ALBERT

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: Contents Preface Introduction The Earth as a global system Basic building blocks Introduction The atmosphere The hydrosphere The cryosphere The geosphere The biosphere Global cycles Introduction The water cycle Bio-geochemical cycles Natural changes Introduction Crucial changes on characteristic time scales The development of civilization and its consequences for the Earth system Signals from a disturbed environment Introduction The changed environment Problems caused by a growing world population The world of tomorrow Introduction Climate models and their limits Living in a greenhouse searching for traces and solutions The sciences being challenged Introduction Guidelines for a program of research into global changes Science and politics take up the challenge: International and national research programs Introduction International efforts Global Change research in Germany Acronyms and Abbreviations Bibliography: Illustrations

Note: CONTENTS Preface Executive summary Introduction Regional divisions Zone A - rock and ice roads Zone B - local ice Zone C - traverse Zone D - ice edge Zone E - remote field site Zone F - inland station Current transportation needs in Antarctica Future transportation needs Transportation analysis Personnel transport Cargo transport Summary of analysis Recommendations for changes to U.S. vehicle fleet Conclusions and summary of findings Literature cited Appendix A: Age distribution of NSF surface vehicles Abstract

Note: Contents Preface Nomenclature Introduction Field surveys Methods and paraphernalia Results Sloping bottom effects and critical angle phenomena Deconvolution and thin layers Well-separated echoes Thin ice layers Thin layers of water Observations Literature cited Abstract

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE INTRODUCTION SECTION 1: GENERAL PAPERS Case Study of a Grounded Jam; Restigouche River, New Brunswick / by S. Beltaos and B.C. Burrell Water Balance and Geochemistry Studies in a Tundra Watershed, District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories / by G.G. Bursey, T.W.D. Edwards and S.K. Frape River Icing Mounds: a Winter Water Source on the Eastern North Slope of Alaska / by E.F. Chacho, C.M. Collins, A.J. Delaney and S.A. Arcone Geochemical Evolution of Water in a Continental High Boreal Wetland Basin: Preliminary Results / by D. Craig A Physical Model of Ice Overthn.ist during the Break-Up of Intact River-Ice Covers / by M.N. Demuth and T.D. Prowse Seasonal Changes in the Hydrochemistry of Land Drainage: Colour Lake Catchment, Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T. / by M. English, S. Schiff, M. Ecclestone, W.P. Adams, M. Hinton, L. Pezzutto, R. Elgood, C. Allan and D. Pierson Shape, Length and Flow· Conditions of Conduits at South Cascade Glacier, Washington State, U.S.A. / by A.G. Fountain CO2-Rich Ground Waters of the Flat River Valley, N.W.T. / by S.M. Hamilton, F.A. Michel and C.W. Jefferson Regional Snow Ablation in the Alaskan Arctic / by L.D. Hinzman, D.L. Kane and R.E. Giec Regionalization of Low Flows in Yukon Territory / by J.R. Janowicz Discharge Regimes of a Glacierized Basin, Slims River, Yukon / by P.G. Johnson Pulses in Glacier Discharge: Indicators of the Internal Drainage System of Glaciers / by P.G. Johnson Drainage of an Ice-Dammed Lake, Kaskawulsh Glacier Basin, Yukon / by J.N. Kasper and P.G. Johnson On Areal Distribution. of Snowcover in a Mountainous Area / by A. Killingtveit and K. Sand Hydrogeochemical Aspects of Two Selected Sites in a Fringe Zone of Discontinuous Permafrost / by Y.T.J. Kwong, D. Craig and M. Griffin Ice-Cover Growth and Freeze-Out of Solutes in a Mackenzie Delta Lake / by L.F.W. Lesack, P. Marsh and R.E. Hecky Hydrological Processes in a Small Catchment Containing a Perennial Snowbank, Melville Island, N.W.T. / by A.G. Lewkowicz and K.L. Young On Modelling Surface Meltwater Discharge from Arctic and Alpine Glaciers / by D.S. Munro A High Arctic Occurrence of Seasonal Frost Mounds / by W.H. Pollard Relationships between Snow Chemistry and Blowing Snow: Initial Findings / by J.W. Pomeroy, T.D. Davies and M. Tranter Peatlands of the Lake Melville Coastal Plain, Labrador / by J.S. Price, D.A. Maloney and F.G. Downey Constraints on the Origin of Acidity in Colour Lake, Axel Heiberg Island (79°25'N) / by S. Schiff, M. English, M. Ecclestone, R. Elgood, M. Hinton and L. Pezzutto Longitudinal Dispersion in the Ice-Covered Athabasca River / by G. Van Der Vinne and D. Andres Economic Impact of River Ice Jams in Canada / by G. Van Der Vinne, T.D. Prowse and D. Andres Estimation of Mass-Balance and Run-Off Component of Urumqi Glacier No. I from Water-Balance Analysis / by Z. Yang SECTION 2: MODELLING Interactive Modelling of Cold Regions Watersheds with SSARR / by E.A. Cassell and T. Pangburn Estimates of Evaporation in the Yukon and Northwest Territories / by J. Haas A Basin Water-Storage Model to Forecast Columbia River Discharge / by W. Tangborn Preliminary Findings from Experiments on Frazil and Anchor Ice in a Circular Flume / by G. Tsang and B. Trapp On Computer Simulation of Ice Motion in Rivers / by O.G. Vinogradov, A. Springer and P. Wierzba SECTION 3: OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS Transformation of Heavy Metals under Tidal Flows in the Severnaya Dvina Estuary / by V.F. Brekhovskikh, A.N. Malutin and M.A. Mordasov Northern River: BOD-DO Model / by V.F. Brekhovskikh and G.V. Volpian Water Storage in Alpine Glaciers (Abstract) / by M.M. Brugman Snowmelt Infiltration into Frozen Soil at Sites in the Discontinuous Permafrost Zone Near Mayo, Yukon Territory / by C.R. Bum Use of Periphyton Indices as a Biological Measure of Water Quality in Small Rivers / by E.A. Goncharevich Yukon and Northwest Territories Ground-Water Data Base / by P. Hardisty, V. Schilder, T. Dabrowski and J. Wells Some Aspects of Glacier Hydrology in China / by X. Hu and Z. Yang Modelled Estimates of Changes in the Water Balance of Forested Northern River Basins / by Yu.G. Motovilov and N.A. Nazarov Study of Surface Water Quality in the Northern Region Subject to Pollution / by A.N. Shammasov Response of Riverine and Lacustrine Biocenoses to Human Impact / by N.S. Zolotareva and M.A. Mordasov APPENDIX A: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Note: Zugl.: Stockholm, Univ., Diss., 1991

Note: CONTENTS: Report on the 1995 activities of GRIP Operation Center (GOC). - Objective. - Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord). - Preparation of field season. - Start of field season. - Communication. - Medevac. - Acknowledgement. - 1995 Field Season, Diary. - Maintenance / Logistics. - Bulk supplies. - Table of C130 flights. - Table of Twin Otter flights. - List of participants. - GRIP 1995 sub programs. - GRIP summaries 1989-1995. - GOC documentation 1989-1994. - Sitreps. - Daily reports from DOME GRIP. - Map of Northern Greenland. - List of GRIP addresses. - Tasks of GOC.

Note: Text in Englisch und Arabisch

Note: Dissertation, Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, Wageningen, 1991 , 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Fields of interest 1.2 Macroscopic freezing test 1.3 Microscopic model 1.4 Aim of the thesis 1.5 Overview of the thesis 2 THEORY 2.0 Introduction to the chapter 2.1 Theory of different soil analyses 2.1.1 Particle size distribution 2.1.2 Specific surface area 2.1.3 Cation exchange capacity 2.1.4 Zeta potential 2.1.5 Water retention 2.1.6 Hydraulic conductivity 2.1.7 Thermal conductivity 2.2 Determination of soil water content by time-domain reflectometry 2. 2.1 Transmission line theory 2.2.2 Water content 2.2.3 Bulk electrical conductivity 2.3 Transfer of heat and mass 2.3.1 Moisture transport 2.3.2 Heat transport 2.3.3 Solute transport 3 NEW MODELS AND METHODS 3.0 Introduction to the chapter 3.1 A new model for the nonsteady-state probe method to measure thermal properties of porous media 3.1.0 Abstract 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Present approach 3.1.3 Experimental set-up 3.1.4 The perfect line source model 3.1.5 The modified Jaeger model 3.1.6 Gauss-Newton iteration 3.1.7 Calibration measurements 3.1.8 Conclusions 3.2 A new method to measure bulk electrical conductivity in soil using time-domain reflectometry 3.2.0 Abstract 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Measurement theory 3.2.3 Materials and methods 3.2.4 Results and discussion 3.2.5 Conclusions 3.3 Application of dispersion theory to time-domain reflectometry in soils 3.3.0 Abstract 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Dielectric constant as a function of water content 3.3.2.1 Soil as a two phase dielectric medium 3.3.2.2 Unfrozen soils 3.3.2.3 Frozen soils 3.3.3 Bulk electrical conductivity as a function of water content 3.3.4 Materials and methods 3.3.5 Results and discussion 3.3.5.1 Validation of the model for bulk electrical conductivity 3.3.5.2 Comparison with other models 3.3.6 Conclusions 3.3.7 Appendix 3.4 Description of the experiments to measure heat and mass transfer in freezing porous media 3.4.1 Experimental set-up 3.4.2 Used materials 3.4.3 Relations between soil physical and electrochemical properties 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.0 Introduction to the chapter 4.1 Thermal conductivity of unsaturated frozen sands 4. 1.0 Abstract 4.1. 1 Introduction 4.1. 2 Experimental set-up 4.1. 3 Theoretical approach 4. 1.4 Properties of the used sands 4.1.5 Measured heat flows 4.1. 6 Measured thermal conductivities 4.1. 7 Discussion 4.2 Heat transfer 4.2.1 Heat capacity 4.2.2 Thermal conductivity 4.2.2.1 Influence of the temperature dependence of the pore ice versus unfrozen water content 4.2.2.2 Contribution of the apparent thermal conductivity 4.2.2.3 Segregated ice content 4.2.2.4 Presence of the freezing front close to the measuring probe 4.2.3 Latent heat of in situ freezing 4.2.4 Heat balances 4.2.5 Temperature fields 4.2.6 Dynamics of heat flows in frozen porous materials 4.3 Moisture transfer 4.3.1 Segregation potential 4.3.2 Influence of soil physical and electrochemical properties 4.4 Application of time-domain reflectometry to measure solute concentration during soil freezing 4.4.0 Abstract 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Materials and methods 4.4.3 Results and discussion 4.4.3.1 Influence of temperature 4.4.3.2 Influence of liquid water content 4.4.3.3 Redistribution of solutes 4.4.4 Conclusions 4.5 Influence of added solutes on moisture transfer 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FINAL DISCUSSION 5.1 General discussion 5.2 Recommandations in connection with frost in porous media , Zusammenfassung in niederländischer Sprache

Note: A message to the world .... Antarctica, the last true wilderness, must remain inviolate, free from polution and exploitation, a living laboratory for scientific research and a continent of unsurpassed beauty for the inspiration of mankind.

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction EM 31 Sounding concepts Previous EMI studies Beaufort Sea field trials EM 31 Conductivity reading versus sea ice thickness General comments Literature cited Abstract

Note: CONTENTS: Report on the 1999 activities of NGRIP Operations. - Objective. - Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord). - Preparation of the field season. - Start of the field season. - Starting the camp. - Drilling. - Additional Kangerlussuaq equipment. - Luminescence sampling. - Summary. - Acknowledgement. - Summary of drilling experience. - NGRIP penetration rate. - 1999 Field Season, Diary. - Communication. - Schedule for camp close down. - Maintenance/Logistics after the season. - Bulk Supplies. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Table of LC130 flights. - NGRIP 1999 sub programs. - Kansas Radar. - NGRIP Paleothermometry Experiement. - Automatic weather stations. - Atmospheric dust program. - GLATIS, seismic program. - Test of Italian radar. - AWl Polar 2 radar/magnetic flights. - Sitreps. - Daily reports from NGRIP. - Surface topography near NGRIP. - Surface topography around the NGRIP site, July 1998. - Map of trenches, not updated. - Tower and roof opening of original trench. - Inclined drill pit, 1996. - Map of Greenland. - ERS1 based Topography of North Greenland. - Map of skiway. - Map of ice divide north of Summit. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - Borehole inclination and inclinometer offset. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Appendix 4: Geological map of the Suomenniemi complex 〈1: 100000〉 , Zugl.: Helsinki, Univ., Diss., 1991

Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite [255] - 276. - Includes index

Note: Contents: 44. Selaginellaceae / P. J. Stafford. - 45. Oleaceae / W. Punt, J. A. A. Bos and P. P. Hoen. - 46. Geraniaceae / P. J. Stafford and S. Blackmore. - 47. Juglandaceae / J. A. A. Bos and W. Punt. - 48. Cornaceae / P. J. Stafford and G. L. A. Heath. - 49. Globulariaceae / W. Punt and A. Marks. - 50. Buxaceae / W. Punt and A. Marks. - 51. Ranunculaceae / G. C. S. Clarke, W. Punt and P. P. Hoen. - Index.

Note: Contents: PART I - GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH AND THE EARTHLIKE PLANETS. - 1 What Is Geochemistry?. - 1.1 Early History. - 1.2 Geochemistry in the U.S.S.R. - 1.3 V. M. Goldschmidt. - 1.4 Modern Geochemistry. - References. - 2 In the Beginning. - 2.1 The Big Bang. - 2.2 Stellar Evolution. - 2.3 Nucleosynthesis. - 2.4 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 3 The Solar System. - 3.1 Origin of the Solar System. - 3.2 Origin of the Earthlike Planets. - 3.3 Satellites of the Outer Planets. - 3.4 Pictures of Our Solar System. - 3.5 Summary. - 3.6 Books on Planetary Geology. - References. - 4 The Electronic Structure of Atoms. - 4.1 The Atom of Thomson and Rutherford. - 4.2 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom. - 4.3 Emission of X-rays - A Small Digression. - 4.4 Schrödinger's Model of the Atom. - 4.5 The Aufbau Principle. - 4.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 5 The Periodic Table and Atomic Weights. - 5.1 Mendeleev's Periodic Table. - 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table. - 5.3 Basic Principles of Atomic Physics. - 5.4 Atomic Weights. - 5.5 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 6 Chemical Bonds, Ionic Radii, and Crystals. - 6.1 Electron Donors Versus Acceptors. - 6.2 Measures of Metallic Character. - 6.3 Bonding in Molecules. - 6.4 Ionic Crystals. - 6.5 Ionic Radii. - 6.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 7 Ionic Substitution in Crystals. - 7.1 Goldschmidt's Rules of Substitution. - 7.2 Camouflage, Capture, and Admission. - 7.3 Coupled Substitution: Key to the Feldspars. - 7.4 Distribution Coefficients and Geothermometers. - 7.5 Geochemical Classification of the Elements. - 7.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 8 Isotopic Geochronometers. - 8.1 Decay Modes. - 8.2 Law of Radioactivity. - 8.3 Methods of Dating. - 8.4 Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 8.5 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 9 Chemical Differentiation of the Solar System. - 9.1 The Sun. - 9.2 Meteorites. - 9.3 The Moon. - 9.4 Mars. - 9.5 Venus. - 9.6 Comets. - 9.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 10 Chemical Differentiation of the Earth. - 10.1 Internal Structure of the Earth. - 10.2 The Continental Crust: Major Elements. - 10.3 The Continental Crust: Trace Elements. - 10.4 Differentiation of Igneous Rocks. - 10.5 Differentiation of Sedimentary Rocks. - 10.6 Differentiation of the Hydrosphere. - 10.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - PART II - CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THE STABILITY OF MINERALS. - 11 Acids and Bases. - 11.1 Chemical Reactions and Equilibria. - 11.2 The Law of Mass Action. - 11.3 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases. - 11.4 Solubility of Insoluble Bases. - 11.5 pH Control of Dissociation Equilibria. - 11.6 Solubility of Amorphous Silica. - 11.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 12 Salts and Their Ions. - 12.1 Solubility of Salts. - 12.2 Hydrolysis. - 12.3 Activities and Concentrations. - 12.4 Solubility of Calcium Carbonate. - 12.5 Chemical Weathering. - 12.6 Transformation of Potassium Feldspar to Kaolinite. - 12.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 13 Thermodynamics. - 13.1 Definitions. - 13.2 The First Law. - 13.3 Enthalpy. - 13.4 Heats of Reaction. - 13.5 Heat Capacity. - 13.6 The Second Law. - 13.7 Gibbs Free Energy. - 13.8 Derivation of the Law of Mass Action. - 13.9 Fugacity and Activity. - 13.10 The van't Hoff Equation. - 13.11 Solubility of Amorphous Silica Between 0 and 100 °C. - 13.12 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 14 Mineral Stability Diagrams. - 14.1 Chemical Weathering of Feldspars. - 14.2 Formation of Zeolites. - 14.3 Magnesium Silicates. - 14.4 Solubility Diagrams. - 14.5 Fugacity Diagrams. - 14.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 15 Clay Minerals. - 15.1 Crystal Structure. - 15.2 Classification and Chemical Composition. - 15.3 Gibbs Free Energies of Formation. - 15.4 Stability Diagrams. - 15.5 Colloidal Suspensions and Ion Exchange. - 15.6 Dating of Clay Minerals. - 15.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 16 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. - 16.1 Balancing Equations of Oxidation- Reduction Reactions. - 16.2 The Electromotive Series. - 16.3 The Emf of Electrochemical Cells. - 16.4 Stability Limits of Water in Terms of Eh and pH. - 16.5 Stability of Iron Compounds. - 16.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 17 Isotope Fractionation. - 17.1 Principles of Isotope Fractionation. - 17.2 Mathematical Relations. - 17.3 Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrosphere. - 17.4 Oxygen Isotope Composition of Calcite. - 17.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen in Clay Minerals. - 17.6 Groundwater and Geothermal Brines. - 17.7 Isotope Fractionation of Carbon. - 17.8 Isotope Compositions of Strontium in Carbonate Rocks. - 17.9 Isotope Fractionation of Sulfur. - 17.10 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 18 Mixing and Dilution. - 18.1 Binary Mixtures. - 18.2 Dilution. - 18.3 Evaporative Concentration. - 18.4 Ternary Mixtures. - 18.5 Isotopic Mixtures of One Element. - 18.6 Isotopic Mixtures of Two Elements. - 18.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 19 Rates of Geochemical Processes. - 19.1 Rates of Chemical Reactions. - 19.2 Transport of Matter: Advection. - 19.3 Transport of Matter: Diffusion. - 19.4 Growth of Concretions During Diagenesis. - 19.5 Growth of Monomineralic Layers. - 19.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - PART Ill - APPLICATIONS OF GEOCHEMISTRY TO THE SOLUTION OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS. - 20 Consequences of Chemical Weathering. - 20.1 Changes in Chemical Composition of Rocks. - 20.2 Normative Mineral Composition of Weathering Products. - 20.3 Susceptibility of Minerals to Weathering. - 20.4 Formation of Placer Deposits. - 20.5 Provenance Determination by Isotopic Dating. - 20.6 Formation of Soils. - 20.7 Geomicrobiology. - 20.8 Food Production and Population Growth. - 20.9 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 21 Chemical Composition of Surface Water. - 21.1 Chemical Analysis of Water in Streams. - 21.2 Chemical Composition of Streams. - 21.3 Chemical Composition of Meteoric Precipitation. - 21.4 Normative Minerals from Water Compositions. - 21.5 Evaporative Concentration. - 21.6 Water Quality. - 21.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 22 Chemical Weathering of Mineral Deposits. - 22.1 Metallic Mineral Deposits. - 22.2 Oxidation of Iron Sulfides and the Role of Bacteria. - 22.3 Eh- pH Diagram for Copper Minerals. - 22.4 Supergene Enrichment of Fe-Cu Sulfide Deposits. - 22.5 Replacement of Pyrite by Chalcocite. - 22.6 Oxidation of Ore Minerals of Other Metals. - 22.7 Geochemical Exploration. - 22.8 Production and Consumption of Mineral Resources. - 22.9 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 23 Geochemical Cycles. - 23.1 The Principle of Mass Balance. - 23.2 Mass Balance for Major Elements in the Ocean. - 23.3 Mass Balance for Trace Elements in the Ocean. - 23.4 The Cycles of C-H-O-N. - 23.5 The Sulfur Cycle. - 23.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 24 Environmental Geochemistry: Disposal of Radioactive Waste. - 24.1 The Big Picture. - 24.2 High-Level Radioactive Waste. - 24.3 Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste. - 24.4 Geochemistry of Plutonium. - 24.5 Eh-pH Diagrams for Neptunium and Plutonium. - 24.6 Analog Studies: The Natural Reactors at Oklo, Gabon. - 24.7 Reactor Accidents: Chernobyl, U.S.S.R. - 24.8 Summary. - Problems. - References. - Appendix. - Standard Gibbs Free Energies (G°f) and Standard Enthalpies of Formation (H°f). - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Note: Contents: Acknowledgements. - lntroduction. - 1 Russian policy in the far North 1897-1917. - Introduction. - Bear Island and Spitsbergen. - The Kara Sea and Novaya Zemlya. - Polar exploration. - Exploitation of the North. - 2 Soviet sovereignty in the Arctic and the advent of flying 1917-32. - Arctic flying and its legal consequences. - Canada's choice between sector theory and effective occupation. - Shenandoah: the United States reject a sectorial division. - No theoretical alternatives to the sector theory. - Norge: the Soviet Union adopts the sector theory. - Trans-Arctic air routes: the sector becomes a 'historical reality'. - 3 The Stalinization of Arctic exploration. - The Krasin affair. - Soviet expeditions after the Krasin. - The Krasin: increasing public attention for the Arctic. - The first communist books about the Arctic. - Vize: the 'founding father' of Arctic history in the Soviet Union. - Vize's first book. - Samoylovich as a historian. - 4 In Stalin's time 1932-53. - The Northern Sea Route as a legitimation for the Soviet sector?. - The Chelyuskin: Stalin discovers the propaganda value of the Arctic. - Consequences for Arctic historiography and shipping. - 1937: the first Soviet air expedition. - Soviet criticism of the sector theory. - The Northern Sea Route in 1937. - 5 Arctic policy during the Cold War. - The Northern Sea Route as a theme. - The Passage as a regular sea route. - The Cold War: the Soviet Union falls back on the sector theory. - The sector, the Antarctic and Russo-American relations. - The revision of the sector theory by the Soviet Union. - The North: the historic waters doctrine. - The historic waters doctrine and the West. - 6 Historiography in the Cold War. - The influence of the historic waters doctrine on historiography. - The Zaliv Simsa findings. - First attempts to develop an early history of Arctic Russia. - The professionalization of Arctic studies. - Belov's early work: Semen Dezhnev. - Belov's first major work: Volume I. - Pinkhenson's Volume II: theoretical framework and implications. - Lenin's influence. - Classics of polar literature. - Literature about high-latitude expeditions. - 7 The age or the nuclear submarine. - The nuclear submarine: the doctrine in practice. - The Soviet reaction. - The doctrine and the Law of the Sea. - Support from Canada. - Alternative theories. - 8 Arctic shipping since 1953. - Destalinization and sea power. - Expansion of Arctic shipping. - Specialization. - 9 The western-section: winter navigation. - Introduction. - The Noril' sk mines. - Soviet attempts. - 10 The season of 1983. - The eastern section. - 'Arktika-1983'. - Shipping used on the eastern section. - 11 Arctic studies since 1953. - Broadening the field. - Archaeological expeditions. - Historical monuments. - The early nineteenth century: a success story. - Volume IV. - General works and new lines of enquiry after Belov. - New topics. - Conclusion. - Appendix. - Glossary. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents: 1. The Regional Geology of Archaen and Proterozoic Rocks in Antarctica / R. J. Tingey 2. The Late Proterozoic-Middle Palaeozoic Rocks of Antarctica / Malcolm G. Laird 3. The Devonian to Triassic Beacon Supergroup of the Transantarctic Mountains and Other Correlatives in Other Parts of Antarctica / P. J. Barrett 4. Mesozoic Tholeiitic Igneous Rocks in Antarctica: The Ferrar (Super) Group and Related Rocks / R. J. Tingey 5. Geology and Crystallization of the Dufek Intrusion / Arthur B. Ford and Glen R. Himmel 6. Tectonic Development of the Scotia Arc Region / Peter F. Barker, Ian W.D. Dalziel, and Bryan C. Storey 7. The Marie Byrd Land Volcanic Province and Its Relation to the Cainozoic West Antarctic Rift System / Wesley E. LeMasurier and D.C. Rex 8. The Antarctic Continental Shelf: Results From Marine Geological and Geophysical Investigations / John B. Anderson 9. Configuration and Structure of the Subglacial Crust / Charles R. Bentley 10. Cainozoic History of the Antarctic Ice Sheet / George H. Denton, Michael L. Prentice, and Lloyd H. Burckle 11. The Cainozoic Glacial Record in South Victoria Land - A Geological Evaluation of the McMurdo Sound Drilling Projects / B.C. McKelvey 12. Palaeozoic Invertebrates of Antarctica / Roger A. Cooper and John H. Shergold 13. Antarctic Invertebrate Fossils: The Mesozoic-Cainozoic Record / M.R.A. Thompson 14. Antarctica: A History of Terrestrial Vegetation / Elizabeth M. Truswell 15. Fossil Fishes From Antarctica /G.C. Young 16. Mesozoic and Cainozoic Tetrapod Fossils from Antarctica / Edwin H. Colbert 17. Scientific Studies Relevant to the Question of Antarctica's Petroleum Resource Potential / John C. Behrendt 18. Metallic and Non-Metallic Mineral Resources of Antarctica / Peter D. Rowley, Paul L. Williams, and Douglas E. Pride 19. Meteorites from Antarctica / W.A. Cassidy

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Crustal development: the craton Uplift history of the East Antarctic shield: constraints imposed by high-pressure experimental studies of Proterozoic mafic dykes / S.M. KUEHNER & D.H. GREEN The crustal evolution of some East Antarctic granulites / S.L. HARLEY Structural evolution of the Bunger Hills area of East Antarctica / P. DING & P.R. JAMES Structural geology of the early Precambrian gneisses of northern Fold Island, Mawson Coast, East Antarctica / P.R. JAMES, P. DING & L. RANKIN The intrusive Mawson charnockites: evidence for a compressional plate margin selling of the Proterozoic mobile belt of East Antarctica / D.N. YOUNG & D.J. ELLIS A review of the field relations, petrology and geochemistry of the Borgmassivet intrusions in the Grunehogna province, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / J.R. KRYNAUW, B.R. WATTERS, D.R. HUNTER & A.H. WILSON Volcanic rocks of the Proterozoic Jutulstraumen Group in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / B.R. WATTERS, J.R. KRYNAUW & D.R. HUNTER The timing and nature of faulting and jointing adjacent to the Pencksokket, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / G.H. GRANTHAM & D.R. HUNTER The tectonic and metamorphic evolution of H.U. Sverdrupfjella, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / A.R. ALLEN Granulites of northern H.U. Sverdrupfjella, western Dronning Maud Land: metamorphic history from garnet-pyroxene assemblages, coronas and hydration reactions / P.B. GROENEWALD & D.R. HUNTER A structural survey of Precambrian rocks, Heimefrontfjella, western Neuschwabenland, with special reference to the basic dykes / W. FIELITZ & G. SPAETH Reflection seismic measurements in western Neuschwabenland / A. HUNGELJNG & F. THYSSEN Geology and metamorphism of the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / K. SHIRAISHI, M. ASAMI, H. ISHIZUKA, H. KOJIMA. S. KOJIMA, Y. OSANAI, T. SAKIYAMA, Y. TAKAHASHI, M. YAMAZAKI & S. YOSHIKURA Late Proterozoic paired metamorphic complexes in East Antarctica, with special reference to the tectonic significance of ultramafic rocks / Y. HIROI, K. SHIRAISHI & Y. MOTOYOSHI Petrographic and structural characteristics of a part of the East Antarctic craton, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica / M.K. KAUL, R.K. SINGH, D. SRIVASTAVA, S. JAYARAM & S. MUKERJI Structural and petrological evolution of basement rocks in the Schirmacher Hills, Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica (Extended abstract) / S. SENGUPTA Metamorphic evolution of granulites from the Rauer Group, East Antarctica: evidence for decompression following Proterozoic collision / S.L. HARLEY Fault tectonics and magmatic ages in the Jelly Oasis area, Mac. Robertson Land: a contribution to the Lambert Rift development / J. HOFMANN Major fracture trends near the western margin of East Antarctica / P.D. MARSH Mesozoic magmatism in Greater Antarctica: implications for Precambrian plate tectonics / T.S. BREWER & P.D. CLARKSON Crustal development: the Transantarctic Mountains Sedimentary palaeoenvironments of_the Riphaean Turnpike Bluff Group, Shackleton Range / H.-J. PAECH, K. HAHNE & P. VOGLER Precambrian ancestry of the Asgard Formation (Skelton Group): Rb-Sr age of basement metamorphic rocks in the Dry Valley region, Antarctica / C.J. ADAMS & P.F. WHITLA The Priestley Formation, Terra Nova Bay, and its regional significance / D.N.B. SKINNER The myth of the Nimrod and Beardmore orogenies / E. STUMP, R.J. KORSCH & D.G. EDGERTON Age of the metamorphic basement of the Salamander and Lanterman ranges, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / C.J. ADAMS & A. HOHNDORF Recovery and recrystallization of quartz and 'crystallinity' of illite in the Bowers and Robertson Bay terranes, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / W. BUGGISCH & G. KLEINSCHMIDT The boundary of the East Antarctic craton on the Pacific margin / N.W. ROLAND Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: hybrid geological, aeromagnetic and Landsat-physiographic maps / B.K. LUCCHITTA, J.A. BOWELL, F. TESSENSOHN & J.C. BEHRENDT Setting and significance of the Shackleton Limestone, central Transantarctic Mountains / A.J. ROWELL & M.N. REES Lower-mid-Palaeozoic sedimentation and tectonic patterns on the palaeo-Pacific margin of Antarctica / M.G. LAIRD The pre-Devonian Palaeozoic elastics of the central Transantarctic Mountains: stratigraphy and depositional settings / M.N. REES & A.J. ROWELL The Devonian Pacific margin of Antarctica / M.A. BRADSHAW The palaeo-Pacific margin as seen from East Antarctica / J.W. COLLINSON Permo-Carboniferous glacial sedimentation in the central Transantarctic Mountains and its palaeotectonic implications (Extended abstract) / J.M.G. MILLER & B.J. WAUGH Clay mineralogy and provenance of fine-grained Permian elastics, central Transantarctic Mountains / L.A. KRISSEK & T.C. HORNER Evidence for a low-gradient alluvial fan from the palaeo-Pacific margin in the Upper Permian Buckley Formation, Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica / J.L. ISBELL Provenance and tectonic implications of sandstones within the Permian Mackellar Formation, Beacon Supergroup of East Antarctica / R.S. FRISCH & M.F. MILLER Crustal development: Weddell Sea-Ross Sea region Evolution of the Gondwana plate boundary in the Weddell Sea area / Y. KRISTOFFERSEN & K. HINZ Petrology and palynology of Weddell Sea glacial sediments: implications for subglacial geology / J.B. ANDERSON, B.A. ANDREWS, L.R. BARTEK & E.M. TRUSWELL A multichannel seismic profile across the Weddell Sea margin of the Antarctic Peninsula: regional tectonic implications / P.F. BARKER & M.J. LONSDALE Verification of crustal sources for satellite elevation magnetic anomalies in West Antarctica and the Weddell Sea and their regional tectonic implications / M.E. GHIDELLA, C.A. RAYMOND & J.L. LABRECQUE Aeromagnetic studies of crustal blocks and basins in West Antarctica: a review / S.W. GARRETT Palaeomagnetic studies of Palaeozoic rocks from the Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica / M. FUNAKI. M. YOSHIDA & H. MATSUEDA Seismic reflection profiling of a sediment-filled graben beneath ice stream B, West Antarctica / S.T. ROONEY. D.D. BLANKENSHIP, R.B. ALLEY & C.R. BENTLEY The aeromagnetic survey of northern Victoria Land and the western Ross Sea during GANOVEX IV and a geophysical-geological interpretation / W. BOSUM, D. DAMASKE, J.C. BEHRENDT & R. SALTUS The Ross Sea rift system, Antarctica: structure, evolution and analogues / F. TESSENSOHN & G. WORNER Structural and depositional controls on Cenozoic and (?)Mesozoic strata beneath the western Ross Sea / A.K. COOPER, F.J. DAVEY & J.C. BEHRENDT Crustal extension and origin of sedimentary basins beneath the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica / A.K. COOPER, F.J. DAVEY & K. HINZ Chemical characteristics of greywacke and palaeosol of early Oligocene or older sedimentary breccia, Ross Sea DSDP Site 270 / A.B. FORD Extensive volcanism and related tectonism beneath the western Ross Sea continental shelf, Antarctica: interpretation of an aeromagnetic survey / J.C. BEHRENDT, H.J. DUERBAUM, D. DAMASKE, R. SALTUS, W. BOSUM & A.K. COOPER Geochemistry and tectonic implications of lower-crustal granulites included in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Victoria Land / R.l. KALAMARIDES & J.H. BERG Geology, petrology and tectonic implications of crustal xenoliths in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Victoria Land / J.H. BERG Geochemistry and petrology of ultramafic xenoliths of the Erebus volcanic province / F.M. MCGIBBON Lithospheric flexure induced by the load of Ross Archipelago, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / T.A. STERN, F.J. DAVEY & G. DELISLE The structure and seismic activity of Mount Erebus, Ross Island / K. KAMINUMA & K. SHIBUYA Crustal development: the Pacific margin Mid-Palaeozoic basement in eastern Graham Land and its relation to the Pacific margin of Gondwana / A.J. MILNE & l.L. MILLAR Basement gneisses in north-western Palmer Land: further evidence for pre-Mesozoic rocks in Lesser Antarctica / S.M. HARRISON & B.A. PIERCY Granitoids of the Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Lan

Note: Contents: XVth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Paris, 19-20 October 1989. Recommendation XV-1. Comprehensive measures for the protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems. - Opening statement by the President of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) / R. M. Laws. - Presentation by the President of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) / R. M. Laws. - Report on the XIth Antarctic Treaty Special Consultative Meeting by the SCAR observer / W. N. Bonner. - Interim Report of the XIth Antarctic Treaty Special Consultative Meeting.

Note: Contents Foreword xi OPENING ADDRESSES Professor G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, World Meteorological Organization Dr M.K. Tolba, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme Dr F. Mayor, Director General, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Professor M.G.K. Menon, President, International Council of Scientific Unions Dr H. de Haen, Assistant Director General, Food and Agriculture Organization SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SESSIONS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE IPCC ASSESSMENT The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) / B. Bolin Scientific Assessment of Climate Change: Summary of the IPCC Working Group I Report / J.T. Houghton Greenhouse Gases and Other Climate Forcing Agents / U. Siegenthaler and E. Sanhueza Climate Change Prediction / J. F. B. Mitchell and Zeng Qingcun Climate Trends and Variability / M. Coughian and B.S. Nyenzi Climate Change Impact Studies: The IPCC Working Group II Report / Yu. Izrael Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources / H.E. Lins, I.A. Shiklomanov and E.Z. Stakhiv Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture, A Critical Assessment / S.K. Sinha Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Human Settlements, the Energy, Transport and Industrial Sectors; Human Health and Air Quality / M. Hashimoto and S. Nishioka The Response Strategies Working Group of the IPCC / F. Bernthal The Greenhouse Marathon: Proposal for a Global Strategy / P. Vellinga and R.J. Swart Adaptation Measures / K.M. Sarma Limitation Strategies / K. Yokobori Report of the IPCC Special Committee on the Participation of Developing Countries / J. Ripert OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME The World Climate Programme: Achievements and Challenges / J.P, Bruce Modern Data and Applications: World Climate Data Programme, World Climate Applications Programme / V.G. Boldirev Overview of the World Climate Research Programme / P. Morel World Climate Impact Studies Programme / J.C.I. Dooge CLIMATE RESEARCH Global Climate, Energy and Water Cycle / G.A. McBean Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change: Water Cycle and Energy Budget / H. Grassl World Ocean Circulation and Climate Change: Research Programmes and a Global Observing System / D.J. Baker Short Term Climate Variability and Predictions / J. Shukia Paleodata, Paleoclimates and the Greenhouse Effect / H. Oeschger Climate Prediction Based on Past and Current Analogues / M.I. Budyko Detection of the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect on Climate / T.M.L. Wigley and S.C.B. Raper CLIMATE CHANGE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Water Climate, Water and Development / J. Sircoulon Drought Issues for the 1990s / M.H. Glantz and W. Degefu Agriculture and Food Agriculture and Food Systems / M.S. Swaminathan The Potential Effect of Climate Changes on Agriculture / M. Parry and Zhang Jiachen Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Effects of Global Climatic Change on Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries / T. Kawasaki Sea Level Rise and Coastal Zone Management / E.M. Eid and C.H. Huisbergen Energy Beginning to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions need not be Expensive: Examples from the Energy Sector / E. Mills, D. Wilson and TB. Johansson Land Use and Urban Planning Climate and Land Use in North Africa / M. Kassas Climate and Urban Planning / R. Taesler Human Dimensions Human Well-being, Diseases and Climate / W.H. Weihe and R. Mertens Population and Global Climate Change / D. Norse Public Information and Attitudes / R. Lamb Environment and Development Climate, Environment and Ecology / W.H. Schlesinger Climate, Tropical Ecosystems and the Survivability of Species / P. Olindo Some Possible Impacts of Climate Change on African Ecosystems / C.H.D. Magadza Forests Forests: Their Role in Global Change, with Special Reference to the Brazilian Amazon / E. Salati, R.L. Victoria, L.A. Martinelli and J. E. Richey Integrated Studies Climate Change and Risk Management / K. Turner, T. ORiordan and R. Kemp Climate, Climate Change, and the Economy / N.S. Jodha and W.J. Maunder Assessing the Regional Implications of Climate Variability and Change / W.E. Riebsame and A. Magalhaes SPECIAL PRESENTATION Climate Change and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development / M.F. Strong TASK GROUPS AND CONSULTATION GROUP REPORTS Task Group I Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources Task Group 2 Agriculture and Food Task Group 3 Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Task Group 4 Energy Task Group 5 Land Use and Urban Planning Task Group 6 Human Dimensions of Climate Change Task Group 7 Environment and Development Task Group 8 Forests Task Group 9 WCP Overview Task Group 10 The World Climate Programme: Overview and Future Task Group 11 Scientific Components of International Agreements Task Group 12 Synthesis Consultation Group on the Special Needs of Developing Countries SUMMARIES OF PANEL DISCUSSIONS Global Climate Analogues and Global Climate Models Climate and Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development Industry's Response Co-operation in International Research Programmes CONFERENCE STATEMENT MINISTERIAL SESSIONS OPENING CEREMONY Introduction by Prof. G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, WMO H.E. Mr. Arnold Koller, President of the Swiss Confederation His Majesty King Hussein Bin Talal, of the Royal Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan The Rt. Hon. Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland H.E. Mr. Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France The Rt. Hon. Edward Fenech-Adami, Prime Minister of Malta The Rt. Hon. Bikenibeu Paeniu, Prime Minister of Tuvalu Statement by Dr. E. Saouma, Director General, FAO CLOSING CEREMONY Statement by Dr. F. Mayor, Director General, UNESCO MINISTERIAL DECLARATION Appendix 1 SWCC Inter-Agency Committees Appendix 2 Poster Session Papers Appendix 3 Statement by Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 4 Participants at the Scientific/Technical Sessions Appendix 5 Countries and Organizations Represented at the Ministerial Sessions Appendix 6 Participating Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 7 Acronyms Appendix 8 Units