity parallel to the subducting plate was modelled, representing the top of a high velocity (7.1 km/s) zone. The discontinuity dips at an angle of 15°. On the basis of an existing model for the on-shore part of the forearc this discontinuity is interpreted as a paleo-Moho. The high velocity zone is thus interpreted to be serpentinized uppermost mantle. • The high velocity zone is followed by a low velocity zone, which forms a wedge between the subducting plate and the overriding plate. It has a velocity of 6.4 km/s and is interpreted as a depot for the eroded and subducted material. • The Moho east of the coast is confirmed by former studies in the area and interpreted as the recent geophysical Moho of the South American continent. Concerning erosion at a continental margin the following can be noted. • An episodical character of erosion is implied by the models but cannot be proven. • The interpretation presented in this thesis implies frontal erosion along the Peru-Chile trench in this region. For further interpretation the dense shot line off-shore (160 m shot interval) was utilized for a CMP-stack of the wide-angle data. This was achieved with standards tools used in the processing of near- vertical incidence reflection data. The goal was to achieve a structural image similar to that which can be obtained from standard near-vertical incidence data. So far, this kind of processing has not been used for data with such a large aperture. Using this non-conventional approach some further information could be drawn from the data set. On the profile at 21°S the upper boundary of the low velocity wedge between the plates could be confirmed as well as the oceanic Moho. On the profile at 22°S the plate parallel structure as well as the oceanic Moho could be confirmed. On the profile at 23.25°S, with the help of the CMP processing, the subducting oceanic Moho could be traced further east than in the velocity model which was derived using standard seismic refraction interpretation methods.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Kontinentalrand ; Seismisches Profil ; Geophysik ; Refraktionsseismik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 156
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  • 89
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    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse des refraktionsseismischen Experimentes PISCO'94 [Proyecto de Investigaciones Sismológicas de la Cordillera Occidental 1994] präsentiert, das 1994 vom Sonderforschungsbereich 267 "Deformationsprozesse in den Anden" im Andensegment 21-24°SZ 67-70°W durchgeführt wurde. Das Experiment knüpfte an ein in den 80er-Jahren vermessenes Netz refraktionsseismischer Profile an. Das Ziel der neuen Messungen war die Bestimmung der Lithosphärenstruktur im Bereich des magmatischen Bogens und seiner Nachbargebiete. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein 300 km langes N-S streichendes Profil mit 4 Schußpunkten am westlichen Rand des magmatischen Bogens, der Westkordillere, vermessen. Weiterhin wurde ein neues W-E streichendes Profil, welches bei 23°30'S von der Krustenkordillere bis zur Westkordillere reicht, beobachtet. Bereits früher vermessene Profile in der Präkordillere wurden durch Gegenbeobachtungen bzw. weitere Schußpunkte ergänzt. Aus den abgeleiteten ein- und zweidimensionalen Modellierungen wurde ein dreidimensionales Übersichtsmodell für das Untersuchungsgebiet erstellt. Im Forearc-Bereich bestätigt es im wesentlichen die Ergebnisse früherer refraktionsseismischer Untersuchugen: Die Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit der Kruste nimmt von 6.6 km/s unter der Küstenkordillere auf 6.2 km/s unter der Präkordillere ab. Die Moho der subduzierten ozeanischen Platte wird in ca. 40 km Tiefe unter der Küstenkordillere beobachtet. Die ursprüngliche kontinentale Moho wurde stark überarbeitet und ist seismisch nicht eindeutig zu bestimmen. Eine Diskontinuität in 10-12 km Tiefe unter der Küstenkordillere, die unter der Präkordillere bei ca. 20 km Tiefe liegt, wird als Grenze zwischen Ober- und Unterkruste angesehen. In 20 km Tiefe unter der Küstenkordillere befindet sich ein Bereich hoher Geschwindigkeit, der als Basis der kontinentalen Kruste interpretiert wird. Dieser Bereich läßt sich in die Präkordillere hinein verfolgen, wo er bei ca. 35-40 km Tiefe liegt. Der Bereich darunter weist bis in ca. 60 km Tiefe Krustengeschwindigkeiten (vp 〈 7.5 km/s) auf. Dies könnte durch hydratisiertes Material des peridotitischen Mantelkeils erklärt werden. Die Natur einer markanten, in 60-70 km Tiefe liegenden Diskontinuität, an der die Geschwindigkeit regional auf über 7.9 km/s zunimmt und die als "Moho" bezeichnet wird, ist unklar. Vermutlich handelt es sich um die Oberkante einer Übergangszone zwischen Asthenosphäre und Lithosphäre. Die für die magmatischen Bogen aus seismologischen und gravimetrischen Untersuchungen abgeleitete Krustendicke von ca. 70 km wird durch die neuen refraktionsseismischen Daten nicht bestätigt Bis in eine Tiefe von 60 km wurden keine Mohoreflexionen beobachtet. Jedoch können die seismischen Diskontinuitäten der Präkordillere, insbesondere die Grenze zwischen Ober- und Unterkruste in ca. 20 km Tiefe, in die Westkordillere hinein verfolgt werden. Bis in 45-60 km Tiefe überschreitet die Geschwindigkeit der beobachteten seismischen Diskontinuitäten 7.5 km/s nicht Die Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit ist mit 5.9-6.0 km/s gering. Im Streichen des magmatischen Bogens ändern sich Krustenstruktur und Geschwindigkeitsverteilung im Übergangsbereich von steiler zu flacher Subduktion. Im Norden des Untersuchungsgebietes wird eine stark strukturierte Kruste mit z.T. extremen Niedriggeschwindigkeitszonen und starker Dämpfung seismischer Wellen beobachtet. Eine plausible Erklärung dafür ist die Existenz partieller Schmelzen in der Kruste. Als Quelle des extremen Schwerehochs, das von Calama südöstlich streicht, wurde Material mit Geschwindigkeiten von 〉 6.4 km/s in 2-10 sowie 15-20 km Tiefe bestimmt. Im südlichen Teil des Untersuchungsgebietes dagegen ist die Kruste des magmatischen Bogens relativ unstrukturiert und weist keine erhöhte Dämpfung mehr auf. Als Ursache für diese Differenzen sowie das Zurückversetzen des magmatischen Bogens südlich von 23°S wird eine (prä-neogene) dünne und harte Kruste im südlichen Teil des Untersuchungsgebietes angesehen.
    Description: The object of this paper is the presentation of the results of the seismic refraction experiment PISCO'94 [Proyecto de Investigaciones Sismológicas de la Cordillera Occidental 1994], carried out in 1994 by the Collaborative Research Center 267 "Deformation Processes in the Andes" in the Andean segment 21-24°S/ 67-70°N. The experiment continued a net of seismic refraction profiles measured in the 80s. The aim of the new measurements was to investigate the crustal structure of the magmatic arc region and its vicinity. A N-S-running profile, 300 km long with 4 shotpoints, was measured along the western margin of the magmatic arc, the Western Cordillera. Furthermore a new W-E profile at 23°30'S was observed, which reaches from the Coastal Cordillera to the Western Cordillera. Complementary shotpoints and reversed observations to earlier profiles in the Precordillera were realized. From the derived 1- and 2- dimensional models a generalized three dimensional model was produced. In the forearc region it confirms essentially the results of earlier seismic refraction studies. The average P-wave velocity of the crust decreases from 6.6 km/s beneath the Coastal Cordillera to 6.2 km/s beneath the Precordillera. The Moho of the downgoing oceanic plate is observed at about 40 km depth beneath the Coastal Cordillera. The original continental Moho was strongly modified and cannot be clearly determined by seismic data. The discontinuity in 10-12 km depth beneath the Coastal Cordillera, downgoing to about 20 km depth beneath the Precordillera, is interpreted as boundary between upper and lower crust. A high velocity zone at about 20 km depth beneath the Coastal Cordillera is interpreted as base of the continental crust This zone can be continued to a depth of 35-40 km beneath the Precordillera. The region below is characterized down to about 60 km depth by crustal velocities (vp 〈7.5 km/s). One explanation could be hydrated material of the peridotitic mantle wedge. In 60-70 km depth the velocity increases regionally to values above 7.9 km/s. The nature of this prominent discontinuity, called "Moho", is unclear. It indicates probably the top of a lithosphere/asthenosphere transition zone. A crustal thickness of 70 km for the magmatic arc, derived from seismological and gravimetric investigations, is not confirmed by the new seismic refraction datas. There are no Moho observations down to 60 km, but the seismic discontinuities of the Precordillera can be traced into the Western Cordillera. A discontinuitiy at about 20 km depth is interpreted as top of the lower crust, which reaches to about 40 km depth. Down to 45-60 km the velocities of the observed seismic discontinuities do not exceed 7.5 km/s. The average velocity is low (5.9-6.0 km/s). Along the strike of the magmatic arc crustal structure and velocity are changing in the transition zone from steep to flat subduction. In the north of the area under investigation a strongly structured crust with zones of extremely low velocities and strong attenuation of seismic waves is observed. This could be explained by partial melts in the crust. As source of the gravity high SE of Calama material with velocities 〉 6.4 km/s in 2-10 and 15-20 km depth was determined. In contrary, the crust of the southern part of the area is relatively uniform without high attenuation. These differences as well as the rebound of the magmatic arc south of 23°S could be caused by a pre-neogene thin and hard crust in the southern part of the area under investigation.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Erdkruste ; Seismisches Profil ; Geophysik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 196
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  • 90
    Unknown
    Paris : OECD/IEA
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The IEA's Economic Analysis Division (EAD), with input from other Divisions, produces the World Energy Outlook, the IEA's flagship publication. In even-numbered years, the EAD publishes a global energy survey, including detailed long-term projections of energy demand, energy supply and CO2 emissions. The "WEO" looks from 20 to 30 years into the future, and its projections are based on the World Energy Model . The "World Energy Outlook: Insights" series cover a single aspect of energy, like subsidies in 1999 and global supply in 2001. The WEO Insights series are published in odd-numbered years.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (475 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9264161856
    Language: English
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  • 91
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Mit einer dreidimensionalen Vorwärtsmodellierung von Dichtestrukturen der Kruste und des oberen Mantels im Gebiet von 12°-35°S und 57°-79°W wird der regionale Trend des Schwerefelds und gleichzeitig das Geoid am aktiven Kontinentalrand Südamerikas zwischen 20° S und 29°S erklärt. Das Dichtemodell umfaßt die abtauchende Nazca-Platte, Teile des südamerikanischen Kratons, den Asthenosphärenkeil zwischen Unter- und Oberplatte und die Kruste der Zentralanden. Eine Vielzahl externer geowissenschaftlicher Randbedingungen schränkt die Dichteverteilung ein. Die Strukturierung der zentralandinen Kruste im Modell orientiert sich hauptsächlich an den Ergebnissen der Refraktionsseismik. Zur Ermittlung der Krustendichten wird eine druck- und temperaturabhängige Geschwindigkeits-Dichte-Beziehung (S. Sobolev) zur Anwendung gebracht. Neben der bekannten Berechnung der Schwerewirkung dreidimensionaler Dichteverteilungen erlaubt eine neuentwickelte Berechnung des Schwerepotentials nun auch die Modellierung des Geoids. Das Einbeziehen eines Referenzdichtemodells ermöglicht die Anpassung der berechneten Felder an die beobachteten Felder bei gleichzeitiger Verwendung von Absolutdichten. Verschiedene Dichtekontraste der abtauchenden Nazca-Platte gegenüber dem umgebenden Mantel sowie mögliche Dichtekontraste innerhalb des Slab, die sich aus Phasenumwandlungen der gesteinsbildenden Minerale ergeben, werden behandelt und ihre einzelnen Beiträge zum Schwerefeld und Geoid der zentralen Anden berechnet. Mit dem fertigen Gesamtmodell wird die Zusammensetzung des Schwerefeldes und des Geoids am aktiven Kontinentalrand Südamerikas analysiert und ihre Hauptbeiträge dargestellt. Die im Modell enthaltenen Strukturen erklären das regionale Schwerefeld und das Geoid vollständig. Daraus folgt, daß aus tieferliegenden Dichteinhomogenitäten, beispielsweise an der Grenze vom oberen zum unteren Mantel oder im unteren Mantel aufgrund einer möglichen isostatischen “in situ”-Kompensation keine weiteren Beiträge zu erwarten sind. Das Schwereminimum wird hauptsächlich durch eine bis auf 65km verdickte Kruste erklärt. Die Schweremaxima in der Küstenkordillere werden durch den Beitrag des Slab und eine Zone erhöhter Dichte in mittlerer Krustentiefe verursacht. Eine anomale VΡ-ρ-Beziehung unter dem rezenten Arc läßt dort partielle Aufschmelzung vermuten. Eine Untersuchung des Schwimmgleichgewichts des Modells ergibt isostatische Unterkompensation (= Massenüberschuß) im Bereich der Küstenkordillere und der Ostkordillere sowie isostatischen Ausgleich bis leichte Überkompensation im Bereich der Westkordillere und des Altiplano bzw. der Puna.
    Description: A three-dimensional foreward modelling of the density structures of the crust and the upper mantle in the region between 12°-35°S and 57°-79°W explains both the regional trend of the gravity field and the geoid at the active continental margin of South America from 20°S to 29°S. The density model comprises the downgoing Nazca plate, parts of the South American craton, the asthenospheric wedge between lower and upper plate, and the crust of the Central Andes. A large number of external geoscientific boundary conditions constrains the density distribution. The Central Andean crust of the model is structured according to the results of refraction seismic studies. A pressure and temperature dependent velocity- density relation (S. Sobolev) is applied to determine densities within the crust. Apart from the well known calculation of the gravity effect of three-dimensional density distributions, a recently developped calculation of the gravity potential now allows the modelling of the geoid. Using absolute densities, the fitting of the calculated fields to the observed fields is realized by the application of a reference density model. Several density contrasts of the subducting Nazca plate against the surrounding mantle and possible density contrasts inside the slab resulting from mineral phase transitions are discussed and their particular contributions to the Central Andean gravity field and the geoid are calculated. Using the complete model, the composition of the gravity field and the geoid at the active continental margin of South America is analyzed and the main contributions are visualized. The model structures explain both regional gravity field and geoid completely. This implies that density inhomogeneities at greater depth than presented in the model, e. g. at the interface between the upper and the lower mantle or in the lower mantle are not expected to have effects at the surface due to possible isostatic “in situ” compensation. The gravity minimum is generally explained by a crust thickened to 65 km maximum. The gravity highs in the Coastal Cordillera are caused by the contribution of the slab and a zone of increased density in mid crustal layers. An anomalous VΡ-ρ- relation beneath the recent arc implies partial melt. The investigation of the isostatic state of the density model results in isostatic undercompensation (= mass surplus) in the region of the Coastal Cordillera und the Eastern Cordillera, and isostatic equilibrium to slight overcompensation in the Altiplano/Puna region.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Geophysik ; Anden ; Refraktionsseismik ; Dichtemodell
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 112
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  • 92
    Unknown
    Paris : OECD/IEA
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 300 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9264148167
    Language: English
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  • 93
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Krustenstruktur im östlichen Andenvorland untersucht. Das Gebiet umfaßt den Nordwesten Argentiniens, zwischen dem 22° und 25° südlichen Breitengrad und dem 66° und 62° westlichen Längengrad. Aus morphologischer Sicht befindet sich das Untersuchungsgebiet im Übergang zwischen dem Subandin (Sierras Subandinas) und der südlichen Ostkordillere zum Chaco Vorland (Llanura Chaqueña). Im Untersuchungsgebiet zeichnet sich ein Wechsel in den tektonischen Strukturen ab, welcher als Interaktion zwischen der tertiären Andenorogenese und kretazischen Riftbildungen gedeutet wird. Dieser als Inversionstektonik bekannte tektonischer Stil hat nicht nur oberflächennahe Strukturen hervorgerufen, sondern auch tiefgreifende Massenveränderungen verursacht. Teile dieser Modifikationen sind in der Signatur des Schwerefeldes erhalten geblieben, und somit ist die Interpretation gravimetrischer Meßergebnisse zusammen mit den geologischen Randbedingungen eine Grundvorraussetzung zur Untersuchung dieser tektonischen Interaktion. Zum Verständnis dieser Strukturen war es notwendig, sowohl den Teil des Beckens zu untersuchen, welcher nicht von der andinen Orogenese betroffen ist, als auch jenen der direkt in die letztere miteinbezogen wurde. Aus gravimetrischer Sicht ist die Bougueranomalie des Gebietes stark vom Effekt der Andenwurzel geprägt. Jedoch deuten einige Abweichungen auf die Existenz lokalerer Störkörper hin, die Ziel der Modellierung waren. Ein solcher Störkörper wurde am südöstlichen Rand des kretazischen Rifts identifiziert. Die Modellierung wurde einerseits zweidimensional durchgeführt um einen Überblick über das Gebiet zu bekommen. Eine regionale 3D Modellierung führte dann zu einer präziseren Interpretation des Gebietes. Insbesondere wurde dabei der Effekt überschobener Riftschollen am Ostrand des Beckens untersucht. Diese Überschiebungen drücken sich im gravimetrischen Restfeld als deutliche positive Anomalie aus. Allerdings kann diese Anomalie nicht direkt mit einem Astenosphärenanstieg, welcher durch Riftbildung entstanden sein könnte, in Einklang gebracht werden - wie von einigen Autoren vermutet wurde. Eine weitere modellierte Struktur bildete die Vortiefe, welche durch die Auflast der andinen Überschiebung enstanden ist. Die dadurch hervorgerufenen negativen Anomalien bilden einen deutlichen Kontrast zu der beschriebenen positiven Anomalie im Vorland, der sich auch im Restfeld als starker Gradient äußert. Die 2D Modellierung erbrachte folgende Ergebnisse: im anorogenen Breich des Untersuchungsgebietes wurde die Existenz einer deutliche Asymmetrie des Beckens bestätigt, mit einer nach Südosten geneigten Riftabscherungsfläche. Die Orogenese hinterließ deutliche Spuren in der Reaktivierung der Abscherungen wobei entlang der südostvergenten Störungen tieferes Krustenmaterial emporgeschoben wurde. Mit einer größeren Dichte wird dieser Vorgang als Ursache der positiven Anomalie intepretiert. Westvergente Störungen scheinen nur oberflächennahe Bereiche miteinbezogen haben. Im regionalen 3D Modell wurde ein Ansteigen der Unterkruste unterhalb des Beckens angenommen. Die asymmetrische Anordnung dieses Anstiegs deutet eher auf einen kompressive tektonischen Effekt hin als auf eine residuale Krustenverdünnung. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, daß sich in diesem Breich im Schwerefeld die Effekte des Andengradienten mit denen der überschobenen Basement-Tektonik und der Vorlandtief kombinieren und als solche fur einen starken lokalen Gradienten am Rande des Effekts der Andenwurzel verantwortlich sind.
    Description: In the present study, the structure of the crust beneath the eastern Andean foreland is analyzed. The area comprises part of northwest Argentina, between 22° and 25° S and 66° and 62° W. In terms of morphotectonics, the area studied covers the transition between the Sierras Subandinas (Subandean Ranges) and the southern part of the Cordillera Oriental (Eastern Cordillera) to the Chaco plains (Llanura Chaqueña). In the area, a pervasive change controls the tectonic features, which is interpreted as a consequence of the interaction between the Andean orogeny and preexistent Cretaceous rifting. This inversion tectonics did not only result in a particular suite of near to surface structures but also modified deeply the mass distribution within the crust. This changes in mass distributions and hence density contrasts is evidenced by the gravity field. As such, a careful analysis of gravity data together with the geological boundary conditions are the basis for an analysis of this tectonic interaction. Understanding these structures implied to analyse not only the part of the rift involved in the Andean compressive orogenesis but also that part where original extensional features are still preserved. From a gravimetrical point of view, the Bouguer-anomaly of the area shows a strong overprint related with the Andean root. Some smaller changes in the field however indicate the existence of local sources, which where the target of the modelling. Such a change had been indentified at the southeastern edge of the Cretaceous rift. Modelling was performed towfold. As such, a 2D model was made in order to get an insight into the regional aspects of the area. A more detailed 3D model led to a more precise interpretation of the area. In particular, the effect of the inverted rift tectonics at the eastern edge of the basin was studied. These upthrusts correlate with a readily identifiable positive anomaly within the residual field. The anomaly neverthless cannot be directly related with an astenospheric uprise, preserved since the rifting stage, as suggested by some authors. In addition, the foredeep related with the tectonic load of the Andean overthurst, was modelled. The negative anomalies generated during this process, show a strong contrast in comparison with the positive anomaly described above, depicted also by a prominent gradient in the residual field. 2D modelling led to the following results. In the region, where Creataceous rifting structures were not overprinted by the Andean orogeny an obvious asymmetry of the basin was defined, being the master detachment dipping to the northeast. The orogeny left evidences of reactivation, where the structures of the southeastern edge were the pathways of the uplift if deeper crustal material with a higher density. This process may be responsible for a part of the positive anomaly mentioned. Structures located at the western and northwestern edge of the basin seem to have only involved nearer-to surface structures. The 3D model assumed a slight uprise of the lower crust beneath the basin. The asymmetry in goemetty seem to stand more for a tectonic effect than for a remanent thinned crust. As a summary, the gravity field in this area shows the combined effects of the regional Andean gradient with the more local effects of the basement tectonics (inverted rifting) and the overthrusted foredeep. Hence, at least these three factors seem to be responsible for the strong local gradient in a lateral position of the Andean root.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Geophysik
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 136
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  • 94
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wurden Laborexperimente im Ultraschallfrequenzbereich und begleitende theoretische Untersuchungen durchgeführt, um zu klären, welche Absorptionsmechanismen in fluidhaltigen Sandsteinen bei geringem einaxialen (26 MPa) und bei erhöhtem hydrostatischen Druck (bis 200 Mpa) wirksam sind. Die Kenntnis der Absorptionsmechanismen ist notwendig, um die Zusammenhänge von lithologischen und seismischen Gesteinsparametern zu verstehen und für die Interpretation von seismischen Feldmessungen zu nutzen. Bekannt war bislang, daß unter geringem einaxialen Druck frequenzabhängige lokale Flüssigkeitsströmungen den wesentlichen Absorptionsmechanismus in fluidhaltigem Gestein darstellen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde gezeigt, daß die Kompressionswellengeschwindigkeit in fluidhaltigem Gestein bei höheren Sättigungsgraden zusätzlich von einem partiellen Gesteinsversteifungseffekt beeinflußt wird. Damit gelang eine vollständige Erklärung des sättigungsabhängigen elastischen und anelastischen Gesteinsverhaltens bei geringem einaxialen Druck. Um die Bedeutung der Gesteinsmikrostruktur (z.B. Rißdichte, Kornkontakte) für die seismischen Gesteinsparameter (Geschwindigkeit, Absorption) direkt nachzuweisen, wurde diese bei einem Gestein künstlich, thermisch verändert. Die Änderung der Mikrostruktur führt bei gleichzeitiger vernachlässigbarer Änderung der makroskopischen Gesteinsparameter (Porosität, Permeabilität) zu einer Vergrößerung der Fluideffekte. Mechanismen und Modelle, in welche ausschließlich makroskopische Gesteinsparameter ein- gehen, erfassen nicht die beobachteten Änderungen im Gesteinsverhalten. Nur mit dem auf die Gesteinsmikrostruktur bezogenen Mechanismus lokaler Flüssigkeitsströmungen konnten die Änderungen der Fluidwirkungen erklärt werden. Diese Ergebnisse an verändertem Gestein bieten somit einen direkten Beweis für den grundlegenden Einfluß der Mikrostruktur auf die seismischen Gesteinsparameter. Bislang war nicht geklärt, ob der Mechanismus lokaler Flüssigkeitsströmungen, welcher von der Existenz feiner Spalten im Gestein abhängt, auch unter erhöhtem hydrostatischen Druck das Gesteinsverhalten bestimmt. Zur Untersuchung der Absorptionsmechanismen in Gestein unter erhöhtem Druck wurden Experimente an Sandstein mit verschiedenen Saturanden und Sättigungsgraden durchgeführt. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auch unter erhöhtem Druck fluidbedingte Absorptionsmechanismen wirksam sind und auch hier polare Fluide im gesamten Druckbereich eine Modulerniedrigung verursachen. Der Vergleich der experimentellen Ergebnisse mit Modellvorhersagen ergab, daß lokale Flüssigkeitsströmungen den Einfluß unterschiedlicher Fluide auf Geschwindigkeit und Absorption erklären und auch unter hohem hydrostatischen Druck von wesentlicher Bedeutung für die elastischen und anelastischen Gesteinseigenschaften sind. Folglich existieren trotz einer partiellen Rißschließung auch unter hohem hydrostatischen Druck noch Risse und Spalten im Gestein. Die thermische Veränderung der Mikrostruktur eines Gesteins bewirkt eine Geschwindigkeitserniedrigung im trockenen Gestein, welche auch bei hohem hydrostatischen Druck erhalten bleibt, sowie eine Vergrößerung der Fluideffekte. Die Erklärung des geänderten Verhaltens des fluidhaltigen Gesteins gelang mit dem Mechanismus lokaler Flüssigkeitsströmungen. Die Ergebnisse an verändertem Gestein zeigen direkt, daß die Mikrostruktur auch bei hohem hydrostatischen Druck grundlegend für die seismischen Gesteinsparameter ist. Da auch unter erhöhtem hydrostatischem Druck, also unter ’in-situ’-Bedingungen, der frequenzabhängige Mechanismus lokaler Flüssigkeitsströmungen die seismischen Gesteinsparameterwesentlich beeinflußt, muß diese Frequenzabhängigkeit bei der Übertragung von Laborergebnissen auf die Feld- und Bohrlochseismik beachtet werden.
    Description: Laboratory experiments in the ultrasonic frequency range and accompanying theoretical investigations were performed with the aim to clarify which absorption mechanisms are effective in fluid-containing sandstones at low uniaxial pressure (26 MPa) and at elevated hydrostatic pressure (up to 200 MPa). The knowledge of the effective absorption mechanisms is necessary to understand the relation of lithological and seismic rock parameters and to use it for the interpretation of seismic field measurements. Preceding investigations at the TU-Berlin had revealed that at low uniaxial pressure frequency dependent local-fluid-flow is the dominating absorption mechanism in fluid-containing rock and that polar fluids lead to a modulus reduction. Within the scope of the present study the investigations of the seismic rock parameters (velocity, attenuation) at low uniaxial pressure were continued. It was shown that the compressional wave velocity in fluid-containing rock is additionally influenced by a partial rock stiffening effect at higher saturations. With this result a complete explanation of the saturation dependent elastic and anelastic rock behaviour at low uniaxial pressure was achieved. To prove the significance of the rock microstructure (e.g. crack density, crack aspect ratios, grain contact properties) for the seismic rock parameters directly, the microstructure of a sandstone was artificially changed by thermal cracking. With negligible changes of the macroscopic rock parameters (porosity, permeability) the alteration of the microstructure leads to an increase of the fluid effects on the elastic and anelastic rock properties. Mechanisms and models which are solely based on macroscopic rock parameters do not cover the observed changes in the rock behaviour. Only by applying the mechanism of local-fuid-flow related to microstructure the changes in the fluid effects can be explained. Thus these results obtained on thermally changed rock are a direct prove of the fundamental influence of the microstructure on the seismic rock parameters. Until now it has not yet been clarified whether the mechanism of local-fluid-flow which depends on the existence of narrow cracks in rock also determines the rock behaviour under elevated hydrostatic pressure. To investigate the absorption mechanisms in rock under elevated pressure ultrasonic measurements were performed on sandstone with different saturands and degrees of saturation. The experimental results reveal that under elevated pressure fluid dependent attenuation mechanisms are effective too and polar fluids cause a modulus reduction in the entire pressure range. The comparison of the experimental results with model predictions reveals that local-fluid-flow explains the influence of different fluids on the velocity and attenuation and that this mechanism is of essential significance for the elastic and anelastic rock properties even under high hydrostatic pressure. Consequently despite a partial crack closure sufficient fine cracks exist even under high hydrostatic pressure. The thermal alteration of the microstructure of a rock leads to a velocity decrease in the dry rock which is preserved at high hydrostatic pressure, as well as to an increase of the fluid effects. The explanation of the changed behaviour of the fluid-containing rock was achieved by means of the mechanism of local-fluid-flow. The results obtained on altered rock directly demonstrate that the microstructure is of fundamental significance for the seismic rock parameters at high hydrostatic pressure too. Depending on the rock microstructure the mechanism of local-fluid-flow may cause attenuation and dispersion in all frequency ranges. Since it has been shown in this study that also under elevated hydrostatic pressure, i.e. under ’in-situ’conditions, this frequency dependent mechanism essentially influences the seismic rock parameters, the frequency dependence must be taken into account by extrapolating laboratory results to field and borehole seismic.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Geophysik ; Sandstein ; Ultraschall ; Absorption
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 180
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  • 95
    Unknown
    Paris : OECD/IEA
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 372 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9264143912
    Language: English
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